International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS) Available online at: http://euroasiapub.org Vol. 10 Issue 10, October- 2020 ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 7.077| (An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.)

The Image of Amir and His Epoch in Foreign Materials Hujaeva Dilnoza Ochildinovna,

Scientific Researcher

Abstract: The current article aims at providing information about the character of Amir Timurand his epoch in foreign materials. The article deals with the character of Amir Timurand opinions about Timur given by different scientists. The role of Amir Timur on the world scene as well as on scene of the European countries is shown in the article by examples.

Key Words: scholars, character,personality, tolerant, ancient monument, envoys, negotiations,destruction, siege and conquest, generosity;

As it is known to everybody Amir Timur plays a big role and takes a high place among the nations of the European countries. The people especially scholars of Europe have been appreciating highly the character of Amir Timur and his attitude to European countries for many centuries. As it is clear from the history the Europeans called Amir Timur as a rescuer of Europe from Turkish sultan Bayazid‟s conquest and the French people made his golden monument and wrote the words “ The Saviour of Europe” on the bottom of the monument. Today Amir Timurhas been recognized as a great king, politician, statesman, intercessor of culture and science by the people of the world.Most scientists, statesmen and scholars of the world give a greatappreciation and tell their warm opinions about Amir Timur and his life. And they are still continuing to research and Amir Timur‟s life and his activity.

International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences 148 Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org (An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.) International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS) Available online at: http://euroasiapub.org Vol. 10 Issue 10, October- 2020 ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 7.077|

The close study of different trends and forms of literary interrelations, the ways of penetrating the Orient theme into the literature of European countries (France, Germany, Spanish), especially Anglo-speaking countries are the problems of cultural exchange and literary ties between East and West, the problems of great importance and interest.

The name Timur, meaning “iron”, is the name which is frequently found in Asia. “Timur-i-Lenk” signifies Timur the Lame, this title of contempt was used by his enemies, and gave rise to “Tamerlane (the name Tamerlan is often used at present in Azerbaijan und neighboring countries). For many years it was prohibited to mention his name by Stalin, becauseTimur conquered all those territories (Georgia etc,) which were joined in the USSR. Nobody could write a book about Timur (or Bubur or some other prominent figures of that time) or scientific work, under pretext not to idealize the past. But they never stopped to appear in European countries, because the interest to this person‟s image was great. There are still preserved some material, geographical, spiritual values, connected with his name, in different parts of Eurasia. There is a place in 30 km from Mahachkala - Kumyk village, called Temurgoe (Timur's Well), in Dagentan there is a legend that the place called Temir-Han-Shur is called so because Temur stopped there for conducting military council and said that in future it'll be a town. Near Eletzk town, in Russia, Timur stopped his marching and the chapel was erected at that place with dome likeTimur's helmet, it is kept as an ancient monument. The Tobolsk's nobles erected a minaret in memory of Timur's daughter. There is a great monument to Timur in Turkestan - town in Kazakhstan. They say, there is a hall in Potsdam palace devoted to Timur, and in France the monument to Timurwas erected with the inscription „To liberator of Europe‟. A museum devoted to Timur's 660th anniversary was built in the centre of in 1996.

International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences 149 Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org (An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.) International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS) Available online at: http://euroasiapub.org Vol. 10 Issue 10, October- 2020 ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 7.077|

The legendary figure of Timur, presented in the books, devoted to him, is splendid, sometimes it has the features of a living man- a master of the war of moment, a notable chess-player, a lover of women and a father who had trouble with his sons. He delighted in the company of scholars, and with them mastered many subjects. He knew the history of his own and other peoples. He was tolerant to different religions. There was no veil over the mind of Timur, which recorded the aspect of the Asian continent more clearly than any atlas. He sent his envoys and agents as far as Castile in the west and Nanking in the east, and they brought him information about the rulers,the people, the religion, the commerce, and the geography of the lands and traversed. Timurcontended with experts of his court at chess and listened to the epics of his people. He could discuss with leading scholars of Islam religious dogma, questions of History and the practical sciences. He was above all masters of the military techniques. He conducted sophisticated negotiations with neighboring and distant powers, as diplomatic archives from England to China bear out. Mobility and surprise were the major weapons of attack, but this chess-playing nomad knew when to hold back and how to wait. It is destructive nature of Timur's campaign which has so often been recorded, and, indeed, the barbarity of theconsequences to those who resisted him hardly be exaggerated. What have not so often been noticed are the political and other consequences of his conquests and his rule.[1]

