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PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH | Volume - 10 | Issue - 01 |January - 2021 | PRINT ISSN No. 2250 - 1991 | DOI : 10.36106/paripex Causes for the spread of Naxalism in Koraput and (SGRY), but they are not fairing any better than the earlier : programmes in reducing poverty. 6These Schemes seem to be Naxalism expands its attraction from growing unfairness of a theoretical antidote to starvation. Now if these schemes are the consequences following from the direction of financial totally inadequate, what else can be done? What is the allocation, economic disparities and human displacement. solution? The real answer to the question lies in raising the There is no sensitivity in public policy to the growing potential for increasing agricultural productivity. marginalization and income insecurity of the population so targeted. It is a well-known fact that the leadership of this Koraput is highly Naxal affected which has a poverty ratio of movement is in the hands of the upper class but the cadre and 78.65 per cent and the literacy rate is miserable at 36.20 per strength are in the hands of marginalized groups. cent. With a tribal population of 5, 85,830, this district has been a hotbed of Naxal activity since decades.7 It was as early as in The Naxal 'infested' districts as identified by the state 1980 that an armed group of the PWG moved into interior government are Koraput, Malkangiri, Nabarangapur, areas of Koraput and established its control by successfully Rayagada, Gajapati, Ganjam, Sundargarh, Mayurbhanj, motivating the Bangladeshi refugees and local tribals against Keonjhar, Sambalpur, Kandhamal, Deogarh, Jharsuguda and the corruption- ridden and failed state. The government's Jajpur. Today, Peoples' War Groups has made a formidable selfishness towards basic problems of the poverty-stricken base in the underdeveloped, rural lands of these districts rural tribals is the main cause for the rapid Naxal growth in particularly in Koraput and Malkangiri. However, the Koraput. It is a sad reality in Koraput that the government- development has not taken place within one day or one year declared programmes never really reach the people for or even one decade. No single group can take credit for whom it is really made. It was in March 2000 that the state making these two districts a happening place in the Naxal government made a declaration that the tribal people have roadmap. Equally, it is difficult to identify any particular the right to collect minor forest products. But to the shock, the reason for the growth of the movement in these two declaration has not been implemented till date. Government districts. Several factors – poverty, underdevelopment, measures on development have been mostly limited to lip lopsided development strategy, failure of systemic service only, without really understanding the problem governance and use of violence and counter-violence in the typical to the lifestyle of most of the tribal people in Koraput. name of development seem to have contributed to the growth There is no market for minor forest products in Koraput and of the ultra-left extremism in Koraput and Malkangiri. People tribals do not even have the access to financial institutions to in these backward regions lack economic opportunities. They secure loans for investments. It is surprising as well as are deprived of the fruits of prosperity and modernity. People shocking that the government has never thought of in socio-economically depressed regions often carry a deep developing self-help groups for the forest dependent sense of frustration and discrimination against their better off communities in Koraput. Koraput has no lack of mineral neighbors. Poor and illiterate tribal people are often easily deposits, but the government's failure to take a proper manipulated by anti-social elements and powerful vested approach to utilize these resources in favour of local people interests. has worsened the situation further. Taking advantage of this alienation among the masses, the Naxals have shown them the The State-led planned economic development has failed to dream of a revolution– a Maoist Revolution. In the name of bring about uniform development in KBK region particularly revolution the Naxals now control over 400 villages in Koraput, Koraput and Malkangiri. There seems to be no interval for where they collect tax (extortion) and have established a sort those living in rural Koraput and Malkangiri because of parallel administration. There are several reports of Naxals governance is equated with 'corruption', 'nepotism', and holding training camps, recruitment campaigns as well as Jan 'miss-appropriation of funds' in the name of development. It is adalats in remote villages like Kanduruguda, Suvaput, Jadei, therefore not surprising that Koraput and Malkangiri, despite Badiput, Pantulum, Pudub, Ankaput, Pudu, Dabang, Tamdingi, being a rich depository of natural resources, remain most Pradhaniput,PatangiandMachhakund. backward districts in Odisha. In such a context, Maoism has emerged as an alternative mode of articulating one's Now let us turn our focus to another Naxal-affected district existence free from 'hunger', 'malnutrition' and 'ill-health'. that is Malkangiri. Poverty, rampant corruption, failed Maoism is a politically-charged ideological battle against government mechanisms and programmes are some human misery, which is, at the same time, a powerful critique characteristics associated with this area. The CPI (Maoist), of the state-directed development model. What is most under the banner of the erstwhile PWG has created a red paradoxical is the fact that despite 'liberal' state funding for bastion in remote areas of Malkangiri. In the 1970s, the development projects in