Reproduced from Soil Science Society of America Journal. Published by Soil Science Society of America. All copyrights reserved. hc,wt lblrsroro prxmtl 4 Pg 940 approximately of reservoir global a with which, ueosrsror n lxswti h lblCcy- C global the within the fluxes into and investigations reservoirs stimulating numerous 2002), (Lal, year per l.Si abnt stemjrfr fsi nrai C, inorganic soil of form major the is carbonate Soil cle. 7 .SgeR. aio,W 31 USA 53711 WI Madison, Rd., Segoe S. 677 © (2005). 69:1773–1781 doi:10.2136/sssaj2004.0275 J. Am. Soc. Pedology Sci. Soil in Published ([email protected]). 2004. 88003-8003. Aug. author 17 NM *Corresponding imply Received not exclusion. Cruces, does or and Cruces, Las only recommendation, information endorsement, for 30003, Las is names Box 30003, manufacturer of P.O. Use Box Univ., New P.O. 3CQ, State Center, Univ., Statistics Mexico University State Steiner, R.L. Mexico 88003-8003; NM New Horticulture, 3Q, and Agronomy of MSC Dep. Monger, H.C. and Kraimer R.A. A purpose the for residuum, dolostone pedo- a of reference. in distribution calcite formed size the carbonate the of genic revealed those mineralogically to XRD relative While d-spacings significant revealed in carbonate soil differences of types carbonate. three soil the of of signifi- types each three no However, the found among analysis d-spacings in statistical differences peak, cant minor a d-spac- the with Excepting associated limestone. ing detrital in and formed material carbonate parent pedogenic igneous material, parent carbonate limestone pedogenic in of samples formed diffraction the the was in X-ray calcite present clay. mineral because carbonate carbonate and only soil silt, in differences sand, discern in not fine occurs could are carbonate pedogenic residuum which dolostone in a fractions size re- diffractograms the The that limestone. (iii) vealed detrital and of form material, the parent in igneous carbonate soil in material, formed parent carbonate limestone pedogenic in (ii) formed differences carbonate discern pedogenic size and (i) determine occurs the among carbonate to of identify pedogenic was mineralogically which soils study in can the fraction this (XRD) across diffractometry of constant X-ray purpose deposition if The dust materials. extent, parent age, large both topography, a materials vegetation, climate, to parent with and, rhyolite) other, each some Desert to the and adjacent igne- In lie monzonite and limestone soil. quartz in the (mostly formed as in soils ous well Mexico, exist New as that southern pool, in carbonate carbonate Project of the understand forms leaves fully and the important more enters identify is it C To sequestration, how C soil. in recognize soil in of to role stored the and C cycle C of global the type dominant the is fCsqetain R a nbet itnus h he soil three the distinguish to unable was types. XRD carbonate sequestration, C of topei Shrese ta. 99 ogrand 2000). Monger Martinez-Rios, and 1999; Monger al., 1999; for et sink Gallegos, a (Scharpenseel provide may C In soils atmospheric profile. desert soil in the carbonate por- way, in a this accumulates to least carbonate at limited soil of 1999), is tion (Birkeland, precipitation cm annual 50 mean approximately when reservoirs. leach- but to ocean subject ing, and is carbonate C soil environments, organic humid soil In sur- the reservoir, by C largest only third passed the is 2000), al., et (Eswaran olSineSceyo America of Society Science Soil olcroaeCi ag olo n,i eetenvironments, desert in and, C of pool large a is carbonate-C Soil tmospheric 80adi urnl nraiga aeo 0.5% of rate a at increasing currently is and 1850 CO 2 ieaoia itntoso abntsi eetSoils Desert in Carbonates of Distinctions Mineralogical ABSTRACT a taiyicesdsneabout since increased steadily has eec .Kamr*H utsMne,adRbr .Steiner L. Robert and Monger, Curtis H. Kraimer,* A. Rebecca Published onlineSeptember29,2005 1773 CO iabnt o.Uo eicto,adsbeun re- CaCO subsequent of and precipitation desiccation, Upon ion. bicarbonate ertllmsoeprn aeilt omtomlsof moles two form to the material dissolves turn, parent in limestone which, detrital acid carbonic form to water t n oeo ercpttdCaCO reprecipitated of mole one ate oeta osqetrCfo h topeei reme- a in atmosphere the from C sequester to potential olvaro rmcoilrsiaincmie with combines respiration microbial or root the into via introduced C soil atmospheric periods, wet During h rsneo olslto led otiigmagne- containing already solution in soil weathered a when of 2 presence the Reaction in- follow exam- the may For via anorthite silicates. 