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POCKET GUIDE AND CMU Pocket Guide to Brick and CMU Construction

This publication ©2012 Institute of Washington. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced by any means, conventional or electronic, without written consent obtained in advance from the Masonry Institute of Washington. Masonry Institute of Washington 10519 NE 38th Place, Building 12 Kirkland, WA 98033

www.MasonryInstitute.com www.MasonryDetails.com Table of Contents

Unit Position Terminology 4 Common Bond Patterns 5 Brick and CMU ASTM Standards 7 Condensed ASTM C-90 14 Condensed ASTM C-216 16 Joint Styles 18 Mortar Types and Proportions 19 Site Tolerances for Masonry 21 Control/ Placement 23 Fire Resistance Ratings 25 Sound Transmission Ratings 27 Weep Holes 29 Flashing 29 Weather Resistive Barriers 30 Cleaning Masonry 31 Repellents 32 Wall System Details 34 Glossary of Brick and CMU Terms 43

3 Unit Position Terminology

Wythe

Course

Rowlock Stretcher

Shiner

Header

Soldier

4 Common Bond Patterns

There are number of traditional bond patterns used for both functional and aesthetic purposes. Historically, the Running Bond pattern has been the most utilized. It is often used where the width of the unit is half the length (i.e. 8” long x 4” wide), allowing ease of use on corners. 1/3rd Running Bond is typically used where the unit width is 1/3 the length (i.e. 12” long x 4” wide). Stack Bond is most effectively used with units that have very little size variance, but does not have the structural strength of Running Bond.

Bond patterns such as Flemish Bond, English Bond, Dutch Bond/English Cross, Common Bond - 6th Course Header and Common Bond - 6th Course Flemish Header with header units and courses were traditionally used in double-wythe brick construction to bond separate wythes together for structural strength. As this type of construction is no longer widely used, these bond patterns are often utilized solely for aesthetic purposes in modern design.

Running Bond Stack Bond

5 Common Bond Patterns

1/3 Running Bond Common Bond 6th Course Header

Flemish Bond Common Bond 6th Course Flemish Header

English Bond English Cross or Dutch Bond

6 Brick and CMU ASTM Standards

BRICK C 32: Specification for Sewer and Manhole Brick (Made from or ) C 43: Terminology of Structural Clay Products C 55: Specification for Brick C 62: Specification for Building Brick (Solid Masonry Units Made from Clay or Shale) C 67: Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay C 73: Specification for Calcium Brick (- Brick) C 126: Specification for Glazed Structural Clay Facing Tile, Facing Brick and Solid Masonry Units C 216: Specification for Facing Brick (Solid Masonry Units Made from Clay or Shale) C 279: Specification for Chemical-Resistant Masonry Units C 652: Specification for Hollow Brick (Hollow Masonry Units Made from Clay or Shale) C 901: Specification for Prefabricated Masonry Panels C 980: Specification for Industrial Lining Brick C 1006: Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Masonry Units

7 Brick and CMU ASTM Standards

BRICK (Cont.) C 1072: Test Method for Measurements of Masonry Flexural Bond Strength C 1088: Specification for Thin Veneer Brick Units Made from Clay or Shale C 1261: Specification for Firebox Brick for Residential C 1298: Guide for Design and Construction of Brick Liners for Industrial Chimneys C 1405: Specification for Glazed Brick (Single Fired, Solid Brick Units)

CMU C 75: Sampling Aggregates C 90: Specification for Loadbearing Concrete Masonry Units C 129: Specification for Nonloadbearing Concrete Masonry Units C 139: Specification for Concrete Masonry Units for Construction of Catch Basins and Manholes C 140: Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units C 331: Lightweight Aggregates for Concrete Masonry Units C 426: Test Method for Linear Drying Shrinkage of Concrete Masonry Units

8 Brick and CMU ASTM Standards

CMU (Cont.)

C 618: Specification for Coal Flu Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural for Use as Mineral Admixture Concrete C 979: Specification for Pigments for Integrally Colored Concrete C 1209: Terminology of Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units C 1262: Test Method for Evaluating the Freeze-Thaw Durability of Manufactured Concrete Masonry Units and Related Concrete C 1372: Specification for Segmental Retaining Wall Units C 1552: Practice for Capping Concrete Masonry Units, Related Units and Masonry Prisms for Compression Testing

Mortar and C 5: Specification for Quicklime for Structural Purposes C 51: Definition of Terms Relating to Lime and C 91: Specification for Masonry C 109: Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50- mm] Cube Specimens)

9 Brick and CMU ASTM Standards

Mortar and Grout (Cont.)

C 110: Test Methods for Physical Testing of Quicklime, Hydrated Lime, and Limestone C 143: Test Methods for Slump of Hydraulic Cement Concrete C 144: Specification for for Masonry Mortar C 150: Specification for C 185: Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement Mortar C 207: Specification for Hydrated Lime for Masonry Purposes C 270: Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry C 395: Standard Specification for Chemical-Resistant Resin Mortars C 404: Specification for Aggregates for Masonry Grout C 476: Specification for Grout Masonry C 780: Test Method for Preconstruction and Construction Evaluation of Mortars for Plain and Reinforced Masonry Units C 887: Specification for Packaged, Dry, Combined Materials for Surface Bonding Mortar C 952: Test Method for Bond Strength of Mortars to Masonry Units

10 Brick and CMU ASTM Standards

Mortar and Grout (Cont.)

C 1019: Test Method for Sampling and Testing Grout C 1142: Specification for Extended Life Mortar for Units Masonry C 1180: Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry C 1324: Test Method for Examination and Analysis of Hardened Masonry Mortar C 1329: Specification for Mortar Cement C 1357: Test Methods for Evaluating Masonry Bond Strength C 1384: Specification for Admixtures for Masonry Mortars C 1403: Test Method for Rate of Water Absorption of Masonry Mortars C 1437: Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar C 1586: Guide for Quality Assurance of Mortars

Assembly Components

A 82: Cold Drawn Steel Wire for Concrete Reinforcement A 90: Test for Weight of Coating on -Coated Masonry (Galvanized) Iron or Steel Articles

11 Brick and CMU ASTM Standards

Assembly Components (Cont.)

A 123: Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel Products A 496: Deformed Steel Wire for Concrete Reinforcement A 615: Deformed and Plain Billet-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement A 617: Axle-Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement A 951: Specification for Masonry Joint Reinforcement C 516: Vermiculite Loose Fill Insulation C 549: Perlite Loose Fill Insulation C 920: Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants E 488: Test Methods for Strength of Anchors in Concrete and Masonry Elements E 754: Test Method for Pullout Resistance of Ties and Anchors Embedded in Masonry Mortar Joints

Pavers C 410: Specification for Industrial Floor Brick C 902: Specification for Pedestrian and Light Paving Brick C 936: Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units

12 Brick and CMU ASTM Standards

Pavers (Cont.)

