DOCSLIB.ORG

Poison Frogs As a Model System for Studying The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Poison Frogs As a Model System for Studying The Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Poison frogs as a model system for studying the neurobiology of parental care Alexandre B Roland and Lauren A O’Connell Parental care is essential for the survival and well-being of example, maternal care is more common in genera with offspring in many species. Understanding the mechanisms internal fertilization or when females are the sole food underlying parental involvement can lend insight into general source as with lactation in mammals. On the other hand, and conserved principles governing the neural basis of a major paternal care is more common in genera with external life history stage, parenthood. While many animal models of fertilization in the form of egg guarding as a way to parental behavior display maternal care, studying male guarantee paternity. Understanding why and how either involvement is challenging. Male parents are usually involved in one or both parent(s) care for offspring requires integrat- a strong relationship with their partner, and this makes ing complementary approaches to answer the proximate separating reproductive and parental mechanisms difficult. and ultimate facets of behavior, best put forth by Niko This separation is possible in poison frogs, where different Tinbergen’s ‘Four Questions’ over 50 years ago [7]: species provide biparental care and male or female uniparental care without pair bonding. Poison frogs provide a great How does parental behavior work? (Mechanism/ comparative framework to study parental care within a causation) relatively simple neural architecture easily amenable in the field How does this behavior develop during the lifetime of and laboratory. an individual? (Ontogeny) Address What is the function of parental behavior? (Adaptive/ FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA survival value) 02138, USA Why did this behavior evolve over the history of a species? (Evolution/Phylogeny) Corresponding author: O’Connell, Lauren A ([email protected]) While many animal models have attempted to address the Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 2015, 6:76–81 causes and consequences of variation in parental care, most have fallen short of their utility in answering all four This review comes from a themed issue on Integrated study of animal behavior of Tinbergen’s questions. Thus, our understanding of parental care, especially care of offspring by males, is still Edited by Dustin Rubenstein and Hans Hofmann relatively poor compared to other social behaviors. Ex- ploring the physiological and neural mechanisms under- lying different parental stages within a comparative http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.10.002 framework could highlight conserved mechanisms pro- 2352-1546/# 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. moting parental care across many species. Parental care in animal models Specialized parental care strategies have evolved across the animal kingdom, yet the underlying mechanisms promoting the convergent evolution of these behavioral Becoming a parent is a considerable life transition and in phenotypes are poorly understood [1,8]. Among verte- many species requires precious time and energy from brate species that show parental care, the diversity of invested parents to raise their offspring. Such transition to strategies is unequally distributed (Figure 1). The physi- parental care behavior requires transformative changes in ological and neural mechanisms that promote parental physiology and neurochemistry to facilitate a switch from care are best understood in rodents, especially in the apathy or aggression toward offspring to the powerful context of maternal care [9] which occurs in roughly bond that most human parents experience. Across the 90% of mammalian species [10]. However, less is known animal kingdom, various parental care strategies (bipa- about the biological basis of paternal care, which is mainly rental and male or female uniparental care) have evolved informed by monogamous and biparental animal models, numerous times in every major lineage [1], exemplifying including Microtus voles, Peromyscus mice, Estrildid the adaptive significance of parental behavior in diverse finches and cichlid fish [11–16]. In these contexts, males ecological contexts. Whether one or both parents will be usually form a pair bond with their partner before engag- involved in offspring care is influenced by many factors ing in parental care, likely modifying neural connectivity including certainty of parentage, the population opera- and gene expression through multiple behavioral transi- tional sex ratio, or the reproductive mode [2–6]. For tions [14,17,18]. Thus, these intermingled behaviors Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 2015, 6:76–81 www.sciencedirect.com Poison frog systems neuroscience Roland and O’Connell 77 Figure 1 Mammals Female 100% Biparental Birds Male >99% Crocodilians 100% Reptiles ~3% Amphibians ~10% Fishes ~20% 0 50 100% Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences Estimated representation of parental care strategies among the major vertebrate lineages. Percentages under each vertebrate lineage are estimated proportions of the number of species with parental care. Bars represent an estimated proportion of each type of parental care system according to species, genera or families displaying parental care within the lineage. Male uniparental care is absent in mammalian and reptilian linages. In birds, about 9% display cooperative breeding and less than 1% does not display parental care through either geothermal heat incubation or brood parasitism. Most fish, amphibians and reptiles (except crocodilians), do not display parental care. Source: Data from Refs. [3,10,23,66]. make the neural bases of parental care difficult to disas- own skin mucus to offspring [10,24]. The most striking sociate from partner affiliation in animals with monoga- example comes from seahorses and pipefishes, where mous mating systems. Some inbred laboratory rodents males possess a brood-pouch that maintains a placenta- demonstrate ‘facultative’ male parental care without pair- like connection to supply offspring with nutrients [25]. bonding [19,20], where within a specific timeframe after Similarly, amphibian parental care involves egg defense, mating, infanticide is suppressed and males sometimes egg incubation (in dorsal pouch, vocal bag or stomach), lick and