Education in the 1830's The Town Walls of Carlow

Price 50p Thomas Kavanagh 1767-1837

/ Officers and Members of the Old Carlow Society 1977/78

President Byrne, W. E., 34 Hillview Drive, Carlow. Ellis, J. J. & Mrs., 17 Burnaby Park, His Lordship Most Rev. Dr. Patrick Len­ Canavan, Mrs. M., St. Joseph's Road, Greystones, Co. Wicklow. non, Bishop of Kildare & Leighlin Carlow. Farrell, Mr. & Mrs. Leo, Staplestown Life Vice Presidents Carbery, D. & Mrs., Green Road, Road, Carlow. Carlow. Fenlon, Mrs. M., "Riverville",, Very Rev. P. MacSuibhne, M.A., St. Carlos, Mr. R. N., 39 Sandfield Gardens, Montgomery Street, Carlow. Patrick's College, Carlow; Mrs. M. Blackrock, Co. Louth. Fennell, Mrs. Eileen, Chapelstown, O'Neill, Wilton Gardens, Cork; Mr. Liam Carroll, Mr. Noel, 36 Clare Road, Drum- Carlow. D. Bergin, Editor, "Nationalist & condra, Dublin, 9. Fennell, Mr. N., 27 Springdale, Carlow. Leinster Times", Carlow; Mr. Alec Chmelar, Edward, Rathnapish, Carlow. FitzGerald, Mrs. D., Shinrone, Offaly. Burns, College Street, Carlow. Claxton, P., Milford, Carlow. FitzMaurice, Mrs. B., Laurel Lodge, Chairman Collins, Sean, 80 Elm Park Drive, Carlow. Mrs. B. FitzMaurice Rathnapish, Carlow. FitzRoy, Miss A., Montgomery Street, Connolly, Mrs. T., Ballyfoyle, Mageney, Carlow. Vice-Chairman Co. Kildare. Foley, Joseph, Sycamore Road, Miss M. T. Kelly Corcoran, Mrs. B., 132, J.K.L. Avenue, Rathnapish, Carlow. Secretary Carlow. Gahan, Miss Muriel, Carrigfern, Corrigan, Thomas, Knockfield, Mr. Sean O'Leary Shankill, Co. Dublin. Castledermot, Co. Kildare. Governey, Francis, Pollerton, Carlow. Treasurer Crombie, B. & Mrs., Pembroke, Carlow. Greco!, John L., Cleveland, Ohio, 44101, Mr. Kevin Kennedy Crowe, Austin, "Sleibhte", 125 Newtown U.S.A. Editor Park Avenue, Blackrock, Co. Dublin. Hade, Miss P., Castle Street, Carlow. Mr. H. Dolan Cullen, Miss Mary, Tullow Road, Carlow. Halpin, John, Mullawn, Tullow, Co. Cullen, Sr. Nessa, Clochar na Trochaire, Carlow. Committee Ceatharloch. Hanlon, Miss Molly, Tullow Street, Miss I. MacLeod, Mrs. M. Fenlon, Mrs. Curry, Kevin, 12 Oakley Park, Tullow Carlow. B. Crombie, Mrs. E. Fennell, Messrs. J. Road, Carlow. Harding, Rev. B., St. John's, Kilkenny. Moriarty, T. Smyth, M. Dooley, J. Deane, Miss M., St. Killian's Crescent, Harvey, Mrs. P., Mill Park House, Westman, R. James, E. McDonald. Carlow. Kilbride, Co. Carlow. Dempsey, R. & Mrs., Burrin Street, Haughney, Eamonn, Pollerton Road, Delegates to Arts Council Carlow. Mr. Brendan Kealy, Mr. John Moriarty Carlow. Dolan, Hugh, 35 Oakley Park, Tullow Healy, Pat, Pollerton Castle, Carlow. Delegates to the Historical Advisory Road, Carlow. Healy, R., College Street, Carlow. Committee of Carlow Co. Council Dooley, Gerard, 14 St. Killian's Cres­ Hodges, C. G., 48 Queen Victoria Road, Mr. H. Dolan, Mr. A. Burns cent, Carlow. Claremount, Cape, S. Africa. Dooley, Miss M., Athy Road, Carlow. Holden, Michael & Mrs., Tullow Street, Members Dooley, Michael, 20 St. Killian's Cres­ Carlow. Agar, J. R. and Mrs., 13 Larkfield, cent, Carlow. Holton, Sr. Ann, Clochar na Trochaire, Rathnapish, Carlow. Dooley, Padraig, 14 St. Killian's Cres­ Ceatharloch. Agar, Mrs. M., N.T., Chapelstown, cent, Carlow. Hosey, Gerard, Staplestown Road, Carlow. Dooley, Miss Teresa, 14 St. Killian's Carlow. Alcock, Noel, 46 Staunton Avenue, Crescent, Carlow. Hughes, Edward, Graignamanagh, Co. Governey Park, Graiguecullen, Doyle, Mrs. B., St. Joseph's Road, Kilkenny. Carlow. Carlow. Hughes, John, 15 Oaklawn Estate, Carlow. Behan, Mrs. C., Station Road, Carlow. Doyle, Mrs. C., Sycamore Road, Hughes, Mrs. Joseph, Kildreri.agh, Bolton, Liam, Keelogue, Killeshin, Rathnapish, Carlow. Bagenalstown, Co. Carlow. Carlow. Doyle, James & Mrs., Ballickmoyler Hutton, Frank & Mrs., 6 Staplestown Brennan, Miss Ciss, Strawhall, Carlow. Road, Carlow. Road, Carlow. Brennan, Miss Mary, Kennedy Street, Doyle, J. & Mrs., '98 Maher Road, Hyland, Mrs. Sadie, "Genazzano", Kil­ Carlow. Governey Park, Graiguecullen. leshin Road, Carlow. Brennan, Michael & Mrs., 2 Burrin Doyle, James Jnr., '98 Maher Road, Road, New Oak Estate, Carlow. Governey Park, Graiguecullen. ,James, Mrs. E., Montgomery Street, Broderick, Sean, Pollerton Big, Carlow. Doyle, Misses M. & D., "lnnisfree", Carlow. Brophy, Edward, Rathnapish, Carlow. Station Road, Carlow. James, Miss Margaret, Montgomery Street, Carlo· Brophy, Mrs. M., 35 O'Hanrahan Doyle, Miss Nellie, Granby Row, Carlow. ,James, T. R., Green Road, Carlow. Avenue, Carlow. Doyle, Mrs. M. "Sunny Cedars", Kil­ ,Jones, Mrs. A., Momtgomery Street, Brophy, Very Rev. P. J., P.P,, leshin Road, Carlow. Carlow. Graiguecullen. Doyle, Peadar, Governey Square, Carlow. ,Jordan, Mrs. M., St. Mary's Park, Browne, ,John, N.T., Ballinacarrig, Doyle, Thomas, Bough, Rathvilly, Co. Carlow. Carlow. Carlow. Burns, Alec, College Street, Carlow. Duggan, Noel, Dublin Street, Carlow. Kealy, Brendan, B.A., H.D.E., B..urns, Mr. & Mrs. C., "Malasha", Kil­ Duggan, Mr. P., Court View, Carlow. Maryboro' St., Graiguecullen, Carlow. leshin Road, Carlow. Duggan, W. L. & Mrs., College Street, Kelly, Mrs. Josie, 2 Braganza, Athy Byrne, Mrs. A., Little Barrack Street, Carlow. Road, Carlow. Carlow. Ellis, William, Burrin Street, Carlow. (CONTINUED ON PAGE 31)

2 Editorial

Some Innovations CARLOVIANA Volume 2. No.26 1977/'78 New Series. A QUICK glance through the pages of this issue of "Carloviana" Journal of Old Carlow Society will reveal names like Dr. Delaney, Phil Kennedy and Thomas Editor: Hugh Dolan. Kavanagh. The questions might well be asked: Who werethey? Printed by 'Nationalist' Carlow What did they contribute to history? They are not nationally known people but this does not lessen their importance. The study of the lives of local historical personalities can be most enlightening. Very often in analysing and describing the major events and characters the general historian could overlook the "ordinary folk." The local historian can concentrate on these people who rarely made the headlines or the school history CONTENTS: books. His researches help give a broad picture to' history and can make it more meaningful to many people. It is the function Thomas Kavanagh, M.P. of a journal like this to publish the work of these researchers who 1767-1837 ...... Page 4 J tell us so much about local history. Killashee - Ancient and Modern ...... Page 6 As a school subject local history is even getting more attention than heretofore from the Department of Education. On a county The Popish Plot in by county basis it is providing slides with accompanying com­ County Carlow . . . Page 7 mentaries. This should ensure a public well informed on the history of their local area. The assistance of the Old Carlow * Society will be an asset when this project is introduced to Carlow Education in the schools. 1830s ...... Page 11 The enthusiasm and interest of young people is necessary if Phil Kennedy of the work of the society is to continue. It is with the young reader Castletown ...... Page 13 in mind that this issue of the journal contains a competition for pupils in their first year in post primary schools. If proved suc­ Sponsors ...... Page 15 cessful it is hoped to involve even more young people next year. Stone Antiquities of Co. Carlow ...... Page 16 Another innovation is the publication of the journal without the customary pages of advertisements. Firms who previously Sponsors ...... Page 18 advertised have generously agreed to become sponsors. This en­ sures that despite many financial headaches "Carloviana" will Clogrennan Castle ...... Page 19 continue to be published at a reasonable price. Our readers are resectfully requested to support our sponsors. We are most Town Walls of grateful for their generous sponsorship. Carlow ...... Page 20

Graigue Bridge ...... Page 21 To our contributors a special word of gratitude is due. Their love of history inspires them to work and write with no thought Carlow Then and of material gain. Future generations will have cause to be Now ...... Page 22 grateful to them. State of Diocese of Kildare and Leighlin ...... Page 24

The Carlow Cover: Brownes Hill Dolmen, Carlow. Railway ...... Page 26 Photo by Wllliam Ellis