C 1272: Standard Specification for Heavy Vehicular Paving Brick C 1319: Specification for Concrete Grid Paving Units C 1491: Specification for Concrete Roof Pavers

Other Related Standards

C 901: Prefabricated Masonry Products C 1232: Terminology of Masonry C 1314: Test Method for Compressive Strength of Masonry Prisms C 1400: Guide for Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry Walls C1601: Test Method for the Field Determination of Water Penetration of Masonry Wall Surfaces E 514: Test Methods for Water Penetration and Leakage Through Masonry E 518: Test Methods for Flexural Bond Strength of Masonry E 519: Test Methods for Diagonal Tension (Shear) in Masonry Assemblages E 1857: Guide for Selection of Cleaning Techniques for Masonry, Concrete, and Surfaces E 2260: Guide for () Historic Masonry

13 ASTM C-90 Condensed

Oven-Dry Density Maximum Water Minimum Net Density of Concrete, lb/ Absorption, lb/ft3 Area Compressive Classification ft3 (kg/m3) (kg/m3) Strength, lb/ft2

Avg of 3 Units Avg - 3 Indiv Avg - 3 Indiv Units Unit Units Unit

Lightweight Less than 105 (1680) 18 (288) 20 (320) 1900 1700 (13.1) (11.7)

Medium Weight 105 to less than 125 15 (240) 17 (272) 1900 1700 (1680-2000) (13.1) (11.7)

Normal Weight 125 (2000) or more 13 (208) 15 (240) 1900 1700 (13.1) (11.7)

Permissible Variations in Dimension: • Standard Units: For standard units, no overall dimension (width, height and length) shall differ by more than +/- 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) from the specified dimensions. • Particular Feature Units: For particular feature units, the dimensions shall be in accordance with the following: 1. For molded face units, no overall dimension shall differ by more than +/- 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) from the specified standard dimension. Dimensions of molded features shall be within +/- 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) of the specified standard dimensions and shall be within +/- 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) of the specified placement of the molded feature. 2. For split-faced units, all non-split overall dimensions shall differ by not more than +/- 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) from the specified standard dimensions. 3. For slump units, no overall height dimension shall differ by more than +/- 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) from the specified standard dimension.

14 ASTM C-90 Condensed Materials and Finish: • All units shall be sound and free of cracks or other defects that interfere with the proper placement of the unit or significantly impair the strength or permanence of the construction. Minor cracks, incidental to the usual method of manufacture or minor chipping resulting from customary methods of handling in shipment and delivery, are not grounds for rejection. • Where units are to be used in exposed wall construction, the face or faces that are to be exposed shall not show chips or cracks, not otherwise permitted, or other imperfections when viewed from a distance of not less than 20 feet (6.1 m) under diffused lighting. • Five percent of a shipment containing chips, not larger than 1 in. (25.4 mm) in any dimension, or cracks not wider than 0.2 in. (0.5 mm) and not longer than 25% of the nominal height of the unit, is permitted. • The color and texture of units shall be specified by the purchaser. The finished surfaces that will be exposed in place shall conform to an approved sample, consisting of not less than four units, representing the range of texture and color permitted. • A shipment shall not contain more than 5% of units, including broken units, that do not meet these materials and finishes requirements.

15 ASTM C-216 Condensed Grades: • Grade SW (Severe Weathering): Brick intended for use where high resistance to damage caused by cyclic is desired. • Grade MW (Moderate Weathering): Brick intended for use where moderate resistance to cyclic freezing damage is permissible. When Grade is not specified, the requirements of Grade SW shall govern.

Min. Compressive Max. Water Max. Saturation Strength psi, (MPa) Absorption by 5-h Coefficient* gross area Boiling, %

Avg of 5 Avg of 5 Avg of 5 Individual Individual Individual Designation Brick Brick Brick

3000 2500 Grade SW 17.0 20.0 0.78 0.80 (20.7) (17.2)

2500 2200 Grade MW 22.0 25.0 0.88 0.90 (17.2) (15.2)

* The saturation coefficient is the ratio of absorption by the 24-h submersion in cold water to that after 5-h submersion in boiling water

Types: • Type FBS: Brick for general use masonry. • Type FBX: Brick for general use masonry where a higher degree of precision and lower permissible variation in size than permitted for Type FBS is required. • Type FBA: Brick for general use masonry selected to produce characteristic architectural effects resulting from nonuniformity in size and texture of individual units. When Type is not specified, the requirements for Type FBS shall govern.

16 ASTM C-216 Condensed Materials and Finish: • The brick shall be free of defects, deficiencies and surface treatments, including coatings, that would interfere with the proper laying of the brick or significantly impair the strength or performance of the construction. • The face or faces that will be exposed in place shall be free of chips that exceed the limits given in the table below. The aggregate length of chips shall not exceed 10% of the perimeter of the face of the brick. • Other than chips, the face or faces shall be free of cracks or other imperfections detracting from the appearance of the designated sample when viewed from a distance of 15 ft. for Type FBX and 20 ft. for Types FBS and FBA. • The number of brick in a delivery that are broken or otherwise fail to meet requirements for chippage and tolerance shall not exceed 5%.

Chippage in in. Chippage in in. % (mm) in from % (mm) in from Type Allowed Allowed Edge Corner Edge Corner

5% or 1/8-1/4 1/4-3/8 0-1/8 0-1/4 FBX 95-100% Less (3.2-6.4) (6.4-9.5) (0-3.2) (0-6.4)

10% or 1/4-5/16 3/8-1/2 0-1/4 0-3/8 FBS (Plain) 90-100% Less (6.4-7.9) (9.5-12.7) (0-6.4) (0-9.5)

FBS 15% or 5/16-7/16 1/2-3/4 0-5/16 0-1/2 85-100% (Textured) Less (7.9-11.1) (12.7-19.1) (0-7.9) (0-12.7)

To meet the designated sample or as specified by the purchaser, but not more FBA than Type FBS (Textured)

17 Mortar Joint Styles

Concave Joint V Joint Weather Joint

Cut Flush Joint Struck Flush Joint Beaded Joint

Raked Joint* Struck Joint*

* Not recommended for exterior use in areas with regular inclement weather

18 Mortar Types and Proportions Type M: High compressive strength with low workability Type S: General all-purpose with high flexural bond strength Type N: General all-purpose with good bonding capability and workability Type O: Low strength used mostly for interior applications Type K: Low compressive and flexural bond strength for tuck- pointing historic buildings with lime and sand mortar

Portland Cement (ASTC C270) Portland Hydrated Lime Maximum Damp Type Cement or Lime Putty Loose Aggregate M 1 1/4 3 S 1 1/2 4 1/2 N 1 1 6 O 1 2 9 K 1 3 12

Masonry Cement Mortar (ASTM C270) Portland Masonry Hydrated Max Damp Type Cement Cement Lime Loose Aggregate M 1 1 (type N) --- 6 M --- 1 (type M) --- 3 S 1/2 1 (type N) --- 4 1/2 S --- 1 (type S) --- 3 N --- 1 (type N) --- 3

19 Mortar Type Selection (ASTM C270)*

Building Mortar Type Location Segment Recommended Alternative Exterior, Load-bearing Wall Type N Type S or M Above Grade

Non Load-bearing Wall Type O** Type N or S

Parapet Wall Type N Type S

Foundation Wall, Exterior, At or Retaining Wall, Manholes, Sewers, Type S*** Type M or N Below Grade Pavements, Walks and

Interior Load-bearing Wall Type N Type S or M

Non-bearing Partitions Type O Type N

Tuckpointing^ Interior Type O Type K or N

Exterior (Above grade, exposed on one side, unlikely to be frozen when Type O Type N or K saturated, not sub- ject to high winds or lateral loads)

Exterior (Other than conditions Type N Type O listed above)

* This table does not provide for many specialized mortar uses, such as chimney, reinforced masonry, and acid-resistant mortars ** Type O mortar is recommended for use where the masonry is unlikely to be frozen when saturated, or unlikely to be subjected to high winds or other significant lateral loads. Type N or S mortar should be used in other cases. *** Masonry exposed to weather in a nominally horizontal surface is extremely vulnerable to weathering. Mortar for such masonry should be selected with due caution. ^ In some applications, structural concerns may dictate the use of mortars other than those recommended. This table is not applicable to applications. 20 Site Tolerances for Masonry*

