Land at Marshmoor Lane Welham Green Hatfield

** Extended Phase 1 Habitat Survey

May 2014 Land at Marshmoor Lane May 2014

Contents

1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 4

BACKGROUND ...... 4 SITE CONTEXT AND STATUS ...... 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT ...... 5 PLANNING POLICIES ...... 5

2.0 METHODOLOGY ...... 9

DESKTOP STUDY ...... 9 SITE INSPECTION ...... 9 BADGER SURVEY ...... 10 TREE ASSESSMENT FOR BATS ...... 10 HABITAT SUITABILITY FOR REPTILES ...... 12 HABITAT SUITABILITY FOR GREAT CRESTED NEWTS (GCN) ...... 12 LIMITATIONS ...... 13

3.0 RESULTS ...... 13

DESK STUDY ...... 13 SITE VISIT ...... 15 Habitat Parcel 1: Southern Section ...... 15 Habitat Parcel 2: Central Section ...... 18 Habitat Parcel 3: Northern Section ...... 20 Habitat Parcel 4: Western Section ...... 21

4.0 DISCUSSION ...... 23

ECOLOGICAL VALUE OF THE SITE ...... 23 REPTILES ...... 25 BADGERS ...... 26 TREE ASSESSMENT FOR BATS ...... 26 HABITAT SUITABILITY FOR GCN ...... 27 OTHER SPECIES ...... 28 ECOLOGICAL ENHANCEMENTS ...... 29

5.0 CONCLUSIONS ...... 32

6.0 REFERENCES ...... 33

APPENDIX 1: PHOTOGRAPHS ...... 35

APPENDIX 2: HABITAT MAP ...... 36

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APPENDIX 3: LOCAL WILDLIFE DESIGNATIONS ...... 37

LIABILITIES: Whilst every effort has been made to guarantee the accuracy of this report, it should be noted that living creatures are capable of migration and whilst protected species may not have been located during the survey duration, their presence may be found on a site at a later date.

The views and opinions contained within this document are based on a reasonable timeframe between the completion of the survey and the commencement of any works. If there is any delay between the commencement of works that may conflict with timeframes laid out within this document, or have the potential to allow the ingress of protected species, a suitably qualified ecologist should be consulted.

It is the duty of care of the landowner/developer to act responsibly and comply with current environmental legislation if protected species are suspected or found prior to or during works.

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1.0 Introduction

Background

1.1 PJC Consultancy Ltd (PJC) was commissioned by JB Planning to undertake an ecological appraisal of land Marshmoor Lane, Welham Green, Hertfordshire. The assessment included an extended Phase 1 habitat survey and great crested newt habitat suitability index (HSI) survey and protected species assessment.

1.2 This report presents the findings of the ecological surveys in and around the site, which aims specifically to assess the site’s potential to support protected species and habitats. Potential mitigation measures and recommendations for the site will be included within this report.

1.3 Section 2 of this report sets out the methodology of PJC’s survey. In Section 3 the results of the desk and field survey are presented. The discussion and implications for development are found in section 4. Finally, conclusions are provided in Section 5.

Site Context and Status

1.4 The site is situated south of the town of Hatfield. To the east of the site is a major railway line, which is the linked to London. Beyond the railway line extents the village of Welham Green. To the south of the site is open fields and agricultural land. Pockets of woodland and hedgerows are also present. To the east of the site, east of the A1001, lies Millwards Park, which is an extensive network of woodland and to the north lies open fields.

1.5 The site is made up of four land parcels varying from rough un-grazed grassland, disturbed derelict land to grazing pasture. Four ponds and a network of water filled ditches were also present. The site’s location in the wider landscape is pictured below:

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Figure 1: Approximate red line boundary of the site

Description of the Proposed Development

1.6 The exact details of the development are yet to be finalised. The master plan for the site will be informed by a number of surveys of which ecology is one.

Planning Policies

1.7 National and local planning policies may have an effect on the proposed development. The following paragraphs identify relevant planning policies and discuss these in the context of the site.

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1.8 The United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan (UK BAP), published in 1994, is the national response of the Convention on Biological Diversity signed in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. The key objective of the UK BAP is avoidance of harm to ‘Species of Conservation Concern’.

1.9 Under the CROW Act (2000) it is now the duty of every Government department in carrying out its functions “to have regard, so far as it is consistent with the proper exercise of those functions, to the purpose of conserving biological diversity in accordance with the Convention”.

1.10 National policy guidance is provided by National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), which sets out the Government's planning policies for England and how they should be applied. Within this document there are details on sustainable development and living with the planet’s environmental limits. Specific paragraphs which are considered below:

‘In preparing plans to meet development needs, the aim should be to minimise pollution and other adverse effects on the local and natural environment. Plans should allocate land with the least environmental or amenity value, where consistent with other policies in this Framework.’

1.11 The development site comes under the jurisdiction of District Council. The Welwyn Hatfield District Plan was adopted in 2005. A number of policies have been 'saved' until it is replaced by a Local Development Framework. The following policies have been identified as being relevant to development of the site and conservation of protected species:

1.12 Policy R11- Biodiversity and Development : All new development will be required to demonstrate how it would contribute positively to the biodiversity of the site by; (i) The retention and enhancement of the natural features of the site; (ii) The promotion of natural areas and wildlife corridors where appropriate as part of the design;

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(iii) The translocation of habitats where necessary, where it can be demonstrated that the habitat or species concerned cannot be successfully accommodated within the development; (iv) The use of locally native species in planting in accordance with Policy D8 Landscaping; (v) Helping meet priorities/targets set out in the Local Biodiversity Action Plan.

1.13 Policy R13 - Sites of Special Scientific Interest Proposals for development in or likely to affect Sites of Special Scientific Interest will be subject to special scrutiny. Where such development including that on land adjoining or adjacent to the sites may have an adverse effect, directly or indirectly, on the SSSI it will not be permitted unless the reasons for the development clearly outweigh the nature conservation value of the site itself and the national policy to safeguard the national network of such sites. Where development is permitted the Council will consider the use of conditions and/or planning obligations to ensure the protection and enhancement of the site’s nature conservation interest.