1994) ple, Ca-bearing al., of et dissolution Chadwick congruent 1989; (Ber- Lasaga, product and weathering a ner as evolve can material parent carbonate. soil garnered newly as is C dissolution atmospheric no of reprecipitation, process and bidirectional this In atmosphere. Abbreviations: Pedogenic 1982). (Schlesinger, during pedogenesis present Ca of carbonate source the on depends C mospheric months precipitated 1991a). to soil al., days of et Mexico timespan (Monger a New within southern crystals carbonate a and from bacteria when fungi experiment laboratory a in provided was pedogenesis carbonate of Fur- evidence 2003). remediative (Kraimer, ther timeframe seques- remediation C a of in process tration the south- fungal represent of may soils calcified Mexico Holocene New in as ern found hairs such root and features hyphae biotic other the for delicate On sink timescale. hand, a remediation represent a not in C does (Kottlowski, atmospheric reason, ago this years for and, million 1975) 240 Formation over Hueco C Permian sequestered the from example, detritus For centuries. limestone to decades of timeframe diation iminadslccai aatdfo pst,1989). Sposito, from (adapted acid silicic and ion sium 2000). Martinez-Rios, and (Monger 1 described is Reaction alkaline, alluvium, by generally limestone is solution of soil soil the where desert in formed carbonate pdgnccarbonate (pedogenic 2CaAl epeiiae carbonate) re-precipitated oee,ntaltpso olcroaehv the have carbonate soil of types all not However, lentvl,pdgnccroaefre nigneous in formed carbonate pedogenic Alternatively, h blt fpdgnccroaet euse at- sequester to carbonate pedogenic of ability The ϩ → limestone (detrial (anorthite) 2 h atrutmtl en eesdbc nothe into back released being ultimately latter the , Ca-silicate) CaCO CaCO Ca from 2 Si 0.5 or 2 O [Si (montmorillonite/smectite) (s) 3 (s) 3 8(s) CO 7.5 R,Xrydiffractometry. X-ray XRD, ϩ Al ϩ ϩ 2(aq) 0.5Ca 0.5 0.5Mg H ]Mg 2 ϩ CO

↓ (aq) ϩ H 0.5 3 (aq) ϩ 2 h w oe fHCO of moles two the , 3(aq) O 2 2 O ϩ 20 ϩ (I) (OH) 7H 3.5Si(OH) 2 ↔ O 4(s) (I) ϩ Ca CO (aq) ϩ 3 4(aq) 2CO 2 n n oeof mole one and 2(g) ϩ ϩ 2(aq) 2HCO 2H ϩ ↓ 2 3 Ϫ CO 2H gener- 3(aq) Ϫ 3(aq) 2 O [2] [1] (I) Reproduced from Soil Science Society of America Journal. Published by Soil Science Society of America. All copyrights reserved. ta. 98.Atog eoei abnt a cu etvso hssuywr odtriei R a (i) can XRD if determine to were study 2) this of (Reaction jectives C and atmospheric Monger the 1990). 1991b; in sequester precipitates al., al., commonly et remediatively more et it (Bui occur 1996), (Monger crystals Adams, can spars calcite carbonate of euhedral pedogenic growth as Although the influence (West 1988). and voids horizons al., surface interstitial petrocalcic et crystal laminar-capped in the massive crystals with of to interact disseminated variety fossils. may from a aquatic ter exhibits forms, of carbonate presence con- pedogenic the most Conversely, by fragments identified coarse lime- as clusively detrital occurs as generally such stone, carbonate, soil Lithogenic forms. yn rascae oios tesrpre htpedo- that reported Others horizons. associated or lying diinlaonso CaCO of amounts additional n t rad 90 n,aogtetreCaCO three the among and, 1970) Arnaud, (Rostad St. and only calcite as accumulates carbonate that found pedogenic Others conditions. ambient at Barak satu- found was from and ration precipitation dolomite Sherman of by evidence no study (2000), long-term a in However, magnesian bacte- soil rium biogenic heterotrophic as the by or produced crystals 2000), calcite al., pedogenic et as 1990), (Capo al., dolomite et (Bui calcite present is Mg-substituted dolomite when as accumulates carbonate genic Mg soluble the and pedogenic carbonate in observed calcites further Mg-bearing (1979) between relationship Arnaud a St. 1968). Fyfe, (Bisch- and formation calcite off required of rate are the Mg reduce drastically of in- to amounts most sparse the only far that research by concluded Previous mineralogy. is carbonate Mg in (Kitano, ion 1974), fluential formation Folk, 1967; carbonate Taft, 1962; during mineralogy affect can the ions various two Although the carbonates. of each may pedogenic and limestone distinctions detrital between mineralogical exist also 1), parent (Reaction limestone in material formed carbonate pedogenic (Reaction and material 2) parent igneous in pedogenic formed between carbonate plausible differences is mineralogical it expect While reme- to C. can that atmospheric carbonate may sequester soil diatively examination identify to mineralogical basis a 1977), provide Klein, and (Hurl- but solution from precipitates that mineral carbonate generat respiration microbial and root When 1774 CaCO fCO of ytei avsigo topei .TpcletmtsCiuha eetAiio fNwMxc (Linde- Mexico New identified of recently Aridisol was Desert and yr Chihuahuan 1966) Tmol range 6.6 al., weathering to et silicate 6.0 (Deere during from consumed