nl UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA LIBRARIES Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2010 with funding from University of Florida, George A. Smathers Libraries

http://www.archive.org/details/panamacanalrenov1970pana

HU IHK X

!t^ wa^Wfci^ Vv W. p. Leber Morgan E. Goodwin, Press Officer Governor-President Publications Editors R. S. Harlline Louis R. Granger, Tomas A. Cupas Lieutenant Governor Writers Frank A. Baldwin Eunice Ricfiard, Fannie P. Hernandez, Panama Canal Information Officer Official Panama Canal Publication Jose T. Tuiion, Willie K. Friar, and Luis C. Noli

Review articles may be reprinted without Furltter clearance. Credit to the Review will be appreciated. Subscriptions: $1 a year, airmail S2 a year; back copies (.regular mail), 25 cents each. Published quarterly. Make posfol money orders payable to the Panama Canal Company, Box M Balboa Heights, C.Z. Editorial Offices are located in the Administration Building, Balboa Heights, C.Z. "Printed ol the Printing Plant, La Boca, C.Z.

Contents Our Covers

University of Panama 3 RISING MAJESTICALLY near the The Republic's main intel- L'niversit\' of Panama's Library and Administration Building, the statue of lectual pillar prepares for 3 Mk... ^ Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, the mas- the future. ter of Spanish Hterature, appears to be Cement Yacht 7 the illuminating spirit guiding the future Curing, in a shed at Diablo of Panama's leading educational institu- is a 50-foot ketch made of tion. It tv-pifies the theme of the school, chicken icire, steel rods and "toward the light". A portion of the in- cement. scription at the base of the monument is translated: Shipping Statistics 9 To Miguel de Cervantes Saacedra Demise of the White Suit 12 Beacon for all people united bij the Once a part of the Isthmian Eternal boml of the Ca-stilian language landscape, the white suit Homage from Panama to the author of

has gone the icay of the Don Quixote de la Mancha. . . . dodo bird. Or has it? The statue was sculptured in Spain Contadora Island 16 by Julio Gonzalez Pola and paid for by This once sleepij jewel in a public subscription mostly from Pan- amanian students. It was dedicated in Panama Bay may soon be January 1923 and was first located at on every island hopping Plaza Porras, formerly named Plaza tourist's itinerary. Cervantes, in front of the Spanish Em-

Maritime Sketchpad 20 bassy. In October 1947 it was moved John Morton gives an art- to its present site as the cornerstone for the new university. ist's-eye view of Panama Canal scenes. On the left are Don Quixote on his horse Rocinante, and Sancho Panza, the The Montuno Hat 22 leading figures in Cervantes' most pop- In the dawn's early light ular literary accomphshment. the deft fingers of mountain The back cover shows night classes women create real Panama in progress at the busy law building hats. which was dedicated last month. The Culinary Capers 24 structure is considered by many Isth- mian residents as one of the most attrac- Exploring the adventures of tive modern buildings in Panama. The Italian cuisine aboard the architect, Jose C. Villamil of Panama MV Donizetti. City, says the architecture was influ- Language Bank 27 enced by the renaissance style while are of the The Translating Unit takes the tall arched columns Byzantine period. care of the many language Both photographs were taken by requirements of the Canal. Kevin Jenkins, a photographer with Anniversaries 29 J. the Panama Canal Graphic Branch of History 31 the Administrative Services Division.

2 November 1970 lllllillllll t|||;| iiiiilKllllUJI

-1 X-i tf mm -rVT -^ ^

By Luis C. Noli At the present time, the University A board of regents named bv the

of Panama is fullv capable of imple- Junta prepared a new set of campus AS A MICROCOSM of the nation it menting a program of institutional im- rules—many of them based on student serves, the University of Panama is provement as proposed and to increase and faculty recommendations of long throbbing with the pains of grovNth. But the production of the highly skilled standing. Among them: the fencing in the campus atmosphere now is one of professionals that our times demand." of the entire campus and the creation order!)- urgency instead of turmoil. cf a 60-man security corps charged with The urgency is more than justified. Campus Closed protecting university property, looking Within a decade the university must be The "intensive overall revision" began after order and providing transport, ready to accommodate an estimated in December 1968 when the campus traffic, and guidance services to students 25,000 students— more than 4 times its was closed b\- the Provisional Govern- and visitors. present enrollment— if it is to fulfill its ment Junta. In an official communique, part in full as the main forge for devel- Campus Regulation the Junta said its action was taken be- opment of the nation's human resources. ". 14, cause of . . a constant succession of The universit\' reopened July Its awareness of that mission is ex- strikes over the most trifling reasons; an 1969. The radical change in the atmos- pressed in a recent official document abundance of political meetings which phere was reflected immediately in the outlining the university's plans for the result in the frequent suspension of enrollment. From approximately 11,000 future: classes; the existence of antagonistic students in attendance prior to the "Panama is aware that the greatest student groups which maintain a per- closing, enrollment dropped to half that scarcity in the process of growth lies in manent climate of disturbance; the use figure. The main reason: Enforcement the skilled human resources needed to of the walls of costlv buOdings for rude of a campus regulation barring students analyze problems, to generate ideas insults and disrespect to authorities; ihe with an academic index below 1.00 toward creative solutions and to imple- lack of a true cultural concern; gross (C average). ment efficienth' the programs drawn up. and aggressively disorderly acts devoid Besides fostering a climate of dedi- "The Universitv of Panama is under- of academic loftiness; the pressures cation to study, the new regulations also going an intensive overall revision to exerted by students upon facult\' mem- did avvav with a large measure of the adapt it to the new requirements and to control that students had exercised over correct the s\'stems which have been bers through a campaign of affronts, Students, however, con- the source of the friction that has pre- threats and accusations; the large num- campus affairs. in the Advisor}-. vented maximizing its academic out- ber of 'professional students' who for tinue to participate

put and, hence, its contribution to the \'ears have moved from one department Academic and University Councils and development and the growth of the to another without deciding to take up on the Faculty Boards. ." nation. a career seriously. . . The universit\' reopened under a

The Panama Canal Review new team of administrators—Architect Edwin Fabrega (Master of City Plan- ning, University of California), Rector; Dr. Jeronimo O. Averza (Doctor of In- dustiial Pharmacy, Central Universit^• of Madrid), Academic Vice Rector;

Ramon I. Ramirez, Jr. (Business Admin- istration, Canal Zone College), Admin- istrative \'ice Rector; Mrs. Clara Cecilia Navarro Riba (Master of Social Service, Howard University), Director of Student Affairs.

Nine Faculties

Since its reopening 16 months ago, the university has graduated 781 stu- dents. Its nine faculties are: Public Ad- ministration and Commerce, Agronomy, Architecture, Natural Sciences and Pharmacy, Odontolog)', Philosophy, Letters and Education, Engineering, Medicine, and Law. Speaking at the first commencement exercise held since the reopening of the campus, Rector Fabrega said: "We have completed 1 year of work. One vear replete with problems and

satisfactions. In the course of it, the efforts, the aspirations, the failures, and the successes of the university family have been seen and lived in the light of the national expectation over the fate of the country's biggest hope: the Uni- versit\' of Panama. Six months to get it going and six months to undertake the fundamental reforms which will assure better times for students and for the country. Already what this house of learning will be in the future is taking Rector Edwin Fabrega of the University of Panama. shape in giant strides in the light of the

The University of Panama Chorus, composed of 75 students, performs under the direction of Prof. Luis \'ergara. The repertory consists of classical and popular music including works by Panamanian composers.

November 1970 "^:

\J 7^ 'M

/^^

'' ^ 1 U

l^\ Cultural activities at the university include interesting and varied programs presented by the Department of the Performing Arts directed by Profesora Aurea Torrijos de Horta. Above: a scene from "Tartufo" by

Moliere, is presented in the university's Mini-Theater which has a capacity of 65 7 » persons. Director of the Drama Depart- ment is Prof. Roberto McKay. At right: ^1 Students perform in the ballet "West" in the Central Auditorium under the direc- tion of Armando Villamil. The University Ballet has a repertory of 25 ballets.

The Panama Canal Review role it must fulfill as a higher center of the International Airport, where onh' learning and formation of the citizens an Agricultural Research Center is in to whom we are to hand dov\'n a operation now, will have to be devel- more experienced and more mature oped to handle future enrollment. ." . university will nation. . —By 1980, the have What is this shape of the future? a student population of 23,280 at its main campus and at the Tocumen site Planning For 1980 and an additional 2,400 at regional uni- The universitv has just announced a versitv centers in David, Chiriqui Pro- $13 million program of expansion and vince, and Santiago, Veraguas Province. improvements geared to the year 1980. Requirements It has applied to the Inter-American Development Bank for a $7.6 million —The expected increase in enroll- loan for the program, the balance to be ment will require a faculty of 1,438 provided b\' the Panama Government. members and 1,007 administrative per- "In coordination with the Presidential sonnel (as compared with 581 and 454 Office of Planning and Administration," respectively, at present). the loan application document sets The major projects in the expansion forth, "There has been structured an program include: K^^istess; Investment Program for the Universitv —Improvement of the academic and of Panama to be carried out during the administrative svstems through a revi- Dr. Arturo Morgan Morales, secretary gen- next 5 vears (1970-7.5). This program sion bv consultants, at a cost of eral of the University of Panama, left, and Rector Fabrega discuss university affairs . . . includes the improvement of the $250,000. outside the Library and Administration academic and administrative svstems, — Scholarships for post-graduate Building. the formation and perfecting of faculty training of facultv members and re- and research personnel, equipment, and searchers, $850,000. educational construction. —Acquisition of scientific labora- during the 35 years since it was founded "This project is all the more impor- torv equipment and bibliographic mate- during the presidential administration tant because the United Nations has rial, $1.2 million. of the late Dr. Harmodio Arias. For the issued a resolution proclaiming the 70's —New buildings and facilities for first 15 years, the university had no as the decade of education. If this pro- the facultv of Agronomv (at the Tocu- campus of its own— it operated in the ject is approved, the University of Pan- men site), the faculties of Engineering National Institute buildings. When it ama will be able to carrv forward and of Natural Sciences and Pharmacy, moved to its present campus in 1950, dynamically its institutional improve- Architecture, Public Administration and it had four buildings and an enrollment ment so that it will be prepared and Commerce, a new Central Library, a of exactly 1,688 students. Today, 15 equipped to meet the demand for its Student Center, and a Cultural and buildings stand on the campus and total services in the next 10 vears." Audiovisual Center, $8.5 million. enrollment reached a peak of 11,000 in the 1968-69 vear. Since 1935, The program is based on a detailed —Improvement of grounds and util- academic studv bv the universitv's Planning De- ities at both the Universitv City and it has graduated 6,677 professionals. partment that encompasses all aspects the Tocumen site, $1.8 million. In the words of Rector Fabrega, the of the universitv's expected growth. The figures on the present size of Universitv of Panama remains the Some of the predictions: the Universitv of Panama provide a nation's "main moral and intellectual dramatic commentary on its gro\vth pillar." Demand For Graduates — Between 1971 and 1980, there will be a demand in the countrv for approximately 22,000 universitv-trained professionals such as architects and en- gineers, chemists and pharmacists, agronomists and veterinarians, phvsi- cians and dentists, nurses, teachers, managers and administrators, auditors and accountants, and executive secre- taries. —The University of Panama will graduate about 14,000 of the profes- sionals needed in the next decade; with graduates of the privatelv endowed University of Santa Maria La Antigua (the onlv other universitv in the coun- try) and of foreign universities, the number will increase to 17,000- —The present 80-acre main campus —University Citv— in El Cangrejo sec- tion of Panama Citv is expected to suffice until 1980. Bevond that vear, the 1,555-acre campus at Tocumen, near Students in the School of Medicine at the university listen attentively to a lecture.