3 \' Thomas Kavanagh M.P., ( 1767-1837 and his ~~ Contemporaries 2J .~~#:7 "-, ~ .. ,1na~n-.-1·--., Arthur Kavanagh, M.P. for Carlow "ff Brother P. J. Kavanagh, M.A., just as the Bagenal estates were being from 1868 to 1880, is the subject of two ,~ Colaiste Iosagain, sold off by Beauchamp Bagenal. By mak­ Baile Bhuirne, full-length biographies, and deservedly J,i ing purchases from the Bagenals, the Co. Chorcai. so, for, despite his having lost his arms b Beauchamps, the Grogans and the and legs before childbirth he led a fuller ~& Whaleys, Bruen was soon able to match life than many physically perfect men. Kavanagh's 14,000 odd acres. By 1835 The first biography, by Sarah Steele, was Henry II had an income of £13,000, a published in London in 1891. A more mere £2,000 short of Kavanagh's modern one, this time by Donald McCor­ study of the man Thomas Kavanagh. £15,000. Henry I sat for Carlow from mack, was also published in London in That must remain to those who have ac­ 1790 till he died in 1795. Henry II sat 1960. Numerous articles have also been cess to his letters, etc., if such exist. for the county from 1812 to 1852, with published so that the local historian has Thomas was born on 10 March 176 7, the exception of the years 18 3 1-3 5 and material concerning this remarkable man the fourth son and ultimate heir of 1837-40 when the O'Connellites tem­ ready to hand. Not so with his father, Thomas Kavanagh and Susanna Butler porarily ousted him. His son, Henry III, Thomas Kavanagh, object of this essay. of Garryricken, sister of John, 17th Earl represented Carlow from 1856 to 1880. Nor are his son's biographers helpful of Ormond. He inherited Borris from his Not a bad record for one family and cer­ since Thomas died when Arthur was only batchelor brother, Walter, about 1800. tainly worthy of Kavanagh in-laws . .six years of age and so he figures little in Just as the boys of his family died early Thomas Kavanagh represented his life story. so also would many of his own sons, mak­ Kilkenny City in the College Green Thomas Kavanagh, nevertheless, ing a succession in the male line Parliament from 1798 to the Union. He deserves to be remembered if only for the somewhat precarious. Thomas's first wife did not again seek election till 1826 when fact that he was M.P. for the county from was his first cousin, Elizabeth, daughter he was returned for Carlow. Why he 1826-1831 and 1835-1837. He of John, Earl of Ormond. Although never remained outside of the political arena so belonged to that generation of landlords coming into possession of an English no­ long is not clear but he was content to which saw themselves threatened by ble title, the Borris Kavanaghs, priding leave the county rotate among the Bruen, Daniel O'Connell's advocacy of the rights themselves on their descent from Rithe Butler and Latouche families who filled of Catholics to advancement in govern­ Laighean, were acceptable marriage the void left by the demise of the ment and of Ireland to legislative in­ partners amongst the nobility. Petrie Bagenals c. 1780. de pend enc e. Kavanagh, while spoke of this Thomas as "the last chief­ The General Election of 1826 was un­ sympathetic to the Catholics, led those in tain ... of his race." contested in Carlow. It was taken for the county who believed, as did their class By this first marriage Thomas had granted by all respectable men that all over Ireland, that, while Emancipation nine daughters and one son. The son Kavanagh and Bruen had a right to the was acceptable the raising of the political seems to have died young. One of the two seats. status of the lower orders was not. The daughters, Anne, married Henry Bruen II A minor difficulty arose at the 1830 lower orders were politically useful only in of Oakpark (1790-1852) and thus were election, however, when young Horace so far as the better off ones represented united the two most politically Powerful Rochfort of Clogrennan dared challenge so many votes which their landlord might families in the county during the first the Kavanagh-Bruen combination on a command at his pleasure. Kavanagh's three-quarters of the nineteenth century. Whig ticket. But sure what chance had a generation firmly believed in a social For it was land and its attendant wealth Rochford? Despite their imposing newly­ hierarchy, a doctrine abhorrent to us of a that made a man powerful, land which built mansion what had they but a hil­ more democratic and socialist age. maintained enough tenants of sufficient lside estate of 2,800 acres in the county This account is of necessity sketchy, means to qualify for the right to vote - plus some land in Laois? Horace the material having been culled from con­ for the landlord of course! The marriage presented himself as a Liberal or Whig temporary newspapers, the Carlow Sen­ of a Bruen and a Kavanagh might be candidate. The Rochforts had some tinel, the Carlow Morning Post, the compared to one of those political mar­ political background, Robert (1652- Kilkenny Moderator and the Kilkenny riages between the royal houses of Europe 1727), who bought Clogrennan from the Journal, all of them party motivated and one reads of in the history books. In the Butlers, having OOlln speaker of the Irish hence defective sources. Nothing that 18th Century the Kavanaghs who owned Commons of 1695, and Horace's father, Thomas Kavangh may have written, with practically the entire barony of St. Mol­ Col. John Staunton Rochford, having the exception of a brief address to the ings Lower, and the Bagenals, who owned been elected M.P. for the insignificant ~ electors, which tells us nothing of the !drone East in its entirety, were the big­ constituency of Fore in 1799. Horace, man, is available. What will of necessity gest fanded families in the county. Henry however, was defeated (or withdrew from appear here is a view of the public Bruen I, however, arrived in the county the contest) in 1830 and Thomas representative and landlord rather than a like a good "man of the moment" in 177 5 Kavanagh and Henry Bruen were

4 voters to support him. The Moderator 20th. The trouble here was that the exact Thomas Kavanagh urged its already loyal readers to vote for interpretation of what constituted a M.P., 1767-1837 him because he was "the scion of the holding sufficiently large to qualify its te­ oldest family in the British Empire" and nant for a vote depended on the colour of and His Political because he was "possessed of a princely the Registering Barrister's politics or on income, a large portion of which is spent the composition of the Parliamentary Contemporaries in improving the condition, and Committee appointed to investigate a promoting the comforts of his poorer register. Universal suffrage is infinitely (Continued) neighbours". The elections were held less complicated! between January 13th and 17th. Maurice Thomas Kavanagh died on 20th O'Connell, son of Dan, and Michael January, 1837. Judging by his published Cahill, "a young graduate" who seems to address to the electors in 1835 (supra) he have hailed from the Laois area, stood for returned. This disunity amongst the was a man of few words. He seems to the "popular" side. By now, however, the gentry signifies their feelings of security have made no speeches on the hustings as Tories had recovered from the shock of in 1830. But it was a calm before a did Henry Bruen, for instance, whose their defeat in 1830 and 1831 and had .storm. O'Connell was just around the cor­ speeches were faithfully published by the their side well organised. Kavanagh was ner. party hack, Thomas Carroll, editor of the proposed for election by John Staunton By 1831 a Political Club had been "Sentinel." All in all Kavanagh emerges Rochfort whose son, Horace, had twice formed by the non-landlord elements in as a mild type of man from the electoral ' before opposed him. In the face of real op­ the county - "liberals", O'Connellites contests. This is not to say that he wasn't positioa the "gentry" was closing its and other ill-defined shades of popular a fighter, however. The Rev. Messrs. ranks. There were then 1269 registered opinion. At the general election of 11th John Walsh of Borris, uncle and nephew, voters In the county. 1142 were polled, May 1831, which followed on the death Parish Priest and Curate, resolutely op­ Bruen obtaining 588, Kavanagh 587, of George IV Walter Blackney of Ballyel­ posed him during the election campaigns O'Connell 554 and Cahill 553. len, a Repealer, and Sir John Milley of 1835 but he firmly withstood them. ·boyle, K.C.B., a Whig, were returned un­ The O'Connellites petitioned against His conduct on the bench of magistrates opposed. Kavanagh and Bruen, taken the Torys' return, alleging that their was called into question in Parliament aback by the audacity of the popular side, agents had stalled for time by challenging but he vigorously denied all charges were so discomfited that they withdrew each other's voters and by administering against himself and his agent, Robert from the contest the previous night. the two oaths of Qualification and against Doyne, also a magistrate. They had been Horace Rochfort, again a conten_der, also Bribery separately to each voter so that accused of allowing party motives in­ withdrew. Walter Blackney (who lies "when the booths were closed a con­ fluence their decisions. On January 11th buried in the obscurity of the sacristy of siderable number of Reform electors old John Walsh addressed the Kavanagh the old chapel at Dunleckney) held 800 remained to be polled." Among those who voters in Glynn. Kavanagh, hearing of acres of land from Lord Kenmare in Bal­ signed the petition were Rev. James this, went with a small military escort and lyellen and was the only Catholic Maher of Carlow College with whom brought some seventy of his voters to "gentleman" resident in the county. Of readers of "Carloviana" will be familiar. Borris house where he gave them "protec­ the 71 magistrates in Carlow in 1831 The election was declared null and void tion" until polling day. In all probability only he supported O'Connell, fair dues to on 29th May and a new election ordered. they went of their own accord. This habit him for his courage. He continued to be a The general election had been fought of "cooping" voters was practiced by all leading O'Connellite in the county until with great intensity and this atmosphere sides. Twice during 1835 he wrote to his death in 1841. Doyle, a non-native, continued into the by-election in June. Dublin Castle asking firstly that the had had a distinguished military career in During the campaign word got out that military be left in Goresbridge, and the Napoleonic Wars and retired from the Thomas Kavanagh was in poor health; it secondly that a barracks be built for the seat in 1832 to follow his military bent in was even rumoured that he was dead and :nilitary in Borns. The locality was Portugal. Doyle and Blackney were that his son, Walter, who had just very much agitated and needed a believed to have been elected by the reached his majority would stand in his military presence. It was on July 3rd of privately-exerted influence of J.K.L. (no stead. It was even said that Walter had . this year that the body of Rev. John relation to Doyle). written to the Catholic clergy in Boms to Welsh, Jnr., was found at Kilgraney At the general election of December the effect that he wci~ld stand against his Bridge, killed, said the O'Connellites, by 1832 Blackney and Thomas Wallace, a father. All this was but rumour thrown up an Orangeman; killed, said the Conser­ Whig and an Irishman, who, as M.P. for by election fever but there seems to have vatives, by a fall from his horse. All in all, Yarmouth had championed Emancipa­ been some substance to the rumours the year 1835 was one of great political tion, were returned by 657 votes to about Kavanagh's health as an intimida­ and religious bitterness in Borris. Kavanagh's 4 70 and Bruen's 483. tion type notice pinned up at the chapel Thomas Kavanagh emerges from it with a In December 1834 William IV dismis­ in Muine Bheag the previous January quiet but firm dignity. sed the Melbourne ministry but Peel hav­ and signed by the ubiquitous Captain If Thomas Kavanagh had a virtue it ing failed to form a government, Parlia­ Rock referred to him as "the cripple". was generosity. Even his political oppo­ ment was dissolved. Blackney, now aged Nicholas Aylward Vigors of Old Leighlin, nents never denied that. No doubt it was sixty, retired from Parliament. On 4th a Protestant O'Connellite, and Alexander the paternalistic generosity of the January, 1835, Thomas Kavanagh ad­ Raphael, an English Whig, were returned landlord (we w(mld call it the "penny for dressed the voters by means of an adver­ by 627 votes to 572. The inevitable peti­ the black babies" mentality) which con­ tisement in the Tory newspapers, the tion resulted. Some 140 of the "popular" fused hand-outs with a radical effort to Carlow Sentinel and the Kilkenny voters, mostly tenants of Vigors, were eliminate poverty. Moderator. With the suavity and sense of held by the committee not to be of Mention of the clergy raises the ques­ possessign of his class h.e- proposed no sufficient substance to qualify for a vote tion of Thomas Kavanagh's religion. definite programme, merely mentioning held and were .struck off the register thus Donald McCormack, editor of "The his former record, which he didn't giving a majority to Kavanagh and Bruen Incredible Mr. Kavanagh", was of the elaborate on, as sufficient reason for the who were declared elected on August opinion that he was always an Anglican.