There a lot of works of different kind about Timur - scientific, fiction, historical, travel notes, etc. - somc depict him as an ideal ruler, others as a tyrant (Italian humanist of XV-century PodzhoBratchollini and French – XVI-century JeackBoden). In the Chapter "Rehabilitation of Timur"American scientist Edward Allworth analyses contradictory works about Timur.

International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences 150 Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org (An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.) International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS) Available online at: http://euroasiapub.org Vol. 10 Issue 10, October- 2020 ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 7.077|

In fact, as many of the authors show, there is ample evidence of a robust civilization which produced writers, artists and fine craftsmen as well as the men of action, whom Timur brought from different conquered cities. Timur, if not idealized, at least gained from many much admiration due to a man who knew what he wants and the road to it. The West rulers were grateful to Tamerlan for his victory over Bayazid.

There are many works of 13th-14thcentury origin on other subjects which give an important background or supplementary information about Timur, for example, the history of Jyvayni of the Chingiz and Hulagid campaign, Rashid al-din's Mongol history, about Bayzid. The accounts of the journeys of such travelers as Carpini, Rubruck, and Odericus, ofMarko Polo and Ibn-Battuta. The books ofMarko Polo and Iosafa Barbara and other travelers (12th-14th centuries) about Persia were good sources for obtaining information about those lands and their inhabitants. The Polos went to where they lived for 3 years and described as the „finest city in the whole Persia' (it is usual mixture). Moving to - 'a very great and noble city', they wrote: "it has splendid gardens, and a plain full of all the fruit, one could possibly desire". Seventy years later Odoricus'sjoumey, a new ground was broken by R.G.Clavijo, the Spanish ambassador to Tamerlan, who wrote „Diary of the travel to Tamerlan's Court'. During this period the Englishmen were destined to learn far more through the commercial contacts made by English, Dutch and French in the not very distant future. The travelers got rich information and described oriental spices, silk, cotton, wax, odoriferous substances, coins, ceremonies. The Englishmen were the first of three nations to open up traveling relations with Persia and . Muscovite Company sent many missions to Persia, Central Asia, among one of its members were Anthony Jenkinson, Th.Barker, G.Ducket, Th. Banister and others.

International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences 151 Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org (An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.) International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS) Available online at: http://euroasiapub.org Vol. 10 Issue 10, October- 2020 ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 7.077|

Christopher Marlow's drama "Tamburlane the great", written in the fifteen-eighties, made him well-known as the author of the tragedy. „By then the story of the Conqueror had become legendary in Europe.' It was staged in his time, and again in Old Vic in 1953. Handel wrote his opera "Tamburlane" in 1724. A.Parsenov - a Russian researcher of this tragedy and an English writer H.Hookham (Tamburlaine the Conqueror, London, 1962, p. 1) point out that there were two sources from which Marlow drew his material - the book of Spaniard P.Mexia (1542) and an Italian PetrusPerandinus's (1553)-the earliest books about Timur.[2] Strange enough, but the book of P.Perandinus is there in the department of rare books of National library, written in Latin it is not in demand, as there are no specialists in Latin here. Nobody paid attention to another book in Latin which was found in the Library of Foreign literature in Moscow –„A new Latin Source on Tamerlane's Conquest of Damascus (1400/1401) (Bertrando de Mignanelli's "Vita Tamerlani" 1416) Translated into English with an introduction and a commentary by Walter J. Fischel (University of California, Berkeley). In his Introduction W. Fischel calls Tamerlane „that great world-conqueror Timur‟ and states that this Mignanelly's account of Tamerline's deeds in Damascus has remained unnoticed by most of the authorities. De Mignanelly acquired a good knowledge of the Arabic language andhe was thus able to function as translator and interpreter. It seems that he collected all his information as hearsay from reliable informants on the spot of the scene events. In any event de Mignanelly's treatise „Vita Tamestani' or 'RuinaDamasci‟ is the earliest and most detailed Latin, European source winch has been preserved, dedicated almost exclusively to Tamerlane, written by an author who had the advantage of living in proximity of space and time during the events he described. The siege of Aleppo and Damascus their destruction by Tamerlan in the winter of 1400-1401 marked the climax of that conflict of long