6 November 1970 To Sea

CBment Hnd

Chicken Wire

By Eunice Richard will become stronger as the ketch takes to the water. Cement curing MAN HAS sailed the seven seas in keeps in water, everything from reed boats and balsa Jennings pointed out. And used in this manner on this size boat, it is "There is nothing—absolutely rafts to huge steel-hulled tankers. But lighter than either steel or tell a novice in the boating world wood. nothing—half so much worth that you have a cement boat and he might The cement job was done in one dav a doing as simply messing about say \ou're the t\ pe to buv the Brooklvn by group of 13 Panamanians who worked without stopping for 8 hours in boats. ... In or out of em, Bridge. Or at least he would refuse a ride in a cement craft "certain" to head until the job was completed. The men it doesn't matter." like a cement block to Davev Jones' labored side b\- side with Jennings and his friends and relatives. Kenneth Grahame Locker. Curing in a shed near the Diablo The No. 2 cement for the hull was

Spinning Club, however, is the hull of furnished free of charge bv Cemento "The Wind in the Willows" a .50-foot ketch constructed with a com- Panama. S.A. which shut down its nor- bination of chicken wire, reinforcing mal cement manufacturing operation rods and—cement. during the time it took to produce the Clyde Jennings, a machinist emploved special fine grade cement. The sand

in the Panama Canal Locks Division, is used to mix with the cement was No. 4 building—with lots of help from his blast, so fine it's almost a powder. family and friends—a two-masted, Skeleton cement-hulled ketch that he expects to carry him and his wife to those farawav Work on the hull of the ketch began places evervone wants to visit. about 3 vears ago and it took Jennings

The method he is using is not new and his family most of that time lacing but has caught on onlv recently in together 1% tons of reinforcing rod and the United States after being used suc- IVi miles of 3-foot- wide chicken wire cessfully in most of Europe, including which forms the skeleton of the boat. Russia, and as far away as Australia and Dozens of visitors, ranging from dip- New Zealand. lomats to sailors who just didn't believe in a cement boat, have come bv to New Zealand inspect the work being done bv Jen- In fact, the boat being built bv nings and his familv. There have been Jennings and familv was designed espe- so manv, in fact, that the guest book cially for him by a New Zealand naval set up 2 years ago is almost full. architect. While the hull is curing, Jennings Clyde Jennings and his son Dale, upper While at present the ketch resembles and his wife work on the interior of right photo, work on the cockpit a large boat with a cement overcoat, the the ketch which will have room to of the 50-foot cement boat in a shed looks are deceiving. The hull, composed sleep nine persons, have wall-to-wall near the Diablo Spinning Club. Above, of tight lavers of chicken wire through carpeting, air conditioning and other Jennings gives special attention to the cement work near the rudder. which the wet cement was squeezed, comforts. In deference to Mrs. Jen- He is framed in the area where is flexible and well built. The method ning's preference for hot baths, her the propeller will be located. produced a thin shell-like skin which husband has converted the gunwale

The Panama Canal Review The method being used by Jennings and which is popular in Europe was devised bv Pier Luigi Nervi, an Italian architect who began experimenting in the 1940's on sandwiching multiple lay- ers of fine steel mesh compressed into a mat in a thin shell of dense waterproof

cement. He built some boats to prove it

could be done. The new material is unlike traditional reinforced concrete,

because it is flexible, incrediblv strong and comes in a thin sheet that can be formed into complex curves. Nervi called the process ferrocemento.

Nervi said, "The material created did not behave like regular concrete but presented all the mechanical character- istics of a homogenous material. Exper- H iments proved it would withstand great strains without formation of Expert Panamanian plastermen work with The most tedious and painstaking part of cracks ballet precision applying cement to the hull the job is tying the thousands of wires into in the cement mortar as a result of the ketch. the mesh base. of subdivision of the reinforcement." Nervi went on to make impact tests pipe into a storage tank that will pro- and installing a 43-horsepower engine. which showed that the cement hull was duce hot water through solar energy. The cement boat idea has been not onlv tough and durable, but lighter The Jennings' family predict that the kicked around for a long time—ever than a wooden hull of the same size, boat will be launched, from in front of since the 1840's. One skiff, built in and cost approximately 40 percent less. the shed where it is being built, in about Holland in 1887, still is afloat and sea- Manv refinements have been made 2 months. It will then be taken to the worthv. Big ships were built of concrete in the ferrocement boat construction, Pedro Miguel Boat Club where work during both world wars but thev were but Nervi had kindled the flame and will continue on fitting out the interior clumsy and not very successful. the cement boat was on its way. ^ r

The family dog appears worried over the Boatbuilder Jennings, in the background on the ladder, works with his friends and prospects of sailing around in a cement Panamanian plastermen on the day the cement was spread over the hull. It took approx- boat as Dale and Mr. and Mrs. Jennings imately .3 years of lacing together reinforcing rod and chicken wire to get to this part of look over the plans. the job which took a mere 8 hours with the help of 13 workmen.

8 November 1970 CANAL COMMERCIAL TRAFFIC BY NATIONALITY OF VESSELS Statendam of the Holland America Line. PRINCIPAL COMMODITIES SHIPPED THROUGH THE CANAL All three passed southbound through the (AU cargo figures in long tons) Canal. The first two were on South Pacific to Atlantic American cruises and the Statendam was on her way to the U.S. West Coast First Quarter, Fiscal Year and the Pacific. Commodity 5-Yr. Avg. The Italian Line Galileo Galilei also 1971 1970 1961-65 went through the Canal in October on Ores, various .,756,893 1,214,546 282,514 her way around the world, followed bv Sugar .,037,297 735,529 693,908 the Marconi of the same line making a Iron and steel plates, sheets similar cruise. and coils 882,534 689,053 N.A. Boards The 15-day pre-Christmas shopping and planks 805,124 748,327 N.A. Petroleum and products 451,421 cruises offered by Princess Cruises from 534,979 490,599 Fishmeal 415,693 288,192 N.A. the West Coast will be made by the Metals, various 414,207 369,575 274,741 Princess Carla late in November and Food in refrigeration ( excluding bananas) early in December. It will include visits 284,373 291,200 196,404 Pulpwood 264,291 278,237 to Mexico and South and Central Amer- 130,271 Petroleum coke 256,134 242,136 N.A. ica before going through the Canal to Bananas 244,898 303,068 274,753 Florida. Her return trip to Los Angeles Plywood and veneers 235,875 260,527 N.A. Iron and steel manufactures, will take her into Mazatlan in Mexico. miscellaneous 231,601 371,343 N.A. Canned In December food products 169,504 170,259 253,387 Iron and steel wire, bars and rods. 167,819 174,657 N.A. All Other ships due in Canal waters dur- others 1,870,668 3,053,499 4,746,854 ing December are the Meteor, enroute Total 10,488,332 9,725,127 7,343,431 from Acapulco, Mexico to Cartagena, Colombia, the Bergensfjord returning from South America, and the Sagafjord Atlantic to Pacific and Federico C on Caribbean Cruises First Quarter, Fiscal Year stopping at Cristobal. The German Commodity Atlantic liner Hanseatic visits Cristobal 1971 1970 5-Yr. Avg. 1961-65 on a West Indies cruise 2 da\s before Christmas. Coal and coke 6,196,084 4,837,780 1,521,383 Petroleum and products 3,278,060 The Sagafjord and the Gripsholm are 3,826,069 2,848,139 Corn 1,403,203 1,199,726 299,197 scheduled to transit the Canal in Jan- Metal, scrap 1,071,096 932,041 812,008 uar\', the former enroute to Los Angeles Soybeans 980,282 548,990 279,937 and the latter to South America. Also Phosphates 935,160 963,716 497,992 Sorghum during January the Hanseatic, Kungs- 799,917 653,914 N.A. Sugar 735,502 506,271 367,986 holm. Oceanic, and Federico C are on Ores, various 701,474 517,309 70,671 Caribbean cruises stopping at Cristobal. Wheat 315,007 122,496 179,668 FertUizers, The Paquet Lines flagship Renais- unclassified 268,579 163,660 103,381 Chemicals, unclassified sance will make a 260,488 227,763 161,332 44-day cruise around Paper and paper products 237,077 225,808 108,532 South America from Port Everglades Iron and steel manufactures, miscellaneous. 170,612 128,736 N.A. Autos, trucks, and is scheduled to transit the Canal for accessories, and parts 145,675 155,868 72,861 All others the first time January 19. This will be 2,841,631 3,092,139 2,103,541 the first time that the 4-year-old luxurv Total 20,339,847 18,102,286 9,426,628 liner has ever been slated for a long

cruise. The French Line will handle it. CANAL TRANSITS - COMMERCIAL AND U.S. GOVERNMENT The France, the world's largest ocean liner, will make a cruise to the West Indies and South America but will not visit Cristobal this year. Cruise liners in February are the German Atlantic Line Hamburg on two Caribbean cruises, the Stello Oceanis on her third cruise to the West Indies, which stops at the San Bias Islands; the Bergensfjord, Federico C, the Oceanic, and the Empress of Canada.