groom pups in a coordinated care effort with the and tadpole transport and feeding [4,26,27]. Two clades mother [21]. However, even in these species, female that show extreme diversity in parental care within close- involvement in offspring care is obligate and how neural ly related species are cichlid fish (Family Cichlidae [28]) mechanisms promote care for offspring in a single father and poison frogs (Family Dendrobatidae [26]), making without maternal involvement is unknown. them excellent animal models to ask how the brain promotes parental behavior within a comparative context. A good strategy for identifying conserved and causal mechanisms governing parental care is to perform a What poison frogs can teach us about the comparative analysis across closely related species that parenting brain vary in parental care strategies in a manner that is inde- Poison frogs show substantial variation in parental care pendent of pair-bonding. Involvement in offspring care is tactics, including male uniparental care, female uniparen- generally correlated with the natural history of the species tal care, and biparental care [26] (Figure 2d, Phylogeny). and the reproductive benefit for each sex. Most estab- Importantly, both paternal and maternal care occurs with lished animal model systems of parental care have inter- and without pair bonding across different poison frog nal fertilization, which favors female or biparental care species [29]. Most investigations into poison frog behavior presumably due to lack of paternity assurance [22]. Ex- have focused on field observations and manipulations to ternal fertilization in amphibians and fishes provides a study ultimate questions, such as the adaptive value of better substrate for diversification of parental care behav- parenting behavior or the evolution of behavioral diversi- ior. Although most species in these clades do not care for ty within the clade [30,31]. However, studies into proxi- offspring, fish and amphibians offer the greatest diversity mate mechanisms of parental care are sparse even though in parental care strategies (Figure 1), including repeated behavioral diversity of poison frogs nominates these spe- and independent transitions from no offspring care to cies as a promising model system in comparative neuro- biparental care and female or male uniparental care science. Current technological advances, such as high [4,10,23]. Male fish displaying parental care fan and guard throughput sequencing and genome editing methods, eggs, carry their brood in their mouth and even feed their allow researchers to address mechanistic questions in www.sciencedirect.com Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 2015, 6:76–81 78 Integrated study of animal behavior Figure 2 (a) Mechanism (b) Ontogeny Medial pallium Habenula Basolateral Periaqueductal Grey Medial Lateral Amygdala Septum Amygdala Ventral Tegmental Area BNS Striatum Nucleus Ventral Preoptic Ventral Accumbens Pallium Area Hypothalamus (c) Adaptive Value (d) Phylogeny Allo bates Epipedobates Phyllobates Dendrobates Oophaga Ranitomeya Clutch size > 10 eggs Clutch size < 10 eggs tadpole group transport transport 1 tadpole at a time Current Opinion in Behavioral
Load more

Recommended publications
  • National Resource Material Green and Black Poison Frog (Dendrobates Auratus)
    Indicative 10 Project National Resource Material Green and Black Poison frog (Dendrobates auratus) Michelle T. Christy and Win Kirkpatrick 2017 Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151 An Invasive Animals CRC Project Contents Summary ............................................................................. 2 Key Messages ................................................................... 2 Classification ................................................................... 2 Common names ................................................................ 3 Biology and Ecology ................................................................ 3 Identification ................................................................... 3 Behaviours and Traits ......................................................... 4 Food and Foraging ............................................................. 4 Reproduction and Lifecycle ................................................. 5 Habitat ......................................................................... 5 Global Range ........................................................................ 5 Potential for Introduction ........................................................ 6 Potential for Eradication.......................................................... 7 Impacts ............................................................................... 7 Economic ........................................................................ 7 Environmental
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Evolution: Major Ecological Adaptations and Evolutionary Transitions
    Biol. Rev. (2019), pp. 000–000. 1 doi: 10.1111/brv.12510 Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions Miguel A. Naranjo-Ortiz1 and Toni Gabaldon´ 1,2,3∗ 1Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain 2 Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain 3ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain ABSTRACT Fungi are a highly diverse group of heterotrophic eukaryotes characterized by the absence of phagotrophy and the presence of a chitinous cell wall. While unicellular fungi are far from rare, part of the evolutionary success of the group resides in their ability to grow indefinitely as a cylindrical multinucleated cell (hypha). Armed with these morphological traits and with an extremely high metabolical diversity, fungi have conquered numerous ecological niches and have shaped a whole world of interactions with other living organisms. Herein we survey the main evolutionary and ecological processes that have guided fungal diversity. We will first review the ecology and evolution of the zoosporic lineages and the process of terrestrialization, as one of the major evolutionary transitions in this kingdom. Several plausible scenarios have been proposed for fungal terrestralization and we here propose a new scenario, which considers icy environments as a transitory niche between water and emerged land. We then focus on exploring the main ecological relationships of Fungi with other organisms (other fungi, protozoans, animals and plants), as well as the origin of adaptations to certain specialized ecological niches within the group (lichens, black fungi and yeasts).
