Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences, 2016, v. 3, no. 6, p. 319-330. ISSN 2358-2731 http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.030608
Incidence and population of plant parasitic nematodes in green amaranth (Amaranthus hybridus L.) (Caryophyllales: Amaranthaceae) from three selected areas in Dutsin-Ma Town, Katsina State, Nigeria Jibia Abdulhadi Bawa¹,*, Zurmi Rabi’u Sani², Iliya Mohammed³, Sani Garba Muhammad4 and Sanusi Liadi5
¹Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Federal University Dutsinma, Katsina State, Nigeria. *Email: [email protected], [email protected]. ²Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Federal University Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria 4Zamfara State College of Education Maru, Zamfara State, Nigeria. 5Biology Department, School of Sciences, Isa Kaita College of Education, Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria.
Abstract. An experiment was conducted in the Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Dutsinma, Katsina State Received Nigeria, between May to August, 2016. A survey was carried out November 11, 2016 from three farm areas around Dutsin-Ma Metropolis to investigate and determine the incidence and population of plant parasitic Accepted December 20, 2016 nematodes of green amaranth (Amaranthus hybridus L.). A total of 240 soil root samples from an infested A. hybridus were taken 10 cm Released deep from the rhizosphere of the green amaranth plant. The samples December 31, 2016 were extracted using Cobb-Seiving and Decanting Method. From the supernatants residue, a total of nine genera of plant parasitic Open Acess Full Text Article nematodes were identified, with 6 genera in Farm 1, 8 genera in Farm 2, and 5 genera in Farm 3. The genera Meloidogyne (23.33%), has the highest incidence followed by Xiphinema (14.58%), Pratylenchus (13.33%), Heterodera (10.83%), Paratrichodorus (10.83%), Aphelenchoides (9.16%), Helicotylenchus (8.33%), Tylenchorhychus (7.92%) and Longidorus (7.08%). Data on incidence from root galling was also taken from the examined samples, with Farm 2 having highest value for moderate root gall damage. It has been deduced from the result that most of the plants with high parasitic load of the nematodes exhibit root gall, chlorotic and perforated leaves, darker weak stems, stunted growth and poor ORCID flowering. This results shows that there is a widespread distribution 0000-0002-3487-1440 of plant parasitic nematodes against the A. hybridus plants in the Jibia Abdulhadi Bawa surveyed areas (Farm 1, 2 and 3). The presence of these parasitic 0000-0001-6466-2626 nematodes, even at low populations in the soil is not significant Zurmi Rabi’u Sani 0000-0001-5092-9596 (P > 0.05) in comparison with all the root samples from the three Iliya Mohammed selected farms (F = 0.12, P = 0.8803). The parasitic nematode 0000-0002-3624-2752 population built up could eventually result in great reduction of the Sani Garba Muhammad crop yield. Establishing efficient research control on the damaging 0000-0002-1100-3499 potentials of these parasitic nematodes as against this Sanusi Liadi
ISSN 2358-2731/BJBS-2016-0068/3/6/8/319 Braz. J. Biol. Sci. http://revista.rebibio.net 320 Bawa et al.
vegetable crop; hence, awareness programs ought to be created for researchers, farmers and lay men.
Keywords: Amaranthus hybridus; Survey; Parasitic nematodes; Incidence; Population; Root gall.