Cruise Customers

P & O line ships which use the Canal frequently are listed among the cruise customers this winter with the Oriana scheduled for a 2-week cruise in Decem- ber from San Francisco to Puerto Vallarta, Acapulco and Panama. Two Liverpool, London, Rotterdam, 3-\veek cruises follow, adding four each from the hvo companies. The go\\-, Havre, Goteborg, and Copenhagen Caribbean ports to the other three stops conventional cargo liners are to be Le with four in Europe. in January and Februar\'. replaced beginning next June Blue Star presently operates a Also offered by P & O between now big cellular containerships now under The service between Australia through the and the fall of 1971 are several round- construction. ordered to replace Panama Canal and the United States the-world ciTjises, four Pacific cruises The four new ships oper- east coast and is a member of the Asso- and a number to the Caribbean through the conventional tonnage now in Container Transport consortium the Panama Canal. ation will be 22-knot ships, each with a ciated containership oper- Matson Lines will enter the Mediter- capacity of 900, 20-foot boxes. Nakskov which engages in is building two ations between Australia and Europe. ranean for the first time next spring Skibsvaert of Denmark Asiatic has long been a major when the luxur)' ship SS Monterey em- of the vessels and Bremer Vulkan yard East the West Coast-European barks on a 56-day voyage from the U.S. in West Germany is building the other earner in West Coast. The 20,000-ton liner will tw o. They are to be delivered next June. trade. operation Announcement of the new operation sail April 16 from San Francisco on a Port of call for the initial in a drastic cruise from the Pacific through the will include Vancouver, Seattle, Port- is the latest development of the traditional west coast- Panama Canal to the Aegean, the land, San Francisco, and Los Angeles shakeup services, the Caribbean, the Atlantic and the Medi- on the west coast and Dublin. Glas- European cargo liner terranean and back. Journal of Commerce said. Olsen Interocean Popular passenger ships running Recently, Fred Line, a carrier on the route for .56 years, through the Canal all year on a regular TRAFFIC it would quit the route in basis are the Shaw Savil liners operating PANAMA CANAL announced Line, a Swedish between the United Kingdom and Aus- STATISTICS FOR FIRST 3 MONTHS October. Johnson and a long-time general tralia and the Prudential Grace ships OF FISCAL YEAR 1971 company operator on the route, is currently from New York to the West Coast of TRANSITS (Oceangoing Vessels) cargo 1971 1970 South America and the ever popular changing over its fleet to containerships 3,4o6 is placing six big, fast cellular Italian Line vessels that travel between Commercial 3,458 and U.S. Government 176 374 the trade. Italv Valparaiso in Chile, vessels in Genoa in to 27 26 Free - States Lines also an- passing through the Canal at least once The United - - 3,661 3,856 the beginning of a container- a month. TotaL nounced • ship service from the east coast to the Another round-the-world service to TOLLS $24,.326,.354 .$23,800,.368 U.S. west coast and the Far East using become popular in recent years is oper- CommerciaL--- U.S. Governments^ 1,105,.536 2,075,253 eight containerships of the Lancer Class ated by the Chandres Lines that pur- previously on the North Atlantic nm. chased the SS President Roosevelt and Total $2.5,431,890 $25,875,621 This is a departure for the United the Matson Navigation Co. vessel CARGO"" States Line, which abandoned govern- Ltirlinc. A. Chandres announced that Commercial 30,830,27 1 27,828,948 J. ment .subsidies to be able to start the the Lurline would be renamed the Bri- U.S. Governments 847,480 1,400,274 Free 4.3,067 .34,753 new service. tank and will operate on the round-the-

world service via Australia and New TotaL - 31,720,818 29,263,975

Zealand joining the Australia and EUini'; * Includes tolls on all vessels, oceangoing and which come through the Canal reg- small. *" ularK. Chandres said that the Lurline Cargo figures are in long tons. would be taken to Greece to be com- pletelv reno\ated before being retimied

to service. The Lurline is the fourth ship 1,300 in the Matson Line fleet to bear that name. It will be given to another ship of

line after she is sold.—E.R. the Matson U

New Container Service TWO European ship operators whose ships now use the Panama Canal on a regular basis have started a new joint service between the North American west coast and Europe. The service is to become an all-containership operation within a vear. The companies involved are the London-based Blue Star Line Ltd.. represented at the Panama Canal by Payne and Wardlaw. and the East Asia- tic Co. Ltd.. of Copenhagen, whose

agent at the Canal is C. B. Fenton & Co. The new joint operation, to be known as Scanstar, involves six vessels Where Have All

local scene. Tropical weight suits could With all the emphasis on starch it was not have been welcomed more any place small wonder that men frequenth' found than in the warm, humid climate of the that their underwear and handkerchiefs Canal Zone. The new materials won im- had been starched also. Often the trou- mediate popularity with the sweltering sers were stiff enough to literally stand men, but some turned out to be so thin alone and some maintained that the\ that the men discovered, to their dismay, acted as a sort of flue which allowed that when they wore light colored tro- the air to circulate and produce a picals, the length of their underwear cooling eff^ect. was becoming a topic of discussion. Others of the Construction Day era reported that the suits were actually Sack Suits very hot, and prickly heat, especially This was not a problem with the fab- around the neck, made them so mis- rics used in the early days of the Canal erable that the minute they got home, when duck, linen, and flour sacks were they ripped off the detachable starched the main materials used. Flour sack collar followed immediately by the vest ever\'day suits generally were only for and coat. Strange as it seems, men of wear and were not a laughing matter the era often wore vests even in the except occasionalK' when the sacks tropical heat. were not bleached well enough and In the 1920's most of the flour sack the Gold Medal Flour label was leg- suits were made in the mattress factory ible. A retired emplo\ ee reported that of the old Quartermaster Department a Governor of that period appeared near the Balboa Railroad Station. at his office one morning with traces The factory made not only mattresses of the label clearh' visible across but all kinds of items. The tailors there \ the seat of his trousers. The Gold apparently were wizards at turning Medal motto, which was printed flour sacks into, not onK' suits, but bunk on the sacks, was "Eventually, why bottoms, waiter's coats, butcher's aprons, not now." pajamas for the patients at Ancon Hos- Many of the men had two or three of pital, golf knickers, covers for chairs, these flour sack suits for work and and even hats and caps. several who wore them described them Just In Case as "practical and attractive." There were Willie Friar By K. clothes trees and hangers in all the offi- The 100-pound sacks, which they filled with THE IMMACULATE white suit, which ces of the Administration Building and, used, arri\ed on the Isthmus was as much a part of the tropical land- usuall)' because of the heat, the men flour for the bakery. They were sold, scape during the Construction Days of removed their coats and hung them up. after being washed and bleached by the the Panama Canal as the pith helmet, With this careful treatment they could Ancon Laundry, for 25 cents each and the sIow-mo\ing ceiling fan, and wicker wear the coats several days without three sacks were usually enough for a furniture, has gone the way of the laundering, but since the trousers were white suit. The total cost of a tailored Tailors were in- dodo bird. washed more often, it was not uncom- suit was around $12. the sack The onl\' white outfits seen around mon to see a man wearing ver\' white structed to put the label side of the Canal Zone these davs are the mod- bleached trousers and a jacket that inside the garment just in case the st\le bell-bottom tvpes being worn by appeared slightly "tattletale grey" in bleaching had not been well done. a few of the younger men, but until early comparison. Stvles in suits varied. There were 1960, every well dressed man in the double breasted and single breasted, Stand Alone Canal Zone had at least one white suit both with wide lapels, and then there in his closet ready for special occasions. The flour sacking was very sturdy and was the tvpe, worn by Col. George W. others, fea- For manv it was everyday wear. stood up well under many bleachings. Goethals and a few which With the advent of air conditioning Laundresses applying for work were tured a high stiff collar of the mandarin and the handsome tropical weight ma- selected on the basis of how well they or militar\- uniform t\pe. Goethals' suits terials in all varieties of color, the vener- "could do a white suit." This meant were of linen and reported to be made able white suit disappeared from the much boiling, bleaching and starching. bv a tailor in the Construction Day town

12 November 1970 The White Suits Qone ?

of Culebra. He never wore his Army uni- prettv as this, so clean and fresh-look- high collar, and top hat to stand for form, onl\ the \\hite suit, which was ing—an impression due I suppose to short space of time." immaculate at all times. A number of the white clothing worn by men and Over the vears, the white suit b men insisted that to stav spotless and women." something of a status symbol. In unwTinkled in the tropical heat one The white suit gradually replaced the offices on the Isthmus, "the boss" had to change suits at least three times striped trousers and the cutaway coat a white suit. One young man, a dav. for the most formal occasions, and in seeking a job, noted this. \\'hen 19.34 Gov. Schley in a memoran- he was asked what he could Government officials from the United J. L. do, file, t)'pe, or other States often brought along white suits dum on protocol reiterated that, "The operate office equipment, he smiled for wear on the Isthmus. On his visit in white suit is the official full dress for the 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt was Canal Zone and has been so recognized and said proudly, "I can do photographed wearing a white suit as he in Panama for 20 vears or more and that, none of those things but I took a train ride through the muddy consequently when the officials of the can wear a white suit." construction area and climbed aboard a Canal Zone attend formal functions in The suits were often re- steam shovel. Panama for which full dress is pre- ferred to as "come-to- scribed, the proper dress for them to suits" because they President William Howard Taft, also Jesus wear is the white suit." the standard cos- bowing to the local fashion, decided to were forego wearing the frock coat for which In 19.36, when Panama's President tume for baptism at he was so well kno\\n and appeared Elect Demostenes Arosemena, after a many of the local resplendent in a voluminous white suit. lengthv conference, okaved white linen churches. suits with black ties as the "official dress In 1929, the first All In White for members of the National AssembK ready-made suits ap-

Societ\ reports of the olden dav s told at the inauguration," one man was so peared in the Canal of dances at the Tivoli and Washington grateful that he wrote a letter to the Zone commissaries hotels uhere both men and women were editor of a local newspaper. At that time, one dressed in white. One man. writing in He said, "Dr. Arosemena, you have could buy a white 1922 said, "The Tivoli Club held" its endeared \ourself to countless officials duck suit for regular dance last night. I hung around who had, I know, been dreading the $8.9.5 or a linen the sidelines a half hour or so, met a few dav when the\ should have been obliged one for .$12.95. people I knew and watched the per- to appear in morning coat, heavv striped .\ man could formance. To me there is no dance so trousers, shinv black shoes. Ascot tie. get a suit for

A LOOK AT OLD PHOTOGRAPH ALBUMS shows the popularity of the white suit from Construction Days until 1960 when the fashion began to disappear from the tropical scene. At left from top to bottom: Ceremonial occasions usually meant the wearing of white suits as evidenced by the large number at the dedication of the plaque at the foot of the stairs at Gorgas Hospital. The suits came in a variety of stales including knickers worn here by Gov. NL L. Walker. The Duke and Duchess of York (later Queen Eliza- beth and King George VI) visit the Lock Control House at Gatun Locks escorted by Governor Walker in white pith helmet. The pith helmet was often worn with white suits as well as with white uniforms by the military. Immaculately dressed in white, Gov. Harr\' Burgess goes on an inspection trip on a railroad motor car. At right, top to bottom: Pres. Theodore Roosevelt climbs aboard a steam shovel to view Canal work during Construction Days. White was as popular with the ladies as with the men and Col. and Mrs. D. D. Gaillard present a lovely scene as they have tea at their home in the old Construction

Day town of Culebra. Another tranquil Canal Zone scene shows Col. and Mrs. J. F. Stevens out for a carriage ride. Gov. Jay Morrow, left, poses with AFL Pres. Samuel Gompers and party on the steps of the Administration Building during Gompers' \isit to the Isthmus. Gov. W. E. Potter and the former Gov. Glen E. Edgerton inspect work at bottom of Miraflores Locks during overhaul. Governor Potter was the last Canal Zone governor to wear the white suit regularly.