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Secondary Metabolites in Defense Mechanisms of Plants
    Review Article Biology and Medicine, 3 (2) Special Issue: 232-249, 2011 eISSN: 09748369, www.biolmedonline.com Role of secondary metabolites in defense mechanisms of plants *Mazid M1, Khan TA2, Mohammad F1 1 Plant Physiology Division, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, AMU, Aligarh, India. 2 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, AMU, Aligarh, India. *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Abstract In all natural habitats, plants are surrounded by an enormous number of potential enemies (biotic) and various kinds of abiotic environmental stress. Nearly all ecosystems contain a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes, mites, insects, mammals and other herbivorous animals, greatly responsible for heavy reduction in crop productivity. By their nature, plants protect themselves by producing some compounds called as secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites, including terpenes, phenolics and nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) containing compounds, defend plants against a variety of herbivores and pathogenic microorganisms as well as various kinds of abiotic stresses. This review presents an overview about some of the mechanisms by which plants protect themselves against herbivory, pathogenic microbes and various abiotic stresses as well as specific plant responses to pathogen attack, the genetic control of host-pathogen interactions. Keywords: Secondary metabolites; defense mechanism; phytoalexins; terpenes; alkaloids; phenolics; cynogenic glucosides. Abbreviations: GST, glucosinolate synthase transferase; SIR, systematic induced resistance; GSL, glucosinolates; GSH, glutathione; HCN, hydrogen cyanide. Introduction (Schaller et al., 1996). Once infected, some In natural systems, plants face a plethora of plants also develop immunity to subsequent antagonists and thus posses a myriad of microbial attacks (Putnam and Heisey, 1983; defense and have evolved multiple defense Putnam and Tang, 1986; Bernays, 1989; mechanisms by which they are able to cope Elakovich, 1987).
    [Show full text]
  • Stingless Bee Nesting Biology David W
    Stingless bee nesting biology David W. Roubik To cite this version: David W. Roubik. Stingless bee nesting biology. Apidologie, Springer Verlag, 2006, 37 (2), pp.124-143. hal-00892207 HAL Id: hal-00892207 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00892207 Submitted on 1 Jan 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Apidologie 37 (2006) 124–143 124 c INRA/DIB-AGIB/ EDP Sciences, 2006 DOI: 10.1051/apido:2006026 Review article Stingless bee nesting biology* David W. Ra,b a Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panamá, República de Panamá b Unit 0948, APO AA 34002-0948, USA Received 2 October 2005 – Revised 29 November 2005 – Accepted 23 December 2005 Abstract – Stingless bees diverged since the Cretaceous, have 50 times more species than Apis,andare both distinctive and diverse. Nesting is capitulated by 30 variables but most do not define clades. Both architectural features and behavior decrease vulnerability, and large genera vary in nest habit, architecture and defense. Natural stingless bee colony density is 15 to 1500 km−2. Symbionts include mycophagic mites, collembolans, leiodid beetles, mutualist coccids, molds, and ricinuleid arachnids.