1.14 Policy R14 - Local Nature Reserves Planning permission will not be granted for any development likely to have an adverse effect on local nature reserves unless it can be clearly demonstrated that there are reasons for the proposal which outweigh the need to safeguard the substantive nature conservation value of the site. Where development is permitted which would damage the nature conservation value of the site such damage should be kept to a minimum. Where appropriate the Council will consider the use of conditions and/or planning obligations to provide appropriate compensatory measures.

1.15 Policy R15 - Wildlife Sites Planning permission will not be granted for any development which would have an adverse effect on Wildlife Sites or Regionally Important Geological / Geomorphological Sites unless: (i) It can be demonstrated that the reasons for development outweigh the need to safeguard the biodiversity of the site; and

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(ii) Measures are taken to mitigate the effect of the development, to compensate for any residual adverse effects and to reinstate the nature conservation value of the site.

1.16 Policy R16 - Protection of Species Planning permission will not be granted for any development or use of land which would have an adverse impact on badgers or species protected by schedules 1, 5, or 8 of the 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act, as amended. Where development is permitted the Council will consider the use of conditions and/or planning obligations to ensure the protection of the site’s species.

1.17 Policy R17 - Trees, Woodland and Hedgerows The Council will seek the protection and retention of existing trees, hedgerows and woodland by the use of planning conditions, section 106 agreements, hedgerow retention notices and tree preservation orders where applicable. New development will be required to incorporate wherever appropriate new planting with locally native species and should be in accordance with Policy D8 Landscaping.

1.18 Policy R20 - Light Pollution In order to minimise light pollution, external lighting scheme proposals, including floodlighting, will only be approved where it can be demonstrated that all of the following criteria can be satisfied: (i) The scheme proposed is the minimum needed for security and operational purposes or to enhance the external appearance of the building to be illuminated; (ii) Glare and light spillage are minimised; (iii) The amenity of residential areas is not adversely affected; (iv) The visual character of historic buildings and conservation areas are not adversely affected; (v) There would be no adverse impact on the character or openness of the countryside and green belt; (vi) There would be no adverse effects on ecology and the natural environment including wildlife; and (vii) There would be no dazzling or distraction of drivers using nearby roads.

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1.19 The ecology surveys undertaken by PJC have been undertaken to ensure that the nature conservation value of the site has been characterised and local and national planning policies are addressed.

2.0 Methodology

Desktop Study

2.1 A desk top study search was completed using an internet-based mapping service (www.magic.gov.uk) for statutory designated sites and two internet-based aerial mapping services (www.bing.com/maps and maps.google.co.uk) were used to understand the habitats present in and around the survey area and habitat linkages and features (such as ponds, woodlands etc) within the wider landscape.

2.2 Biodiversity records for a 2km radius around the site were purchased from HERC Biodiversity Record Centre to get a more detailed understanding of protected species and habitat that have been recorded in the local area around the site. Maps of designated sites are included within the appendix of this report.

Site Inspection

2.3 PJC ecologists Tom Rothero BSc (Hons) MSc GradCIEEM and Chris Jennings BSc (Hons) MSc GradCIEEM, undertook an extended Phase 1 habitat survey, which included assessing the site for the potential for badgers, great crested newts, and other protected species on 14th April 2014. The surveyor identified the habitats present, following the standard ‘Phase 1 habitat survey’ auditing method developed by the Nature Conservancy Council (NCC). The site was surveyed on foot and the existing habitats and land uses were recorded on a map. In addition, the dominant plant species in each habitat were recorded, as was any evidence of protected species and the habitat suitability for reptiles. The potential for the site to support protected species was also assessed.

2.4 The likelihood of occurrence of a particular species is ranked as follows and relies on the current survey:

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• Unlikely – while presence cannot be absolutely discounted, the site includes very limited or poor quality habitat for a particular species or species group. The site may also be outside or peripheral to known national range for a species • Low – on-site habitat of poor to moderate quality for a given species/species group. Presence cannot be discounted on the basis of national distribution, nature of surrounding habitats, habitat fragmentation, recent on-site disturbance etc • Medium – on-site habitat of moderate quality, providing all of the known key- requirements of given species/species group. Factors limiting the likelihood of occurrence may include small habitat area, habitat severance and fragmentation, disturbance • High – on site habitat of high quality for a given species/species group. Good quality surrounding habitat and good connectivity • Present – presence confirmed from the current survey or by recent, confirmed records

Badger Survey

2.5 A badger survey was conducted to assess the level of badger activity on site and locate any badger setts both within the site boundary and if possible within a 30m radius of the site.

2.6 The evaluation of badger activity was based on methodology developed for the National Survey of Badgers (Creswell et al., 1990) and includes searching for badger field signs such as setts, badger pathways, tracks (pawprints), dung piles with latrines, badger hairs and feeding signs such as snuffle holes. Particular attention was paid to areas where the vegetation and/or the topography offered suitable sett sites such as embankments and wooded areas.

Tree Assessment for Bats

2.7 As well as roosting in buildings, bats can use trees to rest, give birth, raise young and/or hibernate. Roosts may be found in the following features: • Woodpecker holes, natural cracks and rot holes in trunks and branches • Frost cracks. • Trunk and branch splits. • Hollow sections of trunk and branches.

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• Loose bark. • Cavities beneath old root buttresses and coppice stools. • Dense epicormic growth. • Dense ivy cover.

2.8 Veteran trees typically exhibit many of these features and should usually be regarded as sites with clear potential, but any tree possessing one or more such feature, may host bats. Any tree species can be suitable but oak and beech often seem to be the preferred option. However, bats rarely restrict themselves to one tree. They change their roost sites frequently, sometimes every two to three days, looking for small differences in temperature and humidity.

2.9 Roosts of bats in trees may be identified from the following field signs: • Black stains beneath cracks, splits and other features where bat dropping have fallen; • Dark marks at entrance points where bats have rubbed against the wood and left natural body oils; • Feeding remains beneath roosts, such as insect wings; • Chattering of bats; • Bat droppings under access points; • Scratch marks around a feature (cavity or split) caused by bat claws; • Urine stains below the entrance or end of split; • Large roosts or regularly used sites may produce an odour; • Flies around the entrance, attracted by the smell of guano.