Introduction nematodes respectively (Niles and McIntyre, 1997). Green amaranth (Amaranthus Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) hybridus L.) commonly known as Slim posses a spear-like structure, called a stylet, amaranth or Smooth pigweed, is a which is distinct in most, are forced into the dicotyledonous plant belonging to the plant cells and enzymes are injected to Family Amaranthaceae. The vegetable crop decompose the cell content. is an annual, that grows erect, with about 3 Plant parasitic nematodes have to 6 feet tall, unbranched or with branches been a great worry, as they cause about 20- occasionally, flower cluster spikes develop 60% yield loss to farmers. They affect the at top of central stem and from where leave foliage and cause stem and root galls, leafstalk meet the stem, leaves alternate on stunted root of plant, discoloration, and stem and may have red tints along edges, perforation of leaves and also are long leafstalks, underside of each leaf has responsible for weak stem, these leads to raised pinnate (feather-like), parallel veins, poor yield of plant, which in turn increases leaves are ovate to elliptic to lance shaped, the cost of production (Perry et al., 2009). and with a stem that is stout and The free-living nematodes are very longitudinally grooved or ribbed (Carrnel, important in maintaining the soil bio- 2012). dynamic system, especially in soil with low However, A. hybridus contain large organic matter content, whereas PPNs feed amount of squalene, a compound that has on plants and reduce crop growth and yield both health and industrial benefits efficiency. Eggs laid in the root or (Dubowitz, 2008). Despite the use of this surrounding soil by the PPN females and plant for such purposes, there is little hatch to produce worm-like larvae that information on the nutritional and chemical usually go through four molts to reach composition of A. hybridus leaves. It maturity (Pokharel and Larsen, 2008). Only possesses some medicinal properties to few PPNs genera or species feed on aerial include Astringent, Hemostatic, plant parts, while the majority of PPNs feed Antidiarrheal, Nutritive, Alterative, on underground plant parts such as roots, Diuretic, Alkalizing, Anthelmintic (He and bulbs, and tubers (Babatola and Omotade, Corke, 2003; Carnel, 2012). The leaves, 1990; Agbenin et al., 2004). flowers and seeds (usually just leaves) are Other nematodes such as the root crushed and used together can also be use lesion nematode burrow into the root, to cure acid stomach, snake bites, diarrhea feeding and causing damage through the and dysentery (Jansen van Rensburg et al., plant roots (Mitkowski and Abawi, 2011). 2007). In Nigeria, A. hybridus leaves But, when infected, plants and roots die in combined with condiments that are used to the autumn, root lesion nematode will move prepare soup or the leaves eaten as spinach out of the roots into the soil (Perry et al., or green vegetables. 2009). Nematodes are worm-shaped nearly Green amaranth is one of the most microscopic animals that are virtually important versatile vegetable consume in invisible to the unaided eye when in soil or Nigeria, most especially in the northern part within plant material. Of the known of the country, where the climatic nematodes species, approximately 50%, conditions favor the cultivation and harvest 25%, 15%, and 10% are free living, marine, of the plant, which in turn suffers great deal animal parasites, and plant parasitic from plant parasitic and other under ground
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worms that may cause complete or total 3, respectively. The Amaranthus hybridus damage of the plant. farms were purposively selected within Conversely, poor crop nutrition, Dutsin-Ma Town, where irrigation system crop management, soil health status, and of farming on many vegetable crops is disease infections also may predispose practiced. The criteria for selection of the plants to cold injury and nematode damage farms to sample were based on accessibility which might lead to great lost of production of infestation of the plants, availability of cost to the farmers. farmer or escort, and the willingness of the PPNs may be endoparasitic; farmers to allow sample collection from remaining and feeding inside cell, semi- their farms. endo or semiectoparasitic; body half inside and half outside the plant surface, and/or Collection of root and soil ectoparasitic; remaining and feeding samples outside the plant cell (Perry et al., 2009). Soil samples were taken from the Root lesion nematodes cause small scratch- rhizosphere of plants by digging a hole near like lesions on feeder roots providing an the base of the roots 3 cm to 6 cm deep avenue for other root rotting organism to depending upon the plant size. Soil and root infect (Mitkowski and Abawi, 2011). samples were collected randomly from Parasitic nematodes alone or in plants showing symptoms of retarded combination with other factors reduce crop growth. 