Site Tolerances: Erect Masonry within the following tolerances from specified dimensions Dimensions of Elements In cross section or elevation - 1/4 in. (6.4 mm); + 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) Mortar joint thickness (Assume either 1/2 in. or 3/8 in. thick bed and head joints) Bed joint +/- 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) Head joint - 1/4 in. (6.4 mm); + 3.8 in. (9.5 mm) Collar joint - 1/4 in. (6.4 mm); + 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) Elements Variation from level Bed joints +/- 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) in 10 ft. (3.05 m) +/- 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) maximum Top surface of +/- 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) in 10 ft. (3.05 m) bearing walls +/- 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) maximum Variation from plumb +/- 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) in 10 ft. (3.05 m) +/- 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) in 20 ft. (6.10 m) +/- 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) maximum Continued on next

21 Site Tolerances for Masonry*

Site Tolerances: Erect Masonry within the following tolerances from specified dimensions Elements (Continued) True to line - 1/4 in. (6.4 mm); + 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) +/- 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) in 20 ft. (6.10 m) +/- 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) maximum Alignment of columns and walls (bottom versus top) +/- 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) bearing walls +/- 3/4 in. (19.1 mm) non-bearing walls Location of Elements Indicated in plan +/- 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) in 20 ft. (6.10 m) +/- 3/4 in. (19.1 mm) maximum Indicated in elevation +/- 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) in story height +/- 3/4 in. (19.1 mm) maximum

* Source: Building Code Requirements and Specification for Masonry Structures (TMS 402/ACI 530/ASCE 5) and (TMS 602/ACI 530.1/ASCE 6)

22 Control and Expansion Joint Placement

At maximum of Between main and one-half control intersecting wall joint spacing from corners At changes in wall height Adjacent to opening

At pilasters and changes in wall Adjacent to thickness opening

Control Joints: Used in CMU construction to prevent cracking due to natural shrinkage of CMU and building movement. Expansion Joints: Used in clay brick construction to prevent cracking due to natural expansion of clay brick units and building movement. Typical Control and Expansion joints will be filled with joint sealant, instead of mortar, to accommodate building movement.

Expansion Joint Spacing - Brick Veneer (No Openings)* Equation to determine expansion joint Spacing not to spacing exceed Spacing = W x E / 0.09 W=Width of expansion joint E=Percent extension of joint sealant 25 Feet (25%-plus extension/compression is common for sealants used on brick) * Source: The Brick Association Technical Note 18A: Accommodating Expansion of (November 2006) 23 Control and Expansion Joint Placement

Control Joint Spacing - Reinforced CMU Wall^ Spacing Expressed as Ratio of Panel Spacing not to Length to Height exceed 3.0 (Control joint spacing = 3.0 x 40 Feet Height of panel)

Control Joint Spacing - Reinforced CMU Wall^ (Solid Grouted) Spacing Expressed as Ratio of Panel Spacing not to Length to Height exceed 2.5 (Control joint spacing = 2.5 x 32 Feet Height of panel)

Control Joint Spacing - CMU Veneer^ (No openings, Joint reinforcing @ 16” o.c.) Spacing Expressed as Ratio of Panel Spacing not to Length to Height exceed 1.5 (Control joint spacing = 1.5 x Height 24 Feet of panel)

^ Source: Northwest Concrete Masonry Association Tek Note: Control Joints for Concrete Masonry Crack Control (April 2008)

24 Fire Resistance Ratings

Fire Resistance Ratings of Individual Masonry Units Clay or shale brick (Nominal Fire Resistance in Thickness)* Hours 4-inch Brick 1.25 6-inch Brick 2.55 8-inch Brick 4.00 Concrete Masonry (Nominal Partial Solid Thickness)** Fill Cells Fill Cells 4-inch CMU 1.00 1.00 6-inch CMU 1.00 4.00 8-inch CMU 2.00 4.00 10-inch CMU 3.00 4.00 12-inch CMU 4.00 4.00

* Tested in compliance with ASTM E119 ** Source: Northwest Concrete Masonry Association Tek Note: Concrete Masonry Fire Resistance (February 2005) UL Fire Resistance Ratings of Select Masonry Wall Systems^ Design Fire Wall Assembly Number Rating Brick/Concrete Masonry, Loadbearing U902 4.00 • 8” loadbearing CMU laid with full mortar beds, with 9-gage joint reinforcement at 16” o.c. vertically • Min. 1” air space with up to 4” rigid insulation as option • 4” clay facing brick laid in mortar Continued on next page 25 Fire Resistance Ratings

UL Fire Resistance Ratings of Select Masonry Wall Systems^ Design Fire Wall Assembly Number Rating Brick Veneer/Steel Stud, Loadbearing V434 1.00 • 1 layer 5/8” wallboard • 3 1/2”, 20-gage steel studs with max. spacing at 24” o.c., with 3 1/2” fiber batt insulation • 2” max. foamed • 1” min. air space • 4” brick veneer with wall anchor ties to studs at 24” o.c. Brick Veneer/Steel Stud, Loadbearing V454 1.00 • 1 layer 5/8” gypsum wallboard • 3 1/2”, 20-gage steel studs with max. spacing at 24” o.c., with 3 1/2” glass fiber batt insulation • 4” max. rigid polystyrene insulation • 1” min. air space • 4” brick veneer with wall anchor ties to studs at 24” o.c. Brick Veneer/Wood Stud, Loadbearing U302 2.00 • 2 layers 5/8” gypsum wallboard or 3/32” gypsum veneer plaster on classified veneer baseboard • 1 layer 1/2” gypsum exterior sheathing • 1” air space • 2” x 4” wood studs spaced at 16” o.c. • 4” clay facing brick laid in mortar with metal ties spaced at 16” o.c. horizontally and vertically ^ Source: UL Fire Resistance Directory; Tested in compliance with ASTM E119

26 Sound Transmission Ratings

Calculated STC Ratings for CMU Walls* Nominal STC Rating Unit Density, pcf Thickness Hollow Unit Grout-Filled 95 44 46 105 44 46 4” 115 44 47 125 45 47 135 45 47 95 44 50 105 45 50 6” 115 45 51 125 46 51 135 46 52 95 46 53 105 46 54 8” 115 47 55 125 47 55 135 48 56 95 47 53 105 48 54 10” 115 48 55 125 49 55 135 50 56 95 48 61 105 49 62 12” 115 49 62 125 50 63 135 51 64

* Source: National Concrete Masonry Association Tek-Note 13-1B Sound (2008)

27 Sound Transmission Ratings

STC Ratings for CMU Walls Assemblies*

Wall Assembly Description Tested Calculated (Inside to outside) STC STC • 1 layer 5/8” gypsum wallboard • 1 1/2” wood furring • 8” CMU 54^ 51 • 1 1/2” wood furring • 1 layer 5/8” gypsum wallboard • 1 layer 5/8” gypsum wallboard • 2” Z-bar • Glass fiber batt insulation 64^^ 51 • 8” CMU • 2” Z-bar • 1 layer 5/8” gypsum wallboard • 1 layer 5/8” gypsum wallboard screwed to CMU • 8” CMU 79^^^ 58 • 2” rigid insulation • 3 1/2” air space • 4” split face CMU veneer * Source: National Concrete Masonry Association Tek-Note 13-1B Sound (2008) ^ 48.2 psf wall weight of CMU only, test designation TL-88-361 ^^ 48.2 psf wall weight of CMU only, test designation TL-88-384 ^^^ 85.4 psf wall weight of masonry only, test designation TL-88-431

28 Weep Holes

Placement: At first course above grade and at all supports • Code required spacing: 33” o.c. • MIW recommended spacing (Brick): 24” o.c. • MIW recommended spacing (CMU): 32” o.c.

