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For Agriculture Development A4DIssue6webCover 14/7/09 8:27 pm Page 1 Agriculture for Development Conservation Agriculture Crop Bioengineering Challenges for No. 6 Summer 2009 Tropical Agriculture A4DIssue6webCover 14/7/09 8:27 pm Page 2 A4DIssue6webText 14/7/09 9:06 pm Page 1 The TAA is a professional association of individuals and corporate bodies concerned with Contents the role of agriculture for 2 Editorial | development throughout the world. TAA brings together Articles individuals and organisations 3 Conservation Agriculture | Theodor Friedrich from both developed and less- developed countries to enable 10 System of Rice Intensification | Norman Uphoff and Amir Kassam them to contribute to 15 The Inga alley cropping technique: a viable alternative for slash and burn international policies and actions farmers? | Charles Barber aimed at reducing poverty and 19 The fundamental challenges for tropical agriculture | Alan Yates improving livelihoods. Its 26 Crop bioengineering: enormous potential for catalyzing international mission is to encourage the efficient and sustainable use of development | Peter Gregory and Stanley P. Kowalski local resources and technologies, to arrest and reverse the 30 Upcoming Events degradation of the natural resources base on which Scotland & North of England agriculture depends and, by 31 A report prepared by John Gowing raising the productivity of both 32 Green Water Credits | David Dent agriculture and related enterprises, to increase family incomes and commercial Newsflash investment in the rural sector. 35 Banana bunchy top disease: rearing its ugly head in East Africa Particular emphasis is given to 35 Kenyan villagers to test out UN carbon benefits project rural areas in the tropics and 36 Coir in Sri Lanka - a fibre for the future? subtropics and to countries with less-developed economies in 36 Climate Change: threat to maize, millet and other staple crops in marginal temperate areas. TAA recognizes African farmland the interrelated roles of farmers and other stakeholders living in Bookstack rural areas, scientists (agriculturists, economists, 37 The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses | R E Litz (ed.) sociologists, etc.), government 38 Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in an Era of Oil Scarity: Lessons and the private sector in from Cuba | Julia Wright achieving a convergent approach 38 African Indigenous Vegetables in Urban Agriculture “ Charlie M Shakleton, to rural development. This Margaret W Pasquini and Axel W Drescher (eds) includes recognition of the importance of the role of 38 Agriculture in Urban Planning: Generating Livelihoods and Food Security | women, the effect of AIDS and Mark Redwood (ed.) other social and cultural issues on the rural economy and Mailbox livelihoods. 39 Biogas Units | Keith Virgo Publications Committee 40 Dr Peacock’s Ralph Melville Memorial Lecutre: investmeent in African Garry Robertson agriculture | Stephen Carr Jim Waller Amir Kassam Geoff Hawtin Advertisements Declan Walton 18 VSO - I’d love to change the world, but… Caroline Hattam Ed Hamer 41 Press Release: Bees for Development new website www.beesfordevelopment.org contact: [email protected] TAA Forum Tel: 01582 715223 42 TAA-Agriculture for Development Honours 2009 ISSN 1759-0604 (Print) 44 Executive Committee and Group Convenors ISSN 1759-0612 (Online) Cover Photograph: Eden Project, Cornwall © Tina Bone, AssocSBA 1 A4DIssue6webText 14/7/09 9:06 pm Page 2 Editorial Climate change and technologies for resource-poor farmers The major problem blighting the lives up a $20 billion fund over three years improved to help the farming of many small-scale farmers is that to boost the capacity of developing community. they do not have money in the countries to grow and store more At the L’Aquila summit, the G8 household budget to purchase good food. On paper this sounds a better countries and the Major Economic seed, fertilizer and other inputs option than giving $20 billion of food Forum (MEF) of seventeen other needed to produce more food to feed aid, which distracts politicians from countries that includes India and their families or to sell in the local putting in place policies to ensure that China agreed that average global markets. They are caught in a vicious adequate quantities of food are temperatures should not be allowed to circle, a situation from which it is very rise more than two degrees Celsius. difficult to escape. They must have However, there was no consensus better, more productive varieties, and Resource-poor about the baseline for this pledge, good quality seed but they need farmers need new although Britain and some EU improved technologies that will cost countries want it set at 1990. Others, very little or nothing, and will at the production like Japan, want it set at 2005. During same time increase crop production. methodologies that the talks the G8 leaders dropped a plan Farmers following the principle of for developed countries to cut their conservation agriculture, discussed in will improve yields carbon emissions by 50 percent by the article