2.10 Trees were recorded as having high, medium or low potential following standard practise where: • High potential = upward developing holes, splits and crack and woodpecker holes. Old trees with complex growth forms are of particular interest. • Medium potential = downward developing holes, splits and cracks, features which could support several bats or a group of bats. • Low potential = ivy covering only, few or no holes, splits or crevices. • Confirmed roosts = evidence of use by bats (bats chattering, seen flying in and out of roost, presence of droppings etc).

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Habitat Suitability for Reptiles

2.13 Habitat surveys were carried out to assess the potential of the site to hold populations of reptile species. This involved looking for the presence of factors that would increase the suitability of the site for reptiles such as: • Scrub and grassland (long sward) mosaic across the site; • Features that can be potential hibernation sites for common reptiles such as log piles; • Grass tussocks within the grassland that can act as shelter and burrowing sites; • Water bodies or damp places on site (grass snakes); • Compost heaps or decaying vegetation (slow worms); • Features that can act as refugia on the ground such as disused roofing felt.

Habitat Suitability for Great Crested Newts (GCN)

2.14 Habitat surveys were carried out to assess the potential of the site to hold great crested newts (Triturus cristatus). This involved looking at the wider landscape using Google Maps and bing maps to assess types of habitat in the wider landscape. This also involved looking for the presence of factors that would increase the suitability of the site for GCN such as: • The presence of suitable breeding places (water bodies) on site and within 500m of the site in the wider landscape; • Habitat connectivity between ponds (if present) in the wider landscape and on site; • The condition of the ponds and whether there were factors that would render them unsuitable for GCN such as fish; • Land uses surrounding the site that may affect the potential of the site to hold GCN such as agriculture; • Type of suitable habitat on site such as scrub/grassland mosaic; • Patches of woodland in the wider landscape that can provide terrestrial habitat; • Any barriers between known populations of GCN such as motorways and roads; • Hibernation features on site for GCN such as log and rubble piles.

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Limitations

2.17 It should be noted that whilst every effort has been made to provide a comprehensive description of the site, no single investigation could ensure the complete characterisation and prediction of the natural environment.

2.18 The protected species assessment provides a preliminary view of the likelihood of protected species occurring on site, based on the suitability of the habitat and any direct evidence on site. It should not be taken as providing a full and definitive survey of any protected species group. The assessment is only valid for the time when the survey was carried out. Additional surveys may be recommended if, on the basis of this assessment it is considered reasonably likely that protected species may be present.

3.0 Results

Desk Study

3.1 The site does not fall within any statutory designated areas. Designated sites can be found within the local area. Sites within the local area include:

• Oxleys Wood LNR1 – approximately 1.2km north west of the site; • LNR1 – approximately 1.8km north of the site; • Colney Heath LNR1 – approximately 2.9km west of the site; • Furzefield Wood & Lower Halfpenny Bottom LNR1 – approximately 4.1km south of the site; • Stanborough Reedmarsh LNR1 – approximately 4.4km north of the site; • The Commons LNR1 – approximately 5.3km north east of the site; • Water End Swallows SSSI2 – approximately 1.4km south of the site; • Redwell Wood SSSI2 – approximately 4.2km south west of the site; • Castle Lime Works SSSI2 – approximately 3.7km south of the site; • Sherrards Park Wood SSSI2 – approximately 7.4km north of the site;

1 LNR – Local Nature Reserve 2 SSSI – Site of Special Scientific Interest

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• Country Park LNR1 & SSSI2 – 4.3km south east of the site; • Wormley – Hoddesdonpark Woods SAC3 & SSSI2 – approximately 8.1km east of the site; • Millwards Park ancient replanted woodland HERC reserve – approximately 12m from the site on the northern side of the A1000 main road; • Bushwood ancient semi-natural woodland – approximately 800m south west of the site; • Peplins Wood ancient semi-natural woodland – approximately 1.3km south east of the site.

3.2 The locations of nature reserves are shown in appendix 3 of this report.

Biodiversity Records Summary

3.3 The records purchased from the HERC identify that part of the site, the linear strip of land which lies adjacent to the railway line, is designated as an SNCI. These two narrow fields have been designated due to being diverse old neutral to somewhat acidic grassland supporting species such as agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria), bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), common sorrel (Rumex acetosa), common knapweed (Centaurea nigra), meadow buttercup (Ranunculus acris), oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare), meadow vetchling (Lathyrus pratensis), lady’s bedstraw (Galium verum) and betony (Betonica officinalis). The north-east facing boundary is bordered by a mixed species hedgerow with pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) standards.

3.4 Millward’s Park, which is located to the east of the A1001, is another SNCI and HERC reserve. This has been designated due to this being a mosaic site on ancient woodland including some natural canopy.

3.5 Protected species for the local area include: • Great crested newt (Triturus cristatus): the most recent record was from 2007. This record is located in Brookmans Park golf course and the meadow north of

3 SAC – Special Area of Conservation

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Peplins Wood. This is located over 550m to the south of the site, separated from the site by several roads. • Old records of grass snake (Natrix natrix) and slow worm (Anguis fragilis) were found within the 2km search. • Bat records for the area were considered to be old, over 10 years old, with records for pipistrelles, brown long eared, noctule and serotine bats recorded. • Sylark were recorded in Potterells Wood located 1.5lm to the south west of the site.

Site Visit

3.6 The site consisted of four land parcels that were surveyed. Habitats across the site as a whole varied greatly and included habitat types such as semi-improved grassland, mixed woodland, disturbed ground with ephemeral vegetation, arable land, scrub, mature trees as standards, hedgerows and ponds. For ease the site is divided up into 4 habitat parcels, each of which are described below.

Habitat Parcel 1: Southern Section

3.7 This section of the site is divided into two smaller sections, with the road, Dixons Hill Road, separating the two areas.