5 (CONTINUED ON PAGE 6) Aghade, in the present parish of Ballon, granted the Mill of Killcussey, now Kil­ Co. Carlow. lashee townland and parish. Auxilius may have been consecrated At the west end of the church under a Killashee bishop in 448. It is possible, however, rising ground, there were a number of ar­ that Secundinus, Auxilius and Iserninus tificial caves.(9) There were similar caves were already bishops when they were sent found in other parts of Ireland; they were in 439 to help St. Patrick. Auxilius after used as granaries where the inhabitants Ancient he had wrought many miracles ended his kept their corn and provisions and into holy life in his city (civitas) called which they retreated in times of danger. Cealusaille, in the plain of the The Killashee caves were described Leinstermen.(4) The Four Masters give in 1790 by William Beaufort.(10) the year 458 as the year of his death. Margaret Stokes refers to a Round Tower and Killashee suffered at the hands of the attached to the church.(11) There is a Danes. Many notable sanctuaries near holy well here, St. Patrick's Well, about the rivers were plundered. (5) The Annals 300 yards to the east of the church.(12) of the Four Masters tell us that in 1035 With its waters the Apostle had baptised Modem Cilluasille and Claonadh, Clane, were the people of Magh Life whom he had plundered by the Danes. They were met converted to the true faith. A castle is ,by the son of Donough, son of Domhnall said to have stood somewhere near but its AN t-ATH. P. McSUIBHNE who defeated them. The same Annals tell , site is not well known.(13) Very probably Killashee Church, 2 miles from Naas, oc­ us that Maoldobhacon, Abbot of Kil­ it was one of the small castles built by the cupies the site of the old Church of Killos­ lashee, died in 827 and Lomseach, son of first English settlers as a defence against sy or Killuassuille.(1) When St. Patrick Faoillen, also Abbot, died in 870. their Irish neighbours, the O'Byrnes and went to Rome, Pope Celestine read orders Killashee was an ancient parish con­ the O'Tooles. over him; on the same day, Auxilius and taining 4142 acres, 146 of which were in In the first quarter of the sixteenth Iserninus and others of St. Patrick's _the barony of Naas North.(6) In a letter of century, the Reformation came to Ireland. household were ordained. (2) St. Auxilius Pope Alexander III to Malchus, bishop of Officials of the English King took posses­ is said to have been St. Patrick's nephew; Glendaloch, dated 1179, the church is sion of religious foundations. On the 21st he and Iserninus came to Ireland called Cellusaille. In the 12th century the February, 1578, a commission was issued probably in 439. Patrick having preached Baron of Naas had founded a Priory un­ to certain persons, including Beling of in Hy Garchon came to Naas; from there der the invocation of St. John the Baptist Killasy. (14) In the Royal Visitation Book he came to a beauteous plain, Magh Life, for Canons Regular of the order of St. of 1615, Killosie was an inappropriate the Liffey plain.(3) Here he founded Augustine.(7) The Hospitallers became rectory, the vicar of which was William several churches; he set his disciples over the rectors of Killussy and the vicarage Mann, a minister legens, its yearly value these to complete and govern them; he was valued at forty shillings in the papal being £6. 15. The chancel was then in left St. Auxilius in the church later called taxation of 1303.(8) In 1377 Thomas Killuassaille. Iserninus went as bishop to was Prior, to whom William of London (CONTINUED ON PAGE 10)

Whether he was reared a Protestant or for one of her sons she was to be tragically Thomas Kavanagh conformed as a young man is not clear. disappointed. Walter was already dead, M.P., 1767-1837 Harriet would seem to have had all the Tom died in 1850 from T.B. Charles driving force of a Lady Mac Beth. Their died in a fire a year later and it would be and His Political eldest son, Walter (supra), who had never 1868 before the fourth son, Arthur, the been strong, died in 1836, a year before "Incredible Mr. Kavanagh," would again Contemporaries his father. When Thomas died, therefore, occupy a seat for the family, the seat (Continued) there was no Kavanagh old enough to vacated by his father's death having been succeed him. Harriet, nevertheless, deter­ occupied in the meantime by the Bun­ mined to support the Tories with the bury, M'Clintock and Pack-Beresford Tradition, however, holds that he was same determination as if one of her sons families. Henry Bruen had died in 1852. born a Catholic; it's sometimes said that were up for election. We hear that her His seat was claimed in 1856 by his son, he became a Protestant when he married agent, Robert Doyne, was presented with Henry III. From 1868 till they were final­ his second wife. Harriet Le Poer Trench. a set of plate after the 1840 by-election ly ousted by the Home Rulers in 1880 Certainly he must have been a Protestant in recognition of his efforts on their uncle and nephew continued the tradition by the time he was elected to Parliament behalf. In his victory speech after the of political co-operation begun by their in 1798. The Kilkenny Journal, an 1841 general election Bruen attributed fathers. O'Connellite paper, and quick, therefore, his success to the Kavanagh tenants. Let us leave the last word on Thomas to cash in on this aspect of his life, refer­ Some 240 electors had been "cooped" in Kavanagh to the Carlow Sentinel of 28th red to him as "the first of the family who Borris House before the election. In January, 1837: "On Tuesday morning conformed to the Established Church". November of that year there were victory last the remains of this much-revered and After the 1832 general election the celebrations in Borris House for the loyal respected gentleman were conveyed from Carlow Morning Post published an article tenantry and the, Evening Mail gushingly Borris House to the family vault in St. which made reference to Kavanagh's hav­ ,tells us that Mrs. Kavanagh mingled with Mullins amidst the cries and lamenta­ ing turned Protestant. It must have been her tenants "like Queen Elizabeth going tions of hundreds of the poor peasantry written in a vein distasteful to him for we to meet her troops at Tilbury." If her in­ and their families who lived upon his ~ read of his having sued the proprietor, tention in thus keeping the Kavanagh bounty for years. So heartrending a scene Patrick Bolger, for defamation. A Dublin name to the forefront of Carlow politics was never witnessed as the hearse passing Corporation Jury awarded him £1,500. was to keep the possibility of a seat open through the gates into the town of Borris."

6

IM.._ • The 'Popish Plot' Ill BY SR. MAURA County Carlow DUGGAN

One of the seeming paradoxes of the that 'a celebrated preacher', Mr. Conolly, people 'to a peaceable demeanour, and sectarian orientation given to the radical was in some degree responsible for dis­ respectful obedience to the laws'. In movement in Carlow, is that no Catholic turbing the peace of the border area February 1779 he pointed to the condi­ priest of !he county is known to have been between Carlow and Wexford - perhaps tion of the Church in France as a warning executed for inciting rebellion or for ac­ a prophetic insight into sectarian poten­ against 'the fascinating illusions of a tive participation in it. Yet Catholic, tial in that area.(4) In requesting that seducing but current philosophy, with papist and rebel, were synonymous by Mr. Conolly should be watched, he did which they labour to adorn their glittering June 1798. Caesar Colclough was on the not wish his name mentioned because of phantom of Liberty and Equality', and alert for clerical complicity in any his own Roman Catholic connections. At reminds the faithful of their greatly seditious movements for the publication the particular time at which he wrote improved position and that 'it is only by a of Dr. Hussey's first Pastoral Letter as there seemed no grounds for fearing continuation of same exemplary Bishop of Waterford and Lismore.(1) anything in the nature of a specifically demeanour which attracted the first The Pastoral Letter had been written Catholic revolt under clerical patronage. progressive rays of illumination, that we with the ostensible object at least of en­ can reasonably expect to enjoy hereafter a Musgrave's contention that the greater couraging the clergy of that diocese in brighter sunshine'.(8) They must not sobriety of the Catholics from about 1791 their work of keeping 'the laity within the forget 'the debt of gratitude which we owe onwards coupled with their tendency to bounds of religion' and expressed to our beneficient Sovereign George III, enroll in religious confraternities, argues and to an enlightened Parliament, for satisfaction that 'memory of the legal in­ the lining up of the clergy for a popish many substantial benefits of the constitu­ justices and cruelties formerly practised plot, finds no support in the facts, es­ tion restored to us during his Majesty's in this country by those who made pecially as related to county Carlow. religious distinctions a stalking horse for reign'. (9) Their solidarity as a sect, Musgrave felt, p·olitical purposes, is completely and hap­ was manifested in their religious con­ Dr. Delany had complete confidence in pily effaced'. Colclough added in his fraternities. Certainly he had little to fear Troy's wisdom and in the course of the letter that he· had since heard that Hus­ from the Confraternity of the Christian letter already mentioned - acknowledg­ sey had followed up his Pastoral Letter by Doctrine, fostered by Bishop Delany, ing receipt of the faculties for indulgences 'sermons insensibly more seditious, if he resident at Tullow, though the latter's es­ - he made it clear that he would be may use the term.' He guaranteed that he ctatic reaction to the arrival of a letter guided by Troy in all things, relying on personally would counteract any evil con­ containing indulgences for his Confrater­ his 'superior discretion and prudence'. He sequences. And the Carlow/Wexford nity would have made sinister reading to stated: 'I put my own interests and those border area was the particular object of a man of Musgrave's prejudices.(5) of the Diocese of Kildare and Leighlin his solicitude. A contemporary wholly in your keeping, as I should be dis­ pamphleteer took particular notice in his· Delany's query: 'What is the meaning of posed to do with the religious concerns of strictures on the Hussey's Pastora.1(2): piorum hominum in ye indulgences, sure­ the whole nation were I guardian'.(10) ' ... an ungenerous, if not im­ ly females are not thereby excluded ...?' polite charge on the clergy, to would have clinched for him his suspi­ One of Dr. Delany's major interests separate and detach themselves cions as to the extent of the plot. Women was the newly founded College in Carlow from any intercourse with the rich . when 'elevated' by religious enthusiasm town. In his monumental work on Car­ . . totally extinguishing that open can be as dangerous as women 'elevated dinal Cullen, Mac Suibhne speaks of the candour which should subsist in with all inspiring whisky'! Farrell, 'ardent spirit of patriotism in Carlow Col­ civilised society; urging them to remarking on the pastoral activity of lege' which prevailed 'from the very kindle up distinctions between the Henry Staunton, parish priest of Carlow beginning'. (11) He gives the impression poor and rich ... thus opening the and President of Carlow College, notes that the College was proud, not only of wide door of democratic rage and his interest in promoting such as­ the legend that many of those who took separation . . .' (3) sociations. (6) It was much more the out­ part in the attack on Carlow on the night Democratic principles were then ward symbol of a catholicity coming into of 25 May, 1798, managed to make their permeating Carlow by means other than line with the discipline and practice of escape through the college grounds which Dr. Hussey's Pastoral and there is no Rome after a period of almost freelance bordered Tullow St., but also looked with evidence that his Pastoral was much in religion due to the break-down in ec­ pride on a few of its students who were circulation there. Colclough had, in fact, clesiastical structures- during the Penal convicted of treason. Escape via the col­ found that 'the better informed of that Law epoch, than any militant combina­ lege grounds was very likely, but pride in persuasion think it ill-turned and ill­ tion of the Catholics. As is clear from the that event and glory in having its alumni timed . . . and the lower orders . . . are signatures to addresses made to the Lord convicted of treason, was retrospective. apprehensive they will not be allowed to Lieutenant during 1 792/:3, the principal At the outbreak of the Rebellion Henry live as servants of Protestant families'. Catholic clergy of the county were Staunton was using all his influence with His fears as to the effect of Hussey's cautious, and if a label is needed, Tory­ Archbishop Troy to obtain through his Pastoral seemed quite unfounded for minded - of the school of Archbishop good offices an exemption for the college county Carlow but are expressive of an Tro:,·. His pastoral addresses continually from the free quartering of soldiers. His early apprehension of clerical incitement warned against 'persons associated under request was granted on 26 July, to sedition. In May also he had hinted the title of Defenders'(7) and exhort his 1 798.(12) The protection ran as follows:

7 The 'Popish Plot' in County Carlow (Continued)

'It is his Excellency the Lord connected with the two newly founded problems confronting the college since the Lieutenant's desire that the Revd. seminaries was good copy for the new­ foundation of a state endowed seminary Henry Staunton should pass at all spapers and on the 9th November it was at Maynooth, the college was losing stu­ times unmolested and that his reported that the Roman Catholic clergy dents to Maynooth(18 and it may be school, family and property should of Dublin had used every exertion to have asked if the college was in such dire be protected.' Hearn pardoned. (15) This report with straits for numbers that the past histories A similar protection was sought in its implications as to where the sym­ of students seeking entrance were not 18 0 3. The granting of the exemption was pathies of the Roman Catholic clergy lay, gone into. Neither Delany nor Staunton a guarantee of the good esteem in which called forth a letter from Dr. Troy ob­ were likely to accept a student whom they Staunton was held. The fact that jecting strongly to the manner in which knew had been suspect of treasonable ac­ Staunton's evening classes for the young the statement was couched: (16) tivities. Troy found it necessary in his let­ men of the town helped develop Peter 'The direct tendency of this mis­ ter to Marsden to exonerate the Carlow Ivers's mind so that his trade as a rush representation is to indispose every seminary from any responsibility for mat-maker provided no outlet for his loyal man against me and the Hearn's treason: ( 19) enlarged mental capacity was one of the Roman Catholic clergy of this city 'I must remark that Hearne (sic) things Staunton may have preferred to and to asperse the reputation of was but three months in the forget, and of which Castlereagh knew Maynooth College'. seminary at Carlow where he cer­ ,nothing. More closely connected with the He categorically denied any plea on his tainly did not imbibe seditious college which Dr. Delany cherished as his part or that of the clergy on Hearn's principles, as the superiors and own brain child, was the conviction of behalf. Hearn, he stated, was expelled masters of it are to my knowledge some students in the college of treason. from the college before the rebellion, at as loyal as myself or any other A notice appeared in Faulkner's the same time when some students were person in the kingdom'. Dublin Journal, 31 October, 1799, to expelled from Trinity College and for the It was much more likely the need to the effect that: same reasons. He continued: build up a student body and not any sen­ 'Two students of the Roman 'An impartial observer of these timents of patriotism bolstered by finan­ Catholic Seminary of Carlow have occurrences would rather recom­ cial independence, that was responsible been convicted and executed in mend the zeal of visitors in purging for the intake of a student of the Hearn that town for treason.'(13) these establishments from calibre. 'Patriotism' for Delany and Who these students were or even the suspected persons than insinuate Staunton would be the conscientious sup­ accuracy of the statement cannot now be anything to the discredit of either'. port of lawful authority. However, the presence of Hearn in Carlow College dur­ verified because the college records are In these circumstances scant at this period, but Mac Shibhne ing the critical weeks of late May and 'it is to be lamented that the names one student, 'Francis Hearns who June may indeed justify the tradition that Dublin Journal too frequently in­ was expelled form Maynooth for sym­ the college gates were flung open enabling dulges in similar party politics in­ some of the insurgents to make their ·es­ pathy with the insurgents was received as stead of attempting to allay the cape. a student in Carlow'. In the context his violence of parties'. inference is that he was received in The only priest tried in Carlow for Troy's objection bore fruit. On Carlow because the college, unlike complicity in the rebellion was Father November 12, the Dublin Journal Maynooth, was independent of govern­ Trevor (there are several variations of the amended its· previous statement: ( 1 7) ment grant and was consequently '. . . in spelling) of Baltinglass. Faulkner's a position to adopt a comparatively 'We find that the account in­ Dublin Journal reported:(20) strong independent attitude in national serted in our last, of an application '28 July (1798) we learn by let­ affairs'.(14) Hearns was later executed made in favour of a traitor (the ter from Carlow that Trevor, a in Waterford for complicity in the rising student of Maynooth) lately ex­ Roman Catholic clergyman, in the and the colleges both at Maynooth and ecuted at Waterford, originated in county Wicklow, has been tried at Carlow were at one in disassociating a misrepresentation; no such ap­ a court martial in the first men­ themselves from him. On the 5 plication was made on behalf of tioned place, found guilty and November, 1799, the following Extract Hearn - his guilt was of a nature ordered for execution'. so atrocious as to preclude the of a letter from Dungarvan dated Oc­ The sentence of execution was not car­ most distant hope of pardon'. tober 29 was published in Faulkner's ried out. The Irish Magazine attributed Dublin Journal: An enclosure in Troy's letter to Traver's (sic) release, with its usual barb, 'This day was executed here, Marsden from the Vice-President of to Dr. Troy, 'whose influence with the pursuant to the sentence of a Maynooth, Rev. Francis Power, gives Castle strongly corroborates this conjec­ general court martial, Edmond some particulars as to Hearn: ture'. (21) Farrell gives the impression of Power of Ballingague in this county 'In May 1 798 Mr. Francis Travers's fate hanging in the balance for ... I am sorry to add that acts of Hearn was dismissed from the col­ some time and states ultimately his life rebellion of which he and Francis lege for being concerned in the was spared on condition that he left the Hearn (a student of the Roman business of United Irishmen and country.(22) Catholic College at Carlow, who has never since appeared there, nor Comerford notes the Rev. William was yesterday executed at Water­ as I could learn, had any ·connec­ Travis as parish priest of Baltinglass ford) had been convicted, were tion or correspondence with any of from c.1788,(23) and adverts to Travis's ~ committed as lately as during the its members since ,that period'. 'narrowly escaping a violent death'. month of September last'. As emerges from Dr. Delany' s long According to the version he had heard, Hearns as an ecclesiastical student aside in a report on his Diocese on the Travers was 'saved by Lady Aldborouth,

8 The 'Popish Plot' in County Carlow (Continued) who threw herself between him and those ultimate release of a priest from a parish figured as a meeting place for north who were about to save his life'. A less bordering the county, appears to be the Carlow and south Kildare United cap­ melodramatic and more likely interpreta­ sum total of clerical connivance in a tains. (33) tion of this account is that Lady Ald­ 'popish plot' thus bearing out Ivers's Dr. Troy's letters already referred to, borough used her influence, and execu­ statement 'that the priests except two or give the impression that the destruction tions were less precipitate after Cornwal­ three of bad character were universally of chapels in county Carlow took place lis had taken command of the country. against them'.(27) And this in the teeth during the course of late 1798 and 1799 Comerford states that Travers 'fled the of his assertion to· Cooke that the failure when a general spirit of lawlessness district, a•nd, according to tradition, took to grant Catholic Emancipation, and rather than rebellion prevailed and refuge in the parish of Ballyadams, where later, Orange provocation, were the main reprisals were so much the order of the he died, and is buried at Clopoke'. causes of the success of the United move­ day that the plot reported by Sullivan The Carlow contributor to the Irish ment in the county. was not as far-fetched as might appear. If Magazine attributed the arrest of Such being the attitude of the general it has no other value, it illustrates what Travers to the false information of ., body of the clergy, Farrell's account of the was accepted as a reasonable statement member of the Carlow cavalry named attempt made by the Rev. Mr. O'Neill, by contemporary writers such as Tool 'under the influence of flagellation! parish priest of Tinryland(28) to make Musgrave, who were so obsessed by their who, to rescue himself from the torture, the insurgents give up their attempt to popish plot theory as to accept such state­ thought nothing so efficacious as the take Carlow town is acceptable. His ments at their face value, as proof of the blood of a papist'.(24) The Rochfort house was situated on the route taken by extent to which Catholics were prepared corps of Cavalry to which Tool was said Heydon and his men as they advanced on to go to denigrate the reputation of to belong, was almost entirely Orange in the town. The priest came out of his Protestants when they failed to destroy its composition. A member of such a house, 'stopped them on the road and them by violence.(34) ~orps, suspected of treason, and tortured begged of them in the most moving terms Musgrave's Rebellions, with its for information, could end his agony in no to desist. He even went on his knees and valuable appendices of material that more expeditious way than by naming a used every extremity he could think of to might otherwise never have been priest as prime mover in the rebellion.' prevail on them to go back, but all was gathered, coupled with the twists he gives I,"arrell gives some support to the state­ useless'.(29) Apart from whatever in­ to facts and statements and his obvious ment of the 'Carlow Friend', without fluence he might have carried as a priest, selectivity, illustrates the mentality of an naming the informant, and in his account 'he was famous even for his skill as ·a intelligent mind writing in the heat of a Travers was indeed judged by the court to medical doctor and consequently a man of .highly charged atmosphere. Nor did his have played a leading role in the United most extensive influence in the country' - interpretation of the facts speak for movement:(25) an influence which could well have been himself alone. The high sales of his book used if he were so disposed, to encourage - it very quickly ran into a second edition 'This miserable man (I will not ,the insurgents on their way. - show that he expressed the feelings of mention his name either) proved The number of chapels reported as many of his social circle. Ryan, author of that Mr. Travers was sent as destroyed in the county is relatively few the Antiquities, whose father was a delegate from the United Irishmen and were situated within a short distance member of the Tullow Orange Lodge, ful­ to Dublin; that he was to proceed of each other, near the newly founded ly accepted Musgrave's interpretation of from Dublin to Belfast and from Orange Lodges and on the the early sectarian ferment in county, Belfast to France. When he came Carlow I Wicklow I Wexford border area. Carlow as is shown by his numerous ex­ to this point, Mr. Travers burst Dr. Troy in his reports on the subject of cerpts from Musgrave's Rebellions. out into a loud fit of laughter (as the destruction of chapels, named Clon­ The sectarian slant given to the radical there was not the least probability more, Newtown and Rathoe near Tullow movement under way from the early sum­ of truth in it) but Major Denis as those which had suffered.(30) With mer of 1797 to the spring of 1798, dis­ checked instantly for it (sic) and regard to Rathoe he added that it had torted the nature of the original move­ said, "I'm surprised, Mr. Travers, been destroyed on· the 12th August, ment. The absence of clerical support at how you could behave with such 1799. After the destruction of Newtown any level for the rebellion in the county levity on such an awful occasion chapel, the government offered a reward even when ifm.1gntliaveneen consiaered and your very life at stake". "I for the perpatrators.(31) to have overtones of a religious crusade, couldn't help it, Major Dennis (sic) A statement was made before a infers a divergence of opinion between for in all conscience it was far magistrate in 1800 to the effect that the priest and people and points to a weaken­ enough to send me to Dublin, or informant had no doubt but that many ing of clerical influence over the people of even to Belfast, but to send me all chapels were burnt wantonly in the this county. Had clerical influence, as the way to France goes beyond the province of Leinster to throw the odium of seen by Musgrave in the growth of bounds of all probability".' it on the Protestants. From the context of religious confraternities, been really Again Farrell's account ttL'Cords with his statement it would appear that a deep, then Dr. Delany's priorum that of the 'Carlow Friend', who stated chapel in south Kildare was the specific hominum, who gave to Caesar what was that Travers 'was accused and found example he had in mind. He had been of­ Caesar's, would have prevailed rather guilty of communicating even with the fered £400 by Patrick Kelly, a Roman than the 'unionism' which culminated in enemy of the country (France); 'but per­ Catholic priest and Thomas Fitzgerald of sectarian strife. Geraldine to swear against certain jury was so palpable at his trial, that his l. Caesar Colclough, Leinster Circuit, Kilkenny,, punishment was suspended'.(26) yeomen for burning of a chapel .. .'(32) 21 April, 1797, (Rebellion Papers, A handful of clerical students with This plan was purported to have been 620/90/299). The Pastoral was entitled 'A made at the house of a· person named Pastoral Letter to the clergy of the United slender connections with the county, ex­ Oioceses of Waterford and Lismore'. Seventh ecuted for treason; the conviction by English of Magany, which had earlier gdition published Waterford 1 797. A