The P.^.nama Canal Review 13 through a trying process which consists commissary in the earlv 1960's with the |

in leaving them 24 hours in a deposit of leftovers going on sale for 82.95. <

boiling water. The tradition of the white suit in the . FLOVR SACK SUITS "Afterwards the clothings are put in tropics has ended. Perhaps the man re-

the washing machine; then are sent to sponsible for it is the most influential of '

the drying department and finally ironed all fashion molders today— the scientist. ' and polished. Fashions are often the result of "There are three large tables provided work in the laboratory where modern with electrical cutting machines. At once fabrics with special new qualities are the clothings are measured and modeled developed. just slightly more than what he had to according to size and styles. There are For many years, the search was on for pay for a bathing suit which cost him machines that cut .500 suits of three a fabric to be worn in the tropics which $5.35 for "a good quality wool" shoulder different sizes at one time. Afterwards would be cool, light\veight, not easy to to knee style. the materials are carried to the confec- wrinkle (as fabrics usuall\- do in hot, He could finish out his outfit with a tioning shops where a swarm of workers humid weather) and which would hold

§2.7.5 white broadcloth shirt with or are busy laboring. This new section is without collar; white cotton "drawers" furnished with the most modern mate- The Old Days and undershirt at 85 cents each; white rials that can be found an\\vhere. leather belt for $1.20 or if he preferred, Now with the S)nthetic fabrics, the Fierce Stitch white suspenders for 75 cents; and four- blends of acetates and cotton and cotton in-hand tie from $1 to $2. Some wore "The highest efficiency is found in the treated to be vvTinkle resistant, the prob- black and some wore white shoes with machines designed to make special lems have been sohed and the da\s of this outfit, topping it off with a white work. Machines to make buttonholes, the boiling, bleaching, starching, and pith helmet. machines to make hems, machines to ironing are over. make pants pockets, machines to sew Still, hanging in many Canal Zone Advertisement on buttons, etc. Even a machine called closets, among the flashv, brightlv col- By 1933, ready-made suits were being Maquina de Puntada Fiera or the ma- ored new garments, one is apt to spot produced in the Republic of Panama chine of a 'fierce' stitch which executes an old white suit, carefullv preserved and the problem of shrinkage was being a \ery delicate stitch whose mark cannot just in case the style should make a solved. One establishment published the be seen on the other side of the cloth." comeback. following advertisement which bears The factory reported that they were So far, the only step in that direction the marks of a rather laborious tran.sla- able to produce from 100 to 200 suits has been a smattering of white suits tion from the Spanish. a day. with bell-bottom trousers, but who can "One of the guarantees of the work By 1960, the white suit had almost say, with all the radical changes in men's being done by our shop is that the cloth- disappeared from the local scene. Gov. fashions and the return of sideburns and ings will not shrink. When the goods are William E. Potter was the last Canal st)les of by-gone days, the old white received from the exterior to be manu- Zone Go\ernor to wear the white suit suit may try a comeback to the tropical factured into clothes they are put legularly. They were phased out of the scene.

A^HOTHER NEW MR.JONES?

A 100-pound flour sack of the type used in making white suits in years gone by is displayed by Canal Zone College

Queen Darlene Daly. The sack is a part of the Canal Zone Museum's collection of Construction Day memorabilia.

14 November 1970 Presidents Wore Them <» <»

Williatn with Col. George W. Goetluils. Pres. Theodore Roosevelt inspecting Canal work from train. Pres. Howard Taft

Vice President) with Mrs. Sixon. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt with Panama Pres. Hamiodio Arias. Pres. Nixon (while

They Return?

With one of the few ceiling fans remaining on the Isthmus turning slowly overhead, John Hibben, wearing white bell- bottomed trousers and double-breasted jacket, looks over a picture of President Taft and Col. Goethals dressed in the style of Construction Days. John

is a student at the Canal Zone College. At right: A well preserved white suit hangs in the closet among the vari-colored ones just in case the style should make a comeback to the Isthmian scene.

The Panama Canal Review 15 yy cA fewel cAntong. the ^^S^landd o/ Pearls

16 November 1970 By Louis R. Granger BLUSTERED OFF the south coast of Panama he a group of more than 100 islands that during the next decade are ex- With many tropical beaches pected to give a bit of com- and jungle trails, Contadora petition to the sun and fun Island officially opens for islands of the Caribbean. tourism this month. On Well-known to the boating and fish- ing crowd of Panama and the Canal opposite page pretty Karen Zone, the Pearl Island Archipelago in Hughes, a visitor from the Gulf of Panama is stepping into the Iowa, writes her favorite limelight thanks to a group of Panama island's name in the sand, businessmen and the Panama Govern- and strolls along the beach ment, all bent on putting the island jewels on every island hopping tourist's in the photo below. itinerary. In left photo, Gabriel Lewis, Gabriel Lewis, president of the Pearl right, developer, chats Island Development Corp., is the lead- with Frank Morrice whose ing force behind the project and this company holds the month will officiallv open Contadora Island to tourism. exclusive sales rights Already more than SI million has besn to island property. the island into a luxur\ spent to develop Below is a trail leading resort, and approxiniately $800,000 through untouched jungle. more will go into the construction of a .50-room modern hotel and 16 two-bed- room cottages to be ready in January 1972. Now available are 10, two-bed- room, centrally air-conditioned trailers; a restaurant and cocktail lounge: and a small rental store for sporting goods and the usual beach and water necessities.

13 Beaches

Although the island is only 2 miles long and % of a mile wide, it has 13 beaches and plenty of room for privacy. An airfield nearly 3,000 feet long serves the island, and the corporation owns three twin-engine planes for shuttle service from Paitilla Airport. The fee is $10 per person round trip, but property owners are given a discount. It's a 15-minute trip by air and approximately 1 to 2 hours by power- boat. The island lies at the northern end of the archipelago approximately 35 miles from Panama City. There are nu- merous anchorages for deep-draft vessels and the island has a gas diesel fueling pier. Once the island gets into full swing, Contadora will be a paradise for the out- door types, as well as for the naturalist. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Peterson who operated a sailing school at Fort Lauder- dale, Fla., are resident managers of the operation and offer skindiving and sail- ing classes. Natives from the surround- ing islands will conduct pearl diving expeditions for the more adventuresome visitors. Pearling was a lucrative busi- ness around the Pearl Islands until the

The Panama Canal Review 17 and all the roads including one that circles the island will be blacktopped. That project is expected to be finished in Februarv 1971 along with a water system supplied bv three artesian wells, and an electrical plant with three gen- erators supplying 1,000 kw. Comunica- ciones, S.A., will install 80 telephone lines for island communications and 6 lines to Panama Citv bv March 1971, Lewis said.

No Crazy Ideas

Original building sites sold for S6 a sfjuare meter for waterfront lots and $4 for inland propert}'. The only building

--Jgaey restriction is that plans be approved by the management and that the houses "fit in" with the communit\'. "No crazy A paradise for beachcombers and skindivers, the Pearl Island Archipelago gives up ideas," Lewis said. Lot owners, he ex- treasures from its past to sharp-eyed visitors. Here Mr. and Mrs. Lewis display some of plained, can purchase two-bedroom, air- the items found among the islands. Clustered in the foreground and in photo below are conditioned mobile homes from the Pan- pearls found just off Contadora this vear. ama Tourist Bureau for nothing down and $128 a month for 8 years. Trailer 1930's when apparently a combination tually to develop. "It all depends on how lots, however, must be landscaped. of over-fishing and disease decimated well the public accepts Contadora," To Lewis, the archipelago will be- the beds. he said. come the next major tourist area. "These But peail oysters mav be making a Part of the island has been subdi\ided islands will be booming soon. The Gov- comeback. Lewis has collected nearly for homesites and additional building ernment is backing their development 100 pearls of various sizes off Contadora sites will be set aside after the hotel is and is giving a lot of cooperation. in 10 feet of water at low tide. (Pacific completed. "The reaction has been fan- There's a great potential here. tides average approximatclv 14 feet.) tastic," said Lewis. "Alreadx- the entire "Panama has an excellent opportunity subdivided section has been sold." Golf Course to develop a strong tourist industry. We If Lewis' own reaction to Contadora sun, good Tennis courts, a 9-hole golf ha\'e what e\erybod\' wants— course, when he first saw it is anv indication of fishing in the and volleyball courts will be beaches, some of the best added to how others will feel, then the island is round world, and clean, clear water," he said. out the sporting activities. bound to be a fa\orite. Lewis has preserved much of the Sales Rights island forest of guaxacan trees, thorn\ Like a Dream cedars, oaks, Lewis is not alone in this venture. and typical island growth, Just 2 years ago in November Lewis III, a partner of Ford, has let it Frank Morrice and be know n that a good way was fishing alone in a small boat when not Sosa, Morrice, S.A., insurance and real to be invited back to the island is to he had engine trouble. He put into Con- estate, has the exclusive sales rights to kill one of the black iguanas that inhabit tadora for help. "I found the island to island property. And like Lewis, Mor- the island. This species grows to about be like a dream," he said. After repairing feet rice first went to Contadora for a reason 5 and like the rest of the familv are the engine, Lewis returned to Panama harmless to humans. other than business. City. "Immediatelv I started asking Indian pottery "I heard about the island and went and 19th Centurv questions and found that it was owned bottles there to see about buying a lot. I fell in have been found on Contadora by the Pinel family who had been in love with it right awav," he said. Lewis during the construction and clearing. the pearl business years before." For- and Morrice became good friends and And on a nearby island Lewis found two tunately, the owners were willing to sell. Lewis offered him the sales part of the large diving helmets abandoned or lost Lewis set-up a 5-year program and in business. by pearl divers. February' 1969 the first bulldozer started Lewis is a family man, the father of Lewis plans to retain the natural to clear an area for the airstrip. Since five boys and one daughter, and has a beaut)' of the island and not crowd any then a work force of about 70 men has close relationship with his business of the residents or visitors. Actually been kept busy. The Panama National associates. He is general manager of the there is no need to pack Contadora with Guard provided some heavv equipment successful familv-owned enterprise of people. He owns seven other islands in to widen the runway. Corrugado Panama, S.A.. which manu- the archipelago which he plans even- During the next drv season the airfield factures banana packing boxes. He has the easygoing manner of a man who is sure of himself and knows exactlv where he is going. Morrice feels much the same way about the future of the Pearl Islands as

Lewis, but admits that it takes someone

like Lewis to make it work. "Gabriel is the pioneer; he's the Robinson Crusoe of the Pearl Islands."