shells C photo- global the estimates of Typical to C. subsequent atmospheric of sink harvesting partial synthetic a may least material at parent provide igneous in formed carbonate genic topee oee,a eteigpoed,the proceeds, weathering Ca of as products However, atmosphere. abnt omdi ootn niomn ol icin r lobigexamined. being also are tinctions resides. In primarily carbonate. carbonate soil pedogenic frac- of which size would types in the efficacy confirm different environment tion and the the research dolostone into previous distinguishing investigation clarify a larger both in a of formed in part of formed is carbonate classes project carbonate particle-size among pedogenic distinctions 2003). material, Mineralogical (Kraimer, root needle-fibers roots, parent and calcified hyphae, stone as fungal hairs, such rhizosphere, biotic the with of associated features especially carbonate is This pedogenic 1990). in al., Wilding, et apparent Bui and 1988; 1970; Sobecki al., et 1973; Arnaud, West 1983; Herbillon, St. and and Arnaud (Rostad St. fractions clay-size and olcroaeocr nltoei n pedogenic and lithogenic in occurs carbonate Soil ic hmcldvriymyifunetetp of type the influence may diversity chemical Since yoocsxanthus Myxococcus 3 2 n oei eusee nnwyprecipitated newly in sequestered is mole one , n n oemyb eesdbc notegnt scmol on nsel fautcorganisms aquatic of shells in found commonly is gonite the into back released be may mole one and ϩ 2 ,H 2 ,adCO and O, Ϫ 1 (Gonza Km ta. 00.dsildwtr aeierpdyrcytlie ocalcite to recrystallizes rapidly vaterite water, distilled 2000). al., et (Kump ϩ 2 3 /Ca nti anr pedo- manner, this In . 2 ´ a ev osqetrgnt ocliei pnaeu terhsraecondi- surface earth at spontaneous is calcite to gonite sequester to serve may lez-Mun OLSI O.A.J,VL 9 OEBRDCME 2005 NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 69, VOL. J., AM. SOC. SCI. SOIL ϩ 2 aiso h under- the of ratios ˜ ze l,2000). al., et oz w moles two e 3 poly- it ped silt- ieaoial dniytepril-iefato nwhich in fraction particle-size the identify ob- mineralogically the 1), (Reaction cannot which carbonate soil from suppress or 1988) al., et (Chadwick morphology crystal mat- organic of amounts small addition, In 1967). (Taft, in Wnad 99.Vtrt loocr naquatic in occurs also Vaterite 1969). (Winland, tions ini eoie ae Jcsn 99,ecp oNa-hexa- no except 1969), (Jackson, water deionized in centrifuga- and tion sedimentation by separated were fractions ( size clay and silt and mm), (0.25–0.106 fractions: particle-size clasts 1966), following soil al., the into et sieved (Gile pre- and accumulation of air-dried, horizon carbonate the I from km. collected Stage 1 was dominant to sample soil m a 200 site approximately each from each At ranged between sites distance sample The the 1). (Fig. of NM Cruces, Kelley, Las and near (King 1980) Mountain Tortugas on residuum dolostone in Carbonate Pedogenic of Distribution Particle-Size I. Part car- soil to of types examined three bonate. statistically the among were exist second differences that this d-spacings if In determine project, carbonate project. the the pedogenic of of part of carbonate part first the soil fractions in of size determined were types the different utilized the and among mineralogi- distinctions sec- of occurrence The cal the examined identification. project the mineralogical of part of ond purpose sole references the with statistically for compared not electronically were were d-spacings project but mineral- the scrutinized, of to part respect particle-size this this with In the ogy. To investigated carbonate project. project pedogenic the the of of of of distribution part part use first second the the the end, validate in fractions to size dominates pedo- these generally fractions particle-size carbonate which genic in determine to necessary rmrl eie,tresml ie eeslce nsi formed soil in selected were sites sample three resides, primarily ara- Although 1990). al., et (Marion at stable conditions thermodynamically surface most the is calcite morphs, ane l,20)bt ntepeec fCa-enriched of presence the in a but, 2002) in al., microorganisms et soil mann of precipitate biogenic a as Deee l,16) h vnulrcytliaino ara- of recrystallization eventual the 1966), al., et (Deere diint R,iooi n irmrhlgcldis- micromorphological of and isotopic purpose XRD, the to addition for techniques analytical This different limestone. of detrital and material, parent igneous lime- in formed carbonate pedogenic among distinctions eerhStig ein n apePreparation Sample and Design, Setting, Research na tep odsigihsi abnt hc can which carbonate soil distinguish to attempt an In ocnimtesz rcini hc eoei carbonate pedogenic which in fraction size the confirm To first was It project. research this to parts two were There gnccroaersdsad(i eetmineralogical detect (ii) and resides carbonate ogenic Ͼ AEIL N METHODS AND MATERIALS .5m,cas ad(.005 m,fn sand fine mm), (1.00–0.50 sand coarse mm, 4.75 Ͻ .5 m.Sl-adclay- and Silt- mm). 