MTS the Michigan Terminal System Volume 3
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Efficient Computation of LALR(1) Look-Ahead Sets
Efficient Computation of LALR(1) Look-Ahead Sets FRANK DeREMER and THOMAS PENNELLO University of California, Santa Cruz, and MetaWare TM Incorporated Two relations that capture the essential structure of the problem of computing LALR(1) look-ahead sets are defined, and an efficient algorithm is presented to compute the sets in time linear in the size of the relations. In particular, for a PASCAL grammar, the algorithm performs fewer than 15 percent of the set unions performed by the popular compiler-compiler YACC. When a grammar is not LALR(1), the relations, represented explicitly, provide for printing user- oriented error messages that specifically indicate how the look-ahead problem arose. In addition, certain loops in the digraphs induced by these relations indicate that the grammar is not LR(k) for any k. Finally, an oft-discovered and used but incorrect look-ahead set algorithm is similarly based on two other relations defined for the fwst time here. The formal presentation of this algorithm should help prevent its rediscovery. Categories and Subject Descriptors: D.3.1 [Programming Languages]: Formal Definitions and Theory--syntax; D.3.4 [Programming Languages]: Processors--translator writing systems and compiler generators; F.4.2 [Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages]: Grammars and Other Rewriting Systems--parsing General Terms: Algorithms, Languages, Theory Additional Key Words and Phrases: Context-free grammar, Backus-Naur form, strongly connected component, LALR(1), LR(k), grammar debugging, 1. INTRODUCTION Since the invention of LALR(1) grammars by DeRemer [9], LALR grammar analysis and parsing techniques have been popular as a component of translator writing systems and compiler-compilers. -
SAKI: a Fortran Program for Generalized Linear Inversion of Gravity and Magnetic Profiles
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SAKI: A Fortran program for generalized linear Inversion of gravity and magnetic profiles by Michael Webring Open File Report 85-122 1985 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards. Table of Contents Abstract ------------------------------ 1 Introduction ---------------------------- 1 Theory ------------------------------- 2 Users Guide ---------------------------- 7 Model File -------------------------- 7 Observed Data Files ---------------------- 9 Command File ------------------------- 10 Data File Parameters ------------------- 10 Magnetic Parameters ------------------- 10 General Parameters -------------------- H Plotting Parameters ------------------- n Annotation Parameters ------------------ 12 Program Interactive Commands ----------------- 13 Inversion Function ---------------------- 16 Examples ------------------------------ 20 References ----------------------------- 26 Appendix A - plot system description ---------------- 27 Appendix B - program listing -------------------- 30 Abstract A gravity and magnetic inversion program is presented which models a structural cross-section as an ensemble of 2-d prisms formed by linking vertices into a network that may be deformed by a modified Marquardt algorithm. The nonuniqueness of this general model is constrained by the user in an interactive mode. Introduction This program fits in a least-squares sense the theoretical gravity and magnetic response of -
Michigan Terminal System (MTS) Distribution 3.0 Documentation
D3.NOTES 1 M T S D I S T R I B U T I O N 3.0 August 1973 General Notes Distribution 3.0 consists of 6 tapes for the 1600 bpi copy or 9 tapes for the 800 bpi copy. All tapes are unlabeled to save space. The last tape of each set is a dump/restore tape, designed to be used to get started (for new installations) or for conversion (for old installations). Instructions for these procedures are given in items 1001 and 1002 of the documentation list (later in this writeup). The remaining tapes are "Distribution Utility" tapes containing source, object, command, data, and print files, designed to be read by *FS or by the Distribution program, which is a superset of *FS. A writeup for this distribution version of *FS is enclosed (item 1003). Throughout the documentation for this distribution, reference is made to the components of the distribution. Generally these references are made by the 3-digit component number, sometimes followed by a slash and a 1- or 2-digit sub- component number. For example, the G assembler (*ASMG) has been assigned component number 066. However, the assembler actually has many "pieces" and so the assembler consists of components 066/1 through 066/60. Component numbers 001 through 481 are compatible with the numbers used in distribution 2.0; numbers above 481 are new components, or in some cases, old components which have been grouped under a new number. Two versions of the distribution driver file are provided: 461/11 for the 1600 bpi tapes, and 461/16 for the 800 bpi tapes. -