500 g of soil sample was taken productivity and they cause farmers and from each plant and kept in polyethylene nurserymen thousands of naira in crop loss bag, following Byrd et al. (1996) methods. annually (Pokharel et al., 2009). Plant together with the root samples were This research was carried out to placed in separate polyethylene bags, sealed investigate and determine the incidence and tightly and labeled with details of host, population of plant parasitic nematodes in locality and date of collection. A total of infested green amaranth (Amaranthus two hundred and forty (240) soil and root hybridus) from the three selected farms in samples were collected. Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State Nigeria. Nematode extraction Materials and methods Nematodes in soil were extracted in an aliquot of 500 g soil by sieving and Study area decanting method (Byrd et al., 1996). The The study was carried out in extracted nematodes were counted in Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area (LGA), counting chambers and identified under Katsina State, Nigeria. The LGA has an compound microscope (Labomed L x 300 area of 527 km² and a population of LED Series). Identification of the 169,671 at the 2006 census (NIPOST, specimens was performed according to 2009). The inhabitants of the Local morphological and morphometric Government are predominantly Hausa and characteristics as shown by Korayem et al. Fulani by tribe. Their main occupation is (2014). farming and animal rearing (KSHD, 2013). Total annual rainfall around Dutsin-Ma is Killing, fixing and processing of about 800 mm. The inhabitants of the Local nematodes Government Area are predominantly Hausa Nematodes were killed by gentle and Fulani by tribe, with their main heat in an oven at 65-70 °C. Care was taken occupations as subsistence and irrigational to avoid overheating. Specimens were farming and animal rearing. immediately fixed for 24 h in TAF (Triethanolamine 40% 2 mL, formalin Collection site 7 mL and distilled water were transferred in A survey of infested Green few mL of 1.25% glycerine solution Amaranth plants was conducted within containing traces of picric acid. The cavity three selected farms; namely: Farm 1, 2 and
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block was placed in an incubator at 55 °C range. Chi square (X²) was also used to for 4-5 days, described by Begum (1995). analyze data in each farm surveyed.
Temporary slide mounts Result For qualitative analysis, observation was made on temporary mounts The incidence and widespread with the use of compound microscope. distribution of plant parasitic nematodes Three small drops of concentrated among the three farms surveyed for soil nematode suspension were transferred on 3 root samples (Table 1). More frequent x 1 glass slides, confined with a cover slip among the farmlands are species of the and sealed with zut (Begum, 1995). genera Meloidogyne, Heterodera, Paratrichodorus, Xiphinema, Pratylenchus, Analysis of data Tylenchorhychus, Helicotylenchus, and Data collected were subjected to Aphelenchoides, but with Longidorus analysis of variance (ANOVA) using (7.08%) having least frequency as indicted package. The differences in the mean were in Table 1. partitioned using Duncan’s multiple test
Table 1. Occurrence of plant parasitic nematodes in three farms of A. hybridus.
Total Number of General frequency PPNs Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3 samples (240) of occurrence (%) Aphelenchoides 15 7 - 22 9.16 Helicotylenchus 10 - 10 20 8.33 Heterodera 14 6 6 26 10.83 Longidorus - 17 - 17 7.08 Meloidogyne 26 16 14 56 23.33 Paratrichodorus 13 13 - 26 10.83 Pratylenchus - 14 18 32 13.33 Tylenchorhychus - 6 13 19 7.92 Xiphinema 15 20 - 35 14.58
However, Table 2 indicated the Heterodera, Paratrichodorus and total number (population) of plant parasitic Helicotylenchus. nematodes in all the 3 selected farms. It Eight plant parasitic nematodes could be seen that Farm 2 has the highest were extracted in Farm 2, Xiphinema, is the population of parasitic nematodes, followed most abundance, with least population of by Farm 1 and then Farm 3 (Table 2). The Longidorus, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, population gave a total number of 253 and Paratrichodorus. Others with low parasites discovered during the analysis. frequency of occurrence include The presence of these parasitic nematodes Tylenchorhychus, Heterodera, and was presented in Figures 4-8, but the most Aphelenchoides as indicated in Table 4. abundant was the Meloidogyne (Figure 7) The presence plant parasitic in which all the parasites discovered nematodes extracted from the soil root appeared morphologically as thread-like samples in Farm 3 is shown in Table 5. and non-segmented. Five parasitic nematodes were extracted. Table 3 shows the incidence of Paratrichodorus shows the highest plant parasitic nematodes in farm 1, six incidence with Meloidogyne, nematodes were discovered with Tylenchorhychus, Helicotylenchus, but Meloidogyne been the most abundant, species of the genera Heterodera are followed by Xiphinema, Aphelenchoides, present in low percentages.