0.053 Reproduced from Soil Science Society of America Journal. Published by Soil Science Society of America. All copyrights reserved. rlgclydsigihtetretpso olcroae h prxmtl 0 o40m 5t 5 ,ad15mt 0km, 10 to m 175 and m, 150 to 75 m, 400 to 300 approximately the carbonate, min- soil To of 1). types (Fig. NM three Cruces, the Las distinguish Soil- near eralogically 1995) Desert al., et USDA-SCS al., Gile et the Gile 1981; 1979; Grossman, of and (Gile boundaries Project Geomorphology the within sert Carbonate Soil within Distinctions Mineralogical II. Clay-size Part evident. longer no ground. was not mortar were grittiness with fractions ground until was remove sand pestle fine to clasts, and and min surface sand, 3 of coarse to clasts, sample 2 soil Each about carbonate. for pedogenic HCl surficial (w/w) 10% with treated eahsht a sda iprigaet it n ly eerhcmrsdtresuyaesta rvddabasis a provided that areas study three comprised research 3 and 2, 1, Areas microscopy. clay- Study petrographic clasts and using Surface in Silt- confirmed site agent. were sample dispersing fractions a size (IG) as igneous used and was metaphosphate (LS) limestone each of location and project research the of diagram Block 1. Fig. hssuywscnutdi h otenCiuha De- Chihuahuan northern the in conducted was study This aatdfo iee l,18)weeSuyAe safntrae td ra2i eiet n td ra3i a piedmont. fan a is 3 Area Study and pediment, a is 2 Area Study terrace, fan a is study. 1 dolostone Area the Study of site where the 1981) is al., Mountain et Tortugas Gile from (adapted Ͼ .5m eeas olce tec ieand site each at collected also were mm 4.75 RIE TA. IEAOIA ITNTOSO CARBONATES OF DISTINCTIONS MINERALOGICAL AL.: ET KRAIMER agdfo prxmtl 0t 0 ,1t . m and km, 2.5 to 1 m, 100 to 30 approximately from ranged pediment, a is 2 Area Study terrace, fan a is 1 Area Study .5t . m o td ra ,2 n ,respectively. 3, and 2, from ranged 1, site Areas sample igneous Study each for between distance km, The 1.5 to site 0.75 sample Sea- limestone 1979; each Grossman, between and distance (Gile The 1 ig- 1981). Area the ger, at Study present of also sites was neous rhyolite anorthite; and k-feld- albite, containing parent spar, monzonite from igneous quartz by The collected dominated material. was were parent material limestone samples in soil formed igneous three soil in area, and formed study soil each material from Within parent collected piedmont. were fan samples a soil is three 3 Area Study and o lcigadrpeetdlnfrstpclo h region: the of typical landforms represented and blocking for 1775 Reproduced from Soil Science Society of America Journal. Published by Soil Science Society of America. All copyrights reserved. .Alsml ie cu ihna rdt eiai climate semi-arid to arid an within Area Study occur at sites soils pediment sample the All of 2. carbonates I Stage the by a salse prxmtl 00y g VnDvne,qat 4–05rfrne eeue o dniiainand identification for used were references #46–1045 quartz influ- consistent reasonably Devender, a (Van inferring ago 2003), yr Monger, 5000 1990; approximately climate established modern the was since constant relatively remained has that i.2 ekhih ihrsett h oiat(ek14 act rdlmt nTrua onansmlso ufc ls ( clast surface of samples Mountain Tortugas in dolomite or calcite 104) (Peak dominant the to respect with height Peak 2. Fig. 2 a at age Holocene Middle respectively. igneous (1-IG-3), in material formed soil parent and (3-LS-2) material parent limestone the age d-spacing, this affect of appreciably soils not that ensure in did To evident. mica grinding longer no was and grittiness until kaolinite pestle and the of on contents climate mineral by were influence samples consistent soil the bio- limestone all and of Detrital project, as physical, evidence mm. chemical, this carbonate 0.053 As of of pass pedogenic rates to I of the sieved Part sur- collection on geomorphic in climate the Fillmore of determined or ensure ence 1966), Organ To al., the faces. et of (Gile soils Holocene morphology in carbonate I expression, Stage were carbonate samples exhibiting maximum soil of All horizon respectively. the 3, from and collected 2, 1, Areas Study for 1776 ae nSuyAes1ad3(iee l,18)adifre rncmaueet eemd ihaRgk Miniflex Rigaku a with made were measurements tronic inferred and 1981) al., et (Gile 3 and radiocarbon 1 charcoal Areas by Study confirmed in was dates sites sample among t ek(0)ws0094 n .005frsi omdi efe Tko aa) eoe R 1 sn CuK using #1, XRD denoted Japan), (Tokyo, Manual gerflex mount. powder random a as analysis XRD for pared in elec- formed and manual soil both for from 0.000085 