3.8 The northern portion of the site supported semi-improved grassland with wet flushes. A ditch ran along the eastern edge of the site (adjacent to A1001) and then through the site itself. The northern half of this field supported semi improved grassland; the southern most section of this field was largely disturbed and supported short ephemeral vegetation. Large mature trees were present along the northern edge of the site with other standards present within the site. One pond was located along the southern boundary of the site (north of Dixons Hill Road).

3.9 Species present in the semi-improved grassland were dominated by hard rush (Juncus inflexus), Yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatus) and perennial rye grass (Lolium perrene). Other species present included: soft rush (Juncus effuses), spear thistle (Cirsium vulgare), creeping thistle (Cirsium arvense), common nettle (Urtica dioica), yarrow (Achillea

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millefolium), creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens), dove’s foot cranesbill (Geranium molle), common sorrel (Rumex acetosa), false oat grass (Arrenatherum elatis) and common knapweed (Centaurea nigra). The area of disturbed ground at the southern most section of the site supported species such as: dandelion (Taraxacum agg), curled dock (Rumex crispus), broad leaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius), creeping buttercup and thistle species.

3.10 The field to the south of Dixon Hill Road supported semi improved grassland habitats. Mature trees and trees dominated by English Oak with significant areas of standing dead wood located along the southern boundary of the site.

3.11 The ditch habitat had been recently disturbed, with much of the vegetation along the eastern boundary of the site and the ditch habitat through the central field area, being removed.

Protected Species Assessment

3.12 No evidence of badgers was found within the fields. No badger paths, latrines nor setts were located during the time of the survey.

3.13 The habitat was considered to support a range of tussocky grassland, wet flushes and some brash piles. These habitats were considered to provide good habitats for reptile species. The area of disturbed ground was not considered to support features, which are suitable for reptiles due to the lack of cover and foraging habitat present.

3.14 The mature oak trees within the site boundaries were considered to be a significant feature within the site. Several of these trees support features, which could be used by bats due to the tree’s shape, form and age. Such features as cracks and rot holes were noted. These trees have been identified on the habitat map and target noted (See appendix 2).

3.15 The tree line around the edges of the site were considered to provide some good opportunities for foraging bats. The tree lines around the site provide some landscape connectivity, which allows bats to move across the site and into the wider landscape. The offsite habitats, including Millward’s Park to the east, are considered to be optimal for bats. Bats are therefore considered likely to be using the local landscape.

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3.16 There was one pond located to the southern boundary of the larger of the two fields (Pond 3). A further pond was located beyond Marshmoor Lane and was considered to be off site (Pond 4). Both of these ponds were surveyed using the HSI survey method.

3.17 The ponds were assessed for their potential to support GCN (Triturus cristatus) using the Habitat Suitability Index criteria. The suitability index is calculated for each of the 10 categories. These are then analysed using the equation below to obtain the geometric mean or HSI score of the ten suitability indices.

1/10 HSI = (SI1 x SI2 SI3 x SI4 x SI5 x SI6 x SI7 x SI8 x SI9 x SI10)

The calculated score should be between 0 and 1 and will fall within one of several bands, which correspond to a given category for the pond.

3.18 The results for ponds 3 and 4 are given below. The ponds are numbered in accordance with the PJC Habitat Map in appendix 2.

3.19 Table 1. HSI Scores for Pond 3 – Pond on site

Suitability Indices No. Feature Pond Score 1. Location 1 2. Area 0.1 3. Permanence 0.5 4. Water quality 0.33 5. Shading 0.5 6. Presence of waterfowl 1 7. Presence of fish 1 8. Pond density 0.65 9. Suitable newt habitat within 500 0.33 metres 10. Macrophyte content 0.3 Pond Suitability 0.47 Pond Suitability POOR

Pond 1 was located on site. The suitability of the pond was scored as poor. This suggests that the pond has a 0.03% probability of supporting GCNs.

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3.20 Table 2. HSI Scores for Pond 4 – Pond off site

Suitability Indices No. Feature Pond Score 1. Location 1 2. Area 0.5 3. Permanence 0.5 4. Water quality 0.67 5. Shading 0.3 6. Presence of waterfowl 1 7. Presence of fish 1 8. Pond density 0.65 9. Suitable newt habitat within 500m 0.67 10. Macrophyte content 0.7 Pond Suitability 0.66 Pond Suitability AVERAGE

Pond 4 was located off site and was separated from the site by Marshmoor Lane. This pond was heavily shaded. The suitability of this pond to support GCNs was considered to be average. Therefore the pond has a 55% probability of supporting GCNs.

3.21 The ditches on site were not considered to be suitable for species such as water vole. The ditches had been previously disturbed, with much of the vegetation removed, making this further unlikely to support such a species. There were no habitats within this parcel of land suitable for dormice and limited potential for ground nesting birds, due to the disturbed nature of the southern portion of the site, and lack of significant ground cover on the remaining areas.

Habitat Parcel 2: Central Section

3.22 This area was divided into two main areas. The most eastern edges of this portion supported a wooded area. This woodland was located adjacent to the A1001. Species present in this area included: elder (Sambucas nigra), silver birch (Betula pendula), Corsican pine (Pinus nigra), English oak (Quercus robur), holly (Ilex aquifolium), hawthorn (Crateagus monogyna), horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum). The under story was dominated by bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) and bramble (Rubus fruticosus).

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3.23 The grassland was considered to be semi-improved grassland and was heavily grazed by horses at the time of the survey creating a large area of short sward grassland with rough grassland/ruderal edges dominated by common nettle.

Protected Species Assessment

3.24 No evidence of badgers using this portion of the site was found. No latrines, setts or snuffle holes were located within this area.

3.25 The grassland was considered to be short and of low sward height. The lack of tussocks and lack of scrub areas, made this area sub optimal for species such as reptiles. There rough grassland edges do have some potential for supporting reptile species.

3.26 Several of the mature trees located along the northern border of the site were considered to have some potential to support roosting bats due to dense ivy cover. These trees are highlighted on the habitat map in appendix 2. Some of the trees supported high levels of standing dead wood in addition to a large amount of fallen dead wood, which is considered to be an important resource for invertebrates.