International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences 152 Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org (An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.) International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS) Available online at: http://euroasiapub.org Vol. 10 Issue 10, October- 2020 ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 7.077|

standing. This treatise constitutes a unique contribution to our knowledge of Tamerlane‟s personality and his activities in Damascus. The catastrophe has been the object of many detailed accounts by Arab, Persian and European authorities (English, German, French, and Spanish) from the very date of its occurrence on. Amongst the sources, there are many references to events surrounding the life of Timur in the records of Muslim, Latin and Byzantine scholars and merchants. There are the coins, struck by Timur, showinghis triangular device, of which the British Museum, amongst others, has a selection.[3]

As W. J.Fischel states the contemporary "Persian author, Nizam ad- DinShami, comissioned by Tamerlane to write an account of his deed, incorporated in his “ZafarNama” (Book of Victory)which has presented to Tamerlane before his death, a chapter recording Tamerlane's siege and conquest of Aleppo and Damascus. Sharaf ad-Din Ali al-Yazdi, the panegyrist of Tamerlane, who completed in 1424 his ZafarNama, has given great prominence to those events with all their grim data and facts, seen, however, in the onesided light (202).

To a special historiographical category among the Arabic authors belongs the account of the great Arabic historian and philosopher, IbnKhaldun (1332-1406) who was an eye-witness of the events. He had a personal interview with the world conqueror. His account of Tamerlane, incorporated in his “Authobiography” is thus the earliest and most authentic and reliable sketch in the Arabic language of Tamerlane's personality and his siege and conquest of Damascus.

The Christian world in Europe of the 15 century too became fully aware ofthe events in the Muslim East and the campaign of Tamerlane (203). They

International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences 153 Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org (An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.) International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS) Available online at: http://euroasiapub.org Vol. 10 Issue 10, October- 2020 ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 7.077|

hoped that the alliance with Tamerlane against the Muslim Mamluks might lead to the re-conquest of the Holy Land for Christianity. The close relations between Tamerlane and European Christianity found one of its expressions in the dispatch of a Dominican clergyman, Jean, The Archbishop of Sultaniya, on behalf of Tamerlane to the court of Charles II, the king of France. This monk charged with such an important diplomatic mission by Tamerlane arrived in Paris, June 15. 1403, and carried him a letter from Tamerlane. The report which this Christian envoy wrote on this occasion - a Memoire on Tamerlane‟s life, first written in French and then translated by himself into Latin- contains biographical data describing in detail Tamerlane's title, ancestors, sons, wives, conquests, his great power and wealth, his cruelty and generosity.[3]

Almost contemporary with this Memoire of Jean, another Westerner wrote a report on Tamerlane's life and personality, the Spanish ambassador, Gonzales de Clavijo (d.1412), who was sent by Henry IT, king of Castille and Leon, to Tamerlane's court in Samarqand together with two other ambassadors - Alfonso Paez and Gomez de Salazar. The Clavijo‟s account of his Embassy to the court of Tamerlane of Samarkand (1403-1406) is one of the major western contributions to the westerners‟ knowledge of Tamerlane's personality and life. His contribution also made the Bavarian traveler and adventurer J.Shiltberger, who served under Bayazid from 1396 to 1402 and after having become a prisoner of Tamerlane, remained with him from 1402 to 1405 (The Bondage and Travels of Johann Schiltberger in Europe, Asia and Africa, 1396-1427, published by The Hakluyt Society, London, 1879, pp.22-23,128).