18 November 1970 LITTLE IS KNOWN and less is re- corded of the Pearl Islands except that they were once the center of important and lucrative pearl fishing, an industry which to various degrees continued for more than 400 \ears. The first known written reference to the islands occurs in a letter to the King of Spain from V'asco Nunez de Balboa, dated January 20, 1513. Balboa had not discovered the Pacific Ocean— that was to be in September—but had heard many stories from the Indians about the great "South Sea" that stretched to the horizon from across the Isthmus of Panama. He told the King: "The Indians state there is another ocean 3 days journey from here . . . they say the other ocean is ver\ suitable for canoe tra\eling as it is alwavs calm ... I belie\e there are manv islands in that sea . . . they tell me pearl and pearls— until 1931 when the that there are pearls in abundance of demand for mother-of-pearl diminished. great size, and that the native chiefs Most of it was sent to Germany while the possess baskets filled with them, as do pearls were sold mainly in Paris, Lon- even common Indian men and women." don, and a few other European capitals. ' ,• • then these islands with their • • v.. . . . Since , a, a,, Onh" a few pearls were ever sold in the graceful white sand beaches, craggy United States, Pinel said. cliffs, good natural harbors, and a wide and abundant variety of wildlife have Pearl Fishing led unruflfled lives while their tropical Although the Colombian Government cousins in the Caribbean were groomed had established conservation practices for the tourist trade. on pearl fishing prior to the turn of the century (Panama became independent Sun and Rum from Colombia in 1903), the production As the Caribbean islands boomed with of pearl oysters diminished markedly in pleasure seekers by the hundreds of the 1930's. thousands soaking up the sun and rum, According to Dr. Paul S. Galtsoff of the "Islands of Pearls," as Balboa called the U.S. Department of the Interior, them, patiently waited for the limelight. Fish and Wildlife Service, who con- 1901 until 1968, when Gabriel From ducted a survey of the pearl oyster Lewis, president of the Pearl Island resources of Panama in 19.50, the years Corp., bought Contadora Development of forced inactivity from 1939 through the Pinel family Island, it was owiied by 194.3 had no beneficial effect on the who used the island for its pearl fishing oyster population. it great- fleet. The Pinel's bought from "In 1944-45, when the fishery was took grandchildren of Felix Moreno who officially resumed, the divers found the title to the island and several others in pearl oysters extremely scarce. They also the late 18th Century. Moreno's daugh- reported seeing, on several formerly ter inherited it on his death in 1836 productive grounds, many dead or dying when the island was called San Fran- oysters," said Dr. Galtsoff. cisco de Asis de Contadora. There are no records available of the Jose Pinel of Panama City, who is en- number of pearls and their value taken gaged in the real estate business, was from Panama Bay during the Spanish

a child during the pearl fishing days of occupation, but it probably was con- his family. He said Contadora and siderable. Modern-day records on pearls several other islands had fresh water and mother-of-pearl shells were not fleet. Pinel believes necessary for the maintained until 1908, and even then At top of page is an aerial photograph of that Contadora may have been the the records were only sketch)'. Contadora Island taken earlier this year. island that was used as the counting- According to the Panama Bureau of It shows the runway, half a dozen beaches house for pearls and mother-of-pearl Statistics and Census, the best year was and some of the roads. A 50-room hotel 16 cottages will be con- shell during the Spanish occupation. The 1924 when pearls and shell valued at and modem structed near the beach at right center. The Spanish word contador means counter; $57,524 were taken from the bay. The U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office chart shows accountant; or auditor, and contadu- last \ear of record keeping was 1938 some of the northern islands in the archi- ria is translated as accountant's office, when it was reported that only 3 carats pelago including Isia Contadora, below accountancy, and auditorship. of pearls valued at $275 were collected. Isia Pacheca and to the right of Isla Sabo- family remained in the The Pinel But the year before, 339 carats with a ga. The islands are approximately 35 miles pearling business—both for mother-of- value of $10,818 were taken. from Panama City.

The Panama Canal Review 19 In the mind's eye of people who love ships and their ways, Panama all vessels, whether they be ancient rust buckets or elegant luxury liners, create scenes of far away places and a longing to stand at the rail of a stout ship. Visitors to the Panama Canal Coital are no different as they watch vessels head to the four corners of the earth. Amateur artist John B. Morton, an auditor with the General Audit Division, has recorded with pen and ink some scenes along the waterway. Sketch "A" (below) sJwws the $ltetcli|uui Swedish American Line cruise ship MS Kungsholm tied up at Balboa. On the opposite page, sketch "B" is of a merchant ship moving through Gaillard Cut during widening operatiorus. A "nmle" which guides the vessels through the

locks by means of heavy steel cables is shown in sketch "C" and the tug Gulf Raider tvhen she was leading .ships into

Canal waters is "D." The mighty aircraft carrier U.S.S. Constellation, sketch "E," completes the Panama Canal

Sketchpad. The Constellation is too large to transit the Canal and even had to wait for low tide before she could sail under the Thatcher Ferry Bridge to moor at Balboa. 1 rite

KEAL hrnxm Wat

By Jose T. Tunon raised or flat depending on the localitv A traveler hiking the winding moun- RICH OR poor, young or old, no man where it is made. The wide brim is tain trails of El Cope and El Harino, or woman of Panama's interior is ever circular. above Penonome, is apt to come upon caught without a "montuno" hat— well, But the fiber and the weaving are the glow of rustic lanterns burning in hardly ever. For the distinctive native unique. the homes of the "cholos" before day-

hat is as much a part of the national The raw material is the shoot of a break. The women arc weaving the finer attire as the well-known "montuno" out- palm tree that grows wild in the high "montuno" hats. For the work must be fit is for men and the now internationally mountains of Code and Veraguas Pro- done between 4 and 8 in the morn-

famous "pollera" is for women. vinces, in an area some 100 miles west ing—when the moisture in the air is

Except that se.x makes no difference of Panama City. In Panama it is known highest to render the fiber softer and in the use of the hat. as "bellota," elsewhere in Latin Amer- more pliable. The rest of the day, the

At first glance, there is nothing out of ica as "bombonaje" or "jipijapa." Inci- materials have to be kept wrapped in

the ordinary in the appearance of Pan- dentalK', it is the same fiber that is used damp doth. ama's "montuno" hat. The crown is of in Ecuador to make the once-famous The painstaking weaving takes many normal size, about 6 inches high, and "Panama" hats. early morning hours, but when the hat

is finished, it is real piece of native art. Descendants a The strands are obtained by splicing In the Code and \'eraguas mountains the "bellota" shoot with a needle. Then of central Panama live the "cholos"— the fibers are left out in the damp morn- descendants of the fiery Indians and the ing air to acquire the required consis- Spaniards. It is their women who proud tencv before being wrapped in damp preserved the art of hat weaving ha\e cloth for storing. Using head shaped generation to generation. from wooden blocks, the women patientK' interweave as many as 1.5 strands of fiber to fashion a hat.

Two Styles

There are two distinct styles of "mon-

tuno" hats. One is the "ocueno," named

for the region of Ocii where it is most popular. The "ocuefio" hat is woven of white fiber, except for a 1 -centi- meter wide black strip around the edge

of the brim. The other is the "pin- tao" (a corruption of "pintado" or spot- - ted) hat, its name deri\ing from the ^N^- r "pintas" or designs obtained from inter- weaving white and black fiber strands A farmer at the San Sebastian Fair at Each design is up to the weaver's Nimble fingers at work, Victoria Domin- Ocii proudly wears his "Sunday best" mon- imagination; hence, the variety is almost guez of La Pintada prepares the fibers for tuno hat which is woven of white fiber. of the miniature montuno hats which are given For everyday he wears a montuno hat of limitless. Look at a collection "pintao" as souvenirs in Panama City. rougher fiber. hats and vou will wonder at the artistic

22 November 1970 touch of these women from the moun- "The 'montuno' hat is indispensable

tains of Panama. The designs—some in to dance the 'tamborito.' It is an emblem concentric circles, others in spirals, of masculine enthusiasm and of court- in squares, cross-shaped or simply in ing, a prerequisite for his gestures of dots—evidence a sense of refinement and tribute and admiration to the woman exquisite care. The crown of the "pin- who shares with him the pleasure of tao" hat is flat instead of raised as in the native dancing."

"ocuefio" style. Panama's "montuno" hat industry is

Regardless of the color, all the fiber very old. No one really knows when it that goes into a "montuno" hat comes began. Knowledgeable persons such as from the same "ballota" palm. The Elias Vega, an expert hatter in Peno-

black strands have been dyed with a nome, say it goes back to pre-Columbian special clay that is a zealously guarded times. secret of the "cholos." The jet black A distinguished American educator color imparted to the fiber is indelible. played an important part in an interest- ing chapter of the history of the native Hat Bands hat industry in Panama. He was Fede- No matter its style, the "montuno" rico E. Libby, who was employed by is usually adorned with a delicately hat the Panama government in 1914 as or multi-colored woven cord of black Inspector General of Education. He that sei-ves as a band. thread or wood spoke Spanish fluently, having worked weaving of the cord is another home The in Puerto Rico for a long time. Libby Panamanian beauty wears a "pintao" craft transmitted from generation to A was convinced that the rural school had hat distinguished by the black fiber. generation among the women of Pan- to be adapted to the environment of the ama's countryside, particularly in the students in order to train them in useful Thus, an American left the imprint area of Ocu. It involves an ingenious crafts. When Libby heard of the hat of his work on the "montuno" hat craft technique: pins are stuck around the industry in the Code highlands, at La of Panama. hole at of an ordinary spool of one end Pintada and Ocu, he brought an expert In recent years, the Panama Govern- sewing thread—one pin for each of the hatter from Ecuador, Francisco Lara, ment and the United Nations, through colors in the finished cord. The colored and established a school in Penonome to SENAPI (National Service of Crafts- strands then are interwoven around the teach the weaving of Panama hats. manship and Small Industries), have pins and the finished cord emerges boosted the industry. In La Pintada, through the other end of the spool. In Hatters School SENAPI has established small shops for Ocu the weaving of cords for use as Few persons realize it, but Panama fiber weaving where expert instructors "montuno" hatbands is a pastime for hats made in the Penonome Hatters teach residents the secrets of working most women—from the richest matron to School were sold in the United States with materials from native plants. There the humblest girl. and in Germany and were worn by are many learners and both the quality should one wear an "ocueiio" When members of Panama's most prominent and the variety of the articles are or a "pintao" hat? families. increasing. Mrs. Dora Perez de Zarate, an author- Graduates from this school, which Still, the most authentic "montuno" ity on Panamanian folklore, explains operated for 20 years, spread through- hats—and the finest—are those woven in the difference, from a woman's stand- out central Panama, mainly in Code and the glow of rustic lanterns by the skilled point. Herrera Provinces, resulting in a marked fingers of "cholas" in the highlands, "The 'campesina' in Ocu or Veraguas growth of the native hat industry. between 4 and 8 every morning. prefers her hat plain, rounded, with no special adornment or particular shape to the brim. She wears this hat with her daily attire and also, when she pleases,

with her lace 'pollera'. . . . The people

of HeiTcra Province . . . the Province of Los Santos and of the rest of the coun-

trv . . . wear the 'pintao' hat onlv with their 'pollera montuna' (the common

'pollera'); the headdress is different ." when a lace 'pollera' is worn. . .

The Important Thing And what about the men? They have an everyday, working hat of a rougher nature, and for holidays and festive occasions wear similar hats but these are better made. Regardless of the style,

the important thing is to wear a "mon- tuno" hat. Why? A wedding in Ocu. All the guests and the bridegroom wear the "ocueiio" or white montuno Writer Roman B. Reyes put it this hats. The bride is attired in a white pollera wedding dress and wears gold combs in her way: hair which are family heirlooms. The flags are used to add gayety to the occasion.