3.27 The trees along the edges of the site, and the woodland on the eastern boundary, were considered to provide suitable habitat for foraging bats and potential for roosting bats. It is likely that bats will use this area for foraging considering the habitats within the immediate area.

3.28 No ponds were located within the habitat parcel. The site was not considered suitable for species such as GCNs, common reptiles, ground nesting birds, with no ditches present, which would be suitable for water voles. The woodland did not support significant number of food species, which are typically associated with dormice. The woodland was considered to be sub optimal for such species.

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Habitat Parcel 3: Northern Section

3.29 The northern section of the site supported several distinct habitats; areas of disturbed ground, ditch habitat, one pond, small sections of scrub, with semi improved grassland and an area of cultivated land, which was planted with rape (Brassica napus).

3.30 The disturbed ground was located to the eastern edge of the site, located to the east of the ditch line. Species present in this area included: umbelifer spp, dandelion, curled dock, creeping buttercup and some rape that had spread from the cultivated area to the west. Scrub species were found on the edges of this area and found along the ditch line and were dominated by bramble (Rubus fruticosus).

3.31 The semi improved grassland area dominated the majority of this area. Species present included: Spanish bluebell (Hyacinthoides hispanica), perennial rye grass, Yorkshire fog, false oat grass, creeping bent (Agrostis stolonifera), common mouse-ear (Cerastium fontanum), cinquefoil spp (Potentilla spp), common nettle, red dead nettle (Lamium purpureum), common ragwort (Senecio jacobea), creeping buttercup, dove’s foot cranesbill, yarrow, spear thistle and creeping thistle.

3.32 Three mature oak trees were located running east to west across the semi improved grassland. These trees exhibited many features such as cracks and woodpecker holes that are considered to be suitable for supporting roosting bats.

Protected Species Assessment

3.33 No evidence of badgers using this portion of the site was found. No latrines, setts or snuffle holes were located within this area.

3.34 The grassland was considered to be short and of low sward height, however, along the edges of the field, adjacent to the hedgerow around the northern portion of the site, supported a longer sward height with pockets of scrub. Furthermore, rubble piles were also located here. The opportunities for cover as well as refugia in the form of rubble piles were considered to be suitable for reptiles.

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3.35 One pond was located in the eastern edge of this area, adjacent to the A1001. Table 3. HSI Scores for Pond 1 is shown below.

Suitability Indices No. Feature Pond Score 1. Location 1 2. Area 0.05 3. Permanence 0.5 4. Water quality 0.33 5. Shading 0.2 6. Presence of waterfowl 1 7. Presence of fish 1 8. Pond density 0.65 9. Suitable newt habitat within 500 metres 0.67 10. Macrophyte content 0.3 10th root 0.43 Pond Suitability POOR

Pond 1 was considered to be of poor suitability for GCNs. It is considered that a poor score the likelihood of finding GCNs in such ponds is 0.03%.

3.36 This section of the site did not support features which are suitable for dormice. The ditch habitat was not considered suitable for water voles, and the remaining areas were considered to provide sub optimal habitat for ground nesting birds. The areas of rape may have some potential, but the extent of the rape is a limiting factor.

3.37 The line of mature oak trees running through this habitat parcel exhibited numerous features such as cracks and woodpecker holes that are considered to have potential for supporting roosting bat species.

Habitat Parcel 4: Western Section

3.38 This habitat parcel is formed of a thin strip of land adjacent to the railway line. This area is designated as a local wildlife site for its diverse grassland habitat which included species such as agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria), bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), common sorrel, common knapweed, meadow buttercup (Ranunculus acris), ox-eye daisy

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(Leucanthemum vulgare), meadow vetchling (Lathyrus pratensis) and lady’s bedstraw (Galium verum).

3.39 This area was classified as semi-improved grassland and looked to be grazed at the time of the survey with a short sward height.

3.40 A mature tree line dominated by English oak was located along the edge of Marshmoor Lane. This formed a linear feature along the lane, linking to trees and hedgerows within the wider site and landscape.

Protected Species Assessment

3.41 No evidence of badgers using this portion of the site was found. No latrines, setts or snuffle holes were located within this area.

3.42 The grassland habitat was considered to be sub optimal for reptile species due to the short sward nature and lack of cover. There was areas of rougher grassland areas around the edges for the fields that exhibit a longer sward height that did have some potential for supporting reptile species.

3.43 One pond was located adjacent to the south eastern corner of this parcel, opposite the entrance to Marshmoor Crescent. Table 4. HSI Scores for Pond 2 is shown below.

Suitability Indices No. Feature Pond Score 1. Location 1

2. Area 0.1 3. Permanence 0.5 4. Water quality 0.67 5. Shading 0.5

6. Presence of waterfowl 1 7. Presence of fish 1 8. Pond density 0.65

9. Suitable newt habitat within 500 0.67 metres

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10. Macrophyte content 0.7

th 10 root 0.59 Pond Suitability BELOW AVERAGE Pond 2 was considered to be below average suitability to support GCNs. This means that there is a 20% chance that the pond supports this species.

3.44 This area of habitat did not support features, which are suitable for dormice, water voles or areas, which were considered suitable for ground nesting birds.

4.0 Discussion

Ecological Value of the Site

4.1 The site is located to the east of Welham Green, separated from the town by the railway line, which runs along the western site boundary. The site supports habitats, which are common, and widespread, however, there are some aspects of the site, which are considered to be of ecological value. These are discussed below.

4.2 Mature oak trees area located throughout the land parcels. These trees are considered to be mature almost veteran in some cases. Veteran trees are considered to be a valuable resource for a range of species, most notably invertebrates. Such trees are in decline in the UK and are considered to be of high ecological value. The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) (2012) is the key government policy document relating to planning decisions affecting ancient woodland and trees highlights the importance of irreplaceable

habitats set out in paragraph 1181 of the NPPF, which states:

‘Planning permission should be refused for development resulting in the loss or deterioration of irreplaceable habitats, including ancient woodland and the loss of aged or veteran trees found outside ancient woodland, unless the need for, and benefits of, the development in that location clearly outweigh the loss.’