Pearl: Diagrams for Composing Compilers
Pearl: Diagrams for Composing Compilers John Wickerson Imperial College London, UK [email protected] Paul Brunet University College London, UK [email protected] Abstract T-diagrams (or ‘tombstone diagrams’) are widely used in teaching for explaining how compilers and interpreters can be composed together to build and execute software. In this Pearl, we revisit these diagrams, and show how they can be redesigned for better readability. We demonstrate how they can be applied to explain compiler concepts including bootstrapping and cross-compilation. We provide a formal semantics for our redesigned diagrams, based on binary trees. Finally, we suggest how our diagrams could be used to analyse the performance of a compilation system. 2012 ACM Subject Classification Software and its engineering → Compilers Keywords and phrases compiler networks, graphical languages, pedagogy Digital Object Identifier 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2020.1 1 Introduction In introductory courses on compilers across the globe, students are taught about the inter- actions between compilers using ‘tombstone diagrams’ or ‘T-diagrams’. In this formalism, a compiler is represented as a ‘T-piece’. A T-piece, as shown in Fig. 1, is characterised by three labels: the source language of the compiler, the target language of the compiler, and the language in which the compiler is implemented. Complex networks of compilers can be represented by composing these basic pieces in two ways. Horizontal composition means that the output of the first compiler is fed in as the input to the second. Diagonal composition means that the first compiler is itself compiled using the second compiler. -
MTS on Wikipedia Snapshot Taken 9 January 2011
MTS on Wikipedia Snapshot taken 9 January 2011 PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Sun, 09 Jan 2011 13:08:01 UTC Contents Articles Michigan Terminal System 1 MTS system architecture 17 IBM System/360 Model 67 40 MAD programming language 46 UBC PLUS 55 Micro DBMS 57 Bruce Arden 58 Bernard Galler 59 TSS/360 60 References Article Sources and Contributors 64 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 65 Article Licenses License 66 Michigan Terminal System 1 Michigan Terminal System The MTS welcome screen as seen through a 3270 terminal emulator. Company / developer University of Michigan and 7 other universities in the U.S., Canada, and the UK Programmed in various languages, mostly 360/370 Assembler Working state Historic Initial release 1967 Latest stable release 6.0 / 1988 (final) Available language(s) English Available programming Assembler, FORTRAN, PL/I, PLUS, ALGOL W, Pascal, C, LISP, SNOBOL4, COBOL, PL360, languages(s) MAD/I, GOM (Good Old Mad), APL, and many more Supported platforms IBM S/360-67, IBM S/370 and successors History of IBM mainframe operating systems On early mainframe computers: • GM OS & GM-NAA I/O 1955 • BESYS 1957 • UMES 1958 • SOS 1959 • IBSYS 1960 • CTSS 1961 On S/360 and successors: • BOS/360 1965 • TOS/360 1965 • TSS/360 1967 • MTS 1967 • ORVYL 1967 • MUSIC 1972 • MUSIC/SP 1985 • DOS/360 and successors 1966 • DOS/VS 1972 • DOS/VSE 1980s • VSE/SP late 1980s • VSE/ESA 1991 • z/VSE 2005 Michigan Terminal System 2 • OS/360 and successors -
Die Gruncllehren Cler Mathematischen Wissenschaften
Die Gruncllehren cler mathematischen Wissenschaften in Einzeldarstellungen mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung der Anwendungsgebiete Band 135 Herausgegeben von J. L. Doob . E. Heinz· F. Hirzebruch . E. Hopf . H. Hopf W. Maak . S. Mac Lane • W. Magnus. D. Mumford M. M. Postnikov . F. K. Schmidt· D. S. Scott· K. Stein Geschiiftsfiihrende Herausgeber B. Eckmann und B. L. van der Waerden Handbook for Automatic Computation Edited by F. L. Bauer· A. S. Householder· F. W. J. Olver H. Rutishauser . K. Samelson· E. Stiefel Volume I . Part a Heinz Rutishauser Description of ALGOL 60 Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 1967 Prof. Dr. H. Rutishauser Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich Geschaftsfuhrende Herausgeber: Prof. Dr. B. Eckmann Eidgenossische Tecbnische Hocbscbule Zurich Prof. Dr. B. L. van der Waerden Matbematisches Institut der Universitat ZUrich Aile Rechte, insbesondere das der Obersetzung in fremde Spracben, vorbebalten Ohne ausdriickliche Genehmigung des Verlages ist es auch nicht gestattet, dieses Buch oder Teile daraus auf photomechaniscbem Wege (Photokopie, Mikrokopie) oder auf andere Art zu vervielfaltigen ISBN-13: 978-3-642-86936-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-86934-1 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-86934-1 © by Springer-Verlag Berlin· Heidelberg 1967 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1%7 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 67-13537 Titel-Nr. 5l1B Preface Automatic computing has undergone drastic changes since the pioneering days of the early Fifties, one of the most obvious being that today the majority of computer programs are no longer written in machine code but in some programming language like FORTRAN or ALGOL. However, as desirable as the time-saving achieved in this way may be, still a high proportion of the preparatory work must be attributed to activities such as error estimates, stability investigations and the like, and for these no programming aid whatsoever can be of help. -