The Panama Canal Review 23 CULINARY CAPERS ABOARD THE DONIZETTI

By Fannie P. Hernandez

CULINARY CAPERS goes to sea to The gleaming white ships of modem explore adventures in Italian cuisine design are alike, except for minor differ- aboard the Italian Line's MV Donizetti, ences in interior decor. With a capacity which with her two sister ships, the of 550 passengers and a crew of 250, Verdi and the Rossini, makes regular they give special attention to the trav- calls at the Panama Canal on her Medi- elers and also provide equipment for terranean to west coast of South America carrying cargo, mail, and passengers' voyages. autos. Although not comparable with Arriving at the Canal on June 26, the big luxury superliners such as the 1963, the Donizetti was the first of three Michelangelo and the Raffaello, which vessels put into service to replace the the Italian Line operates on cruises to Marco Polo, the Americo Vespucci, and the Caribbean and on the Europe to the Antoniotto Usodimare, which for 15 New York route, the ships are com- years had called at the Canal. The Verdi pletely air conditioned with comfortable and the Rossini were put into service a staterooms, swimming pools, lounges, short time later, and the three vessels, bars, libraries, and restaurants for the

each making si.x voyages a year, are at 150 first class and 400 tourist passen- this time the only passenger ships on gers. They are especially popular with the route. They transit the Canal 36 South American travelers. times a year. Italian Line ships have In keeping with the traditional excel-

been using the Canal since it opened lence of Italian cooking, the cuisine for business and there has been an aboard the sister ships combines the Italian Line office at Cristobal since wholesome simplicity of regional dishes 1916. with superb international fare. The Originating their runs at Genoa, on menus include a seemingly endless num- the west coast of Italv, the vessels ber of Italian specialties, regional dishes, carry a m\riad of manufactured goods and typical dishes of South America ranging from objects d'art, fine laces and Europe. and delicate Murano glas, to type- Not France writers, scooters, marble, wines, and machinery for heavy industry. Unload- Mealtime aboard the Donizetti is a ing their cargoes at South America's reminder that Italy is the mother of Con- cooking, not France A genial Neopolitan, chef Giuseppe Pana- ports, their emptied holds are filled tinental European

later. ( riello prepares gourmet fare in the galley mainly with Chilean copper, Peruvian whose fame came much It was of the "Donizetti." Each dish becomes a cotton, Ecuadorean cacao, and Colom- Catherine de' Medici, the 14-year-old culinary masterpiece. bian coffee, destined for Europe. bride of the young man who later

24 November 1970 became Henry II, who in 1533 took to Lasagne alia Portofino Caciucco alia Ligure France an entourage of Florentine chefs (Squid stew Ligurian style) and the refinements of cooking and din- 2I4 cups fiotir 1 lb. squid, cut up ing of 16th century Italy, introducing 4 eggs % teaspoon salt 2 onions, chopped good table manners, the elegance of fine carrot salt into a large bowl. 1 napery, and the use of the fork.) Sift flour and 2 celery stalks Make a well in the center of the flour Breakfast is not an important meal in and add one egg at a time, mixing well % cup olive oil Ital\' and no great fuss is involved. Tlie after each addition. Turn out onto a 1 bay leaf dav's first meal consists of juice, black lightlv floured board and knead until a cup dry white wine coffee, milk, eggs, sweet rolls, butter, smooth. Roll out into a thin sheet and 1 clove garlic and marmalade. li parsley cut into 2 inch squares. Let set. cup 1 lb. can cut up tomatoes Each a Masterpiece 1 lb. chard Pesto alia Genovese Swiss leaves But lunch and dinner are another 1 cup water story. Each dish is a masterpiece. A 2 cups fresh basil leaves pepper to taste tN'pical luncheon (colazione) and din- 2 cloves garlic Cut vegetables julienne st\le and frv ner (pranzo) aboard the Don iietti starts 1 cup pine nuts in olive oil with the onion and squid, with a choice of four juices, antipasto 1 cup grated Parmesan cheese cooking until well blended. Add the (hors d'oeuvres) which mav include verv 1 cup olive oil wine, and when it is absorbed, add gar- thin slices of proscuitto and salami, an- Put all ingredients into a blender, lic and parslev which have been ground chovies, marinated mushrooms, and arti- adding oil little bv little until sauce has in a mortar. Add the tomatoes and cook choke hearts, both green and black the consistenc\' of thick cream. Makes about 10 minutes over medium heat. olives, fish, radishes, fennel, green and about two cups. Add w ater and Swiss chard leaves which red peppers, Belle\Tie eggs, chicken sal- While lasagne sets, cook 1 pound of have been cut julienne stvle. Add pep- ad, and sardines, accompanied bv a dr\' fresh, tender string beans and boil per and cook approximateh- 40 minutes. white wine. Then comes a choice of 1 pound of potatoes. Slice the potatoes three soups. The antipasto and soup are into V4-inch slices. Keep warm. Sacripantina supposed to open the appetite for the Cook lasagne by dropping into boil- pasta dish that comes next. It niav be ing salted water (about 8 quarts). Cook 6 eggs ravioli, spaghetti, or any pasta dish or rapidlv, uncovered for 10 to 1.5 minutes 1 cup sugar rice. Three varieties of eggs are followed or until tender. Add 1 tablespoon oil 1 cup flour by two fish dishes. Then comes the to boiling \\'ater to prevent lasagne from ',4 teaspoon salt "piatto straniere," the foreign dish, sticking together. Drain. 1 lb. butter which mav be a tvpical dish of South Place lasagne in a deep serving dish 2 cups powdered sugar America or Spain. and mix with string beans and potatoes 2 ounces chocolate Next on the menu is the specialty of Pom- pesto over all and sei-ve. Beat eggs and add sugar, mix well. the dav, such as ham croquettes, spring chicken, or roast beef, followed bv three meat specialties from the grill. Two vegetables and four kinds of potatoes also are offered. A cold buffet, consisting of six choices of meat and fowl and an equal number of salads and sauces, is provided, and in the European tradition, a wide selection of cheeses and fruit, fresh, dried, or cooked. Various desserts, ice creams and beverages put a final note to a gastronomical experience not easilv forgotten.

Genial Neopolitan

Giuseppe Panariello, the chef on the

Donizetti, is a genial Neopolitan, and has contributed to Culinary Capers a number of recipes for regional dishes from the Ligurian region along the northwest coast of Italy. For luncheon he selected Lasagne alia Portofino, a noodle dish with a green sauce of garlic and basil called Pesto alia Genovcsc: Caciucco alia Ligure, a squid stew; and ITALIA for dessert. Sacripantina, lavered cake generouslv flavored with an Italian cor- dial called Strega. The recipes are for Three of the "Donizetti's" stewards are obviously pleased with the display of deserts six persons. served daily aboard the Italian Line's passenger ships.

The Panama Canal Review 25 ITALY

ol Conlii

Gradually add flour which has been Cut up all vegetables the size of peas Crostata alia Genovese sifted with salt. Beat until smooth. Pour (except one of two potatoes, depending 2/8 cups into a buttered and Hghth' floured cake on size, which are mashed later to sifted flour or torte pan. Bake in a preheated mod- thicken soup). Cook in stock about a cup butter % sugar erate oven (350°) for 20 minutes or until % hour. Add ¥2 pound macaroni which cup cake springs back to touch. has been parboiled in salted water. Cook Sift flour and sugar into a bowl. Cut Make a butter cream with the butter until all vegetables and macaroni are in butter and make a dough. Roll out and sugar. Beat until fluffy and divide tender. Add 2 tablespoons pesto, the and line a torte mold leaving enough the cream and add 2 ounces unsweet- green sauce mentioned earlier, and cook pastPv- dough to make strips for top of ened chocolate (melted) to half the a few minutes longer. Serv-e with Italian pie. Fill with a one pound of peach or cream. bread. apricot marmalade. Make a lattice \Vhen cake cools, cut into three design on top of crostata with the strips layers. first crust and brush with egg volk. Bake Place la\er in a 2 quart Cima alia Genovese of bowl, sprinkle with Strega (a sweet, in a moderate oven for 30 minutes or perfumed, golden-vellovv after-dinner Have butcher bone a three pound veal imtil golden in color. cordial made in Italy.) Then spread but- breast and make a pocket in it. Stuff ter cream filling over the cake. Place with the following: second layer in the bowl and repeat, 1 lb. ham or mortadella, cubed ALMUERZO spiinkling with Strega and the 1 lb. veal, cubed choco- ENTREMESES: Jam(5n crudo de Parma, SalchichiSn Hun- late cream. Add the third layer fitting 6 eggs, well beaten garo, Jam6n cocido Emiliano, Alcachofas Romanas, it into the bowl and sprinkle with more % cup grated Parmesan cheese Mantequilla, Hitsvos rellenos Cardinal, Tomate a la Nicoise, Niervos de ternera a la Veneciana, Jurel en Strega. Let set for several hours and 1 cup cooked peas aceite, Aceitunas negras. turn bowl into a serving dish. 1 finely chopped onion FARINACEOS: Spaghetti, salsa Napolitana, Arroz bianco.

For dinner the chef provided more % teaspoon nutmeg HUEVOS: Tortilla con hongos, Revueltos a la EspaSola, Al plato "Rotomago". regional recipes from Genoa: Minestrone pinch of marjoram PESCADOS: Ombrina al homo, Filetes de mostela a la alia Genovese, a heartv vegetable soup Fr\' onion in a little oil, add ham, Ingles. always made with fresh vegetables; veal, and cook a few minutes. Add eggs PLATO DEL DIA: Cotechino Negroni con lentsjas, Cro- (Minestrone comes from the Latin "to and other ingredients and fill pocket quetas de jamon con Madera. A LA PARRILLA: viiia hand out" and was a staple in the old with the mixture. Sew the edge with Codornices de sobre tostada, Entercosta a la Frances, Chuletas de cerdo con days when monks kept a pot alwavs on strong doubled white thread. Place the manzanas. the fire, ready to feed a hungrv traveler stuffed veal breast on a clean cloth and LEGUMBRES: Broculis al natural, Macedonia de legum- who mav be stopping bv); a recipe for roll tightly in the cloth. Tie the ends bres. BUFFET FRIO: Costillas de cerdo con salsa manzanas, Cima alia Genovese, veal and egg v\-ith string and twice around like a Gelatina gastronbmica. Lomo de buey, Pichones en stuffed veal loaf to be served cold; package. Put it in a pot of salted water escabeche, Pate de higado, Pecho de ternera relle- and Crostata alia Genovese. and boil for % hour. Remove from the no. Genoves. ENSALADAS: Mixta, Lechuga, Tomate, water and roll with the hands to remove Remolachas. aUESOS: Brie, Emmenthal, Stracchino, Bel Paese, Cre- any water. Place a weight on the loaf Minestrone alia Genovese mini, Caciotta. to press out anv remaining water. When POSTRES: Tarta Sublime, Embutidos Venecianos, Cube- Make a good meat stock with beef cool, remove from the cloth. Cut in letti Genoveses, Pastelsria surtida. HELADOS: Copa Fantasia, Crema vainilla, Sorbete de and cracked bones. One pound of bones slices and serve cold. durazno. and two pounds of meat, plus 1% table- FRUTAS EN COMPOTA: Duraznos, Peras. spoons salt, first boiled and then sim- FRUTAS FRESCAS: Piria, Peras, Naranjas, Papaya, San- mered in 2 quarts of water for about dia, Melon. 2 hours, makes a substantial base for BEBIDAS: Cafe Italiano, Leche fresca, Sanki, Nescafe, Hag, Te Ceyl6n, Manzanilla, Menta, Soldo, Tilo. this soup. (Be sure to remove the scum when making the stock). a lb. cabbage a lb. Swiss chard The menus of Italian Line ships would make Henry the Eighth jump for joy. a lb. string beans Printed in both Italian and Spanish, this S lb. peas luncheon includes all the usual items plus a lb. potatoes ham croquettes in Madeira wine, grilled J.' lb. zucchini (Italian squash) Cima alia Genovese quail on toast, fried marinated dove and 2 tablespoons pe.no (Cdd veal loaf) stuffed veal breast.