Size: The bigger the weep hole is, the more water it allows out of the cavity and the more air it allows to circulate through the cavity • Code required minimum size: 3/8” diameter circular hole • MIW recommended: Full head joint (head joint size depends on size of unit) - Note: Empty head joint should be filled with screen or other material that prevents bugs and debris from entering, but allows water and air to flow.

Flashing

Placement: At first course above grade and at all supports. Drip edge of flashing should extend past the plane of the wall in order to keep water off of face of masonry below.

Typical Flashing Materials for Masonry Wall Systems • Galvanized Steel • Stainless Steel • Copper • Rubberized (Peel and Stick) • EPDM

29 Weather Resistive Barriers - Definitions

Weather Resistive Barrier (WRB) • WRB is designed to protect against liquid water (rain) and is not the same as waterproofing. • WRB can be permeable or non-permeable for both vapor and air. • WRB material can be a sheet or a liquid, mechanically attached or self- adhering. • WRB is normally a secondary line of defense, installed at the drainage plane, behind the exterior cladding.

Additional functions a Weather Resistive Barrier might perform:

Air Barrier (AB) • Completely restricts the flow of air through the material • Must meet standards for air leakage as a material • Can be vapor-permeable or vapor-impermeable • Can be placed anywhere in the wall assembly • Must be installed correctly to perform properly within a wall assembly

Air Retarder (AR) • Retards the amount of airflow through the material • Air permeable to varying degrees, depending on the material • Airflow can assist in drying of a wall assembly • Airflow can also cause condensation problems

Vapor Barrier (VB) • Completely restricts flow of vapor through the material • Also serves as an air barrier material • Correct placement is crucial and depends on many variables • Incorrect placement can cause problems within wall assembly

Vapor Retarder (VR) • Limits the amount of vapor passage through the material • Vapor retarders can be divided into 3 categories: - Vapor Impermeable: 0 to 1.0 perms - Vapor Semi-Permeable: 1.0 to 10 perms - Vapor Permeable: greater than 10 perms

Note: Always consult with the Architect of Record on the proper selection and design of WRB components.

30 Cleaning Masonry

Tips for Cleaning Clay Brick and Concrete Masonry:

1. Know the Material: Match the cleaning method and solution to the masonry material. Product manufacturers will make recommendations on the appropriate product for their materials.

2. Test Method and Product: Always test the cleaning method and product on a sample section of the wall and allow to dry before evaluation of effectiveness and aesthetic results of selected cleaning method.

3. Use the Mildest Solution Possible: Select the gentlest effective cleaning method available. Do not use unbuffered muriatic acid.

4. Lots of Water: Before applying the cleaner, the masonry should be pre-wetted. This keeps the cleaner on the surface where it can work to dissolve excess mortar and dirt.

5. Methods for Cleaning: There are 3 general methods for cleaning masonry: hand-washing (bucket and brush), pressure washing and blasting. • Hand-Washing (Bucket and Brush) - Depending on the size of the project and the type of stain or substance on wall, this method may not by effective or cost-efficient. • Pressure Washing: Apply cleaning solution with a low-pressure sprayer (30-50 psi). Do not use high pressure to apply cleaner. Thoroughly rinse the wall using a maximum water pressure of 400-1000 psi. • Abrasive Blasting: This method should not be used on materials with a sand finish or decorative coating, and is generally not recommended for cleaning masonry. Abrasive blasting is risky as it can remove the outer surface of the masonry, resulting in permanent damage to the materials and the potential for increased water penetration. This method should only be done by a trained and qualified technician.

31 Water Repellents for Masonry

The Masonry Institute of Washington recommends using a water repellent on masonry wall systems to help minimize the penetration and absorption of water into the building. There are three broad categories of clear water repellents available: Film Formers, Penetrants and Consolidants.

Film Formers: Adhere to masonry and form a film on the surface that can small, hairline cracks, but may inhibit evaporation of water within the masonry through the exterior face. This can result in clouding and spalling if the source of moisture is not addressed. Film-forming products tend to produce a sheen or gloss when applied, and may also darken the appearance of the wall. Film formers include the following products: • Acrylics • Stearates

Penetrants: These repellents typically penetrate into the masonry at depths up to 3/4 in. and repel water by changing the capillary force of the pores in the face from positive (suction) to negative (repellency). Penetrants are often more resistant to UV degradation because of their chemical composition and because they penetrate below the masonry surface. Penetrants include the following products: • Siloxanes • Silicone Resins • Silanes • RTV Silicone Rubber • Silicone Emulsions • Blends • Methyl Siliconates

Consolidants: These water repellents penetrate into the masonry surface and can help restore the structural integrity of decaying, crumbling masonry and provide a means for controlling future decay. These products can also strengthen soft mortar joints. • Silicic Ethyl Esters

32 Water Repellents for Masonry

Available Water Vapor Water Life Span, Graffiti w/Glossy Transmission Repellency Years Resistance Finish

Film Formers

Very Acrylics Poor 5 to 7 Yes Yes Good

Stearates Poor Varies 1 No No

Penetrants

Very Siloxanes Very Good 10+ No No Good

Very Silanes Very Good 10+ No No Good

Silicone Very Good Good 5 to 10 No Yes Emulsion

Methyl Good Fair Varies No No Siliconates

Silicone Fair Varies 1 Yes No Resins

RTV Silicone Good Good 5 to 10 No Yes Rubber

Blends Varies Varies Varies No No

Consolidants

Silicic Ethyl Good Good 10+ No No Esters

* Source: BIA Technical Note 6A, 2008; Clear Water Repellent Treatments for Concrete Masonry, Concrete Masonry Association of California and Neveda and the Masonry Institute of America, 1993.

33 Wall System Details

Brick Veneer with CMU Backup

Additional details available at www.MasonryDetails.com • Wall Section • Window Sill • Window Head with Lintel Angle or Ledger Angle • Window Jamb • Foundation • Parapet • Expansion/Control Joint • Ledger Angle at Floor • Ledger Angle at Wall 34 Wall System Details

Brick Veneer with CMU Backup (Rigid Insulation)

Additional details available at www.MasonryDetails.com • Wall Section • Window Sill • Window Head with Lintel Angle or Ledger Angle • Window Jamb • Foundation • Parapet • Expansion/Control Joint • Ledger Angle at Floor Intersection • Ledger Angle at Wall

35 Wall System Details

Brick Veneer with Stud Backup (Rigid Insulation)

Additional details available at www.MasonryDetails.com • Wall Section • Window Sill • Window Head with Lintel Angle or Ledger Angle • Window Jamb • Foundation • Parapet • Expansion Joint • Ledger Angle at Floor Intersection • Ledger Angle at Wall 36 Wall System Details

Brick Veneer with Stud Backup (Batt Insulation)

Additional details available at www.MasonryDetails.com • Wall Section • Window Sill • Window Head with Lintel Angle or Ledger Angle • Window Jamb • Foundation • Parapet • Expansion Joint • Ledger Angle at Floor Intersection • Ledger Angle at Wall

37 Wall System Details

Brick Veneer with Concrete Backup (Rigid Insulation)