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Table 2. Plant parasitic nematodes extracted from three farms of A. hybridus. Farms PPN Species Population of PPNs Total No. of PPNs
1 Aphelenchoides 15 Helicotylenchus 10 Heterodera 14 Longidorus - Meloidogyne 26 Paratrichodorus 13 Pratylenchus - Tylenchorhychus - Xiphinema 15 93
2 Aphelenchoides 7 Helicotylenchus - Heterodera 6 Longidorus 17 Meloidogyne 16 Paratrichodorus 13 Pratylenchus 14 Tylenchorhychus 6 Xiphinema 20 99
3 Aphelenchoides - Helicotylenchus 10 Heterodera 6 Longidorus - Meloidogyne 14 Paratrichodorus - Pratylenchus 18 Tylenchorhychus 13 Xiphinema - 61 Total 253 253 PPNs = plant parasitic nematodes - = no parasites
Table 3. Incidence of plant parasitic nematodes in Farm 1.
PPN Species Non infected Infected Incidence (%) Chi (X²) P value DF Meloidogyne 54 26 27.9 Paratrichodorus 67 13 13.9 Logidorus 0 0 0 Xiphinema 65 15 16.1 11.963 0.035 5 Pratylenchus 0 0 0 Tylenchorhynchus 0 0 0 Helicotylenchus 70 10 10.8 Heterodera 66 14 15.1 Aphelenchoides 65 15 16.1 Total 387 93 100.0
PPN = plant parasitic nematode.
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Table 4. Incidence of plant parasitic nematodes in Farm 2.
PPN Species Non infected Infected Prevalence (%) Chi (X2) P value DF Meloidogyne 64 16 16.2 Paratrichodorus 67 13 13.1 Longidorus 63 17 17.2 Xiphinema 60 20 20.2 Pratylenchus 66 14 14.1 Tylenchorhynchus 74 6 6.1 Helicotylenchus 0 0 0 Heterodera 74 6 6.1 19.69 0.0063 7 Aphelenchoides 73 7 7.1 Total 541 99 100
PPN = plant parasitic nematodes.
Table 5. Incidence of Plant parasitic Nematodes in Farm 3.
PPN Species Non infected Infected Prevalence (%) Chi (X2) P value DF Meloidogyne 66 14 22.9 Paratrichodorus 0 0 0 Logidorus 0 0 0 Xiphinema 0 0 0 Pratylenchus 62 18 29.5 7.81 0.098 4 Tylenchorhynchus 67 13 21.3 Helicotylenchus 70 10 16.4 Heterodera 74 6 9.8 Aphelenchoides 0 0 0 Total 339 61 100
PPNs = plant parasitic nematodes
The Comparison of incidence of have moderate galling found in Farm 2, and infection of nematode in the three farms is Farm 1 possessed 7 and Farm 3 had 4 showed in Table 6, with Meloidogyne in moderate roots galling. The mild galling Farm 1 having the highest incidences damage was mostly recorded in Farm 2, (27.9%), Paratrichodorus (13.9%), where 33 samples were recorded, and 28 in Longidorus in Farm 2 (17.2%), Xiphinema Farm 1 and 12 in Farm 3. However, slight (20.2%), Pratylenchus in farm 3 (29.5%), galling was recorded at 32 in Farm 3, 22 in Tylenchorhyenchus (21.3%), followed by Farm 1 and 12 in Farm 2. No galling Helicotylenchus (36.4%). It could be occurred in 32 root samples in Farm 3, with deduced that, A. hybridus plants in Farm 1 Farm 2 having no galling in 21 root that exhibited the least incidence was samples, and Farm 1 with 23 root samples attacked by Aphelenchoides (16.1%) and indicated no galling. A section of infested Heterodera (15.1%) nematode parasites A. hybridus plant (Figure 1) with most of population. No significant difference the host plants been attacked by the (p > 0.05) between the occurrence of the nematode population. However, Figure 2 parasites and number of A. hybridus plants and 3 concurrently entailed the presence been infested. knots or galls and feeding disposition area Out of the 240 root samples, no of the parasitic nematodes. severe galling was recorded, but 14 samples
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Table 6. Comparison of incidence and frequency of PPNs from the three selected farms.
