167 AAPA Abstracts capable of crossing large bodies of water. 2) The Uniting perception and reality in human demonstrated the importance of socioeconomic earliest evidence of a broad spectrum diet, hafted nutrition: integration of qualitative and data in contributing to a variety of diseases. weaponry, long-distance import of raw materials quantitative data to understand consumption Socioeconomic status (SES) is an important and deep sea fishing date between 42 ka and 30 factor to consider when analyzing racial ka and are concentrated at Niah Cave (Sarawak, disparities in health, yet is rarely included in ALYSON HOLLAND. Department of Malaysian Borneo), and Lena Hara Cave and genetic studies, due in part to the difficultly in Anthropology, McMaster University. Jerimalei (East Timor). 3) The earliest evidence collecting socioeconomic data when samples are of symbolic behavior appears between 35 ka and not directly ascertained for that purpose. We 25 ka in the form of shell beads from Matja Kuru The process of food consumption involves both developed a SES score using information 1 and 2 (East Timor) and Lena Hara and a burial the food items that are eaten and the meanings available within the EMR of the Vanderbilt at Moh Khiew (Thailand). By 42 ka, if not a little with which they are associated. Human nutrition University Medical Center biobank, BioVU. earlier, at least pieces of the modern human studies commonly focus on evaluating the intake Using ~16,000 individuals, we employed a behavioral toolkit that would have facilitated the of particular nutrients in comparison to daily combination of free-text searches and ICD-9 human dispersal to Australia are present in SE recommended intakes using food frequency codes to extract relevant SES data. Results Asia. The broader implications of the Southeast questionnaires, food diaries, or dietary recalls. suggest that occupation and education level are Asian Late Pleistocene human behavioral record While these methods can ascertain sufficiency or two important SES elements that can be are discussed. deficiency, they do not provide insight into extracted from the EMR. We identified ~11,000 individual beliefs related to consumption. individuals with education information and Individual perceptions of nutrient intake underlie ~15,000 individuals with occupation Preliminary results of the bioarchaeological decisions regarding consumption and influence information. Occupation, education, health investigation of an Iron Age tomb at Wadi motivation to alter eating habits. Qualitative insurance, homelessness, and other variables Fidan 61, Jordan methods provide the necessary depth to have been incorporated into a summary SES investigate perceptions and meanings related to score. This score will be validated in a ALIYA R. HOFF1 and THOMAS E. LEVY2. food. To fully understand the process of comparative sample in which EMR data and 1School for Human Evolution and Social consumption, qualitative and quantitative surveys with SES information are available. This Change, Arizona State University, 2Department methods must be united. This paper focuses on algorithm will enable biobank genetic studies to of Anthropology, University of California, San the integration of datasets in a study of calcium incorporate SES data into their analyses. Diego. and vitamin D intake in young adults. Food Ultimately, measurement of SES will help to frequency questionnaires were used to calculate elucidate the impact of social environment on actual nutrient intake and interviews were used racial disparities in common diseases. Wadi Fidan is the gateway to the Faynan district, to explore perceptions related to consumption. one of the largest sources of copper ore exploited Young adults were identified as under- by ancient societies in the southern Levant. This This work was supported in part by NIH U01 consuming both nutrients; however, when their report describes the preliminary analysis of a HG004798 and its ARRA supplements, Grant perceptions of their consumption were tumulus at Wadi Fidan 61 (WFD61) excavated in UL1 RR024975-01, which is now Grant 2 UL1 investigated, the majority of young adults 2012. WFD61 is located in close proximity to- TR000445-06 believed they were consuming an adequate and contemporaneous with- a previously amount of calcium and vitamin D. The beliefs of excavated cemetery WFD40. WFD61 contained these young adults were based on their personal The New and Old in Hominid Brain an undisturbed context with a minimum number interpretations and understanding of the Evolution: Why Paleoneurology Needs the of 17 simultaneous primary burials (13 adults, 4 availability and importance of calcium and Lunate Sulcus subadults) distinct from a more recent looted vitamin D from foods. These results reveal a context with a minimum number of 3 adults and disconnect that emerged through the 3 subadults. The well-preserved remains of the RALPH L. HOLLOWAY1, SHAWN D. consideration of two disparate data sets and tumulus provide an excellent opportunity to HURST2, D C. BROADFIELD3 and TOM advocate for mixed method approaches in expand our understanding of the overall health SCHOENEMANN4. 