Additional details available at www.MasonryDetails.com • Wall Section • Window Sill • Window Head with Lintel Angle or Ledger Angle • Window Jamb • Foundation • Parapet • Expansion Joint • Ledger Angle at Floor Intersection • Ledger Angle at Wall 38 Wall System Details

Structural Brick

Additional details available at www.MasonryDetails.com • Wall Section • Window Sill with Sloped Brick • Window Sill with Sloped CMU • Window Head with Lintel Angle or Ledger Angle • Window Jamb • Footing with Joint Isolation or CMU Header • Parapet • Expansion Joint • Intermediate Supports 39 Wall System Details

CMU with CMU Backup (Rigid Insulation)

Additional details available at www.MasonryDetails.com • Wall Section • Window Sill • Window Head with Lintel Angle or Ledger Angle • Window Jamb • Foundation • Parapet • Expansion Joint • Ledger Angle at Floor Intersection • Ledger Angle at Wall 40 Wall System Details

CMU with Stud Backup (Rigid Insulation)

Additional details available at www.MasonryDetails.com • Wall Section • Window Sill • Window Head with Lintel Angle or Ledger Angle • Window Jamb • Foundation • Parapet • Expansion Joint • Ledger Angle at Floor Intersection • Ledger Angle at Wall

41 Wall System Details

Structural CMU

Additional details available at www.MasonryDetails.com • Wall Section • Window Sill with Sloped CMU • Window Head with Lintel Angle or Ledger Angle • Window Jamb • Footing with Joint Isolation or CMU Header • Parapet • Expansion Joint • Intermediate Supports

42 Glossary of Brick and CMU Terms

Absorption - The weight of water a brick unit absorbs when immersed in water for a stated length of time, expressed as a percentage of the weight of the dry unit.

Abutment - The supporting wall or pier that receives the thrust of an .

Accelerator - In masonry, any ingredient added to mortar to speed drying and solidifying.

Actual Dimension - Exact size of masonry unit (see nominal dimension).

Adjustable Anchor - Anchor which is vertically and/or horizontally adjustable.

Adhered Veneer - Veneer secured and supported through adhesion to bonding material applied over backing.

Admixture - Materials added to mortar to impart special properties to the mortar.

Aggregate - Inert material that is mixed with cement, lime and water to produce grout or mortar.

Anchor - A piece or assemblage, usually metal, used to attach building parts (e.g., plates, joists, trusses, etc.) to masonry or masonry materials.

Anchored Veneer - Veneer secured to and supported by approved mechanical fasteners attached to backing.

Angle Closer - A portion of a whole brick that is used to close the bond of brickwork at corners.

Apron Wall - That part of a panel wall between window sill and wall support.

43 Glossary of Brick and CMU Terms

Arcade - From latin arcus, an arch. A row of on pillars or columns; a colonnade.

Arch - (1) A form of construction in which a number of units span an opening by transferring vertical loads laterally to adjacent units and thus to the supports. An arch is normally classified by the curve of its intrados. (2) Curved compressive structural member spanning openings or recesses; also built flat.

Area Wall - (1) The masonry surrounding or partly surrounding an area. (2) The retaining wall around basement windows below grade.

Ashlar Masonry - Masonry composed of rectangular units of burned clay or shale, or stone, generally larger in size than brick and properly bonded, having sawed, dressed or squared beds, and joints laid in mortar. Often the unit size varies to provide a random pattern.

Back-Filling - (1) Rough masonry built behind a facing or between two faces. (2) Filling over the extrados of an arch. (3) Brickwork in spaces between structural timbers, sometimes called brick nogging.

Backup - The part of a multi-wythe masonry wall behind the exterior facing.

Basketweave - A checkerboard pattern of or pavers. Bricks or modular groups of bricks laid at right angles to those adjacent.

Bat - A piece of brick, usually half the full size or smaller.

Batter - Recessing or sloping masonry back in successive courses (the opposite of corbeling).

44 Glossary of Brick and CMU Terms

Bearing Wall - Any wall meeting either of the following classifications: (1) Any metal or wood stud wall which supports more than 100 pounds per lineal foot of superimposed load; (2) Any masonry or concrete wall which supports more than 200 pounds per lineal foot superimposed loads, or any such wall supporting its own weight for more than one story.

Bed Joint - The horizontal layer of mortar on which a masonry unit is laid.

Belt Course - A narrow horizontal course of masonry, sometimes slightly projected, such as window sills which are made continuous (also called string course or sill course).

Bevel - The angle or inclination of a line or surface that meets another at any angle but 90 degrees.

Blind Header - A concealed header in the interior of a wall, not showing on the faces of the wall.

Bond - (1) Tying various parts of a masonry wall together by lapping units one over another or by connecting with metal ties. (2) Patterns formed by the exposed faces of the masonry units. (3) Adhesion between mortar or grout and masonry units or reinforcement.

Bond Beam - A course or courses of a masonry wall grouted and usually reinforced in the horizontal direction serving as an integral beam in the wall. May serve as a horizontal , bearing course for structural members, or as a flexural member itself.

Bond Beam Block - A hollow with depressed sections forming a continuous channel in which reinforcing steel can be placed for embedment in grout.

Bond Course - The course consisting of units that overlap more than one wythe of masonry.

45 Glossary of Brick and CMU Terms

Bonder - A bonding unit (also called a header).

Breaking Joints - Any arrangement of masonry units that prevents continuous vertical joints from occurring in adjacent courses.

Brick - A solid masonry unit of clay or shale, usually formed into a rectangular prism while plastic and burned or fired in a .

Brick Grade - Designation for durability of the unit expressed as SW for severe weathering. MW for moderate weathering, or NW for negligible weathering.

Brick Ledge - A ledge on a footing or wall which supports a course of masonry.

Brick Trowel - A trowel having a flat, triangular steel blade and an offset handle used to pick up and spread mortar. The narrow end of the blade is called the “”; the wide end, the “heel.”

Brick Type - Designation for facing brick that controls tolerance, chippage, and distortion. Expressed as FBS, FBX, and FBA for solid brick, and HBS, HBX, HBA, and HBB for hollow brick.

Bull Header - A header that is laid on its edge so that the end of the unit is exposed.

Bull Stretcher - Any stretcher that is laid on its edge to show its broad face (also called a shiner).

Bullnose - A convex, semicircular molding used on edges of such masonry units as stair treads, window sills, and partitions.

Buttering - Placing mortar on a masonry unit with a trowel before laying such unit.

46 Glossary of Brick and CMU Terms

Button - In setting masonry, lead discs or other materials to carry the weight of the superincumbent stone while the mortar is green and curing.

Camber - A slight arching or upward curve of a beam or softit.

Cap - Masonry units laid on top of a finished wall.

Capacity Insulation - The ability of masonry to store heat as a result of its mass, density and specific heat.

Capstone - Any single unit of masonry at the top of a masonry structure.

Cavity Wall - Masonry type of construction made with brick, structural clay tile or concrete masonry units or any combination of such units in which facing and backing are completely separated except for the metal ties which serve as bonding.

C/B Ratio - The ratio of the weight of water absorbed by a masonry unit during immersion in cold water to weight absorbed during immersion in boiling water. An indication of the probable resistance of brick to freezing and thawing. Also called saturation coefficient.

Cell - See Core.

Centering - Temporary for the support of masonry arches or lintels during construction. Also called center(s).

Chamfer - Bevel on corner or edge. A groove or channel.

Chase - A continuous recess built into a wall to receive pipes, ducts, etc.

Chase Bonding - Joining old masonry work to new by means of a bond having a continuous vertical recess the full height of the wall.