PPN Species Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3 Meloidogyne 27.9a 16.2a 22.9a Paratrichodorus 13.9b 13.1b 0b Logidorus 0c 17.2c 0c Xiphinema 16.1d 20.2d 0d Pratylenchus 0e 14.1e 29.5e Tylenchorhynchus 0f 6.1f 21.3f Helicotylenchus 10.8g 0g 36.4g Heterodera 15.1h 6.1h 9.8h Aphelenchoides 16.1i 7.1i 0i Letter of the same alphabet in the same row are not significant (P > 0.05). F = 0.12, P = 0.8803. PPNs = plant parasitic nematodes. PPN = plant parasitic nematodes.
Table 7. Incidence on root galling in the three farms.
No galling Slight galling Mild galling Moderate galling Severe-root Sites (farms) damage (1) damage (2) damage (3) damage (4) galling (5) Farm 1 23a 22a 28a 7a 0a Farm 2 21b 12b 33b 14b 0b Farm 3 32c 32c 12c 4c 0c Letter of the same alphabet in the rows are not significant (P > 0.05). F = 2.667, P = 0.1189.
Figure 1. Poor yield of infested green amaranth in Figure 2. Sampled Root of A. hybridus containing Farm 2. galls.
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Figure 3. Sampled root with feeding disposition Figure 4. Pratylenchus. and portal entry of the parasitic nematodes
Figure 5. Xiphinema. Figure 6. Tylenchorhychus.
Figure 7. Meloidogyne. Figure 8. Aphelenchoides.
Discussion in the study area. The plants surveyed during the study were mostly infested and It has been established in this found to be associated with poor and research that green amaranth (A. hybridus) unhealthy growth. This might be attributed is one of the major vegetable crops grown to the presence and susceptibility of
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A. hybridus by the plant parasitic in occurrence. This might be due to the less nematodes revealed in this research. nutrient composition of the soil type, Traunfold (1998) reported that soil borne weather fluctuation, which may in turn nematodes are plant parasites that can favor the active multiplication of these retard plant growth and diminish yields. He parasites. This report is in line with the added that affected plants produce fewer work of Olabiyi (2004) who reported that and smaller fruit; where symptoms spread Meloidogyne spp are beneficial members of through a site as the season progresses their ecosystems, but some are economic through succeeding generations of juveniles parasites of plants. Meloidogyne spp (M. hatch out. hapla and M. chitwoodi) are parasites of It was revealed in this research that many dicotyledonous plants (Yusuf et al., fewer A. hybridus plants rarely die 2006). Some crops that may be severely prematurely from nematode feeding. This damaged by plant parasitic nematodes are was initiated from the soil as nematodes tomato, pepper, okra, watermelon, might reproduce even in less sterilized cantaloupe, onion, pumpkin, squash, sweet soils. Kandji et al. (2001) reported that, the potato, sweet corn, carrot, eggplant, bean role nematodes play in limiting vegetable and pea (Olabiyi, 2004). But, Eisenback production depends to a large extent on the and Triantaphyllou (1991) noticed that farming system employed and on the vegetable crops grown in warm climates physical and/or chemical environment in experience severe losses from root knot the soil and on climate. Popovici and nematodes. They also reported that root- Ciobanu (2000) reported that the strength of knot nematode damage results in poor the relationship between nematode growth, decline in quality and yield of the community and soil type varies with the crop and reduced resistance to other nematode species and that nematode stresses leading to total crop loss. reproduction is positively correlated with The research reported the parasitic relative humidity and negatively correlated nematodes extracted from the roots infested with air temperature. Also, they observed A. hybridus plants, but species belonging to that soil texture is the most important factor the genera Meloidogyne among others explaining the presence of some nematode where found to possess a piercing needle species and that environmental factor affect structure in their mouth parts, found the ability of nematodes to parasitize and penetrated (portal of entry) in the root cells reproduce on their host. of the plants. This structure might be This research also assessed the soils responsible in sucking up cell contents of differing in texture and chemical the green amaranth, A. hybridus. The composition which demonstrated the nematode parasites reported in this research influence of soil physical and chemical were however small, worm, thread-like, properties on nematode population, measured about 45 to 50 microns in distribution and fermented structure due to diameter (µ dm) and about 1 mm long. the decomposition of the organic particles The presence of these characters following extraction. This validates the reported in this study might serve as potential of nematodes as bio-indicator contributing factor that enable the nematode organisms of soil status (Kandji et al., parasites to live mainly in soil in corporate 2001). with fungi, bacteria and other soil The microscopic examination of organisms and gain chance of hatching the root samples in this study clarified the more eggs that may in turn contribute to presence of 9 genera of plant parasitic attack and feed in the roots of the A. nematodes. The species include: hybridus plants. These report agreed with Meloidogyne Xiphinema, Pratylenchus, the work of Karssen (2002) whose work Heterodera, Paratrichodorus, had shown that Southern root-knot Aphelenchoides, Helicotylenchus, nematodes, (Meloidogyne incognita) are Tylenchorhychus and Longidorus. Among microscopic round worms of the Tylenchid all, Meloidogyne was the most abundance family. Bawa et al. (2014) reported that
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gradual increase of nematode eggs at their reported that tomato ‘Roma king’ cv inhabit J2s in the tomato plants yield poor poor flowering, stunted stems with dark flowering set-up, leading to loose nutrients, linings and yellowed leaves with white with knots formed on the roots region. They patches due to root knot nematode M. added that, it might be because of the incognita attack. But, Agbenin et al. (2004) hidden nature, their vermiform and estimated about 69% drop in cowpea yield morphological structure of needle-like and Tariq et al. (2007) reported stylets of which the nematode parasites use approximately 75% reduction in tomato to protrude the plant root cells. yield because of this pathogen. The gradual increase and The presence of Aphelenchoides, population of parasitic nematodes in the Longidorus, Trichodorus and Xiphinema sampled roots of A. hybridus collected was also reported. Perforation on leafs and revealed more root knots or galls in the buds of the A. hybridus was established in plants, with corresponding decrease in this study, the incidence of this parasites flowers along with stunted growth. Bawa et was investigated, but its pathogenicity was al. (2014) claimed that the infected tomato not fully assessed or determined, but this plants usually wilt easily, and are not could also aid the transmission of virus and productive due to an increased galling and bacteria in the plants surveyed. However, many a times infection is easy to identify the parasitic nematodes examined and because of the large swellings easily noted reported in this study might be responsible on the root portion of the plant. The result in facilitating the transmission of some also agreed with the work of Tariq et al. plant viruses which cause some viral (2007) who reported that the plant parasitic diseases thereby triggering the development nematode (Heterodera sacchati) penetrates of these parasitic nematodes. plant cell with stylet, by injecting the Other plant parasitic nematodes secretory proteins thereby stimulating discovered in the examined samples changes within the parasitized cells; which include: Helicotylenchus, Heterodera, in turn produce large galls throughout the Aphelenchoides, Tylenchorhynchus and root system of infected plants. Perry et al. Pratylenchus. A. hybridus plants attacked (2009) added that, root-knot nematode by these parasites exhibit chlorotic leaves, females are globose and sedentary at poor flowering, stunted stems and knots or maturity, ranging from 400 to 1000 μm, but galls on the roots. These nematodes feed on the male ones are vermiform ranging from cell sap of infected plants causing damage 1100 to 2000 μm in length. Stirling et al., to the plants. Their economic importance (1992) reported that root knot nematode and amount of damage have not received establish a feeding site on the plant root and the necessary attention. This study provides permanently remain at that location an update on the findings of Fisayo and allowing the giant cell to produce large Steven (2014), who worked on the amounts of proteins which the nematode distribution and occurrence of root-knot, use to ingest. dagger and lesion nematodes on pineapple. It was reported in this research that Anwar and McKenry (2010) reported Meloidogyne (27.9%) had the highest Meloidogyne spp., in damaging root cells of incidence of occurrence and population. In vegetable crops. this regard, most of the A. hybridus The present research compares the sampled plants were found to exhibit weak presence of these nematode parasites, with stemming with patches, yellowed leaves, no significance difference (p > 0.05) in and poor flowering. This weak and most of the infested susceptible host plants. unhealthy growth of the plants was not This could be explained by the fact that, the determined but as result, it might be extracted parasites around the rhizosphere attributed to the presence of these plant region are vulnerable and responsible for parasitic nematodes extracted from the attacking the roots, thereby causing severe infested plants. This report correlates with to moderate galling or knots. The presence the work of Bawa et al. (2014) who of these root knots or galls might be