4.3 Veteran trees are considered to be of intrinsic value and should be maintained within the scheme. It is important to consider such species as part of the design of any development

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as their root protection areas maybe far reaching. Where the trees form tree lines around the edges of the site, along Marshmoor Lane, it is considered to be a significant feature of the site. These linear features form landscape linkages across sites and into the wider landscape, which would be used by a variety of species, including bats and birds.

4.4 The woodland area, which lies adjacent to the A1001, is considered to be mixed broad leaved woodland. This habitat is considered to be a BAP habitat.

4.5 The Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act requires the Secretary of State to publish a list of habitats and species which are of principal importance for the conservation of biodiversity in England. The list has been drawn up in consultation with Natural England, as required by the Act. The S41 list is used to guide decision-makers such as public bodies, including local and regional authorities, in implementing their duty under section 40 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006, to have regard to the conservation of biodiversity in England, when carrying out their normal functions. Fifty-six habitats of principal importance are included on the S41 list. These are all the habitats in England that were identified as requiring action in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK BAP) and continue to be regarded as conservation priorities. Deciduous and mixed woodland, hedgerows and ponds are included in the UK BAP.

4.6 Most of the ponds, although a BAP habitat, are considered to be of low quality, with minimal vegetation, poor water quality, heavily shaded and deep with anoxic leaf litter and silt. Enhancements for the ponds should be considered as part of the scheme. Creation of new pond features and the enhancement of the ditch habitats across the site would significantly enhance the site for wildlife.

4.7 It is recommended that as much of the woodland habitat is incorporated into the scheme as possible. Therefore the eastern end of the central habitat parcel should be retained as woodland. Finally, the ponds should be enhanced as part of the scheme. If these actions are undertaken as part of the proposals then it is considered that the site will be enhanced and the BAP habitats duly considered as required.

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4.8 The habitat parcel, which lies adjacent to the railway line along the western border of the site, is designated as local wildlife site. As such is it considered to support habitats and species which are locally important. It is recommended that as such it should be retained within the scheme. Furthermore, enhancements for the site, such as maintaining the grassland, and scrub removal, should be discussed with the local wildlife group/trust to develop a long-term management plan.

4.9 The presence and/or potential presence of protected species using the site requires an appropriate mitigation strategy. These are discussed individually below.

Reptiles

4.10 The majority of the site supported semi-improved grassland. Habitats such as the disturbed ground and the field of rape were considered to be sub optimal for reptiles. Several sections of the site, most notably the edges of the fields in section 3 and the northern field area of section 1, were considered to have suitability for reptiles.

4.11 It is recommended that as these areas are to be affected by the proposals then reptile surveys should be undertaken. A reptile presence/absence survey is recommended prior to development. Reptile presence/absence surveys can be carried out between 1st April and 31st September. If the presence of reptiles on site is confirmed an appropriate mitigation and enhancement strategy should be developed.

4.12 It is recommended that, where possible, grassland, tall ruderal vegetation and patches of scrub around the perimeter of the site and at the base of retained hedgerows is left unmanaged to support terrestrial invertebrates and reptiles. Creation of log piles and brash piles within suitable areas of vegetation may be created for use by common reptile species as refugia. Log piles should be located in a variety of locations, such as damp places, with some situated in more sunny locations. These should be stacked, and perhaps some amounts of leaf litter added. Planting around log piles with such species as honeysuckle or clematis (Clematis sp) can also add value.

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Badgers

4.13 No badger setts were located within the red line boundary. Furthermore, no latrines were identified on site. Mammal paths were recorded in within the site and it is likely that badgers are present in the wider landscape. The site is not considered to be constrained by badgers and no further survey work is recommended.

4.14 It is recommended that hedgerows and buffer zones associated with the hedgerows are maintained and enhanced within the scheme to provide green corridors and some habitat connectivity around the site.

Tree Assessment for Bats

4.15 There were some trees that showed signs of medium to high potential within the site. These comprised of mature oak trees located along hedgerow lines, the large oaks within the fields and several within the small area of woodland. Such trees supported features such as woodpecker holes and large cracks/missing limbs and ivy cover. It is recommended that these trees be kept within the site and incorporated within the development design.

4.16 Bats are known to use linear landscape features for commuting and foraging and the tree lines/hedgerows around the site provide good opportunities for bats. These treeline/ hedgerows are also connected to the wider landscape ensuring that bats can move with ease across this area. Tree lines and hedgerows should be therefore maintained or enhanced where possible. It is recommended that these ecological linkages across the site and into the wider landscape are maintained or enhanced. It is also considered that such features should be kept as ‘dark corridors’ as the movement and behaviour of bats can be significantly affected by lights. This is especially in areas where there is low ambient light levels, such as in rural areas. Therefore lighting schemes need to be considered as part of the master plan.

4.17 Any proposed lighting scheme as part of the development will have to take into account bats in the surrounding area as well as on site. All bat species are nocturnal, resting in

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dark conditions in the day and emerging at night to feed. Many species of bats are known to sample the light levels before emerging from their roost; only emerging for their night’s hunting when the light intensity outside reaches a critical level after sunset. (Swift 1980) Artificial lighting can restrict and alter this natural behaviour, and if a roost site is illuminated it can restrict and shorten the time bats spend foraging at night or completely discourage bats from using an area at all. This needs to be taken into account, with a sympathetic lighting scheme for the development. Recommendations include:

• No potential bat roost should be illuminated by artificial lighting, lighting should be positioned to point away from any roosting site, leaving the entrance and exit points in darkness; • Lighting should only be installed if there is a significant need; • Light levels should be kept low, the use of low pressure sodium lamps or high pressure sodium instead of mercury or metal halide lamps where glass glazing is preferred due to its uv filtration characteristics; • Lighting should be avoided near treelines or hedgerows, with light angled away from these areas, bats use linear features such as treelines to commute across the landscape to forage; and • Lights should have focussed luminance on their target area, preventing light spill and pollution into other areas of the site and local area.

4.18 If the trees which have been identified as showing potential to support bats need to be removed for heath and safety reasons it is recommended that surveys are undertaken prior to their removal. These should be surveyed either by endoscopic survey or dusk emergence / dawn return to roost surveys. This will show whether bats are using these trees and whether a licence for felling would be required by Natural England.