1Department of nutritional anthropology. and activity patterns of this Iron Age population. Anthropology, Columbia University, Standard protocol data collection was used for 2Department of Anthropology, Indiana age, sex, and pathological assessment. Improving access to socioeconomic data for University, 3Department of Anthropology, Preliminary results indicate the existence of genetic studies of racial health disparities Florida Atlantic University, 4Department of infectious disease and malnutrition (through Anthropology, Indiana University. periostitis and cribra orbitalia) and a high BRITTANY M. HOLLISTER1, ERIC FARBER- prevalence of dental pathology including LEH, EGER1, DANA CRAWFORD3, MELINDA C. The lunate sulcus, symplesiomorphic in pongids, antemortem tooth loss, severe attrition, ALDRICH1,4 and AMY NON1,2. 1Center for separates area V1 (primary visual cortex) of the abscesses, caries, and periodontal disease. High Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt occipital cortex from parietal association cortex, frequencies of DJD and healed trauma suggest University, 2Department of Anthropology, and in hominids and modern humans is placed that individuals were habitually involved in hard Vanderbilt University, 3Department of posteriorly compared to pongids, and is an physical labor and perhaps copper mining. These Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Institute for important landmark with anatomical reality in findings are consistent with previous studies of Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve delineating the anterior limit of area V1. It is the WFD40 cemetery. Two hypotheses regarding University, 4Department of Thoracic Surgery & crucial to arguments regarding whether brain the relationship between the tumuli and nearby Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt reorganization preceded brain enlargement in cemetery are discussed: spatial segregation of the University. early hominid evolution. Most recently, Falk sites may be attributed to either a temporary (2014) has suggested that we get rid of the lunate spike in mortality from acute disease or sulcus as it appears unlike a true "Affenspalte" as previously undetected mortuary variation by kin Researchers are increasingly using clinic-based found in other , and is variable in group. Future work will incorporate biodistance biological databanks in genetic studies as they modern humans as shown by Allen et al (2006). and biochemical analyses for further testing of can provide accessibility to a large population Much more of an issue, however, is Falk's these hypotheses. with longitudinal phenotypic data. Typically, the suggestion that the clear-cut lunate sulcus on the only environmental data linked to these samples Stw505 (A. africanus) specimen is possibly a are those extracted from electronic medical lateral calcarine sulcus. records (EMRs). Anthropological studies have

American Journal of Physical Anthropology 168 AAPA Abstracts We will show that the lateral calcarine NEVER MEGAN A. HOLMES. Duke Physician these studies compare fossil hominin joint appears on any of the ca. 300 ape (bonobos, Assistant Program, Duke School of Medicine. morphology to that of great apes, which are chimps, , orangs, hylobatids) or human known to climb trees frequently in the wild. endocasts in our collection, while the lunate However, the actual mechanics of great ape Covariance structure has important implications sulcus, either as a complete crescent, or a broken ankle and midfoot joints during climbing are still for understanding morphological adaptability. sulcus appears on all pongid and most human poorly understood. To address this gap, we “Functional” models suggest there are two brains, demonstrating that the crescentic furrow measured the motion of these joints in modular units in the mammalian mandible, the on Stw505 cannot be a lateral calcarine sulcus. during vertical climbing, and alveolus and ramus. I hypothesize that if function Furthermore, since the lunate appears on Stw505, compared it to motion measured during influences trait correlation, covariance should AL 168-28 (A. afarensis), and on the Taung terrestrial quadrupedalism. differ among primates with diverse diets. The specimen as Dart described it in 1925, and is following predictions were tested: 1) trait reported on some of the Homo erectus and covariance is greater in the entire mandible, as We collected kinematic data from two male Neandertal specimens, it makes no sense to rid well as within each functional module, in chimpanzees ( troglodytes) (7.4±0.1 yrs; paleoneurology of this crucial landmark which taxa displaying durophagous diets (Cebus apella, 38.6±3.4 kg) using a four-camera motion capture bears on the important issue of when brain Pithecia pithecia) when compared to non- system (ProCapture, Xcitex Inc.). We used a organization took place. durophagous taxa (Saimiri sciureus, Callicebus seventeen-point leg and foot marker set to torquatus); and 2) alveolar-ramal functional measure three-dimensional motion at the ankle Primitive fist-walking and the radiocarpal models accurately represent adult primate and midfoot joints. Subjects were recorded morphology of Rudapithecus hungaricus mandibular covariance. climbing a 15cm diameter tree trunk and walking quadrupedally on a flat runway. ANDREW C. HOLMES and DAVID R. Geometric morphometric techniques were BEGUN. Department of Anthropology, applied to three-dimensional fixed and sliding Our results indicate