The Byzantian chroniclers G.Phrantzes, I. Chalkokondylas, J.Ducas and others,concentrated mainly on recording Timur's battle of Angora and Smirna in 1402. They state that treated the conquered Bayazid with a respect, deserved by

International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences 154 Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org (An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.) International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS) Available online at: http://euroasiapub.org Vol. 10 Issue 10, October- 2020 ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 7.077|

a great rival. The Ukrainian writer PavloZagrebelny in his novel “Roksolana" wrote that Timur kept his rival cage or fastened to a chain - a widely spread mistake, which was copied from a Lonitser chronicle.

Professor Marchand found in the archives, in 1980s, essay of J.G.Byron about Tamerlane, unknown before. An English writer Hilda Hookham came to Uzbekistan and visited the places where Timur traveled, worked in the libraries and in 1969 came again with a written book "Tamerlane the Conquerer", published in 1962. She pays much attention to his military art which was greatly appreciated by many European historical scientists. Sanders compare him with Ghingiz, , Attila, Napoleon. The same comparison was made by Russian historian T. Granovsky (XIX). [2]

There is also a book "The rise and rule of Tamerlane" (1990) of contemporary American author B.F. Manz.

There is a special society devoted to Timurids heritage in France headed by scientist KerenBressan. They investigate, collect different information and publish books about Timur and Timurids. The interest to Timur's person is, as usually, high and the books about him continue to be published.

To sum up, Amir Timurplays an important role as a famous statesman and clever commander of a regiment in the development state system in Uzbekistan. He was called as a “Sohibijahon” (owner of the world) and “Sohibiadl” (master of justice) in most historical chronicles. In 1996, by the initiatives of UNESCO Amir Timur‟s 660th anniversary was celebrated widely in Tashkent, Samarkand and in other foreign countries of the world and that year was announced “The Year of Amir Timur” in Uzbekistan.A lot of Uzbek

International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences 155 Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org (An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.) International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS) Available online at: http://euroasiapub.org Vol. 10 Issue 10, October- 2020 ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 7.077|

scholars have also been studying the life and activities of Amir Timur for the last centuries.

By the initiatives of the first President of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov Amir Timur‟s monument has been placed in Tashkent, Samarkand, Shahrisabz and in the certres of different cities. In 1995 International Amir Timur‟s fund was founded. And in 1996 The Timurids State Museum was opened in Amir Timur square in Tashkent.

The idea of giving the name “Timurbeklarmaktabi” (the school of military students) tothe military schools wasoffered by President Sh. M. Mirziyoevin his speech at VI Congress of the “Kamolot” youths social movement and was accepted warmly by the youth of Uzbekistan on June 30 in 2017.[4]

It is important to mention that Amir Timur was really a great statesman and personality who played a significant role in developing political, economic, cultural and commercial relations among the countries of Asia and Europe.

References

1. We Europeans by Richard Hill, Brussels, 2002.

2. Tamburlaine the Conqueror by Hilda Hookman, London, 1962.

3. A new Latin source on Tamerlane‟s conquest of Damascus, by B.de Mignanelli in “Oriens” Journal of the International Society for Oriental research, V. 9, part 2, 1956.

International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences 156 Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org (An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.) International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS) Available online at: http://euroasiapub.org Vol. 10 Issue 10, October- 2020 ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 7.077|

4. Speech by Sh. M. Mirziyoev at VI Congress of the “Kamolot” youths social movement, June 30, 2017.

5.http://www. livescience.com

International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences 157 Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org (An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.)