47 Glossary of Brick and CMU Terms

Chimney - A hollow shaft containing one or more passageways, vertical or nearly so, for conveying products of combustion to the outside atmosphere.

Cleanout Holes - Openings in the first course of masonry for cleaning mortar droppings prior to grout placement in grouted masonry. High lift grouting may be required.

Clinker - A very hard burned brick whose shape is distorted or bloated due to nearly complete vitrification.

Clip - A portion of a brick cut to length.

Clipped Header - A bat placed to look like a header for purposes of establishing a pattern (also called a false header).

Closer - The last masonry unit laid in a course. It may be whole or a portion of the whole.

CMU - See Concrete Masonry Unit.

Collar Joint - The vertical, longitudinal joint between wythes of masonry.

Column - A member with a ratio of height-to-least-lateral dimension of 3 or greater used primarily to support axial compressive load.

Composite Masonry - Multiple wythe construction in which at least one of the wythes is dissimilar to the other wythe or wythes with respect to type or grade of units or mortar.

Concrete Masonry Unit - Precast, hollow block or solid brick of concrete conforming to ASTM C-90. See also concrete block.

48 Glossary of Brick and CMU Terms

Concrete Block - A hollow concrete masonry unit made from portland cement and suitable aggregates such as sand, , , bituminous or anthracite cinders, burned clay or shale, pumice, volcanic scoria, air-cooled or expanded blast furnace slags, with or without the inclusion of other materials.

Concrete Brick - A solid concrete masonry unit made from portland cement and suitable aggregates, with or without the inclusion of other materials.

Control Joint - Formed, sawed, or tooled in a masonry structure to regulate the location and amount of cracking and separation resulting from the dimensional change of different parts of the structure, thereby avoiding the development of high stresses.

Coping - The material or masonry units forming a cap or finish on top of a wall, pier, pilaster or chimney. It protects masonry below from penetration of water from above.

Coping Block - A solid concrete masonry unit for use as the top and finished course in wall construction.

Corbel - A shelf or ledge formed by projecting successive courses of masonry out from the face of the wall.

Core - A hollow space within a concrete masonry unit formed by the face shells and webs. The holes in clay units (also called cells).

Cornice - The molding or series of moldings forming the top member of a facade, door or window frame, or interior wall. Also the top member of a classical entablature.

Course - One of the continuous horizontal layers of units, bonded with mortar in masonry.

Course Bed - Specially placed stone, brick, or other upon which other material is to be laid. 49 Glossary of Brick and CMU Terms

Cramp - A U-shaped metal fastening that holds adjacent units of masonry together, as in a parapet or wall coping, or to secure slab veneers together.

Culling - Sorting masonry units per size, color, and/or quality.

Curing - The maintenance of proper conditions of moisture and temperature during set to develop required strength in concrete and mortar.

Curtain Wall - A non-loadbearing exterior wall vertically supported only at its base, or having bearing support at prescribed vertical intervals.

Damp Course - A course or layer of impervious material which prevents capillary entrance of moisture from the ground or a lower course.

Dimension of Masonry Units - For masonry units, dimensions are normally given thickness first, height second, and length third.

Dog`s Tooth - Brick laid with their corners projecting from the wall face.

Drip - Groove or slot cut beneath and slightly behind the forward edge of a projecting masonry member, such as a sill, lintel, or coping, to cause rainwater to drip off and prevent it from penetrating the wall.

Dry Masonry - Masonry work laid without mortar.

Dry Mortar - A mortar in which the constituents are so proportioned that it is markedly stiffer than usual, yet has sufficient water for hydration.

50 Glossary of Brick and CMU Terms

Dry Pack - Admixture of portland cement and fine aggregate, earth- moist dampened, but not to the extent that it will flow. Usually 1 part portland cement, 3 parts sand.

Dry Press Brick - Brick formed in molds under high pressure from relatively dry clay powder.

Dwarf Wall - A wall or partition which does not extend to the ceiling.

Eccentricity - The normal distance between the centroidal axis of a member and the parallel resultant load.

Edgeset - A brick set on its narrow side instead of on its flat side.

Efflorescence - A deposit or encrustation of soluble salts, generally white and most commonly consisting of , that may form on the surface of stone, brick, concrete, or mortar when moisture moves through and evaporates on the masonry. Often caused by free alkalies leached from mortar, grout, adjacent concrete, or in clays.

Enclosure Wall - An exterior nonbearing wall in skeleton frame construction.

Exfoliation - Peeling or scaling of stone or clay brick surfaces caused by chemical or physical weathering.

Expansion Bolt - An anchoring device (based on a friction grip) in which an expandable socket swells, causing a wedge action, as a bolt is tightened into it.

Expansion Joint - Joint or space to allow for movement due to temperature or seismic changes and/or material conditions.

Exterior Veneer - Veneer applied to weather-exposed surfaces.

Face - (1) The exposed surface of a wall or masonry unit. (2) The surface of a unit designed to be exposed in the finished masonry. 51 Glossary of Brick and CMU Terms

Face Brick - Brick made especially for facing purposes, often treated to produce surface texture. They are made of selected clays, or treated, to produce desired color.

Face Shell - The side wall of a hollow concrete masonry unit.

Faced Block - Concrete masonry units having a special ceramic, glazed, plastic, polished, or ground face or surface.

Faced Wall - A wall in which the masonry facing and backing are so bonded as to exert a common action under load.

Facing - Any material, forming a part of a wall, used as a finished surface.

False Joint - A groove routed (and generally pointed) in a solid block of masonry to simulate a joint.

Fascia - A flat horizontal band that appears as a vertical face.

Fat Mix - A mortar mixture containing a high ratio of to aggregate.

Filler Block - Concrete masonry unit for use in conjunction with concrete joists for concrete floor construction.

Fire Brick - Brick made of ceramic material which will resist high temperatures.

Fireplace - A and fire chamber or similar prepared place in which a fire may be made and which is built in conjunction witha chimney.

52 Glossary of Brick and CMU Terms

Fire Wall - Any wall that subdivides a building to resist the spread of fire and which extends continuously from the foundation to varying heights through and above the roof.

Flare (Flashed) Header - A header of darker color than the field of the wall.

Flashing - (1) A thin impervious material placed in mortar joints and through air spaces in masonry to prevent water penetration and/or provide water drainage. (2) method to produce specific color tones.

Floor Brick - Smooth, dense brick, highly resistant to abrasion, used as finished floor surfaces.

Flow - Measure of mortar consistency, sometimes called initial flow.

Foundation Wall - That portion of a loadbearing wall above the level of the adjacent grade, or below the first-floor beams or joists.

Frog - A depression in the bed surface of a brick. Sometimes called a panel.

Full Mortar Bedding - Where mortar is applied to the entire horizontal face of the masonry unit.

Furring - A method of finishing the interior face of a masonry wall to provide space for insulation, prevent moisture transmittance, or to provide a level surface for finishing.

Furring Units - Masonry units of shallow thickness used to finish the interior surface of a wall to provide space for insulation, to prevent moisture transmittance, or to provide a smooth or plane surface for finishing.

Furrowing - The practice of striking a “V” shaped trough in a bed of mortar with the point of the trowel. 53 Glossary of Brick and CMU Terms

Green Mortar - Mortar that has set but not cured.

Grounds - Nailing strips placed in or on masonry walls as a means of attaching trim or furring.

Grout - A mixture of cementitious material and aggregate to which sufficient water is added to produce placing consistency without segregation of the constituents.

Grog - Crushed brick that is blended with clay to form new brick.