by Friedrich, Kassam and 2050, after opposition from China and Shaxson, can save time and money without costing extra India. Africa has done the least to because there is no need to plough money. contribute to climate change but is and harrow the land before planting. going to suffer the most because the Less cost of production and less work G8 and other developed counties can’t for the farmer. No-till agriculture has produced locally. There will have to be get their act together. The discussions many benefits but two of the more a clearly defined strategy and excellent at L’Aquila were supposed to be part of important spin-offs are the maint- management if this expensive the preparation for the Copenhagen enance of good soil structure and a programme is going to become well- summit meeting on climate change in reduction in carbon dioxide lost to the established and prove successful. The December, when it is expected to set atmosphere, both of which are im- farmers do not need subsidized targets for carbon emissions to portant especially to tropical soils in fertilizers, agro-chemicals or equip- control the global rise in temperature. the ongoing climate change saga. Rice ment, leading them into a situation There is still a lot of work to be done. growers can increase productivity, and where they expect handouts. DFID The small-scale farmers in Africa and therefore profit, from using SRI – the estimates that a quarter of all food around the world will be the eventual system of rice intensification – with harvested in Africa is not eaten losers if the developed country no increase in financial inputs. because of inadequate storage and polluters do not agree to cut the rate transport facilities. These are the kind At the recent G8 summit at L’Aquila in of carbon emissions into the of backup services that need to be Italy, world leaders have agreed to set atmosphere. 2 A4DIssue6webText 14/7/09 9:06 pm Page 3 CA Characteristics Theodor Friedrich, Amir Kassam and Conservation Francis Shaxon Theodor Friedrich, Agriculture Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome. CA is characterized by three principles which Characteristics of (theodor.friedrich are linked to each other in a mutually @fao.org) Conservation reinforcing manner, namely: Amir Kassam, Agriculture (CA) 1. Continuous no- or minimal mechanical soil disturbance (i.e., direct sowing or University of Reading, broadcasting of crop seeds, and direct UK. (kassamamir The objective of this paper is to placing of planting material in the soil) @aol.com) (Figure 1); provide an overview of the Francis Shaxon, Tropical Agriculture characteristics of CA, its devel- Association (TAA), UK. opment, current relevance and (fshaxson global distribution, the restrict- @gotadsl.co.uk) ing framing conditions, its potential for improvements in productivity and sustainability, its relevance to small-scale farmers, the favourable settings for the promotion of CA in the developing regions, and areas of action for the future. Figure 1. Direct seeding into mulch and moist soil by hand with jab planter, animal drawn seeder, and tractor mounted seeder Definition of CA 2. Permanent organic-matter soil cover, especially by crop residues and cover crops CA is a concept for resource-saving agricult- Figure 2. No-till maize with (Figure 2); and permanent mulch, Brazil ural crop production that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while concur- rently conserving the environment. CA is based on enhancing natural biological processes above and below the ground. Interventions such as mechanical soil tillage are reduced to an absolute minimum, and the use of external inputs such as agrochemicals and nutrients of mineral or organic origin are applied at an optimum level and in a way and quantity that does not interfere with, or disrupt, the biological processes. 3 A4DIssue6webText 14/7/09 9:06 pm Page 4 CA Characteristics 3. Diversified crop rotations in the case of K Favours beneficial biological activity in the annual crops or plant associations in case soil in order to (a) maintain and rebuild soil of perennial crops, including legumes. architecture, (b) compete with potential in situ soil pathogens, (c) contribute to soil Translation of CA organic matter and various grades of principles into humus, and (d) contribute to capture, technologies and retention, chelation and slow release of farmer practices plant nutrients (Figure 3). K Avoids physical or chemical damage to CA systems utilize soils for the production of roots that disrupts their effective function- crops with the aim of reducing to a minimum ing or limits their maximum potential for the excessive mixing of the soil that is nutrient uptake. characteristic of tillage-based farming. CA CA can be practiced in all sizes of farms and maintains crop residues on the soil surface to ecologies. Machinery, tools and equipment minimize damage to the environment, and have been developed to cater for three levels of deploys diverse crop rotations and associa- power usage: manual power, animal traction, tions for enhancing soil and crop health.
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