the 'poverty-stricken' Koraput and government of Odisha constructed the Balimela dam project Malkangiri districts of the state, the areas remain severely in Chitrakonda at Malkangiri. Villagers from more than 250 'backward' and the target groups barely have access to the villages were displaced as well as a number of villages of benefits.4 Kudugulugumma block remained cut off from the mainland and from supplies provided by the government system. The Further, the forest resources in these two districts too have government's performance on the rehabilitation front can be been commercialized thereby alienating the from simply termed as disastrous. Thousands of people are still forest produce. Constructions of big dams have caused living in tiny islands within the dam area, which the massive displacement of tribals without proper re-settlement government terms as the “cut-off area”. One would find hardly policies. Moreover, governments have been immune to the any sign of governance in these areas of Janbai, Panasput, problems facing the Tribals. The tribal development Jodamba and Andrapali panchayats; where there is no school, programmes over the years have created new elite structure no hospital and even no public distribution system even in the community, leaving patches of acute poverty. This though Guru Priya Sethu has been recently constructed. phenomenon of governing elite against equity and fairness, Government-sanctioned development projects in these areas despite the existing laws, does give rise to Naxal violence. remain on paper; residents of these areas complain of gross This reflects the social dimensions of the Naxalite problem.5 financial irregularities because of an unholy nexus between contractors and government officials. It is an irony that Several developmental schemes have been announced over habitants of these areas have sacrificed everything for the the years but the expansion of Naxalism shows that the factors dam but till date they haven't seen the benefits of the breeding rebellion remain. No doubt, the anti-poverty electricity produced by the dam. Who says big dams bring programmes have found a boost with the National Rural prosperity; for the people of Malkangiri, the Balimela dam has Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), National Food for only brought broken dreams. Extreme poverty and lack of Work Programme (NFFWP), and Sanjay Gandhi Rozgar Yojna basic requirements of life in most areas of Malkangiri have 12 www.worldwidejournals.com PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH | Volume - 10 | Issue - 01 |January - 2021 | PRINT ISSN No. 2250 - 1991 | DOI : 10.36106/paripex made people move closer to Naxals. As of now Naxals have generate employment opportunities for people will send created a strong base in different areas of Chitrakonda, a message of the government seriousness in addressing Balimela, Motu, Gomphakunda, Mv 90, Janbai, Jantabai, Jantri, the basic problems of the people. Moreover, it is Jodamba, Panasaput, Maliguda, Bhaluguda, Padmagiri, important to provide good and sophisticated weapons to Gunthabeda, Padia, Korkunda,Kudumulugumma, Mathili and the security personnel and to train them in all aspects other areas adjoining the and including networking with the local population, borders. intelligence gathering, sharing, combat operations and coordinated developmental activities. The response of the State is naturally official. While there may 3. In order to tackle the problem, there is a need for be talk of development, the greatest emphasis is on police or simultaneous and coordinated action on all the core fronts security operations. But the security response too lacks vision of trustworthy governance including development, as the clearly have an edge over the security forces security, perception-management and political form. The in Koraput and Malkangiri. With kidnapping of the former state must re-establish connectivity with local and tribal Malkangiri collector, R.V. Krishna, abduction of Jinha Hikaka people as this can hit the Maoist the most where it matters. and killing of legislator Jagabhandu the Naxalites have The process of development must also have a human face improved in their guerrilla tactics to perfection, while the to prevent tribal alienation. Moreover, displacement security forces do not have a counter-strategy either of without compensation should be avoided. The offence or defence. government must device a public-private partnership to ensure implementation of developmental projects and Land alienation is a cause for the growth of Maoism. utilize the media to spread awareness of its good 'Land to tiller' continues to be a powerful slogan of the Naxalite intentions. Movement. The problem of land alienation has been one of the 4. Referring to Naxals as terrorists is incorrect. There is an major causes of Maoist base in the tribal areas of Odisha. urgent need to change the nomenclature as they are our There are three major factors solely responsible for land countrymen. alienation in Odisha. Firstly, 'Manipulation of land records' is 5. The Naxal problem cannot be curbed until the the single largest problem that has contributed a lot for the government makes significant changes in its policies. The growth of land alienation among the tribal rural areas. In most differences between the law made and the law enforced of the cases the tribals are not legally recognized as the has to disappear. One has to identify the gaps that exist in owners of their lands that they cultivated for a long time. the thought process and this gap has to be squarely met. In Secondly, 'Benami Transfer' is another important factor of land terms of development, the gap between the political alienation. In this case actual owners of the land are reduced process and the commercial