Hacking - (1) The procedure of stacking brick in a kiln or on a kiln car. (2) Laying brick with the bottom edge set in from the plane surface of the wall.

Hard-Burned - Nearly vitrified clay products which have been fired at high temperatures. They have relatively low absorptions and high compressive strengths.

Harsh Mortar - A mortar that, due to an improper measure of materials, is difficult to spread.

Head Joint - The vertical mortar joint between ends of masonry units (also called a cross joint).

Header - A masonry unit which overlaps two or more adjacent wythes of masonry to tie them together (also called a bonder).

Header Course - A continuous bonding course of header brick (also called a heading course).

High Lift Grouting - The technique of grouting masonry in lifts for the full height of the wall.

54 Glossary of Brick and CMU Terms

Hollow Brick - A masonry unit of clay or shale whose net cross- sectional area in any plane parallel to the bearing surface is not less than 60 percent of its gross cross-sectional area measured in the same plane.

Hollow Masonry Units - A masonry unit in which the net cross- sectional area in any plane parallel to the bearing surface is less than 75 percent of its gross cross-sectional area measured in the same plane.

Hydrated Lime - Quicklime to which sufficient water has been added to satisfy its chemical affinity and convert the oxides to hydroxides.

Initial Rate of Absorption - The weight of water absorbed expressed in grams per 30 sq. in. of contact surface when a dry brick is partially immersed for one minute (also called suction).

Initial Set - The first setting action of mortar, the beginning of the set.

Interior Veneer - Veneer applied to surfaces other than weather- exposed surface.

Jamb Block - A block specially formed for the jamb of windows or doors, generally with a vertical slot to receive window frames.

Joint - The surface at which two members join or butt. If they are held together by mortar, the mortar-filled aperture is the joint.

Joint Reinforcement - Any type of steel reinforcement that is placed in or on mortar bed joints (also called horizontal reinforcement).

Jointing - The finishing of joints between courses of masonry units before the mortar has hardened.

Kiln - A furnace or heated enclosure used for burning or firing brick or other clay material.

55 Glossary of Brick and CMU Terms

King Closer - A closer to fill an opening in a course, usually three- fourths the size of a regular brick.

Ladder Reinforcement - Premanufactured reinforcement. Side wires are connected in a single plane by perpendicular cross wires.

Lap - The distance one masonry unit or reinforcing extends over another.

Lateral Support - Means whereby walls are braced either vertically or horizontally by columns, pilasters, cross walls, beams, floors, roofs, etc.

Laying to Bond - Laying the brick of the entire course without using a cut brick.

Lead - The section of a wall built up and racked back on successive courses. A line is attached to lead as a guide for constructing a wall between them.

Lime - A critical ingredient of masonry mortars and .

Line - The string stretched taut from lead to lead as a guide for laying the top edge of a brick course.

Line Pin - A metal pin used to attach a line used for alignment of masonry units.

Lining - A wythe of similar masonry that is bonded to an existing wall to reinforce it.

Lintel - A structural member placed over an opening or a recess in a wall and supporting construction above. Lintel may be of steel, , reinforced masonry construction.

56 Glossary of Brick and CMU Terms

Lintel Block (or U-Block) - A masonry unit consisting of one core with one side open, usually placed with the open side up, like a trough, to form a continous beam.

Low Lift Grouting - The technique of grouting as the wall is constructed.

Lug - A projection from, or extension of, a building unit that engages an adjacent unit; for example, that part of a sill that extends into an adjoining jamb.

Masonry - That form of construction composed of stone, brick, concrete, gypsum, hollow clay tile, concrete block or tile or other similar building units or materials or combination of these materials laid up unit by unit.

Masonry Cement - A mill-mixed cementitious material to which sand and water must be added.

Masonry Unit - Natural or manufactured building units of burned clay, concrete, stone, glass, and gypsum.

Mortar - A plastic mixture of cementitious materials, fine aggregate and water.

Nominal Dimension - A commercial dimension greater than an actual masonry dimension usually by the thickness of a mortar joint.

Nonbearing Wall - Any wall that is not a bearing wall.

Offset Block - A concrete masonry unit that is not rectangular. Usually used as a corner block to maintain the masonry pattern on the exposed face of a single-wythe wall whose thickness is less than half the length of the unit.

57 Glossary of Brick and CMU Terms

Open End Block - A hollow unit, with one end closed and the opposite end open, forming two cells when laid in the wall.

Overhand Work - Laying brick from inside a wall.

Palletized - Material such as brick, block, or stone that is stacked on wooden platforms to permit mechanized handling.

Panel - Panelized masonry, see prefabricated masonry.

Panel Wall - A non-loadbearing exterior masonry wall having bearing support at each story.

Parapet Wall - That part of any wall entirely above the roof line.

Pargeting (Parging) - The process of applying a coat of cement mortar to masonry.

Partition - An interior wall one story or less in height.

Party Wall - A wall used for joint service by adjoining buildings or portions of buildings.

Patch - Compound used to fill natural voids or to replace chips and broken corners or edges in brick or in fabricated pieces of cut stone. Applied in plastic form. Mixed or selected to match the base material in color and texture.

Paver - (1) A paving stone, brick, or tile. (2) A paving stone more than six inches square.

Perforated Wall - One which contains a considerable number of relatively small openings (also called a pierced wall or a screen wall).

Permeability - Property of allowing passage of fluids.

58 Glossary of Brick and CMU Terms

Pick and Dip - A method of laying brick whereby the simultaneously picks up a brick with one hand and, with the other hand, enough mortar on a trowel to lay the brick. Sometimes called the Eastern or New England method.

Pier - An isolated of masonry.

Pierced Wall - A masonry wall in which an ornamental pierced effect is achieved by alternating rectangular or shaped blocks with open spaces.

Pilaster - A wall portion projecting from either or both wall faces and serving as a vertical column and/or beam.

Pilaster Block - Concrete masonry units designed for use in the construction of plain or masonry pilasters and columns.

Plinth - (1) A square or rectangular base for a column, pilaster, or door . (2) A monumental base, many of which are ornamented with moldings, base reliefs, or inscriptions, to support a statue or memorial. (3) The base courses of a building collectively, if so treated as to give the appearance of a platform.

Plumb Bob - A shaped metal weight that is suspended from the lower end of a line to determine the vertical plane.

Plumb Rule - A narrow board with parallel edges having a straight line drawn through the middle and a string attached at the upper end of the line for determining a vertical plane. Modern masons call their levels a plumb rule.

Pointing - Troweling mortar into a joint after masonry units are laid. See also tuckpointing.

59 Glossary of Brick and CMU Terms

Prefabricated Masonry - Masonry construction fabricated in a location other than its final in-service location in the structure (also known as preassembled or panelized masonry).

Pressure Relieving Joint - An open joint left at stated horizontal intervals to allow for expansion and contraction, commonly below horizontal supporting elements. Such joints are sealed with flexible caulking to prevent moisture penetration.

Prism - A small masonry assemblage made with masonry units and mortar. Primarily used to predict the strength of full scale masonry members.

Projection - A stone, brick, or block that has intentionally been set forward, at one end or throughout, of the general wall surface to appear more rugged, rustic, or to create a pattern.

Queen Closer - A cut brick having a nominal two-inch horizontal face dimension.

Quoin - A projecting right angle masonry corner, usually ornamental.

Racking - A method entailing stepping back successive courses of masonry.

Raggle - A groove in a joint or special unit to receive roofing or flashing.

Raglin - A joint raked in masonry to receive mortared-in flashing.