26 November 1970 A SMALL staff of multilingual experts France and was fluent in six languages. has the task of keeping the Panama When his linguistic talents were discov- Unraveling Canal from becoming a "Tower of ered, he was assigned to the Corres- Babel." Maintaining communications pondence Bureau of the Executive between peoples of many lands with Department where he remained until different and often exotic languages is his death in 1916. the job of the Translating Unit of the Lavandeyra was succeeded by Enri- Administrative Services Division. que A. Lapeira, a Colombian who had The responsibility is often monumen- been working for the Canal since 1904 tal considering that the international as a file clerk for the Panama Railroad waterwav draws ships and people from at Cristobal. In 1915, when the Canal virtually ever\' maritime nation of the offices were consolidated in the Ad- world to the Isthmus of Panama. ministration Building, Lapeira came A recent incident involving a Turkish along with the Panama Railroad files. seaman who was near death is an ex- Shortly after the move, the position of ample of the type of language problem translator was offered to him. that can occur. The seaman had suf- No Alternative fered a ruptured appendix and was taken off his ship and moved to Gorgas Lapeira, 82, recalls that when the Hospital. Telling him of the gravity of executive secretary called him to his his condition and that he needed an office and asked him if he would like to operation was the job of the Transla- be the Canal's official translator, he re- ting Unit which pro\'ided the names of plied, "Yes of course, thank you, sir," five persons on the Pacific side of the and in his nervous elation he barely Isthmus who spoke Turkish. heard the secretary when he added that One bv one, they were called and he was also required to know French. The Languages He was half-way to the door \\'hen sud- messages left when none of them could be reached directly. Bv the time the denh' he realized that he had accepted last call was completed, however, sev- —and did not know French. The full im- eral had responded and within the hour pact of his predicament hit him a heavy the others had shov^Ti up at Gorgas blow. What should he do? He closed Hospital, willing to come to the aid of the door knowing that he had no alter- their countryman. native but to learn French. He did. In

.3 months. Uncommon Languages Within a few years he had not only One of the demands made of the unit mastered French but also Italian and in is to maintain a current list of persons spite of his failing eyesight, he makes who speak uncommon or out-of-the- it a point to read in the two languages way languages such as Russian, Polish, eyer\da%'. Finnish, Yiddish, Turkish, Korean, Lapeira later became a U.S. citizen

Japanese and Chinese, making it a and was for more than 33 years the veritable language bank. Canal's official translator. He occupied The importance and growth of the a few square feet of space in the second unit has been closely related to the floor balcony of the Administration new and increased requirements to meet Building in the rear of the General language differences in the normal oper- Services Branch. His duties also in- ation and maintenance of the waterway. cluded direct contact, by telephone and The personnel that staffs the office in person, with oflBcials and diplomats could very well be referred to as walk- in the Republic of Panama as English ing foreign language encyclopedias. As was not widely spoken in Panama at interpreters or translators of an endless that time nor was Spanish commonK' number of official documents, training heard in the Canal Zone. Lapeira retired manuals, safety rules, legal papers and in 19.50 and lives with his wife in routine correspondence, and as dispens- Panama City. Before retiring, however, ers of medical, scientific, mechanical and he trained a voung man who toda\ engineering terminology, thev are ex- heads an expanded Panama Canal

pected to translate not only what is said Translating Unit.

but what is meant, conveying the exact Varied Volume idea and mood of the original writer. William O'Sullivan, fluent in seven official First Translator Having been the Panama Canal's languages, and a staff of five multilin- translator for more than 33 years, Enrique The late Jose de Lavandeyra, who gual translators have the responsibility A. Lapeira, who retired 20 years ago, still came to the Canal during construction of rendering from one language into enjoys an occasional visit to the Translating days as an accountant, was the Canal's another a varied volume of written (and Unit. At left is William O'SuUivan, present involved in the head of the unit, and Aurora F. Courchaine, first translator. A Brazilian who became oral) communications translator. a U.S. citizen, Lavandevra had lived in everyday transactions of Canal business.

The Panama Ca.val Review polish and improve on their translations. As bilinguality is becoming more and more a part of the Canal's policy, the language experts must spend many hours researching various subjects to familiarize themselves with technical terms and vocabulary of the different workshops in the marine and mainten- ance areas and other Canal units in order to arrive at accurate translations of such subjects as the plumbing code, firefighting regulations, training man- uals which are used in various jobs, forms, publications and even signs. They are required to read trade jour- nals and texts, scientific papers and magazines which are usually a more reliable source of terminology than dic- tionaries as terms mav change with newer techniques. As a result of this constant research, translators are well informed on many subjects.

Heading The List

To help them with difficult transla- tions they have at their disposal a number of selected dictionaries, ency- clopedias, scientific guides and other material, with the Real Academia Espa-

iiola dictionary heading their list of references. Among the references, the Medical

Dictionary in Spanish is one of their

Translators Olga J. Stanziola, left, Marcia B. de Ortega, (seated at desk), Aurora F. Cour- prized possessions as this book is vir- chaine (standing) and Sofia de Magallon, right, who take care of French, Italian, Portuguese tually unobtainable. Their copy was Spanish, also bilingual and are stenographers. ordered from Argentina. And, since legal terminology follows close behind A t\pical dav's workload of transla- ing bilingual exchange of information. in difficult}' insofar as interpretation tions mav include one or two legal doc- The four women translator-interpre- goes, the office has copies of Ballan- uments, two or three letters for the ters, Marcia B. de Ortega (the unit's tine's and Black's Law Dictionaries Canal Zone Governor, an official note administrator), Sofia de Magallon, Olga which enable the translators to arrive from the Panama Ministry of Foreign Stanziola, and Aurora Courchaine also at accurate usage of legal words Relations, various letters to Spanish are bilingual stenographers and among and phrases. speaking employees, and work on the them they handle French, Italian, Por- As the requests for information range Governor's special project "Putting Into tuguese, and Spanish translations. Henry from the most complicated to the most Spanish All That Is Needed To Know" Cornell translates Spanish and German outlandish, the translators make it a including specific chapters of the Per- while O'Sullivan may take care of trans- point to have on hand material ranging sonnel Manual and the Canal Zone lating or interpreting in French, Span- from the Catholic Version of the Holv Code and other regulations. ish, Italian, Portuguese, Malayan, and Bible, the King James Version, Dictio- Serving as an information bureau Tagalog. nary of Thoughts and Refranero Espa- on languages, the translators also fiol, to books on Panameiiismos (slang), All Subjects answer consultations over the tele- etiquette, grammar, lexicons, a book on phone. Among these are calls received Working as a team they translate, the proper syllabication for poetry and from the Ministry of Foreign Relations, edit, type, and proofread the workload verse, a thesaurus, synonyms and anto- the Protocol Office, and Immigration distributed to each translator accordingo nyms, a secretary's handbook, and of Office of Panama, U.S. Government to his or her qualifications. Each mem- course, the various technical diction- agencies in this area, and, of course, ber of the staff is assigned a responsibil- aries in several languages of nautical, other Canal units. ity: one takes care of assignments mechanical, chemistrs', engineering, and dealing with medicine and chemistry, business terms. Inquiry Boards the other handles legal translations, an- In the course of an 8-hour day, the From time to time they are called other's specialty is mechanical-technical translators may use technical terms and upon to serve as interpreters at inquin terminology, and others handle the edit- specialized language of doctors, law- boards of ship accidents, in court, ing and final proofreading of all mate- yers, seamen, mechanics, chemists, car- hospitals, police stations and also to rials. This last task requires considerable penters, or firemen and collectively serve as bilingual reporters as well as familiarity and knowledge with all average approximately 325 pages of translators at special events requir- subject matters to enable them to written translations a month.—F.P.H.

28 November 1970 ANNIVERSARIES (On the basis of total Federal Service)

MARINE BUREAU Woodrow W. Rowland Reginald Foulen Lead Foreman (Locks Operations) Boilermaker (Maintenance) Cyril Fairclough E. S. Reynolds, Jr. Joseph Wallace Leader Wire Cable Worker Leader Lock Operator (Machinist) Machine Operator Lincoln B. Boyce Silvestre Sanchez B. William W. Fitzsimmons Marine Traffic Clerk Lead Foreman (Operations—Lock Wall) Leader Machinist (Marine) Henry Clayton Victor Hardy Joseph M. Hunt Painter Crane Hookman (Heavy) Supervisory Marine Traffic Controller Frank A. Brown Noel S. Daly George L. Holder Seaman Seaman (Launch) Clerk Typist TRANSPORTATION AND TERMINALS Hernandez B. Corpus Cleveland A. King BUREAU Seaman (Launch) File Clerk Edgar W. Best Fitzhubert Rose George S. Ricketts Time and Leave Clerk Leader Linehandler Clerk COMMUNITY (Deckhand Boatswain) Alvin Hall SUPPLY AND Clerk SERVICE BUREAU Arthur M. Hiland Towing Locomotive Operator Locks) Solomon H. DaC TRANSPORTATION AND TERMINALS Lino Herrera BUREAU Warehouses Linehandler Charles L. Haylet? WUfred A. Campbell Leopold Lester MaintenaDceiii.ud Linehandler (Deckhand) Super\isory Cargo Checker Edwin N. Ellis Lionel E. Mortimer Fascual A. Medrano Laboi^r (Gl^ Leader Linehandler Winchman Adolfo BedoJ] (Deckhand Boatswain) Cayetano Carrasco Garbage (Heavy) Andrew J. Gagliano Laborer Randolph J. Bryant Chief Engineer, Towboat Arthur N. Smith Chief Foreman (Harbor) Angel Pelicot Chauffeur Harold E. Graham Boatman (Locks) Jorge L. Espinosa Spectacle Lens Surfacer (Limited) Fermin Alegria Truckdriver Clifton H. Lopez Motor Launch Operator Cephas Daniels Teller Victorino Garcia Driver Wilfred V. Bartley Helper Lock Operator Clerk Lino Coco Heavy) ENGINEERING AND Helper Lock Operator CONSTRUCTION BUREAU Robert T. Tweedy Operator (Operating En Kenneth George Lock Hoisting Equipment) Painter Florentino Pedroza Juan B. Martinez Oiler Time and Lea\'e Clerk Woodrow Spradlin Layne Oscar A. Sealey Marine Traffic Controlle? er Surveying Aid Edward N. Belland Garfield Brown Supervisory Admeasurer Leader High Lift Truck Operator PERSONNEL BUREAU Sergio M. Penaloza David M. Wallen Linehandler (Deckhand) Leader Liquid Fuels WTiarfman Thomas L. Edghill Wilfred A. Anderson Abraham H. Ambulo Staffing Clerk Linehandler (Deckhand) Helper Welder ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES Cecil Redman Adolphus L. Jordan DIVISION Linehandler (Deckhand) Stevedore Ezra Cohen S. James S. Lewis Bertram L. McLean Linehandler (Deckhand) Cargo Checker Leader Cylinder Pressman (Large) William E. Grant Marton C. Davis Ruby A. Wynter Leader Linehandler Guard Bindery Worker (Deckhand Boatswain) R. Wilferd Frank Thompson Roy Levi A. Lewis Road Conductor Messenger Leader Linehandler Henry G. Ledgerwood George I. Griffith (Deckhand Boatswain) Materials Handling Equipment Mail Clerk George Daley Repairman MARINE BUREAU Leader Seaman Charles Simon David S. Taylor Joseph Carew Freight Rate Assistant Deckhand Trainer Seaman Ignacio Rodriguez Jose D. Waitoto Ernest H. Webster Clerk (Checker) Painter (Maintenance) Motor Launch Operator COMMUNITY Fowler SUPPLY AND Evaristo Mel^ndez Charles E. SERVICE BUREAU Painter (Maintenance) Towing Locomotive Operator (Locks) Ardenon C. Franklin G. de la Torre Narciso Olavvar Painter (Maintenance) Helper Lock Operator File Clerk Joseph D. Powlett Nicomedes Murillo Lorenza Newton B. Maintenanceman Helper Lock Operator Accounting Clerk Robert W. King Tomas Correa Ruth Rennie General Foreman (Lock Operations) Oiler Teller