interests has to firstly meet to share croppers though the land remains in their name. The and then it has to come to work including the local tribal third most important problem is the 'encroachment' that is people. It is generally seen that there is lack of sympathy divesting the tribals of their lands. This is a common feature from the government towards local workers. The only way found in Naxal- infested districts of Odisha particularly in of attaining a common ground would be the inclusion of Koraput and Malkangiri in relation to land alienation. the tribal people in the entire process. Proper measures should be taken by the government to run the schools and There has been a huge alienation of tribal lands in Odisha. not give it as a shelter to the army and police personnel. According to the Annual Report 2007-08 of the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India, a total of 105,491 Some Suggestive Measures to combat Naxalism: cases alleging alienation of 104,742 acres of land have been Constitutional Safeguards filed in the court in Odisha. An estimated of 104,644 cases The founding fathers of Indian Constitution were aware of were disposed of by honorable court of Odisha. Out of these, prevalence of social, political and economic inequalities of 61, 431 cases were disposed of in support of tribals and 56,854 the nation. Even, they were aware of miserable and acres of land were restored to tribals. 8 horrendous condition of weaker section of the society particularly STs crippled by poverty and backwardness who Access to land is very important in rural Odisha. The were segregated from main stream of the society. To incidence of poverty is high when there is lack of access to emancipate them from such clutches number of constitutional land. When Orissa was created in 1936 it had three sets of laws provisions have been incorporated in the Constitution of from and Orissa, the Madras presidency and the central India. But, it is regrettable to state that the constitutional province. This presented a kaleidoscopic (multicolored) view provisions to safeguard STs have not been properly of the different laws. The Orissa Tenancy Act was in force in implemented till now rather they have been followed more in northern Orissa; the Madras Estates Land Act was enforced in breach which has today resulted in tribal insurgency against southern Orissa; the Central Provinces Land Revenue and state. It has been repeatedly seen that states overrule PESA Tenancy Acts were enforced in the Sambalpur and Khariar and apply the central Land Acquisition Act of 1894 vintage to areas.9 There was not much change in the land related capture tribal land for corporate purpose which has brought regulations during the initial years of post independence till great victimization of tribal population. Therefore, ensuring 1952 when the Orissa Estate Abolition was passed. From the the proper implementation of provisions particularly Article very beginning of 1952, the state has legislated a number of 244 and PESA without violating them shall do much to Acts relating to land. Despite of these Acts land alienation eliminate tribal grievances and break the support base of the among the weaker section of the society continues to be one Maoists. of the causes. Reform in Administrative set-up Policy Recommendations: The problem of Naxalism started in 1967 is not a new. Its 1. The villagers are not against the state per say but against manifestation is going to be almost five decades with us. It has corrupt officials, politicians and contractors. It is now been branded as the worst enemy of India dream and corruption, which is one of the main problems. Unless the become the greatest challenge to national security because state is able to identify and punish the people, who are of lackluster attitude of administration. Therefore, the stealing money meant for development of these areas, it is administrative set up modeled on British system needs to be not going to be able to deal with problem. recommenced to suit the requirements of a free and 2. Development should come simultaneously with counter- democratic country. In pace of British model, a better insurgency measures. Grouping of public health, administrative set up must be constituted which will render education, public work, agriculture and irrigation to form good governance with accountability and transparency. If cohesive multi-disciplinary task force and efforts to implemented in spirit, it will surely mitigate the law and order www.worldwidejournals.com 131 PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH | Volume - 10 | Issue - 01 |January - 2021 | PRINT ISSN No. 2250 - 1991 | DOI : 10.36106/paripex problems in LWE affected areas. security, it greatly lacks training and leadership quality to combat Naxalism. However, by the help of Central Restoration of tribal Rights Government most of the States have now established training In the era of globalization, tribal rights are increasingly institutions to train the police personnel to fight the LWE. No violated for the corporate purpose in spite of the protective doubt, the step initiated by the Government deserves legislations. Tribal people are displaced in large number appreciation but, the capacities are miserably short. Thus, the without proper rehabilitation and resentment which has now army could take over the entire responsibility to run and become a big factor of protest against displacement. Further, monitor all the training institutions as they have excellence on the land alienation is another problem in LWE areas which the subject which would surely help to combat LWE. needs to be dealt strongly. No doubt, the increase of big industry into the region to utilize the mineral wealth for Naxal links: The need of the time is to disconnect Naxal