Rebate - A rectangular groove or slot, as to receive a frame insert in a door or window opening (also called a sash groove).

Reglet - A recess to receive and secure metal flashing.

60 Glossary of Brick and CMU Terms

Reinforced Grouted Masonry - Masonry units, reinforcing steel, grout and/or mortar combined to act together in resisting forces.

Reinforced Hollow Unit Masonry - That type of construction made with hollow masonry units in which certain cells are continuously filled with concrete or grout and in which reinforcement is embedded.

Relieving Arch - An arch, usually blind, built in to the wall above a lintel or flat arch to carry the load to walls or other supporting members.

Repointing or Tuckpointing - Replacing mortar in masonry joints.

Retaining Wall - A wall designed to resist the lateral displacement of soil or other materials.

Retarding Agent - A chemical additive in mortar that slows setting or hardening.

Retempering - To moisten mortar and re-mix, after original mixing, to the proper consistency for use.

Return (or L) Corner Block - Concrete masonry unit designed for corner construction for walls of various thicknesses.

Rowlock or Rolok - A brick laid on its face edge so that the normal bedding area is visible in the wall face.

S-Iron - Generic term (because the “S” shape is so common) for exposed retaining plates on the ends of turnbuckled tie rods set between two masonry walls to prevent them from spreading or to secure an interior framing wall to a masonry wall. Star motif and other decorative shapes also used.

Sash Block - Concrete masonry unit that has an end slot to receive jambs of doors or windows.

61 Glossary of Brick and CMU Terms Saturation Coefficient - The ratio of waterweight absorbed by a masonry unit during immersion in cold water to weight absorbed during immersion in boiling water.

Score - (1) To rout a channel or groove in a stone finishing with hand tools or a circular saw to interrupt the visual effect of a surface or to otherwise decorate. (2) To roughen the surface of stone or concrete with straight gouges so that stucco or plaster will adhere.

Scored Block - Block with grooved patterns, as, for example, to simulate raked joints.

Set - A change in mortar consistency from a plastic to a hard state.

Setting Place - The distance between the finished face of the wall and the backup wall as in masonry paneling or veneering.

Shear Wall - A wall that resists horizontal forces applied in the plane of the wall.

Shells - The outer walls of a masonry unit.

Shiner - See bull stretcher.

Shoring - Temporary bracing for support.

Shoved Joints - Vertical joints filled by shoving a brick against the next brick when it is being laid in a bed of mortar.

Sill - A flat or slightly beveled stone set horizontally at the base of an opening in a wall.

Single Wythe Wall - A wall containing only one masonry unit in wall thickness.

62 Glossary of Brick and CMU Terms

Slump Block - Concrete masonry units produced so that they “slump” or sag in irregular before they harden and are used in masonry wall construction.

Slurry - A thin, watery mixture of neat cement, or cement and sand.

Slushed Joints - Vertical joints filled, after units are laid, by “throwing” mortar in with the edge of a trowel.

Smooth Finish - Masonry units whose surfaces are not altered or marked in manufacture, but left as a plane surface as formed by the die.

Soap - A masonry unit of normal face dimensions, having a nominal 2-in, thickness.

Soffit - The underside of a beam, lintel or arch.

Soldier - A masonry stretcher set on end with face showing on the wall surface.

Solid Masonry - Masonry of solid units built without hollow spaces.

Spall - A small fragment removed from the face of a masonry unit by a blow or by action of the elements.

Spandrel - (1) The facing of the area on buildings supported by a skeleton structure between the sill of one window and the top (or lintel) of the window next below. (2) A flat vertical face in an arcade bounded by the adjacent curves of two arches and the horizontal tangent of their crowns. When a lintel is used above an arched doorway or archway, two half-spandrels may sit astride the arch.

Splay - A reveal at an oblique angle to the exterior face of the wall.

Split Face Finish - A rough concrete masonry face formed by splitting slabs in a split-face . 63 Glossary of Brick and CMU Terms

Squint Brick - Factory made corner unit.

Story Pole - A marked pole for measuring masonry coursing during construction.

Stretcher - A masonry unit laid with its greatest dimension horizontal and its face parallel to the wall face.

Strike - To finish a mortar joint with a stroke of the trowel, simultaneously removing extruding mortar and smoothing the surface of the mortar remaining in the joint.

String Course (Belt Course, Band Course) - A horizontal band of masonry, generally narrower than other courses, extending across the facade of a structure and in some structures encircling such decorative features as pillars or engaged columns.

Stringing Mortar - The procedure of spreading enough mortar on a bed to lay several masonry units.

Tailing In - Securing one end or edge of a projecting masonry unit, as with a cornice.

Temper - To moisten and mix clay, plaster or mortar to a proper consistency.

Thermal Capacity - The ability of masonry to hold heat/cold.

Thermal Inertia - The ability of masonry to store heat as a result of its mass, density, and specific heat.

Thermal Mass - Heavy and/or dense masonry construction able to absorb and store heat/cold.

64 Glossary of Brick and CMU Terms

Through Bond - The transverse bond formed by extending through a wall.

Tolerance - Permissible allowance of variation from a size specification.

Thermal Storage Wall - A continuous masonry storing heat/cold and circulating air inside the cavity.

Toothing - Constructing the temporary end of a wall with the end stretcher of every alternate course projecting. Projecting units are perpendicular to others.

Trig - The bricks laid in the middle of the wall that act as a guide to eliminate the sag in the line and to reduce the effect of wind blowing the line out of plumb.

Trombe Wall - A passive heating concept consisting of a vertical building wall with glazing and massive masonry wall behind it to absorb the incoming solar energy and transfer it to the building by natural circulation.

Tuckpointing - The filling in with fresh mortar of removed defective mortar joints in masonry.

Undercut - (1) To cut away a lower part of a unit, leaving a projection above that serves the function of a drip. (2) To rout a groove or channel (a drip) back from the edge of an overhanging member.

Veneer - Nonstructural facing of brick, concrete, stone, tile, or other similar material attached to a backing for the purpose of ornamentation, protection or insulation.

65 Glossary of Brick and CMU Terms

Vertical Eccentricity - The eccentricity of a resultant axial load required to produce axial and bending stresses equivalent to those produced by applied axial loads and moments. It is normally found by dividing the moment at a section by the summation of axial loads occurring at that section.

Vitrification - The condition resulting when kiln temperatures are sufficient to fuse grains and close pores of a clay product, making the mass impervious.

Voids - Empty spaces in sand, mortar, or grout.

Wall - A vertical member of a structure, enclosing or dividing space.

Wall Plate - A horizontal member anchored to a masonry wall to which other structural elements may be attached (also called a head plate).

Wall Plug - Metal insert used for nailing wood furring and studs to masonry walls (also called whistle anchor, nail clips).

Wall Tie - A bonder or metal piece which connects wythes of masonry to each other or to other materials.

Water Table - A projection of lower masonry on the outside of the wall.

Weep Hole - An opening left or installed to prevent water from accumulating behind a wall or within a wall.

Wire Cut - Brick texture produced by trimming extruded clay to size with wires. Referred to also as mission texture.

Wythe - (1) Each continuous vertical section of masonry one unit in thickness. (2) The thickness of masonry separating flues in a chimney.

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72 MASONRY IS GREEN

The Original Sustainable Building Material Masonry materials helps building designers meet their sustainability goals by providing: - Durability - Fire Resistance - Long Service Life - Low Maintenance Requirements - Natural Materials - Regional Production

Contact the MIW at (425) 828-0433 for more information.