Habitat Suitability for GCN

4.19 A total of 4 ponds were found in and around the edges of the site, with only one of the ponds was located within the site boundaries. The pond (pond 3), which was present within the site boundary, was considered to be ‘poor’ for supporting GCNs and was surrounded by disturbed ground, reducing the potential due to a lack of good terrestrial

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habitat for newts. Ponds 1 and 2 were both small in size, heavily shaded and had poor water quality.

4.20 It is considered that these ponds are unlikely to support GCNs. Furthermore, each of the ponds are considered to be of some distance from each other, with ponds on the southern portion of the site are over 780m from the pond to the northern end of the site. Whilst GCNs are known to move cross wider landscape, the lack of connectivity from the southern end of the site to the northern end of the site, and the distance involved, would significantly reduce the likelihood of metapopulation dynamics occurring within the red line boundary and thus reduce the likelihood of the site supporting a viable population of newts in the ponds. Furthermore, two of the ponds were considered to have poor suitability, making it further unlikely that GCNs would be able to move across the landscape, moving from pond to pond and successfully breeding. This considered, ponds become more isolated than is calculated for the HSI results, and therefore each of the ponds suitability would reduce.

4.21 Pond 4, which is located outside the site boundaries, was considered to be of ‘average’ suitability. Whilst the presence of GCNs cannot be 100% ruled out, due to the considerations above, it is unlikely that this pond supports a viable population of GCNs.

4.22 Enhancing the current ponds through planting and removal of leaf litter and the creation of new ponds as parts of SUDs would provide more features which are suitable for newts as well as other amphibians.

Other Species

4.23 Dormice were considered unlikely to be present on the site. The habitats present within the boundaries did not support significant areas of food species, which dormice require to sustain a population. The woodland was considered to be small in size and did not support a variety of species, which are traditionally associated with such species. It is not considered that the site is constrained by such species and no further survey work for these species is required.

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4.24 The presence of water filled ditches within the site were assessed for their potential to support water voles. The lack of local records for such species, and the lack of connectivity of the ditches to each other and to significant areas of habitat reduce the potential for water voles to be present on site. No signs of water voles were recorded. It is not considered that the site is constrained by such species and no further survey work for these species is required.

4.25 Breeding birds are likely to be using the tree lines, hedgerows and scrub within the site. The UK breeding season for most bird species takes place between March and September. It is recommended that any works affecting the hedgerows and trees on site be carried out outside of this period. Should this not be possible, it is further recommended that all vegetation suitable for breeding birds be checked for active nests no more than 2 days prior to vegetation clearance. If active nests are identified, clearance works in the vicinity of the nest must cease until the birds have fledged the nest.

Ecological Enhancements

4.26 Creating and enhancing hedgerow edges would provide a layering of different habitats that can be utilised by different species. There are some trees that are already established therefore shrubs and understorey planting should be the focus of enhancements. Shrubs such as dog rose (Rosa canina) or dogwoods (Cornus spp) are important sources of food for native wildlife. Planting the base and edges of the hedgerow with herbaceous plants and bulbs attract bees, butterflies and other insects as well as providing ground cover for smaller animals. Seeds that are tolerant of semi-shade and are suitable for sowing beneath newly planted or established hedges should be used.

4.27 Bird boxes may be hung on mature trees to increase the number of breeding opportunities throughout the site. Recommended boxes include: • Schwegler 1N Deep Nest Box – give added nest protection from predators • Schwegler 1B Bird Box – general purpose bird box, suitable for many species

4.28 Any new ponds should be constructed to provide suitable features for common amphibians as well as other wildlife. The ponds should incorporate features such as; being dug out with graded levels allowing some areas to be shallow with some deeper

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areas, the ponds should be deep enough to buffer winter temperature conditions and large enough to provide suitable size for amphibians larvae to be able to hide from predators. The trees around the existing ponds should be thinned and some removed, to allow sunlight to penetrate the bottom of the ponds. The ponds should be de-silted and some leaf litter removed to allow submerged plants to grow and become established. The growth of water plants will provide oxygen to the pond, which will further enhance the water.

4.29 Pond margins can be enhanced as part of the development. Margins can be made to have varying edges, with the use of rocks and pebbles, creating small niches for amphibians and other pond life.

4.30 It is recommended that some species are planted within the ponds to enhance the marginal vegetation of the pond. These should be planted with species of ecological value and some of the species which can be used are recommended below:

• Water mint - (Mentha aquatica), • Common reed - (Phragmites australis), • Soft rush - (Juncus effuses), • Water plantain - (Alisma plantago-aquatica), • Meadowsweet - (Filipendula ulmaria) • Yellow flag iris - (Iris pseudacorus).

4.31 Edge of the pond habitats can also be planted. These areas, where it may be a little more damp and muddy can be planted with the following:

• Fools water cress - (Apium nodiflorum), • Marsh marigold - (Caltha palustris), • Meadowsweet - (Filipendula ulmaria), • Brooklime - (Veronica beccabunga), • Water forget-me-not - (Mysotis scorpioides), • Water figwort - (Scrophularia auriculata), • Watercress - (Nasturtium officinale),

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• Water crowsfoot - (Ranunculus aquatilis), • Starwort - (Callitriche stagnalis).