9 The 'Popish Plot' in County Carlow (Continued)

handwritten note on the seventh edition states field for the purpose of exerc1smg them'. of Secret Service Money, Ireland, 1798' that many passages of the early editions are Transcribed by the Rev. Myles Ronan, Archiv. (Documents Rel. to Ire., p. 14). smoothed and softened, soon after Dr. Hussey Hlb., vol. xi, p. 4. 25. Farrell, p. 215. was removed from being Principal of the 13. Rev. John Brady, 'Catholics and Catholicism in 26. Irish Magazine, 1811, p. 307. Roman Catholic College and then left the the Eighteenth Century Press', Archiv. Hib., vol. 27. Memorandum of an interview which Cooke had kingdom - it was supposed his conduct was xxvii, p. 308. · with Ivers, Aug. 1 798 (Rebellion Papers, disapproved and censured by his superiors. · 620/3/32/12). 14. Mac Suibhne, op. cit., vol. i, p. 3. 2. 'Strictures and remarks on Dr. Hussey's hi't~­ Note: Joseph Hardy indicates clerical in­ 15. Archlv. Hib., vol. xxvii, p. 309. fluence over United Irishman in one case. Pastoral Address to the Clergy of Lismore a'nd 16. Dr. Troy, North King St., Dublin, to Alexander Waterford', (Dublin, 1797), p.6. Joseph Hardy, Baltinglass to Cooke, 4th April, Marsden, 10 1799 (Rebellion Papers, 1798 (Rebellion Papers 620/36/123), added a :l. There was a touch of irony in Hussey urging his 620/18Nl0/3; also Archlv. Hlb., vol. xi, pp. 11- postscript in Carlow to a letter he had begun in clergy to have nothing to do with the rich, since 12). Baltinglass, recounting how he was on the point he was the only Irish Catholic bishop living in 17. Archlv. Hib., vol. xxvii, p. 309. of obtaining information as to arms and am­ sumptuous state. He was living in England 18. Memoirs and Correspondence of Viscount munition from a United Irishman 'but before when the rebellion broke out in 1 798 and much Castlereagh, op. cit., vol. iv, pp. 143-7. In a the sheriff could get to him, his priest was with damage was done to his house and property, report to Castlereagh on the state of the United him and he denied every such thing, such is the his horses were taken from his stables at the Diocese of Kildare and Leighlin, Delany in his long­ melancholy influence these clergy has (sic) over Battle of Ross. Thomas Hearn to Dr. Hussey, winded manner, put in a plea for Carlow College, these united wretches'. This is the only such in­ Waterford, :l August, 1798 (Mount Stewart which had been to some degree flourishing before stance that has come to light. MSS, papers of Robert Viscount Castlereagh, the rising price of fuel and provisions etc. 'which has 28. 'Rev. ,John O'Neill appears to have been the later 2nd Marquess of Londonderry, vol. ii, given a mortal blow to our friends; whilst her first who had the pastoral care of Tinryland as 1 798 No. cciv). younger but highly favoured sister of Maynooth a distinct Parish. He died on 21st April, 1799, 4. Caesar Colclough, Duffery Hall, to Pelham, 1 evidently threatens - is it lawful to say - to kindly aged ,55, and is interred at Bennekerry'. May, 1797 (Rebellion Papers, 620/30/3). follow up ere long with the coup de grace, by the (Comerford's Collections, vol. iii, p. 386. 5. 'Letter of the Bishop of Kildare and Leighlin to vast diminution in the number of clerical particular­ 29. Farrell, p. 88. the Archbishop of Dublin, the 12th of Nov., ly, before resorting to it from every province in the :lO. Dr. Alexander Marsden, 27th September, 1788', in Spicilegium Ossoriense, vol. iii, pp. kingdom, but who do not, however otherwise well 1800 (Rebellion Papers 620/18Nl0-4), also 414, 417. disposed, choose now to pay at Carlow for what they Archiv. Hib., vol. xi, p. 15. A postscript to a 6. Farrell, p. 39. are invited, all both rich and poor to partake of lenl(thy letter to Dr. Troy (apparently) undated but 7. 'Pastoral Address of the Archbishop of Dublin, gratis, within the farmer's privileged walls'. written between 1 798-9 is worth quoting in this 6th August, 1795' Patrick Francis Moran, 19. Dr. Troy to Alexander Marsden, 10 November, context: 'This moment received a letter from my D.D., Spicilegium OBBoriense, vol. iii, pp. 476- 1799 Arch, Iv. Hib., vol. xi). dear .Brother of Tullow (Dr. Delany), in answer to 9. Note: It will be recalled that Dr. Delany one I wrote him last week; I had been told by one of 8. Spicilegium Ossoriense, vo. iii, pp. 490- representing the Clergy of the Diocese and Morgan the Carlow students that he was in a miserable way, 504. Kavanagh, the Catholic aristocracy signed the 'Ad­ his Chapel filled with soldiers or horses, himself 'Pastoral. Address of the Archbishop of Dublin to dress of the Roman Catholics of Ireland presented often insulted, and could not venture home but the faithful of the Diocese, the 16th of February, to the Lord Lieutenant' on Wednesday, 30th May 1797 (ibid. pp. 490-504). remained in the town with Miss Browne and much 179 8, expressing their horror at the evils of every emaciated, however he writes in good spirits now, 9. Pastoral Address of the Archbishop of Dublin, description which the conduct of the French republic the yeomanry in that quarter had killed at least one 6th of August, 1795'. (ibid, p. 4 76). has produced on every nation weak enough to be hundred of the United wretches the Wednesday and 10. 'Letter of the Bishop of Kildare and Leighlin to deluded with its promises of liberty and offers of Thursday before'. (Spicilegium 088oriense), vol. the Archbishop of Dublin, the 14th of Nov., fraternity', and expressing their own sentiments of iii, pp. 566-7. 1788'. Dr. Delany's statement here that he loyalty (Hibernian Magazine, August 1 798, p. placed complete reliance on Troy's judgment is 506. :l 1. Dr. Troy to Colonel Littlehales, 29th August, important because of the scant contemporary .20. Arcbiv. Hlb., vol. xxvii, p. 306. 1799 (Rebellion Papers 620/47/159); also material available on him at this stage. 21. Irish Magazine, June 1811, p. 307. Archiv. Hib., vol. xi, p. 9. Neither the Archives of the Diocese of Kildare 22. Farrell, pp. 215-6. :l2. T.C.D., MS 871 p. 22 County of Kildare, and Leighlin nor the Archives of the Brigidine 2 3. The exact date of his appointment is uncertain. Tony Sullivan, a private soldier in the South Convent at Tullow (his foundation) contain any His predecessor 'The Cure Connor was Militia, maketh oath, sworn before a relevant material. removed froom this parish by Dr. Keeffe, who magistrate 9th April, 1800. 11. Peadar Mac Suibhne, Paul Cullen and his died 1787'. (Rev. M. Comerford, Collections :J:l. A statement made by Luke Brammick, late contemporaries (Naas, 1961), vol. i, p. 3. relating to the Dioceses of Kildare and sergeant of the Castledermot Yeomanry on 8th 12. Castlereagh to Rev. Henry Staunton, Carlow, Lelghlln, Third series: Diocese of Leighlin May, 1 798, mentioned the house of the 'widow July 26, 1798: 'Sir, On the application of Dr. (Dublin. 1886 pp. 160-1). English of Castleroe' near Magany as a usual rendezvous of United Irishmen and mentioned Troy I have the honour to send you the 24. Irish Magazine, 1811, p. 307. A John Toole enclosed passport and protection, and I have no was a member of Carlow Cavalry. Another pos­ the presence there of James Nowlan of Hacket­ doubt that, upon your producing it, and cir­ sible informer was Geo. Hobbs who was paid stown (Rebellion Papers, 620/27/37). cumstanced as you are, you will not be required twenty pounds on 3rd May, 1 798 'By desire of :14. Dr. Troy reported an attempt to burn a newly to find billets for soldiers, or to give up your Mr. Rochford, Co. Carlow', noted in 'Account erected chapel in the 'Duffry'.

these lands containing 826 acres from Sir tached to the army in India, sold the Killashee Richard Beling.(16) He was sovereign of property in 1931 to the Sainte Union Naas in 1730; he sat for this borough Sisters who have a flourishing school Ancient during the reign of Queen Anne and there for boys aged eight to twelve years. George I, 1715-27. FOOTNOTES: and !-Kildare Archael. Journal I. 13-18. At a later date the Killashee mansion 2-ibid. 14. Modern and property was owned by the St. Leger 3-ibid 15. 4-ibid 16. Moore family. They were an old Norman­ 5-ibid 17. Comerford, Collections 11.-294-5. Irish family, connected with the Kildare 6-J. Kild. A. Soc. VIII. 431. (CONTINUED FROM PAGE 6) Hunt. In 1545 a grant forever was made 7-ibid XIII. 83. 8-ibid VIII. 431. of the.manor of Kill to Robert St. Leger, 9-ibid I. 146. Collections II. 295. good condition and supplied with books. sub-constable of Carlow Castle. He was a 10-ibid I. 146. 11-ibid IL 433. Collections II. 295. In the time of Archdall, who published his brother of Sir Anthony Sentleger or St. 12-,J.K.A.S. I. 18. Monastican in 1778, it was a Protes­ Leger, Lord Deputy of Ireland and l:l-ibid 18. Collections. II. 295. tant parish church. ancestor of the Viscounts Donaraile. The 14-,J.K.A.S. I. 17. III. 401. 15-ibid I. 1 7. Alexander Graydon seems to have set­ present mansion was built in 1861. The 16-ibid Vii. 401. Collections II. 295. tled in Killashee in 1 711, when he leased last owner, Major Moore, who was at- 17-J.K.A.S. VIII. 489.

10 Ill Education in the 1830's BY MISS JOHANNA O'DOOLEY

THE PRESTON SCHOOL centric character, yet notwithstanding all his peculiarities, popular with his pupils In his book "Irish Local Legends," by and the townspeople to whom he was a "Lageniensis," published in 1896, Canon familiar and respected personage. He was O'Hanlon gives a graphic account of this advanced in years, the father of grown school. To quote some extracts from it: sons and daughters, who lived with him. "After £fie subjugation of Leix, and Their mother superintended the when the Hetheringtons became posses­ household affairs very judiciously and sors of Ballyroan, it began to grow into a was assisted in the work by some female considerable town; and, in 1681';, servants. Mr. Hutchins was rather a tall Alderman Preston of Dublin founded man, of lithesome shape, and having a there a Protestant Grammar School, en­ good set of features, in which seriousness dowed with lands in Cappaloughlan, and vivacity were at once blended. His which he bequeathed for its support, and motions were restless, both within and assigned to trustees for its maintenance. without the house. In dress he was a In like manner, he founded a Protestant stylish gentleman of the olden time, wear­ school at Navan. The principal of the ing a long skirted black broad cloth, frock school at Ballyroan was a graduate of coat with lapels, a waistcoat and pan­ Trinity College, Dublin, whose salary we taloons to match, a black silk stock, with may suppose to have varied at times, ac­ shirt collars protruding on either side of cording to the revenue drawn from the es­ Canon John O'Hanlon was born in Stradbally in 1821. He received his his cheeks. His shapely silk hat was worn tate, not always judiciously managed by with a jaunty air, and his boots were the trustees. early education at a local school and then went to the Preston School, Bal­ highly polished; but probably the most "In 1834, the writer of this notice - lyroan. Whilst attending this clas­ noticeable appendage of his dress was a then a boy of thirteen - was first in­ sical school he lived with an uncle of cambric frill, snowy white, and elegantly troduced to the principal, Arthur his in Pass House, near the Pass of crimped, which escaped in full display Hutchins, an M.A. of Trinity College, the Plumes. from the upper part of the vest. Dublin, and examined by him for Altogether, he was a figure to attract very entrance to a Greek and Latin class. Hav­ particular notice, and he had a self­ ing already received an elementary frequented the school, from the town and satisfied air of superiority, when he ap­ English and classical education, under a the neighbourhood." peared among his pupils or the villagers. far more competent instructor, in his The school opened e·ach morning about As became his profession, although native town, the juvenile scholar was al­ ten o'clock, and closed at three in the well versed in the Greek and Latin lowed to continue his Greek Testament afternoon. The pupils for the most part authors Mr. Hutchins was a pedant, fond and Lucian, with Virgil and Sallust as were well grown lads, and many of them of interlarding his vernacular conversa­ Latin authors, by gracious permission of young men who aspired to the Catholic tion with classical phrases and quota­ the headmaster, as he then took care to priesthood. Although excellent English tions, which to him were quite in use. and Classical Schools had been set up un­ remark. At that time a Mr. Henderson Whenever he desired to asserverate very der competent instructors, in the more was usher, conducting the English strongly, or to express surprise at any considerable Irish towns, yet, Catholic department in writing and arithmetic. statement, his usual exclamation was "by Colleges were then few and only confined About once a week, the Protestant curate Hercules!" Hence it was the soubriquet to some dioceses. of the parish attended to give catechetical by which he was called among the pupils instruction to the boys of his congrega­ THE MASTER and townspeople, but not in his own hear­ tion. ing, since he was too aristocratic and Canon O'Hanlon compares his master, solemn looking, not to repel familiarity or "At the period to which we allude, the to the one in the Deserted Village, I am large house in which Mr. Hutchins and disrespect. His manner was formal and sure many of you remember the lines, ap­ condescendingly courteous to the his family lived was retired somewhat propriate ones: from the main street of the village; on one humblest person who touched a hat to side of it was an old fashioned and "While words of learned length and him in the street, or who approached, dilapidated building, which as we con­ thundering sound, either to seek a favour, or to transact any ceive might have been erected about a Amazed the gazing rustics ranged ordinary business. century previous. This seemed to have around; been the former foundation schoolhouse. And still they gazed, and still the wonder OFTEN THE VICTIM OF The modern schoolhouse was a presen­ grew, PRACTICAL JOKES That one small head could carry all he table and comfortable two storied house, "Withal such pomposity and high knew. having many rooms above and below, bearing, there was an undefinable But past is all his fame; the very spot, while its extension towards the rear was simplicity of character in the man, and Where many a time he triumphed, is considerable. The building was then while he was approached with deference forgot." centrally placed in the town of Ballyroan. and respect a latent sense of his amiable About twenty boys were boarders in that Canon O'Hanlon's own ·words are: complacency and credulity caused many a house; while an equal number of day boys "The master was quite an original and ec- practical joke to be played at his expense.

11 shout was heard, with a hard thwack of terlined by comments, glosses, and Education in the blackthorn on the moving stook. "You memoranda of scholars belonging to a bloody vagabond! is that the way you former generation. Through frequent use come to steal the honest gintleman's cor­ or want of care, the covers were worn or the 1830's n? But I'll beat your brains out, you patched in most instances, and no un­ (Continued) scamp of perdition, before ye leave the iform set of an author studied was ever to field. Take that - whack - and that - be seen in the hands of our classmates. whack - and that - whack. For a time Our master's books were of a similar Two or three small fields adjoining Bal­ the blows rained incessantly on the description, well thumbed and interlined lyroan had been held by Mr. Hutchins; pyramid of wheat; while from underneath as we had frequent opportunities for and these were in part under crops, and ,his frail armour of straw, a voice ejaculated· observing, while he was engaged in hear­ in part pasture for cows. One of his in frightened and piteous tones: "Johnny, ing our lessons. special foibles was to study farming, as if Johnny Whelan, it's I, Arthur Hutchins, INTEGRATION 150 it had been a science of much importance it's I, Arthur Hutchins; stop, stop, for to his establishment, and during the God's sake!" Having well thrashed the YEARS AGO school hours he wished to seek advice sheaves of wheat, and staggered the At this time when interdenominational from boys accustomed to agricultural pur­ bearer, who he affected not to know, at schools are being proposed as a means of suits, even at a time which should be last Johnny Whelan allowed him to ending tension and discord, it is in­ devoted to class and teaching. Opinions protrude the head from its covering, and teresting to read Canon O'Hanlon's ac­ were thus elicited of a very complex and there by the misty light stood Mr. count of how it worked out 150 years ago. even contradictory description; while dis­ Hutchins fully revealed. "Oh, Sir," cried "In those days, political feeling ran high, cussions were prolonged, owing to the Johnny, "I beg a thousand pardins, but I while polemical controversies between freedom of debate invited and to the never suspected that you could have come Catholic and Protestants were also rife; 'number of pupils, who desired to spend here to steal away your own sheaves!" and as a matter of course, in our school the hours in a more agreeable round of The employer felt humiliated beyond were exciting debates and discussions relaxation than could be obtained from measure; yet as he could not find the among the boys, on the men and the prosecution of classical exercises. watchman neglectful of his trust, he in measures them occupying public atten­ Thus many lessone were cut short, if not turn was obliged to beg the servant's tion. While O'Connell and Repeal of the postponed to the day following." pardon for entertaining unworthy suspi­ Union were subjects for approval of one Those same fields were more a source cions of his fidelity. Thenceforward, party, they were vigorously denounced by of annoyance that of profit to Mr. Johnny rose in his master's confidence, the other; since both were equally earnest Hutchins; as the following anecdote and on all occasions he was highly praised and vociferous in their pronouncements, shows. Ballyroan had at that time its for his honest and faithful discharge of while their views clouded with family and share of dishonest characters, who for the duties entrusted to him." (An opinion schoolboy prejudices were tempered with most part lived on their wits or stole from which Canon O'Hanlon didn't share). heat and passion, as also with occasional their more industrious neighbours. Poor offensive expressions. As an exemplifica­ Mr. Hutchins knew from experience that THE PUPILS tion of a mixed system of training the after reaping his croft of wheat or oats, it The boarders were all Protestants, results did not lead to kindly or con­ was necessary to have a day and night with a single exception. Nearly all the ciliatory feeling, nor tend to promote watchman to guard it from the raiders. other day-scholars were the sons of private or personal friendship in after life. One Johnny Whelan had been engaged Catholic parents or friends living in the Indeed, by a sort of mutual aversion then for that purpose; but not withstanding, it town or neighbourhood. Among the latter contracted by the Catholic and Protestant was reported to the owner, that the latter was the writer, who trudged each morning boys at school, they did not afterwards was often lured away by some village' a distance of two miles from a grand un­ when grown to manhood seek to renew "divarsion," which caused him to neglect cle's house, Mr. John Lalor of Pass, and and cultivate the acquaintance then his night vigils, and that in consequence, back again each evening, bearing a formed. Our master - to his credit be it many of the wheaten stooks had been car­ satchel rather heavily laden with books. spoken - was not a promoter of those ried off. Before his kitchenmaids, Mr. In those days, it did not occur to boyish disputes, which even took place Hutchins had declared by Hercules, that publishers that the classics might be is­ without his knowledge, and to the last, he his determination was to go out that very sued in any other form than in a complete preserved the esteem and respect of all night and see if the guardian to whom he collection of author's works, usually his pupils." (Well! that's his side of it). paid regular wages had been at his post. enlarged with an editor's annotations; so In subsequent years, that former Now it happened that Johnny was a that to carry a Delpin Virgil, M'Caul's building we have already described was suitor for the hand of one among the girls, Horace, and a Valpy's Homer, with acces­ deserted, when the school was removed to and he was duly informed by her of the sories of an Eton Latin Grammar and a a mansion outside of Ballyroan and master's purpose, Johnny Whelan took student's Latin Dictionary or Greek Lex­ known as Rockbrook. There a Rev. Mr. measures accordingly, and armed with a icon, besides other books, was rather Lyons conducted it for some years; and of toughly knotted blackthorn stick, he con­ much of a burden for young arms and late, under more favourable auspices, trived to keep himself concealed behind a shoulders. Moreover, in districts remote that endowment of Alderman Preston has high ditch well covered with brambles. from Dublin it was difficult to procure been remodelled, and the establishment When midnight was approaching, Mr. the books in use, except at high prices - itself transferred to the more prosperous Hutchins sallied forth to inspect the field, even with secondhand works and and populous town of Abbeyleix. Every where the stooks of corn were ranged in through the book pedlars, who travelled trace of the Ballyroan endowed school has rows, but no sign of a watchman could be with cart loads of a varied assortment been effaced, but, on its former site, a discovered. By way of test, he advanced through the provincial towns and villages. Police Barrack and a Dispensary have stealthily to one of the stooks, and in­ Many of our schoolbooks were borrowed been erected, all other features of the serting his shoulders beneath the sheaves from friends that had used them, and not town remaining little changed since the ~ began to bear it away; but almost im­ for the first time, as they had an anti­ days of its classical celebrity. (All extracts mediately afterwards, Johnny Whelan quated imprint and a soiled appearance, taken from "Irish Local legends," No. was on track, and soon his vociferous while the texts or margins were in- ~"L~VII. By Lageniensis).