The Panama Canal Review 29 ,

Carmen L. Hassocks Modesto Diaz George H. McFarlane Clerk Time and Leave Scrap Materials Sorter Motor Launch Operator Kemer E. Frauenheim Huxley Drakes Victor De Leon Assistant Guesthouse Manager Laborer (Cleaner) Leader Rock Crushing Plant Operator Bart J. Elich Ezequiel Fernandez Felipe Ortiz Merchandise Management Officer Gardener Blaster (General) Victor Morris Harold A. Walker Robert L. Austin Laborer (Heavy) Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Supervisory Procurement Agent Levi Smith Plant Operator Dorothy A. Bellamy Laborer (Heavy) V. de la Cruz C. Sales Store Clerk Viola C. Lewis Oiler Mabel G. Farley Supervisory Sales Store Clerk Howard T. Tettenbum Sales Store Checker Iris M. Simmons Pipefitter Maria M. Headley Sales Store Clerk Benito Sanchez C. Sales Store Checker Joseph H. White Winchman Jeanne Modestin Supply Management Officer Zacarias Salazar Gladis H. Thorpe Supervisory Sales Store Clerk Laborer (Heavy) Teller Miriam A. Riney Charles W. McClean Myrtle S. Anglin Marker and Sorter Laborer Clerk Lawrence R. Baptiste Arcadio Diaz Bervl G. George Leader Meat Cutter Maintenanceman (Distribution Systems) Clerk Gwendolyn Goring Bertram G. Coley Pantrywoman ENGINEERING AND Helper Electrician Cuthbert L. Wharton Icibel H. Forbes CONSTRUCTION BUREAU Helper Electrician Counterwoman John A. Buckley Russell T. Wise C. S. Cadienhead Guard Supervisory Safety Inspector Food Service Worker Ambrose V. Foote Rubelio D. Quintero Alfredo Castillo Helper Electrician Supervisory Electrical Meat Cutter Sergio Salazar Engineer (General) Gladston N. Lewis Helper Plumber Emiliano Muiioz P. Leader Marker and Sorter Ralph C. Thome Surveying Aid Edith A. Thome Carpenter Stockman Archel«*»*t»£vans -r^— CIVIL AFFAIRS BUREAU Pedro L. Lara Seaman. Albert E. Goguen Garbage Collector Luis P. Charles, Jr. Police Private Ivan K. Wade Seaman Reinaldo Archbold Laborer (Cleaner) Joseph E. I Clerk Canute A. Rodney Seaman! Dorcas W. Gregory Laborer (Cleaner) Oscar A. Brev Teacher (Elementary U.S. Schools) Marcelino Maclao JLoader Seaman Percival B. Scott Laborer R<*ust&j^ Griffin Firefighter Edna L Flemmings %!^der Seamaa Robert J. Balcer Sales Store Checker Jam^'P^^Mfhsiff Assistant Foreman, Mailing Division Mary K. Ferguson Able Seaman Richard J. Tomford Sales Store Clerk Walter M. Trasavage Police Private Harold D. Spencer Shift Engineer (Mechanical) Frederick A. Mohl Inventory Management Specialist Rogelio A. Pacheco Fire Lieutenant Ida E. Lynch Oiler (Floating Plant) HEALTH Supply Clerk Antonio A. Aguirre A. BUREAU Louise A. Johnson Oiler (Floating Plant-Boom) Ehina W. Lansiquot Supply Clerk Theophilus L. Bowen Clerk-Dictating Machine Transcriber Edward B. Webster Leader Seaman Frank R. West Housing Project Manager Jose L. Gedefio Nursing Assistant (Medicine and Surgery) Marie L. Beresford Seaman Rhoda J. de Tully Service Center Supervisor Louis Bryan Nursing Assistant Carlos A. Smith Laborer (Cleaner) William H. Myrie Supervisory Clerk-Tvpist Delmas A. Swafford Nursing Assistant (Psychiatry) Avis B. Ramirez General Foreman (Cablesplicing and Anita Guy Clerk Electrical Distribution) Medical Aid (Sterile Supplies) T. E. Russell Lascelle F. Williams Viola Blaizes Food Service Worker Maintenanceman (Distribution Systems) Pantrywoman Cecilia W. Brathwaite Camilo Rodriguez B. Wilhelmina G. Brown Food Service Worker Maintenanceman (Distribution Systems) Fomiula Room Attendant Gertrude E. Cardona Catalino Lopez Isabella L. Wright Meat Cutter Electrician (Lineman) Pantry Worker (Special Diets) Fitz H. Taite Braulio Perez Emanuel Blaisdell Leader Cook Electrician (Lineman) Food Service Worker (Heavy) A. B. Casbllero Reginald A. Muir Joseph N. Reid Leader Baker Electrician (Lineman) Leader Cook Maria C. Iturrado Lloyd K. Wheafley Mildred Kopf Marker and Sorter Helper Central Office Repairman Supervisory Physical Therapist Iris E. King Enrique Cruz Matthew M. Walcott Marker and Sorter Oiler (Floating Plant) Hospital Food Servic-e Worker St. Marie L. LaFleur Ruben D. Gibson Adolphus Phillips Warehouseman Oiler (Floating Plant-Boom) Nursing Assistant (Medicine and Surgery)

30 November 1970 HISTORIC MOMENTS

50 Years Ago

Gen. JOHN J. PERSHING, general of the U.S. Anny during World War I, arrived at Cristobal on the Army trans- port Northern Pacific on April 29, 1920, and remained here until May 4. His visit to the Isthmus was primarily to inspect the military establishment, but he managed to fill a full social schedule. He traveled on the Canal from Gatun Locks to Pedro Miguel; attended a re- ception bv the Commanding General of the Armv on the Isthmus; addressed the children of the Ancon and Balboa schools; reviewed a parade of the An- cient Arabic Order, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine; received hundreds of Americans at a public reception in the Administra- tion Building at Balboa Heights; was a guest at a dinner given b\- the President of Panama; and made a visit to a ranch near Panama City.

o o o Central Avenue at J Street in Panama City is crowded with revelers during carnival in 1920. Rebuilding of the original SS Cris- tobal of the Panama Railroad Steamship Sales of sugar in the Canal Zone wave communications system was being line was completed bv the Mechanical commissaries were restricted to 1 pound completed in Jul)- 1960, with the con- Division 50 vears ago. The ship sailed per person because of a sugar shortage struction of a 10-foot dish antenna on for New York carrving 10,08.5 tons of in Panama. Canal Zone residents, mean- top of the Balboa Heights Administra- cargo. Among the improvements were while, crowded the sales store to buy tion Building. SimOar dish reflectors a new smoking room, social hall, and fresh fruit and vegetables, the first to were installed on top of the communi- dining room finished throughout in light arrive from the United States in several cations buildings at Gatun and Cristobal. mahogany from Panama. It was announced that the months. e o o o o e shortages of meat and other foods would Two white gloved Canal Zone police- Maj. Gen. William C. Gorgas died ease soon. men hoisted the flags of the United July 4, 1920, in London, England. He side side in the was chief sanitar\' officer with the Canal 10 Years Ago States and Panama by Zone on September 21, 1960, imple- from 1904 to 1914. On July 8, 1920, THE FIRST GENERAL revision since the the Go\emor of the Canal Zone named 1954 of the regulations governing the menting a decision announced by the road through what was then Ancon assignment, occupancv, and rental of then President Dwight D. Eisenhower Hospital in his honor. emplo\ees' living quarters was approved at the White House 4 days eai'lier. The hv the Governor of the Canal Zone in flags were raised on twin, 40-foot flag- May 1960. Housing regulations stated poles at a special plaza in Shaler Tri- Years Ago f 25 for the first time that residence in the angle near the Tivoli Guest House. ELIMINATION OF THE 25 percent Canal Zone was not mandatory for em- differential from the salaries of U.S.- plo>ees of the Canal organization except One Year Ago citizen emplovees in the Canal Zone for those who had been specifically di- who were not hired in the United States, rected by the Governor to live within THE SS CRISTOBAL went aground on pushed the news of \\'orld War II off the the Zone. the banks of the Mississippi River last e o o front pages of the local papers. Strong August as a result of hurricane Camille protests against the plan were expressed Governor W. E. Potter left the Canal which struck New Orleans. The ship by Canal Zone labor unions and employ- Zone in May 1960 and was succeeded retmned to the Louisiana port and ees of the Canal and Panama Railroad. bv Governor William Arnold Carter, remained there until repairs could who arrived in Julw Governor Carter, be made. None of the passengers was departing from past procedure, took the injured. o o e ft Anniversaries oath of office as governor of the Canal (Continued from preceding page) Zone in a simple ceremony administered The last blast of the Panama Canal by U.S. District Judge Guthrie F. Crowe Stephen S. Moore Gaillard Cut widening project was fired Xiirsing Assistant (Medicine and Surgery) at Balboa Heights. on November 20, 1969, marking the end Mar.'e D. Edelen of the Oman Construction Co. contract Clinical N'urse the 3-mile Bas Obispo-Las Eugenio Beaiiville One of the final phases in the instal- for widening Recreation Assistant lation of the Canal Zone modem micro- Cascadas Reaches from 300 to 500 feet.

The Panama Canal Review 31 I -x\\

< ^ i

i(il

•3 t

I |:

I

«^

i9^ ^^

Date DuQ

Duo TKTiN AMERICA 3 1262 00097 9053