4.32 The terrestrial habitats surrounding the ponds are important in facilitating movements of amphibians and invertebrates above ground. Management of this habitat is recommended to ensure long-term quality. A greater diversity of terrestrial plants will increase the ecological value of the existing terrestrial habitat that immediately surrounds the ponds. Species to be sown may include:

• Yarrow - (Achillea millefolium) • Agrimony – (Agrimonia eupatoria) • Garlic mustard – (Alliaria petiolata) • Common knapweed – (Centurea nigra) • Wild Basil – (Clinopodium vulgare) • Hedge bedstraw – (Galium album) • Wood avens – (Gerum urbanum) • Oxeye daisy – (Leucanthemum vulgare) • Ribwort plantain – (Plantago lanceolata) • Cowslip – (Primula veris) • Selfheal – (Prunella vulgaris) • Red campion – (Silene dioica) • Bladder campion – (Silene vulgairs) • Hedge woundwort – (Stachvs sylyatica) • Upright hedge parsley – (Torilis japonica) • Tufted vetch – (Vicia cracca)

4.33 If the ponds are enhanced then this would be a significant enhancement to the site for a range of species.

4.34 A community orchard could be included within an area of open space. Species that could be planted include apples, pears, plums, gages and damsons. The hedgerows around the site should be planted with additional species such as blackberry and hawthorn. Spring bulbs and wild flower seeds can also be sown in the area around the orchard. Log piles

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too can be incorporated in this area. A community orchard provides opportunities for the residents to become involved in the natural surroundings of their new homes and engages people, providing a new community focus. Orchards are also BAP habitats and are important for invertebrates and bird, lichens and fungi species alike. Fallen fruit provides good opportunities for badgers, hedgehogs (BAP species) and bats forage in areas of high insect diversity.

5.0 Conclusions

5.1 The majority of habitats found on site are common and widespread throughout the UK and are considered to be of ecological value at a site level only. This included the semi- improved grassland areas, with some pockets of scrub, some ruderal vegetation as well as some ditches present on site.

5.2 Mature trees bordering on veteran status present within and along the site boundaries were considered to be of significant value and should be maintained where possible. It is recommended that these are protected and maintained within the scheme as supported by national policy.

5.3 Other BAP habitats are present on site, including the small area of woodland and the ponds. It is recommended that the woodland is maintained and enhanced as part of the scheme. The ponds are considered to be of limited ecological value due to their poor quality, however, these should be incorporated into the scheme and enhanced as part of the proposals. The creation of a series of new ponds and SUDS features would greatly enhance the site.

5.4 The western part of the red line boundary (Habitat Parcel 4) is designated a local wildlife site. As such this habitat is considered to support species, which are considered to be of local value. It is recommended that this area is retained in the scheme and that enhancement works to the area are discussed with the local wildlife group.

5.5 Several areas of the site were considered to be suitable for reptiles. It is recommended that if these areas are to be lost through the development proposals that reptiles surveys

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be undertaken. If reptiles are found a suitable mitigation strategy would need to be developed to ensure that reptiles are maintained within the site.

5.6 Several trees across the site where highlighted as having potential to support roosting bats. The trees exhibited features such as cracks, holes and dense ivy cover that bats could utilise for roosting. It is recommended that these trees remain in situ and be incorporated as part of the master plan.

5.7 A total of 4 ponds were identified within the site and on the borders of the site. Two of these ponds were considered to have ‘poor’ suitability to support GCNs, with the other ponds being considered to be ‘below average’ and ‘average’ suitability. It is considered that the site is unlikely to support such species due to the scarcity of the ponds, the lack of significant linkages between the ponds and the distances involved. It is therefore considered that no further surveys would be required. Enhancements for the site, including the creation of new ponds, which would be a significant enhancement for local wildlife.

5.8 The site was not considered likely to support features such as dormice and water voles. No badger setts or other signs of badgers were recorded during the survey. It is considered that the site is not constrained by any of these species.

5.9 Potential ecological enhancements that can be implemented into development plans have been recommended within the report. Recommendations include use of native species within landscaping schemes and the installation of bat and bird boxes on site.

6.0 References

CIRIA C567 (2005) Working with wildlife – site guide. CIRIA, London.

Defra (2007) Hedgerow survey handbook. A standard procedure for local surveys in the UK. Defra. London

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Mitchell-Jones, A.J. (2004) Bat Mitigation Guidelines. English Nature, Peterborough.

Bat Conservation Trust (2007). Bat Surveys – Good Practice Guidelines. Bat Conservation Trust, London.

Great Crested Newt Mitigation Guidelines. English Nature 2001. http://www.naturalengland.org.uk

Langton, T.E.S., Beckett, C.L., and Foster, J.P. (2001) Great Crested Newt Conservation Handbook. Froglife, Halesworth.

Neal, E. and Cheeseman, C. (1996) Badgers. T & A D Poyser Ltd. London.

Oldham R.S., Keeble J., Swan M.J.S. & Jeffcote M. (2000). Evaluating the suitability of habitat for the Great Crested Newt (Triturus cristatus). Herpetological Journal 10 (4), 143-155.

Internet resources:

Magic Interactive Map: www.magic.gov.uk

Bing maps: www.bing.com/maps

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Appendix 1: Photographs

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Photograph 1: Cultivated Oil Seed Rape

Photograph 2: Cultivated Oil Seed Rape

Photograph 3: Vegetated rubble pile

Photograph 4: Pond 1

Photograph 5: Ditch within habitat parcel 3

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Photograph 6: Mature oak with large crack

Photograph 7: Mature oak with multiple bat features

Photograph 8: Woodpecker hole present

Photograph 9: Large split and woodpecker holes on limb

Photograph 10: Area of grassland designated as a local wildlife site

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Photograph 11: Area of grassland designated as a local wildlife site

Photograph 12: Rough grassland edges

Photograph 13: Small area of woodland

Photograph 14: Standing dead wood with rot holes within the woodland

Photograph 15: Ivy covered tree within the woodland

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Photograph 16: Large area of grazed semi- improved grassland

Photograph 17: Pond 2

Photograph 18: Rough semi-improved grassland with brash piles

Photograph 19: Cleared ditch

Photograph 20: Grazed semi-improved grassland in the southern section of the site

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Photograph 21: Disturbed ground

Photograph 22: Pond 3

Photograph 23: Ditch bisecting the southern section of the site

Photograph 24: Pond 4

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Appendix 2: Habitat map

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Appendix 3: Local wildlife designations

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PJC Consultancy Ltd Chapter House Priesthawes Farm Hailsham Road Polegate, East Sussex Tel. 01323 768 155 Fax. 01323 768 244 www.pjcconsultancy.com

Approved for PJC by: Alexia Tamblyn MA (Oxon) MSc CEnv MCIEEM FRGS, Managing Director

Date: 29/05/2014

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