12 PHIL KENNEDY OF CASTl,ETOWN

It's a terrible shock to be faced with personal news were included. In one letter the fact that someone you know well has he apologised for borrowing a horse to COMPILED BY been hanged. This happened to my wife take the body of his little child to be JOHN MONAGHAN and myself when we first read "Carlow in buried in County Kildare. His own words '98," the book based on the edited are "I must beg pardon for not writing manuscript of Farrell, an eyewitness to yesterday, as usual, likewise for taking the events of "the year of liberty." For in ly it is highly likely that the name of Phil one of your horses with me to the County cold print, right before our eyes, we saw would be carried on from generation to Kildare with one of my children which I that Phil Kennedy, regarded by us as a generation among his descendants. buried there. I must own it was weakness friend of the family, had been executed at While guessing that Phil Kennedy of in me to do so, but I was willing that his the age of 54 in 1798. Naas of the twentieth century is a descen­ dust should mingle with mine one day or How could we feel that we knew a man dant of Phil Kennedy of Castletown, it is the other." well who had died almost two centuries a fact that his name was borne by his The depressing thing, of course, was ago? We knew him through reading his descendant Phil Storey of Carlow, and his that we knew Phil's dust and his child's letters, studying his problems, many of nephew, Mr. Phil Callary, one of our were never to mingle in the County which were almost exactly like our own, county engineers. Kildare. As far as we know he was buried and by living in a house of which he had Both Phil and his boss Sam were in the Croppies Grave with the other vic­ managed the building. As well as that, we businessmen. Sam expected reports of tims of 1 798. had read a number of letters about him progress in Castletown. He got them - The other sad story is that of "little El­ by people who knew him. and we have something like one hundred lin", a little girl who was a great favourite Phil Kennedy came to Castletown in and eighty of his reports written to the of Sam Faulkner's and who became a July, 1786, as farm steward to Samuel boss at his house-cum-office in Stephen's great friend of the old man's when he was Faulkner, a northern man, who had Green. All Phil's letters were duly filed in able to visit Castletown. She was in­ bought the land from Thomas Whaley, the big "alphabet desk" in the Faulkner oculated against smallpox, using, as was notorious as Buck Whaley. Sam had the house by Michael Kearney, Mr. the custom, pus from the sores of a idea of converting the old Kavanagh cas­ Faulkner's clerk. patient by way of vaccine. Instead of a tle on the land into a farm house. In his mild attack to produce immunity she suf­ In his letters Phil would report first letter Phil rather deplored the idea, fered a severe enough case to die. Phil building progress, and farming progress. and suggested "A snug cabin would suit." buried her in Cloghna, he says. Within a It is possible from the letters to build up a This report from the man on the few years of this little tragedy vaccination complete picture of farming here in the ground was rejected by the boss, and in with cow-pox was introduced by Jenner, late eighteenth century, in the time of due course the castle was converted into a and the plague of small-pox lost a lot of Grattan's Parliament. This was a period farm house. Then the Faulkners came up its terror - but too late for little Ellin. of hope and expansion, and it shows in in the world, and by 1834 it was noted In his letters Phil Kennedy writes of the letters not only of Phil but of his con­ that the then resident Faulkner was con­ the neighbours, like Garrett Murphy of temporaries. verting the farm-house castle into a sort Linkardstown. Phil used to borrow horses of mansion. But most of our house is the When Phil sat down to write his and carts from Garrett Murphy, and he house that Phil built, and lived in part of report, he drew a little chart listing what sometimes quotes Garrett's ideas on the time. men (and women) had worked during the farming and business, or suggests con­ Phil Kennedy, in some of his letters, week. He also noted their wages. Then, as sulting him. I have never found any real mentions coming from Kildare. One day I well as this bit of accounting and time­ trace of Garrett Murphy, but as far as I walked into Mr. Phillip Kennedy's shop and-motion study, he wrote comments on can find out, the late Martin Murphy who in Naas, and asked him if he was a the affairs at Castletown. As he got to was our beet loading agent some years descendant of our Phil. He was not sure, know Sam better he put in a wider and ago, was a descendant. So, too, would be but said there was a tradition in the fami­ wider range of comment on local affairs. Mr. Nicholas Murphy, of Kyleballyhue, ly that someone of his ancestors had been This news comment was a common according to the late Mrs. Mary Murphy executed in Carlow in 1 798. In reading feature of correspondence at the time, of Castletown, Mr. Nicholas Murphy's our eighteenth century letters we noted because of course RTE was still more sister-in-law. how names continued on in families - for than a century and a half in the future, Some years ago I looked at tombstones instance at the present day there are both and mankind has always enjoyed news. in Linkardstown graveyard, which lies Hugh Faulkners and William Cole It was seldom that Phil allowed his within Mr. Brendan Dowling's farm, in Faulkners, names which occur in that personal interests to appear in the letters, the hope of finding Garrett's grave but family in the· eighteenth century. Similar- but on two occasions two very sad bits of failed to do so. The thought has occurred

13 PHIL KENNEDY OF CASTLETOWN (Continued)

to my wife and myself that Garrett might Later, long after Kennedy's time, cupied it. It was being completed in 1 795 have been another victim of 1 798. threshing was done in the same building when Hugh, Sam's younger brother, Phil Kennedy, Garrett Murphy, Phil's by a "horse-gear." One can still see traces brought his motherless family down from friend Pat Hackett, who had been of this in the wall of the building. Tyrone to live in Castletown. There were steward of Font Hill near Milford, and The letters of Phil Kennedy themselves rows between the boss's brother and the was afterwards an inn-keeper in Carlow, are beautifully written. He signed them farm steward. In the end Phil Kennedy were all middle-class. The French would "Your humble and obedient servant, Phil left to manage Garryhundon for the have called them "bourgeois" - and Kennedy" in his beautiful hand. And Butlers. 1798 was, like the French Revolution, a when he had folded them, he sealed them He occupied the same position at Gar­ bourgeois revolution. So it is not unlikely in red wax with his own elegant signet ryhundon as at Castletown, and it was that Garrett Murphy, like other "strong "PK". Many of them still have the wax from Garryhundon that he was brought to farmers" of the time, would have become with Mr·. Kennedy's seal on them. his court-martial at the Cavalry Barracks involved. It is not proven, as far as I And don't forget the "Mister". Others in Carlow. Although Farrell does not say know, but it is distinctly possible. writing about him always referred to him so when he mentions Mr. Kennedy's ex­ Another local was Mr. William Elliot as "Mr. Kennedy". This was proper for a ecution, elsewhere he gives clues to the of Rathcrogue. Phil spells this townland man with his own signet ring, with his lit­ charges. There was a yeomanry troop at "Racroag", and he spells "Linkardstown" tle mare Granagh, and his management Garryhundon, and the United Irishmen in as "Linkenstoen". The standardised spel­ skills. In addition to being a farm the troop were accused of planning to lings of townlands were not agreed by• manager, a builder, a sort of civil murder the officers and Protestant the Ordnance Survey until about 1829. engineer, an accountant, and no mean members of the troop if it went into ac­ Another man among Phil's colleagues hand at writing a letter, Phil Kennedy tion. It was probably on a charge of con­ in what nowadays would be called "mid­ was also a gardener. The offices of spiracy in connection with this plot that dle management" was Mr. Neville the steward and gardener seemed to have Phil Kennedy was convicted. There are surveyor. He not only made maps he also been commonly combined on an other possibilities - his friend Pat ran levels. It was he who laid out the eighteenth century farm, at least in Hackett was executed because it was in levels of the artificial canal that Phil Ken­ Leinster. Kennedy didn't do the garden his pub that the United Irishmen held nedy, in conjunction with Sam's brother personally - he was more of a hor­ their meetings. And Phil may have been Hugh Faulkner constructed to bring ticultural manager. He was pretty effec­ identified as one of the attendance at water to our house. Hugh, of course, had tive, too, judging by the cart-loads of these meetings. . experience of this kind of engineering produce that went off quite often in a There is a certain irony in the fact that because of his connection with the linen farm cart from Castletown to Stephen's Hugh Faulkner, who caused Phil's depar­ industry at Wellbrooke, just outside Green. ture from Castletown to Garryhundon, Cookstown in the County Tyrone. During the nine years from 1786 to and so started him off on the road to the But Mr. Neville not only ran levels for 1 795 that Phil Kennedy spent in gallows, was himself a sympathiser in the the canal, he also took the levels for the Castletown, he converted the castle into a north, with the United Irishmen. In some many stone shores that Phil had laid in farm house. He had the farmyard built - of his letters he shows all attitudes of Castletown, to overcome the naturally except for our steel haybarns and the silos what to-day would be called a "fellow­ bad drainage of the farm. Most of these constructed in the last thirty years - but traveller". He was hauled over the coals deep shores that Phil had put down are even for the silos he must take some by his more cautious elder brother Sam still functioning. He went for the deep credit as we used the garden wall he had for rash correspondence, at a time when drainage that we have learned in the last built as the wall on one side of two of our the mails may well have been censored. thirty years is the only successful way to silos. Most of the roads, the bank fences, Hugh's son, Arthur Brooke Faulkner, drain Carlow land. and the hedges were built during his writing as an old man when he was a very management. distinguished figure and the holder of a All the heavy goods coming to Carlow It is a fact that some of his work was knighthood, openly expressed sympathy at that time arrived by barge. There was unfinished - when he took over our for the victims of 1 798. The Faulkners, a tearing row between Mr. Faulkner and glacial soil was covered with boulders. He when they came from the North, were a builder and carpenter named Hayden had them cloven to make building Presbyterians, and there was a strong when the latter misread the marks on material, to make stones for the shores, streak of revolution in the northmen in some boards and took them away from and for other purposes. But until 1955 the late eighteenth century. the barge. Grain was shipped to Dublin the "Long Stone Hill" was still covered One would like to think that if Sam by barge and there was a bounty payable with boulders, which we removed with a had been alive in 1 798 he might have in­ on all wheat shipped to the city. dozer. And we still keep digging up tervened to save Kennedy's life. But Sam Other facts emerge from the letters - shifting, and burying boulders. But these was dead since 179 7, · drowned in a for instance, Phil Kennedy started the are merely the ones that escaped Phil shipwreck off the Isle of Man. mechanisation of this farm in 178 7 when Kennedy's campaigns. The fact that so There is still research to do into the he bought a winnowing machine for five few survived is a great credit to Phil and story of Phil Kennedy. His own letters pounds. Threshing was done on the flag­ his workmen, like Brennan, the stone pay re-reading, and the references to him ged threshing floor in our barn. There is a cleaver from Myshall, in other people's letter help us know him ~ loft above the floor now, but this was only In a field called "Chalmer's Field" better. Nothing, however, could increase put up about 1913. It would have been there is the ruin of a house. This was our respect and affection for that very_ impossible to use a flail if there had been built by Sam Faulkner for Phil Kennedy. human character, "Yr Humble and a loft above that part of the building. It is doubtful if Mr. Kennedy ever oc- Obedient Servant, Phil Kennedy".