that chimpanzees dorsiflex University of Toronto. semi-landmark data collected on an adult sample their talocrural joints slightly more during of platyrrhine mandibles (n=127). Pair-wise climbing than during terrestrial quadrupedalism. comparisons of covariance magnitudes between However, the actual difference is small enough This study presents a quantitative analysis of the dietary groups were conducted using singular to suggest to us that the high dorsiflexion range radiocarpal joint of the late European value decomposition scores. RV-coefficients of the ankle may not be an hominoid Rudapithecus hungaricus. We were calculated to determine the best modular fit. adaptation for climbing. We also found that compare two newly discovered fossil specimens, All significance values are based on permutation chimpanzees adopt highly inverted subtalar and a scaphoid and a lunate, from Rudapithecus to a tests. transverse tarsal joints during climbing, large sample of extant anthropoid specimens and suggesting that these joints may be better two Miocene fossil apes, Proconsul and indicators of climbing proficiency than the Equatorius. First, we show that the angle at Durophagous primates possess greater talocrural joint. Finally, chimpanzees exhibit which the scaphoid and lunate articulate magnitudes of overall mandibular covariance relatively high dorsiflexion angles at their demonstrates a morphological pattern that can be compared to non-durophagous primates tarsometatarsal joints during climbing, used to distinguish between hominoids and other (p<0.001). However, when the alveolus and particularly on the medial side of the foot, anthropoids. Cercopithecoids and platyrrhines ramus were compared independently, only suggesting that heightened mobility in this region have larger articulation angles compared with alveolar units displayed differences in covariance may represent a climbing adaptation. hominoids, a trait that strongly correlates with magnitudes (p<0.01) amongst dietary groups. increased mediolateral wrist stability and This suggests that mandibular trait covariance is pronograde quadrupedalism. Rudapithecus has a influenced by functional demands and the degree Supported by NSF BCS-0935321, the Leakey scaphoid-lunate articulation angle which is more of covariance corresponds to that demand. Foundation, and the Wenner-Gren Foundation. similar to extant hominoids (Pan, , Additionally, some modular units within the Pongo, and Hylobates) than the extinct mandible (i.e. alveolus) are more susceptible to Variable response of masticatory function on hominoids, cercopithecoids, or platyrrrhines. influence from external forces than others. mandibular form Secondly, we quantify the relative carpal Lastly, RV-coefficient results did not support the contribution to the radiocarpal joint, a feature alveolar-ramal functional model. Thus, while that can be used to discriminate between function plays a critical role in determining NATHAN E. HOLTON1,2 and THOMAS E. Hylobatidae, , and Ponginae. In Pan mandibular covariance other factors, such as SOUTHARD1. 1Department of Orthodontics, and Gorilla the scaphoid occupies over 50% of developmental processes, must also be The University of Iowa, 2Department of the carpal portion of the radiocarpal joint. In considered. Anthropology, The University of Iowa. Pongo and Rudapithecus the opposite is true, and it is the lunate that dominates the wrist joint. This Chimpanzee Foot and Ankle Joint Motion Comparative studies of human populations have particular feature suggests greater dorsoventral during Vertical Climbing documented a predictable relationship between flexibility for Pongo and Rudapithecus, and dietary variation and measures of mandibular greater wrist stability for Pan and Gorilla. We size and robusticity. Recent work, however, has also show that although Pongo has an extremely NICHOLAS B. HOLOWKA1, BRIGITTE highlighted variability in form-function unique mode of quadrumanous locomotion, it DEMES2, MATTHEW C. O'NEILL3 and relationships in recent humans suggesting that retains primitive radiocarpal characteristics that NATHAN E. THOMPSON2. 1Interdepartmental the influence of function on mandibular form is have disappeared in the African apes. This Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, not homogeneous across populations. To better suggests the shared features of Rudapithecus and Stony Brook University, 2Department of understand variation in the morphological Pongo may represent functional similarities Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University response to masticatory function, we examined related to terrestrial fist-walking. School of Medicine, 3Department of Basic two mouse models that exhibit baseline Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College differences in mandibular cortical bone of Medicine. The functional influence on trait covariance in thickness. “Robust” (C3H/HeJ) and “gracile” platyrrhine mandibles (C57BL/6J) strains were both separated into Fossil hominin studies have used foot and ankle hard-diet and soft-diet trial groups. The hard-diet joint morphology to assess the prevalence of trial groups were fed normal pelleted mouse arboreal climbing in early hominins. Typically, chow, while the soft-diet trial groups were fed

American Journal of Physical Anthropology