A Study on Various Programming Languages to Keep Pace with Innovation
S.Sridhar* et al. (IJITR) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH Volume No.5, Issue No.2, February – March 2017, 5681-5704. A Study On Various Programming Languages To Keep Pace With Innovation S.SRIDHAR Professor & Director RV Centre for Cognitive & Central Computing R.V.College of Engineering, Mysore Road Bangalore-560059 India Abstract: A programming language is a formal computer language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs to control the behaviour of a machine or to express algorithms. The earliest known programmable machine preceded the invention of the digital computer and is the automatic flute player described in the 9th century by the brothers Musa in Baghdad, "during the Islamic Golden Age". From the early 1800s, "programs" were used to direct the behavior of machines such as Jacquard looms and player pianos. Thousands of different programming languages have been created, mainly in the computer field, and many more still are being created every year. Many programming languages require computation to be specified in an imperative form (i.e., as a sequence of operations to perform) while other languages use other forms of program specification such as the declarative form (i.e. the desired result is specified, not how to achieve it). The description of a programming language is usually split into the two components of syntax (form) and semantics (meaning). Some languages are defined by a specification document (for example, the C programming language is specified by an ISO Standard) while other languages (such as Perl) have a dominant implementation that is treated as a reference. -
19710010121.Pdf
General Disclaimer One or more of the Following Statements may affect this Document This document has been reproduced from the best copy furnished by the organizational source. It is being released in the interest of making available as much information as possible. This document may contain data, which exceeds the sheet parameters. It was furnished in this condition by the organizational source and is the best copy available. This document may contain tone-on-tone or color graphs, charts and/or pictures, which have been reproduced in black and white. This document is paginated as submitted by the original source. Portions of this document are not fully legible due to the historical nature of some of the material. However, it is the best reproduction available from the original submission. Produced by the NASA Center for Aerospace Information (CASI) ^i A PROPOSFD TRANSLATOR-WRITING-SYSTEM LANGUAGE FRANKLIN L. DE RLMER CEP REPORT, VOLUME 3, No. 1 September 1970 C4 19 5 G °o ACCESSION NUPBER) (T U) c^`r :E 3 (PAG 5 (CODE) ^y1P`C{ o0 LL (NASA CR OR T X OR AD NUME ►_R) (CATEGORY) 0^0\G^^^ v Z The Computer Evolution Project Applied Sciences The University of California at Santa Cruz, California 95060 A PROPOSED TRANSLATOR-WRITING-SYSTEM LANGUAGE ABSTRACT We propose herein a language for an advanced translator writing system (TWS), a system for use by langwige designers, I d as opposed to compiler writers, which will accept as input a formal specification of a language and which will generate as output a translator for the specified language. -
MTS Volume 1, for Example, Introduces the User to MTS and Describes in General the MTS Operating System, While MTS Volume 10 Deals Exclusively with BASIC
M T S The Michigan Terminal System The Michigan Terminal System Volume 1 Reference R1001 November 1991 University of Michigan Information Technology Division Consulting and Support Services DISCLAIMER The MTS manuals are intended to represent the current state of the Michigan Terminal System (MTS), but because the system is constantly being developed, extended, and refined, sections of this volume will become obsolete. The user should refer to the Information Technology Digest and other ITD documentation for the latest information about changes to MTS. Copyright 1991 by the Regents of the University of Michigan. Copying is permitted for nonprofit, educational use provided that (1) each reproduction is done without alteration and (2) the volume reference and date of publication are included. 2 CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................................................................................ 9 Preface to Volume 1 .................................................................................................................................. 11 A Brief Overview of MTS .......................................................................................................................... 13 History .................................................................................................................................................. 13 Access to the System ........................................................................................................................... -