links prosperity of country is invited but, proper rehabilitation and which has to be part and parcel of India's counter-Naxal resentment package should be provided to victims of strategy. And, to have permanent disruption of the external displacement based on a life cycle concept which includes sources of support to Maoists India needs to handle tactically employment guarantee schemes. It is most likely to reduce at the level of bilateral and multilateral relations. So that the grievances if done in true sense. Naxals do not get any external support and their presence leaves them with no option, but to surrender. Accountability in administration It is a general accepted fact that accountability and honesty CONCLUSION are the gate ways to good governance. When there is good The learning of Naxal violence in Odisha shows that today's governance there is progress in the country. Therefore, the volatile condition is mainly generated by a nonstop process of utmost care must be rendered to see that the administrative mismanagement and mal-development. But aggression or establishments do not breed corruption and exploitation at violence itself is no way to accomplish the development; any level. For this purpose, the Department of Audit must rather it is the severe form of exploitation. To dodge mal- carry out the audit of expenditure of funds of actual work done development and restore the ambiance of disorder and fear and not just go on paper works. If implemented in true sense, what is required today, is to establish suitable establishments this will generate zero corruption and neglected segments of and systems completely free from corruption and the society will be benefitted largely. exploitation which would surely reduce societal tension by guaranteeing equality of status and opportunity as Reform in Justice delivery System enumerated in the Constitution of India. To tackle the rising In the era of globalization the country is rapidly scaling up in tide of Naxalism, the state is expected to adequately increase the field of Science and Technology. Yet, its fruits have not and properly run fund allotment in the field of health care, been properly used in justice delivery system causing the education, nutrition programmes, disease manage, irrigation, excessive delay in pronouncement of verdicts to the victims. rural electrification, rural roads and other essential Hence, the technology present today, must be used as necessities in the affected belts. The state must make sure that acceptable proofs to have a better rate of conviction and its institutions and establishments do not breed exploitation enable the law enforcement system. In addition to this, there and corruption. In spirit, for the people affected by LWE must be constitution of fast track courts and mobile courts in violence, the democratic system of governance must reach unreachable belts which will surely disallow the local people them and make them aware that the Maoist route is not the to get redress from the Courts of People (Janatana Adalat) route of salvation of their pain rather it is extreme form of operated by Naxals. exploitation by Maoists. An answer to LWE is only to address the local issues. But, use of force is just an anesthetic and can Socio-economic issues never be the silver bullet for eternal conflict resolution. In spite of acceleration in GDP, today, a large number of populations remain marginalized and backward. No doubt, REFERENCES after adoption of globalization the country developed rapidly 1. World Development Report 2006 Equity and Development, Oxford University Press but at the same time majority of the population was left behind 2. Indian Mineral Handbook 2005, Indian Bureau of Mines, New Delhi with acute poverty and backwardness causing a huge 3. Human Development Report, Govt of Odisha, 2009 disparity between rich and poor. This has now become the 4. Chakrabarty and Kujur (2010) Maoism in India: Reincarnation of ultra-left wing extremism in the twenty-first century , Routledge, New York main reason of protest to industrialization, mining activities, 5. Kamal Prasad, “UPA's Romance with the Common People”, Mainstream, Vol. construction of dams and creation of SEZs initiated by the XLIV (34) August 12, 2006, pp.13-18. Government for rapid development. To get rid of such 6. Bela Bhatia and Jean Dreze, “Employment Guarantee in : Ground Realities”, Economic and Political Weekly, July 2, 2005, p.3199. blockage to development what is required on the part of the 7. http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/naxal%20Movement.pdf Government is to strengthen grass root initiatives which will 8. Chakrabarty and Kujur (2010) Maoism in India: Reincarnation of ultra-left surely promote better standard of life of the neglected and wing extremism in the twenty-first century , Routledge, New York, p. 113 significantly reduce the disparity between rich and poor 9. I bid p.114 caused by globalization. Further, education must be the main interference in Naxal infested regions which will amply generate opportunities and employments to abandon the path of Naxalism what they think is the salvation of their pain.

Development Issues Development is just not only to counter Naxalism but, it a process of change of underdevelopment in the country. Hence, Development needs to be followed with the bottom up approach instead of top down one and centrally sponsored schemes for the development of rural areas are to be fitted with the local initiatives which will benefit actual beneficiaries of the marginalized segment of the society reducing the tensions among ST Population.

Addressing security Concerns Nodal Agency: Though Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) selected as Nodal Agency to deal with the problem of internal 14 www.worldwidejournals.com