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responsible in weakening the stem and population build up could eventually result increased swollen galls in the A. hybridus to reduction of crop yield. plants. These reports correlates with the findings of Moqbel et al. (2006) who Acknowledgements reported that 9 phytoparasitic nematode genera were found to be associated with We thank the Head of Department vegetable crops soil samples. Meloidogyne (Dr. A. S. Dankishiya) Biological Sciences, spp. were the most common nematodes in Federal University Dutsinma (FUDMA), carrot, common bean, potato, tomato, and for recommending the equipment used in watermelon soil samples with 11.1%-57.1% this research. Special thank to Mr. Michael frequency of occurrence, and population Udele (Chief Laboratory Technologist) densities ranged between 190-827 FUDMA, for his kind cooperation in the nematodes/250 g soil. They added that, in practical analysis of the work. broad bean, carrot, summer squash and tomato soil samples, Tylenchorhynchus spp. Conflicts of interest were the most prevalent nematodes with 11.8 36.4% frequency of occurrence, and Authors declare that they have no population densities ranged between 330- conflict of interests. 1,190% nematodes/250 g soil. But, Agbenin et al. (2004) reported 100% loss References on leaves per tomato plants inoculated with 8, 000 eggs and a 100% loss on fruit Agbenin, N. O.; Emechebe, A. M.; Merly, P. S. number and weight of fruits with a rapid Evaluation of neem powder for Fusarium wilt increase in root galling up to 10,000 and Meloidogyne control on tomato. J. Lab. inoculums level of M. incognita (p > 0.05). Ass. Phytopathology, v. 37, no. 4, p. 320-321, 2004. Yield reductions cannot be proven without studies using nematicides, soil Anwar, S. A.; Mckenry, M. C.; Javed, N. The fumigation or resistant and susceptible root-knot nematodes: destructive pests of crops. Proceedings of International Symposium on crop varieties. Under such situation, we Sustainable Crop Improvement and assessed the losses caused by plant Integrated Management, Faisalabad, Pakistan, parasitic nematodes on our visual field p. 216-222, 2006. observations, farmers’ responses, and level Babatola, J. O. Omotade, M. A. Chemical of nematode infestation on versatile crop control of nematode pests of Cowpea. Journal (green amaranth). of Crop Protection, v. 13, p. 131-132, 1990. Bawa, J. A.; Bashir, K. A.; Mohammed, I. Conclusion Pathogenicity study of Southern root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita Chitwood) The results of the research on Roma King Tomato Cultivar (CV). confirmed the ubiquitous occurrence of International Research Journal of Biological plant parasitic nematodes, which as a result, Sciences, v. 3, no. 11, p. 5-9, 2014. caused serious yield reduction in Begum, Z. Survey and distribution of plant Amaranthus hybridus. The study revealed a nematode associated with ornamental and widespread distribution of plant parasitic vegetable crop in Pakistan. Biotropica, v. 30, nematodes, where the genus Meloidogyne p. 2342-2349, 1995. had been confirmed to have the largest Byrd, D. W.; Nusbaum, C. J.; Barker, K. R. A population with higher harmful potentiality rapid flaotation - sieving technique for in comparison with other nematode extracting nematodes from soil. Plant Disease parasites in the studied area. Hence, Report, v. 50, p. 954-957, 1996. population densities of all other nematode Carrnel, D. Amaranthus hybridus (slim species were similar and significantly lower amaranth, female finger). Carrnell Dixon fact than that of Meloidogyne. The presence of sheet. Survival Plants Memory Course, 2012. p. 289-292. these parasitic nematodes even at low populations in the soil is significant, as
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Braz. J. Biol. Sci., 2016, v. 3, no. 6, p. 319-330.
Incidence and population of plant parasitic nematodes in green amaranth 331
Braz. J. Biol. Sci., 2016, v. 3, no. 6, p. 319-330.