Translator Writing System
A TRANSLATOR WRITING SYSTEM • FOR MINICOMPUTERS by Jake Madderom B.A.Sc, University of British Columbia, 1968 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF APPLIED SCIENCE in the Department of Electrical Engineering We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA June 1973 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of £ C* ' r\ ^ <£. r~ , .i The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada ABSTRACT Some portions of real-time computer process control software can be programmed with special purpose high-level languages. A trans• lator writing'system for minicomputers is developed to aid in writing translators for those languages. The translator writing system uses an LR(1) grammar analyzer with an LR(1) skeleton parser. XPL is used as the source language for the semantics. An XPL to intermediate language translator has been written to aid in the translation of XPL programs to minicomputer assembly language. A simple macro generator must be written to translate intermediate language programs into various minicomputer assembly languages. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT i TABLE OF CONTENTS • ii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS iii GLOSSARY iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vii 1. -
The Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U.S
NOTICE WARNING CONCERNING COPYRIGHT RESTRICTIONS: The copyright law of the United States (title 17, U.S. Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Any copying of this document without permission of its author may be prohibited by law. CMU-CS-84-163 An Efficient All-paths Parsing Algorithm for Natural Languages Masaru Tornita Computer Science Department Carnegie-Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213 25 October 1984 Abstract An extended LR parsing algorithm is introduced and its application to natural language processing is discussed. Unlike the standard LR, our algorithm is capable of handling arbitrary context-free phrase structure grammars including ambiguous grammars, while most of the LR parsing efficiency is preserved. When an input sentence is ambiguous, it produces all possible parses in an efficient manner with the idea of a "graph-structured stack." Comparisons with other parsing methods are made. This research was sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DOD), ARPA Order No. 3597, monitored by the Air Force Avionics Laboratory Under Contract F33615-81 -K-1539. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency or the US Government. i Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. LR parsing 3 2.1. An example 3 2.2. Problem in Applying to Natural Languages 5 3. MLR parsing 7 3.1. With Stack List 7 3.2. With a Tree-structured Stack 9 3.3. With a Graph-structured Stack 10 4. -
ESP: a Language for Programmable Devices
ESP: A Language for Programmable Devices Sanjeev Kumar, Yitzhak Mandelbaum, Xiang Yu, and Kai Li Princeton University (sku mar,yitz hakm ,xyu, li) @ cs. princeton, edu ABSTRACT cards was implemented using event-driven state machines in This paper presents the design and implementation of Event- C. Our experience was that while good perfbrmance could driven State-machines Programming (ESP)--a language for be achieved with this approach, the source code was hard to programmable devices. In traditional languages, like C, us- maintain and debug. The implementation involved around ing event-driven state-machines forces a tradeoff that re- 15600 lines of C code. Even after several years of debugging, quires giving up ease of development and reliability to achieve race conditions cause the system to crash occasionally. IJlg}l p~,ti~rlnallc~, ESP is designed to provide all of these ESP was designed to meet the following goals, First, the three properties simult.aneously. language should provide constructs to write concise modu- ESP provides a comprehensive set of teatures to support lar programs. Second, the language should permit the use development of compact and modular programs. The ESP of software verification tools like SPIN [14] so that the con- compiler compiles the programs into two targets---a C file current programs can be tested thoroughly. Finally, the lan- that can be used to generate efficient firmware for the device; guage should permit aggressive compile time optimizations and a specification that can be used by a verifier like SPIN to provide low overhead. to extensively test the firmware. ESP has a number of language features that allow devel- As a case study, we reimplemented VMMC firmware that opment of fast and reliable concurrent programs.