results and comparing by 0.009646 experiment was All- (104) carbon- 1980; peak prominent routine most ate Cochran, the a for and as 2002) Kempthorne, deviation and (Snedecor maras standard precision of for estimate of ground The each assessment min. were and 4 material material and parent parent 2 igneous limestone in in formed formed soil soil of fraction size ahsuyae n rae ih1%(/)Hlfraota treatments. as mortar with soil about ground Each was for carbonate. sample pedogenic HCl limestone surficial detrital (w/w) remove and 10% sample to within min with 3 site treated to limestone and 2 each area of study surface each the from collected also ooierfrne JD,19–02.Sadr ro ftema sdpce yerrbr ( bars error by depicted is mean the variability. of of error absence Standard the 1993–2002). (JADE, references dolomite ls ( clast Ͼ .5m) oresn 10005 m,fn ad(.5016m) it(.5–.0 m,adca ( clay and mm), (0.053–0.002 silt mm), (0.25–0.106 sand fine mm), (1.000–0.50 sand coarse mm), 4.75 OLSI O.A.J,VL 9 OEBRDCME 2005 NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 69, VOL. J., AM. SOC. SCI. SOIL Ͼ .5m a apestsdvlpdi niomnso iia g,biota, age, similar of environments in developed sites sample was mm 4.75 Ͻ .5-mD 0.053-mm ␭ϭ h etodagrtmwsue o atr rcsig(JADE, processing pattern for used was algorithm centroid the costelnsaeo hspoet ec,tesisa l 18 all at soils the Hence, project. this of landscape the across clay similar found (1996) Lynn and Monger environment, soil 2004). Weil, and (Brady landscape the across processes logical .39 .40 .99 .88 n .96A 2.0946 and 2.2848, 2.4949, 2.8440, 3.0359, Tko aa) eoe R 2 sn CuK using #2, XRD denoted Japan), (Tokyo, esrmnswr aefo ti hrso iauGei- Rigaku a of charts strip from pre- made was were measurements sample each studies, both In measurements. tronic curd hspoie h potnt osrnte the strengthen to opportunity the provided This acquired. inof tion a2 oorpy n lmt,wt h w aetmtrasserving materials parent two the with climate, and topography, ␪ / rn h oreo h eerhpoet e R was XRD new a project, research the of course the uring .47 A 1.54178 ␪ ␪ cl hr act 4–73 ooie#602,and #36–0426, dolomite #47–1743, calcite where scale ␭ϭ / ␪ cl;rfrnecliedsaig cu t3.8551, at occur d-spacings calcite reference scale; .47 A 1.54178 ˚ t3 V 5m,ad10 onsmin counts 1000 and mA, 15 kV, 30 at ieaoia Analysis Mineralogical ˚ n t4 V 5m,ad10 onsmin counts 1000 and mA, 25 kV, 40 at ϭ ) bec fvsbeerrbr reflects bars error visible of Absence 3). Ͻ .0 m sn act and calcite using mm) 0.002 ˚ Ga,16) Elec- 1961). (Graf, Ͼ ␣ .5m) soil mm), 4.75 aito of radiation ␣ radia- Ϫ 1 Ϫ at 1 Reproduced from Soil Science Society of America Journal. Published by Soil Science Society of America. All copyrights reserved. ocnrto fdlmt nrae ihicesn a-pasehbtdasih pagesitwt epc to respect with shift up-angle slight a com- exhibited a peaks Although 1993–2002). (JADE, reference calcite par- increasing with increased dolomite of relative concentration the calcite while size, of particle concentration decreasing with relative increased the is, That dolomite calcite. between and relationship inverse an revealed data act n ooiewt epc opril ie h rsa ytm(als1ad2.Ec etclln in line vertical Each 2). and 1 (Tables system crystal The size. particle of to concentrations respect relative with mean dolomite and the calcite of comparison a i.3 ersnaieXrydfrcorm fpdgnccroaefre nlmsoeprn aeil(-S2,pdgnccroaeformed carbonate pedogenic (3-LS-2), material parent limestone in formed carbonate pedogenic of diffractograms X-ray Representative 3. Fig. 20 between generated peaks six the car- illustrates soil of grams types three the of samples Representative shows 2 Fig. 104, Peak system of data crystal the Using Hexagonal-rhombohedral measured. peak was the dolomite or in calcite prominent (104) most with the height to relative respect the residuum, dolostone is material the types provided different carbonate. the soil and among of d-spacings measurements of comparisons #2) for basis (XRD #1) electronic (XRD manual and both utilized carbonate dis- soil JADE which mineralogical within the of tinctions that study by The than library. identification re- electronic other mineralogical (1993–2002) and for d-spacings only necessary of #2) was comparison residuum (XRD no dolostone measurements quired in electronic formed on carbonate relied pedogenic distribu- of particle-size the tion investigating study The 1993–2002). ninosprn aeil(-G1,addtia ietn 1L-)wt act eeec ie rvdd act k ek dniid and identified, peaks hkl calcite provided, lines reference calcite 1993–2002). (JADE, with labeled (1-LS-3) peaks limestone (Qz) detrital quartz and and (2-IG-1), (Cc) material calcite parent igneous in nteTrua onansmls hr h parent the where samples, Mountain Tortugas the In atI atceSz Distribution