    [Show full text]
  • The Raison D'tre of Chemical Ecology
    ESA CENTENNIAL PAPER Ecology, 96(3), 2015, pp. 617–630 Ó 2015 by the Ecological Society of America The raison d’eˆtre of chemical ecology 1,5 2,3 3 4 2 ROBERT A. RAGUSO, ANURAG A. AGRAWAL, ANGELA E. DOUGLAS, GEORG JANDER, ANDRE´KESSLER, 3 2,3 KATJA POVEDA, AND JENNIFER S. THALER 1Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA 3Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA 4Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 USA Abstract. Chemical ecology is a mechanistic approach to understanding the causes and consequences of species interactions, distribution, abundance, and diversity. The promise of chemical ecology stems from its potential to provide causal mechanisms that further our understanding of ecological interactions and allow us to more effectively manipulate managed systems. Founded on the notion that all organisms use endogenous hormones and chemical compounds that mediate interactions, chemical ecology has flourished over the past 50 years since its origin. In this essay we highlight the breadth of chemical ecology, from its historical focus on pheromonal communication, plant–insect interactions, and coevolution to frontier themes including community and ecosystem effects of chemically mediated species interactions. Emerging approaches including the -omics, phylogenetic ecology, the form and function of microbiomes, and network analysis, as well as emerging challenges (e.g., sustainable agriculture and public health) are guiding current growth of this field. Nonetheless, the directions and approaches we advocate for the future are grounded in classic ecological theories and hypotheses that continue to motivate our broader discipline.
    [Show full text]
  • Chromosome Analysis of Five Brazilian
    c Indian Academy of Sciences RESEARCH ARTICLE Chromosome analysis of five Brazilian species of poison frogs (Anura: Dendrobatidae) PAULA CAMARGO RODRIGUES1, ODAIR AGUIAR2, FLÁVIA SERPIERI1, ALBERTINA PIMENTEL LIMA3, MASAO UETANEBARO4 and SHIRLEI MARIA RECCO-PIMENTEL1∗ 1Departamento de Anatomia, Biologia Celular e Fisiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-863 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil 2Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, 11060-001 Santos, São Paulo, Brazil 3Coordenadoria de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas do Amazonas, 69011-970 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil 4Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, 70070-900 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil Abstract Dendrobatid frogs have undergone an extensive systematic reorganization based on recent molecular findings. The present work describes karyotypes of the Brazilian species Adelphobates castaneoticus, A. quinquevittatus, Ameerega picta, A. galactonotus and Dendrobates tinctorius which were compared to each other and with previously described related species. All karyotypes consisted of 2n = 18 chromosomes, except for A. picta which had 2n = 24. The karyotypes of the Adelphobates and D. tinctorius species were highly similar to each other and to the other 2n = 18 previously studied species, revealing conserved karyotypic characteristics in both genera. In recent phylogenetic studies, all Adelphobates species were grouped in a clade separated from the Dendrobates species. Thus, we hypothesized that their common karyotypic traits may have a distinct origin by chromosome rearrangements and mutations. In A. picta, with 2n = 24, chromosome features of pairs from 1 to 8 are shared with other previously karyotyped species within this genus. Hence, the A.