Particle-Size I. Part EUT N DISCUSSION AND RESULTS fPdgncCarbonate Pedogenic of RIE TA. IEAOIA ITNTOSO CARBONATES OF DISTINCTIONS MINERALOGICAL AL.: ET KRAIMER aio ftetredfrcorm eeldta all that revealed diffractograms three the of parison i.3crepnst h nl fdfrcin( diffraction of angle the to corresponds 3 Fig. oaeaesoni i.3 h e fXrydiffracto- X-ray of 47 set and The 3. Fig. in shown are bonate oaporsieygetretn,sl n lyparticle- clay calcite. and as silt fractions extent, size and, greater sand, progressively fine a the to in dominated residuum formed dolostone carbonate in pedogenic that found supersat- study Barak, Our and from 2000). (Sherman conditions precipitation ambient under dolomite uration of evidence detected findings Additional no 1999). al., et parti- (Fuller increasing size with cle increased dolomite while par- with size decreasing 1970), ticle with increasing Arnaud, calcite of St. fine occurrence and and the clay (Rostad in fractions calcite pedo- silt-size as material, accumulates parent research carbonate dolomitic previous a genic in with that, concur found results which These size. ticle Њ 2 atI.MnrlgclDistinctions Mineralogical II. Part ␪ o ieaso h Hexagonal-rhombohedral the of minerals for ihnSi Carbonate Soil within Њ 2 ␪ fthe of ) 1777 Reproduced from Soil Science Society of America Journal. Published by Soil Science Society of America. All copyrights reserved. rmXD# sn h eea iermdl(L)stsweevraiiyi uhsalr hti,pedo- is, That smaller. much the is at variability that where than sites larger much is sites limestone biotic the (GLM) both at model of 2) linear influence (Table the general 1999). data reflect the (SAS, the may using procedure sites to #2 limestone applied XRD was from variance of of calcite analysis the significance to the relative of and shifts carbonate comparisons peak up-angle soil the of evaluate types better three To the 4. Fig. as 1990). shown al., et (Marion calcite to supersaturated respect is with Desert Chihuahuan northern the of soil h ako itntosi trbtdt h agso n h boi rcs frpeiiainmyimpart may formed reprecipitation carbonate of pedogenic of process variability abiotic the way, the this and were have may study additions aerosolic this However, types 2) carbonate. in of three soil Table the carbonate of ranges in among pedogenic overlap values the considerable low of to exhibit and that types attributed high both as is (denoted distinctions d-spacings of lack material. The parent igneous in formed with carbonate compared pedogenic was material parent limestone in formed carbonate pedogenic when again, and, limestone detrital fdsaig soitdwt ahhlpa r rvddi eie rmboi rcptto nwihro and root which in precipitation biotic from derived is provided are peak hkl each with associated d-spacings of 338 .128 .822 2.08 0.01 2.09 2.09 2.09 2.0946 2.096 0.01 2.27 0.01 2.09 2.28 2.28 2.09 2.2848 2.28 2.09 2.09 2.0944 2.09 2.286 2.09 2.08 0.00 2.48 0.01 2.28 2.48 2.08 2.4949 2.48 2.28 2.09 2.49 2.28 2.08 2.2846 2.28 2.29 2.497 2.28 0.01 2.09 2.28 2.8440 0.01 2.83 0.00 2.49 2.83 2.09 2.27 2.83 2.49 2.08 2.28 2.4948 2.83 2.49 2.09 2.28 2.48 2.08 2.844 2.49 2.09 2.49 2.08 3.0359 0.01 2.27 revealed 2.48 2.09 0.01 year 3.01 0.01 2.84 3.02 the 2.28 2.48 2.09 2.8435 of 3.02 months 2.84 2.27 2.48 2.08 windiest 3.02 the 2.84 2.27 2.49 during tions 2.83 2.27 3.037 2.84 2.28 3.8551 2.84 2.27 0.00 2.48 in 2.83 2.28 research 0.01 3.0355 3.82 0.01 previous 3.03 3.83 2.49 supports 2.83 2.28 carbonate 3.83 This separat other calcite. ground 3.03 2.48 2.83 2.27 any and was but of 3.84 clast shifts mineral single presence 3.04 2.48 a the the 2.84 from indicate of removed 3.857 to none were 3.02 2.48 enough chips lines, Three reference site. 3.03 sample 2.48 calcite 1-LS-3 the the from 3.03 2.48 fossils 0.01 3.8548 containing 2.83 clast surface 3.02 2.49 0.01 a 3.84 is limestone 2.84 3.02 2.49 Detrital † 3.85 2.82 3.02 2.48 (1962) Thompson and 3.86 2.83 3.02 Berry (1961) 3.84 2.83 Graf (1993–2002) #47–1743 3.86 2.83 JADE 3.85 2.83 0.01 3.02 3.83 2.84 Dev Std 3.03 3.83 2.83 Mean 3.02 3.84 2.83 #3 3.02 3.83 #2 3.01 #1 3.02 3.01 0.01 3.83 3.03 Dev Std 3.84 3.02 Mean 3.83 3.02 3-IG-3 3.83 3-IG-2 3.82 3-IG-1 3.83 2-IG-3 3.83 2-IG-2 3.85 2-IG-1 3.84 1-IG-3 3.83 1-IG-2 1-IG-1 Dev Std Mean 3-LS-3 3-LS-2 3-LS-1 2-LS-3 2-LS-2 2-LS-1 1-LS-3 1-LS-2 1-LS-1 (A means with d-spacings XRD #1. XRD of chart strip the from measured manually Data 1. Table 1778 omdi ietn aetmtra a oprdwt rmteboi rcptto fCaCO of precipitation biotic the pedogenic from hand, other the On abiotically. and biotically with compared was material the parent carbonate and limestone limestone, pedogenic in detrital when formed solubilized signifi- d-spacing of a reprecipitation in generated difference (110) detrital cant peak with minor compared a was Only limestone. material parent was formed igneous d-spacings carbonate in pedogenic in when difference peak any significant at detected No 3. Table in n t rad 90 n,mr pcfct hssuy m study, this to specific more and, 1970) Arnaud, (Rostad St. calcite and as accumulates carbonate pedogenic that ausaeas provided. also are values yeo olcroaea ietn L)adinos(G ie n aiblt of variability and sites (IG) igneous and (LS) limestone at carbonate soil of type rpi ipa ftedt rmXD# n 2is #2 and #1 XRD from data the of display Graphic P vle o ahcomparison each for -values ek12Pa 0 ek06Pa 1 ek13Pa 202 Peak 113 Peak 110 Peak 006 Peak 104 Peak 102 Peak OLSI O.A.J,VL 9 OEBRDCME 2005 NOVEMBER–DECEMBER 69, VOL. J., AM. SOC. SCI. SOIL eeec lines, reference act eeec values reference Calcite ietn Pedogenic Limestone ra dil great ertlLimestone† Detrital geu Pedogenic Igneous ei abnt omdi ietn aetmaterial parent limestone in igneous formed the carbonate at genic dominate may process biotic processes, the reprecipitation) while and and dissolution hyphae) fungal (i.e., and abiotic hairs root on precipitation (i.e., the at carbonate pedogenic of Variability sites. igneous nlmsoeprn aeilmyrfettedvrein- diverse the reflect may material parent limestone in In crystallization. during d-spacings the precipitation on of distinctions process biotic the calcite, undeniably While reprecipitation. and dissolution subsequent its and irba eprto rvd h oreo CO of source the provide respiration microbial CaCO eoei abnt.A 1y td fds rpcollec- trap dust of study 11-yr An carbonate. pedogenic abnt omdi geu aetmtra sderived is material parent igneous in formed carbonate formed carbonate pedogenic solubilized of reprecipitation Ϫ ti oal httevraiiyo l i d-spacings six all of variability the that notable is It tdfrhrdsicin ewe h w ye of types two the between distinctions further uted 2 yr 3 Ϫ ocnrtosta agdfo .1 o005g 0.085 to 0.019 from ranged that concentrations 1 nti ein(ieadGosa,1979). Grossman, and (Gile region this in Ϯ n tnaddvain(t e) act reference Calcite Dev). (Std deviation standard one ˚ o ahhlcliepa feach of peak calcite hkl each for ) 3 Kamr 2003) (Kraimer, 2 abiotic , ely. Reproduced from Soil Science Society of America Journal. Published by Soil Science Society of America. All copyrights reserved. cdperamn.N infcn ifrne( difference significant No with pretreatment. removed acid completely not po- was the which within limestone, carbonate rous pedogenic indi- of may presence 2) the (Table cate limestone detrital of variability high material. parent igneous Tbe3 rdcdasgiiatdfeec ndsaigto 1). tion d-spacing examination in difference statistical significant #2), a produced (XRD 3) (Table data electron- derived the For 4). ically (Fig. rela- lines carbonates reference to calcite soil the rise the to giving tive of 2), shift and up-angle 1 consistent (Tables the references calcite d-spacing mean the mean corresponding the of the carbonate, than soil less of is For type d-spacing #2). each (XRD within electronically peak each re- both and derived references #1) data (XRD calcite in 4) manually the (Fig. trend of pronounced those a vealed to carbonate soil re- of 1). reliably (Table be figures not significant two could beyond estimates solved visual be- these compared on statistically cause not measurements were #1) from (XRD charts calculated strip fac- d-spacings blocking landform The the tor. to respect with detected was rf(91 .51305 .40244 .882.0946 0.0021 2.0918 2.096 2.0914 2.0944 2.0901 2.2848 2.0936 2.0933 2.0944 0.0023 2.2802 2.0875 2.286 2.2796 2.0911 2.2815 2.0923 2.2787 2.0923 2.4949 2.2829 2.2815 2.2846 0.0026 2.0906 2.4901 2.2750 0.0008 2.0909 2.4897 2.2807 2.497 2.0916 2.4922 2.2815 2.0900 2.4877 2.2807 2.8440 2.4932 2.0918 2.4910 2.4948 0.0043 2.2798 2.8387 2.0920 2.4849 0.0008 2.2794 2.0906 2.8393 2.4895 2.844 2.2780 2.0906 2.8448 2.4920 2.2789 2.0897 2.8342 2.4907 3.0359 2.0915 2.8427 2.2795 2.8389 2.8435 0.0043 3.0281 2.2796 2.8304 0.0016 2.4889 † 2.2790 3.0279 0.0016 2.8386 2.0911 of types 2.4888 2.2805 3.0319 3.037 2.8395 three the 2.0921 2.4890 2.2792 of 3.0268 2.8400 3.8551 each between 2.0901 2.2803 peak 3.0332 every 2.0897 nearly 2.4894 3.0297 at 3.0355 0.0071 in 3.8492 2.0902 2.4899 3.0183 0.0034 formed 2.8407 carbonate 2.0930 2.4864 3.8505 0.0047 3.0263 pedogenic 2.2806 2.8388 2.0928 of 2.8388 2.4903 3.8576 3.0303 pronounced genesis less 3.857 2.2804 2.0924 2.8455 2.4867 the are 3.8455 3.0284 that during processes 2.2782 2.0882 2.4907 formation 3.8536 of 2.2791 2.0914 fluence 2.8404 3.8538 3.8548 detection. for 2.2921 2.8402 present 3.8337 0.0017 carbonate 3.0274 little 2.2797 2.8362 Too 0.0024 3.8483 † 2.4878 3.0254 2.2817 3.0278 2.8468 (1962) 3.8537 Thompson and 2.4890 2.2800 3.0260 2.8404 Berry 3.8474 (1961) 2.4872 2.2746 2.8392 