    [Show full text]
  • Defensive Behaviors of Deep-Sea Squids: Ink Release, Body Patterning, and Arm Autotomy
    Defensive Behaviors of Deep-sea Squids: Ink Release, Body Patterning, and Arm Autotomy by Stephanie Lynn Bush A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in Charge: Professor Roy L. Caldwell, Chair Professor David R. Lindberg Professor George K. Roderick Dr. Bruce H. Robison Fall, 2009 Defensive Behaviors of Deep-sea Squids: Ink Release, Body Patterning, and Arm Autotomy © 2009 by Stephanie Lynn Bush ABSTRACT Defensive Behaviors of Deep-sea Squids: Ink Release, Body Patterning, and Arm Autotomy by Stephanie Lynn Bush Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology University of California, Berkeley Professor Roy L. Caldwell, Chair The deep sea is the largest habitat on Earth and holds the majority of its’ animal biomass. Due to the limitations of observing, capturing and studying these diverse and numerous organisms, little is known about them. The majority of deep-sea species are known only from net-caught specimens, therefore behavioral ecology and functional morphology were assumed. The advent of human operated vehicles (HOVs) and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) have allowed scientists to make one-of-a-kind observations and test hypotheses about deep-sea organismal biology. Cephalopods are large, soft-bodied molluscs whose defenses center on crypsis. Individuals can rapidly change coloration (for background matching, mimicry, and disruptive coloration), skin texture, body postures, locomotion, and release ink to avoid recognition as prey or escape when camouflage fails. Squids, octopuses, and cuttlefishes rely on these visual defenses in shallow-water environments, but deep-sea cephalopods were thought to perform only a limited number of these behaviors because of their extremely low light surroundings.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Chemical Defense in Poison Frogs (Dendrobatidae): Ecology, Pharmacokinetics, and Autoresistance
    Chapter 21 A Review of Chemical Defense in Poison Frogs (Dendrobatidae): Ecology, Pharmacokinetics, and Autoresistance Juan C. Santos , Rebecca D. Tarvin , and Lauren A. O’Connell 21.1 Introduction Chemical defense has evolved multiple times in nearly every major group of life, from snakes and insects to bacteria and plants (Mebs 2002 ). However, among land vertebrates, chemical defenses are restricted to a few monophyletic groups (i.e., clades). Most of these are amphibians and snakes, but a few rare origins (e.g., Pitohui birds) have stimulated research on acquired chemical defenses (Dumbacher et al. 1992 ). Selective pressures that lead to defense are usually associated with an organ- ism’s limited ability to escape predation or conspicuous behaviors and phenotypes that increase detectability by predators (e.g., diurnality or mating calls) (Speed and Ruxton 2005 ). Defended organisms frequently evolve warning signals to advertise their defense, a phenomenon known as aposematism (Mappes et al. 2005 ). Warning signals such as conspicuous coloration unambiguously inform predators that there will be a substantial cost if they proceed with attack or consumption of the defended prey (Mappes et al. 2005 ). However, aposematism is likely more complex than the simple pairing of signal and defense, encompassing a series of traits (i.e., the apose- matic syndrome) that alter morphology, physiology, and behavior (Mappes and J. C. Santos (*) Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre , University of British Columbia , #4200-6270 University Blvd , Vancouver , BC , Canada , V6T 1Z4 e-mail: [email protected] R. D. Tarvin University of Texas at Austin , 2415 Speedway Stop C0990 , Austin , TX 78712 , USA e-mail: [email protected] L.
    [Show full text]
  • Ink from Longfin Inshore Squid, Doryteuthis Pealeii, As a Chemical and Visual Defense Against Two Predatory Fishes, Summer Floun
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Woods Hole Open Access Server Reference: Biol. Bull. 225: 152–160. (December 2013) © 2013 Marine Biological Laboratory Ink From Longfin Inshore Squid, Doryteuthis pealeii, as a Chemical and Visual Defense Against Two Predatory Fishes, Summer Flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, and Sea Catfish, Ariopsis felis CHARLES D. DERBY*, MIHIKA TOTTEMPUDI, TIFFANY LOVE-CHEZEM, AND LANNA S. WOLFE Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303; and The Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 Abstract. Chemical and visual defenses are used by many Introduction organisms to avoid being approached or eaten by predators. Anti-predatory defenses can be found in many forms An example is inking molluscs—including gastropods such throughout the animal kingdom, operating through a variety as sea hares and cephalopods such as squid, cuttlefish, and of sensory systems of predators, including olfactory, visual, octopus—which release a colored ink upon approach or and auditory (Ruxton et al., 2004; Caro, 2005; Eisner et al., attack. Previous work showed that ink can protect molluscs 2007). Some molluscs use ink as a chemical defense against through a combination of chemical, visual, and other ef- predators. Previous work on slow-moving inking mol- fects. In this study, we examined the effects of ink from luscs—sea hares, Aplysia spp.—revealed a variety of mol- longfin inshore squid, Doryteuthis pealeii, on the behavior ecules acting as chemical defenses through a variety of of two species of predatory fishes, summer flounder, mechanisms (Derby, 2007; Derby and Aggio, 2011). One Paralichthys dentatus, and sea catfish, Ariopsis felis.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomic Checklist of Amphibian Species Listed in the CITES
    CoP17 Doc. 81.1 Annex 5 (English only / Únicamente en inglés / Seulement en anglais) Taxonomic Checklist of Amphibian Species listed in the CITES Appendices and the Annexes of EC Regulation 338/97 Species information extracted from FROST, D. R. (2015) "Amphibian Species of the World, an online Reference" V. 6.0 (as of May 2015) Copyright © 1998-2015, Darrel Frost and TheAmericanMuseum of Natural History. All Rights Reserved. Additional comments included by the Nomenclature Specialist of the CITES Animals Committee (indicated by "NC comment") Reproduction for commercial purposes prohibited. CoP17 Doc. 81.1 Annex 5 - p. 1 Amphibian Species covered by this Checklist listed by listed by CITES EC- as well as Family Species Regulation EC 338/97 Regulation only 338/97 ANURA Aromobatidae Allobates femoralis X Aromobatidae Allobates hodli X Aromobatidae Allobates myersi X Aromobatidae Allobates zaparo X Aromobatidae Anomaloglossus rufulus X Bufonidae Altiphrynoides malcolmi X Bufonidae Altiphrynoides osgoodi X Bufonidae Amietophrynus channingi X Bufonidae Amietophrynus superciliaris X Bufonidae Atelopus zeteki X Bufonidae Incilius periglenes X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides asperginis X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides cryptus X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides frontierei X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides laevis X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides laticeps X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides minutus X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides paulae X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides poyntoni X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides pseudotornieri X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides tornieri X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides vestergaardi
    [Show full text]
  • Zootaxa, Revision of the Ranitomeya Fantastica Species Complex with Description Of
    TERM OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website site is prohibited. Zootaxa 1823: 1–24 (2008) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2008 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Revision of the Ranitomeya fantastica species complex with description of two new species from Central Peru (Anura: Dendrobatidae) JASON L. BROWN1,4, EVAN TWOMEY1,5, MARK PEPPER2 & MANUEL SANCHEZ RODRIGUEZ3 1Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA 2Understory Enterprises, Charing Cross, Ontario, Canada 3Understory Enterprises, Iquitos, Peru 4Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] 5Corresponding author. E-mail:[email protected] Abstract We describe two new species of poison frogs (genus Ranitomeya) from the central Rio Huallaga drainage and adjacent Cordillera Azul in central Peru. Both species were previously considered to be members of Ranitomeya fantastica, a spe- cies described from the town of Yurimaguas, Peru. Extensive sampling of putative R. fantastica (including near-topo- typic material) throughout central Peru, and the resulting morphological and phylogenetic analysis has led us to conclude that R. fantastica sensu lato is a complex of three closely related species rather than a single, widely distributed species. The first of these species occurs near the type locality of R. fantastica but bears significant dissimilarity to the original type series and forms a monophyletic clade that is distributed throughout an expansive lowland zone between Rio Huall- aga and Rio Ucayali. This species is diagnosable by its brilliant red head and advertisement call differences.
    [Show full text]
  • Coral Snakes Predict the Evolution of Mimicry Across New World Snakes
    ARTICLE Received 22 Sep 2015 | Accepted 1 Apr 2016 | Published 5 May 2016 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11484 OPEN Coral snakes predict the evolution of mimicry across New World snakes Alison R. Davis Rabosky1,2, Christian L. Cox3,4, Daniel L. Rabosky1, Pascal O. Title1, Iris A. Holmes1, Anat Feldman5 & Jimmy A. McGuire2 Batesian mimicry, in which harmless species (mimics) deter predators by deceitfully imitating the warning signals of noxious species (models), generates striking cases of phenotypic convergence that are classic examples of evolution by natural selection. However, mimicry of venomous coral snakes has remained controversial because of unresolved conflict between the predictions of mimicry theory and empirical patterns in the distribution and abundance of snakes. Here we integrate distributional, phenotypic and phylogenetic data across all New World snake species to demonstrate that shifts to mimetic coloration in nonvenomous snakes are highly correlated with coral snakes in both space and time, providing overwhelming support for Batesian mimicry. We also find that bidirectional transitions between mimetic and cryptic coloration are unexpectedly frequent over both long- and short-time scales, challenging traditional views of mimicry as a stable evolutionary ‘end point’ and suggesting that insect and snake mimicry may have different evolutionary dynamics. 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. 2 Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3101 Valley Life Sciences, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. 3 Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, PO Box 8042, Statesboro, Georgia 30460, USA. 4 Department of Biology, The University of Texas, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA.
    [Show full text]