Graf (1993–2002) 2.4879 #47–1743 2.2799 3.0292 JADE 2.4857 3.0281 0.0045 3.8472 2.4909 3.0264 0.0055 2.8394 Dev Std 2.4906 3.8448 3.0301 Mean 2.8406 2.4874 † 3.8478 3.0254 3-LS-3 2.8361 2.4832 3.0279 3-LS-2 2.8352 2.4882 3.8457 3-LS-1 2.8491 3.8483 2-LS-3 2.8371 3.8457 0.0038 3.0254 2-LS-2 2.8338 3.8575 3.0287 2-LS-1 2.8434 3.8449 3.0247 1-LS-3 2.8340 3.8428 3.0259 1-LS-2 2.8457 3.0224 1-LS-1 3.0284 0.0067 3.8446 3.0281 Dev Std 3.8476 3.0263 Mean 3.8438 3.0170 3-IG-3 3.8436 3.0275 3-IG-2 3.8397 3-IG-1 3.8506 2-IG-3 3.8531 2-IG-2 3.8418 2-IG-1 3.8312 1-IG-3 3.8498 1-IG-2 1-IG-1 Dev Std Mean 3-LS-3 3-LS-2 3-LS-1 2-LS-3 2-LS-2 2-LS-1 1-LS-3 1-LS-2 1-LS-1 (A means with d-spacings XRD #2. XRD from measured electronically Data 2. Table abnt tlmsoe(S n geu I)stswt ihadlwvle nudrieadvraiiyof variability and underline in values provided. low also and are high values with reference sites (IG) Calcite igneous Dev). and (Std (LS) limestone at carbonate ae nti eto nlss(aantson,the shown), not (data analysis section thin on Based oprsno -pcnsfrec ftetretypes three the of each for d-spacings of Comparison RIE TA. IEAOIA ITNTOSO CARBONATES OF DISTINCTIONS MINERALOGICAL AL.: ET KRAIMER ek12Pa 0 ek06Pa 1 ek13Pa 202 Peak 113 Peak 110 Peak 006 Peak 104 Peak 102 Peak p ϭ 0.9313) act eeec values reference Calcite ietn Pedogenic Limestone ertlLimestone Detrital geu Pedogenic Igneous eoei abnt omdi ietn aetmate- parent limestone when in peaks formed five carbonate in pedogenic detected sig- also A was reference. difference calcite nificant were formed the limestone from carbonate detrital different and pedogenic significantly material peaks, parent igneous six in all At 2002). ilwscmae ihteclierfrne nyPeak only reference; calcite the with compared was rial Rato )adsi abnt hc ant(Reac- cannot which carbonate soil and atmospheric 2) sequester (Reaction remediatively C car- can soil between which distinctions bonate detect sequestration, to C unable to was respect XRD With soil calcite. All carbonates. was soil carbonate no the provided among distinctions also for pedogenesis, basis limestone, to Detrital exposure carbonate. any lacking pedogenic of studythe types between this two distinctions precipitation, mineralogical robust abiotic no and found biotic different of pro- in portions different by formed influenced and likely environments were chemical ig- material in parent formed carbonate neous pedogenic and material parent difference. significant no produced 006 olcroaeadtecalc the and carbonate soil lhuhpdgnccroaefre nlimestone in formed carbonate pedogenic Although ˚ o ahhlcliepa fec yeo soil of type each of peak calcite hkl each for ) t reference ite Ϯ n tnaddeviation standard one (JADE, 1993– 1779 Reproduced from Soil Science Society of America Journal. Published by Soil Science Society of America. All copyrights reserved. icof .. n ..Ff.16.Ctlss niiin n h ok ..17.Tentrlhsoyo rsaln acu carbonate: calcium crystalline of history natural The 1974. R.L. Folk, the and inhibition, Catalysts, 1968. Fyfe. W.S. and J.L., ore Bischoff, for data powder X-ray 1962. Thompson. R.M. and L.G., Berry, enr .. n ..Lsg.18.Mdln h eceia car- geochemical the Modeling 1989. Lasaga. A.C. and R.A., Berner, Press, Univ. Oxford geomorphology. and Soils 1999. P.W. Birkeland, lmrs .. n .Kmton.20.Err,vraiiy and variability, Errors, 2002. Kempthorne. O. and R.R., Allmaras, Agricultural University State Station. Mexico Experiment Environmental New (DEB- the Foundation U.S. and Science 0080412), National the the (99R-09), Agency, International Protection Consortium the manu- Land by for provided McCaslin Arid was Bob Funding and comments. Huenneke script Laura to and tance parent limestone in formed carbonate pedogenic for #2) (XRD electronically and #1) (XRD manually derived data diffraction X-ray 4. Fig. 0.3922 0.7830 0.2887 0.7855 0.4472 0.5820 0.0061* 0.0329* 0.4148 0.7368 0.5834 0.3660 0.0625 0.1144 0.6931 0.0020* 0.1449 0.3973 at difference significant 0.5401 Statistically * Ref. Calcite vs. Pedogenic Pedogenic IG IG vs. Pedogenic LS LS Detrital vs. Pedogenic LS LS Detrital vs. Pedogenic IG generated #2 XRD by measurements electronic of analysis Statistical 3. Table 1780 SPdgncv.ClieRf 0.0018* Ref. Calcite vs. Pedogenic LS ertlL s act e.005*000*009*000*000*0.0054* 0.0005* 0.0006* 0.0097* 0.0009* 0.0457* Ref. Calcite vs. LS Detrital eko eoei abnt omdi ietn L)prn aeil( material parent (LS) limestone in ( formed material carbonate pedogenic of peak eor8,TeGooia oit fAeia e York. New America, America of of Society Society Geological Geological The The 85, Memoir atlas. peacock The minerals: o yl.Si m 258:74–81. Am. Sci. cycle. bon York. New WI. Madison, SSSSA, 4. Part analysis. soil rcso.p 15–44. p. precision. 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