14 LIST OF SPONSORS BARROW MILLING CO. A. E. COLEMAN FLOUR & ANIMAL FEEDING STUFFS MOTOR & CYCLE DEALERS LEIGHLIN ROAD, CARLOW 19 DUBLIN ST., CARLOW

BRADBURYS CARLOW SCHOOL OF MOTORING LTD. BAKERY, CONFECTIONERY, SELF-SERVICE REST AU RANT (VAL SLATER)* EXPERT TUITION TULLOW ST., CARLOW & ATHY 39 SYCAMORE ROAD. Phone 41991

ALEC BURNS CORCORAN & CO. LTD. GENTS HAIR STYLIST MINERAL WATER MANUFACTURERS FOR 150 YEARS COLLEGE ST., CARLOW CARLOW

MR. F. BIRD DARRERS STORES MANAGER ALLIED IRISH BANK BEDER VALUE IN DRAPERY & GROCERY TODAY & EVERYDAY TULLOW ST., CARLOW 142 TULLOW ST., CARLOW. Phone 41387

CARLOW BOOK SHOP DUNNY'S TULLOW ST. Phone 41674 BAKERY & CONFECTIONERY CASTLE ST., CAR LOW. Phone 411 51

COLD ROLLING.MILLS DOOLEYS (STEEL PRODUCTS) HIGH-CLASS FRUIT, SWEETS, CIGARETIES & BOOKS KILLESHIN RD., CARLOW 62 TULLOW ST., CAR LOW

CASTLE CRAFTS DARCYS IRISH LINEN, KNITWEAR, RUGS, SUITS, SKIRTS FURNITURE & CARPETS CASTLE ST., CARLOW. Phone 42064 33-35 TULLOW ST., CARLOW

"CENTRAL" CAFE FOLEYS RESIDENTIAL RESTAURANT . MEDICAL HALL LTD., 6 KENNEDY ST., CARLOW. Phone 41715 66 TULLOW ST., CARLOW

GACH RATH AR CARLOVIANA EAMONN FITZPATRICK Na Braithre Criostai, Ceatharlach VICTUALLER Bunscoil agus Meanscoil STAPLESTOWN RD., CARLOW. Phone 41029 i -- CIGAR DIVAN "FINN EGANS" ,) NEWSAGENT, CONFECTIONER, TOBACCONIST, etc. LOUNGE BAR DUBLIN ST., CARLOW TULLOW ST. & POTATO MARKET, CARLOW

CARLOW MOTORS LTD. GERALD HOSEY MAIN FIAT DEALERS RETAIL STORES & WHOLESALE FRUIT MERCHANT TULLOW RD., CARLOW. Phone 41955 STAPLESTOWN RD., CARLOW - D & J CARBERY LTD. HAD DENS (BUILDERS) CARLOW'S LEADING DEPARTMENT STORE Phones: CARLOW 41208. ATHY 21317 TULLOW ST., CAR LOW

CARPENTER BROS. E. HAUGHNEY & SON "' LUXURY LOUNGE BAR. FUNERAL UNDERTAKERS COAL, TURF, BRIOUETIES BAR RACK ST., CAR LOW POLLERTON RD., CARLOW. Phone 41367

15 Some S\o Antiqui,i of Councy Carlo"

Compiled by Willian:

Nurney Cross: Tradition has it that Old Leighlin Cross which is said to date from the time of St. it is one of three ancient crosses Laserian which once stood here.

"Cloch a Phoill" or The Hole!

16 ~,?ne 1,1es tty )W lliam Ellis

Ancient Cross at St. Mullins Doorway of Church ruins at Myshall

lie Blane of Aghade Killoughternane (The Church of St. Fortchern). Inset: close-up of window

17 LIST OF SPONSORS R. HEALY & SON PRESENTATION SECONDARY FUNERAL DIRECTGRS SCHOOL, CARLOW POLLERTON CASTLE & COLLEGE ST. WISH CONTINUED SUCCESS TO "CARLOVIANA" from 41286 Phone 41868 THE STAFF & PUPILS KENNEDYS ROYAL HOTEL, CARLOW CATERS FOR DINNER DANCES* WEDDINGS* CLUB HIGH-CLASS CONFECTIONERY & GROCERY FUNCTION, etc. 86 ST. MARY'S PARK, CARLOW. Phone 41051 CONTACT THE I\/IANAGER 41421/41156/41605

KELLISTOWN CHICKENS (1974) LTD. SUTTONS SUPERMARKET FRESH CHICKENS, TURKEYS & DUCKLINGS AT THE TOP FOR QUALITY* AT THE BOTTOM FOR PRICE PEMBROKE, CARLOW. Phone 41621 CASTLE ST., CAR LOW. Phone 41652

LEIX DAIRY ST. LEO'S SECONDARY SCHOOL MILK, CREAM, EGGS BUTTER DAY SCHOOL & BOARDING SCHOOL * DELIVERED FRESH DAILY* CONVENT OF MERCY, CARLOW CASTLE ST., CAR LOW. Phone 411 23

" SMYTHS OF NEWTOWN L & N SUPERMARKET EASY PARKING* EASY SHOPPING* FANTASTIC PRICES MUSICAL WEEK-ENDS* LUXURY LOUNGE TULLOW ST., CARLOW. Phone 41263 OLD WORLD ATMOSPHERE Phone 27159 MURRAYS SOUTH EAST SCHOOL OF MOTORING HIGH-CLASS SWEETS, FRUIT & CIGARETTES DUAL CONTROL* EXPERT INSTRUCTION DUBLIN ST., CARLOW HUGH COOGAN "ST. JOSEPH'S, RATHNAPISH, CARLOW MORRISSEYS MICHAEL DOYLE GROUND LIMESTONE, READY MIX CONCRETE BUILDERS PROVIDERS. GENERAL HARDWARE PRECAST CONCRETE IN ALL SHAPES & SIZES "THE SHAMROCK", 71 TULLOW ST., CARLOW BALLYCROGUE, CARLOW Phone 41847 NATIONALIST & LEINSTER TIMES COLOUR & ART PRINTERS TULLY'S TRAVEL AGENCY The most modern printing machinery in the provinces TULLOW ST., CARLOW. Phone 41257 42 TULLOW ST., CAR LOW NOLAN'S CHEMISTS ALL HIGH-CLASS PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS THOMAS THOMPSON OF CARLOW FILMS DEVELOPED & PRINTED SINCE 1878. ENGINEERING & STRUCTURAL STEEL 1 DUBLIN ST., CARLOW. Phone 41680 HANOVER, CARLOW

J. A. O'NEILL & SONS MICHAEL WHITE, M.P.S.I. VETERINARY & DISPENSING CHEMIST WHOLESALE FRUIT MERCHANTS PHOTOGRAPHIC & TOILET GOODS 12 CASTLE ST., CARLOW. Phone 41256 39 TULLOW ST., CARLOW. Phone 41229

A. O'BRIEN WHITE STAR LAUNDRY WATCHMAKER & JEWELLER "STAR BRITE CLEANING SERVICES" 28-29 TULLOW ST., CAR LOW. Phone 41911 MONTGOMERY ST., CARLOW

SEVEN OAKS HOTEL DINNER DANCES* WEDDING RECEPTIONS* PRIVATE PARTIES READERS ARE URGED TO SUPPORT OUR * CONFERENCES * LUXURY LOUNGE SPONSORS WHERE POSSIBLE ATHY RD., CARLOW

18 For many years Victor Hadden was a contributor to Carloviana. His death last year was a loss both to the Old Carlow Society and to our journal. We publish below some of his work on Clogrennan Castle, Graigue Bridge and The Walls of Carlow.

CLOGRENNAN CASTLE

Hooker described the castle as follows 1562. Sir Edmund Butler inherits the liere. Dinelly visited and drew the when Sir Peter Carew took it by storm in castle and some years later, in castle. (See Fr. Coyle & Dinelly). 1569: 15 6 7, was knighted for his ser­ 1695. Robert Rochfort was Speaker in The castle of Clogrennan was vices to the Crown. (See Fr. the Irish House of Commons. (See square and but little as are the Coyle). Notes to Dinelly's Journal 1870). manner of the castles in that land, 1568. Hooker arrives in Ireland followed 1758. John Rochfort High Sheriff for and all such lights and windows as by Sir Peter Carew. (See Hooker's County Carlow. were therein they were stopped, Life). only in every quarter certain small 1569. Butlers, etc., in armed revolt. 1792. Grose visits and draws the castle. loops were left. Carew captures the castle and 1800. Johnny Bates falls to death from The castle is situated astride the Idrone. Sir Ed. Butler is captured the top of the castle. (See County Boundary and also the boundary but escapes. (See Ryan 105, Fr. O'Donovan). of the Barony of Idrone (called The Dul­ Coyle & Hooker). 1815. Mr. Atkinson visits the Rochforts. lough on the west of the Barrow), but in 1573. Sir Ed. Butler formally pardoned (See Notes and "Irish Tourist"). ancient times was wholly within the by the Queen, and regains The Dullough and Clogrennan but 1819. Ancient weapons found at the Barony which it was almost certainly in­ ford, probably when the new cut­ tended to protect. This is evident from lives at Innistioge. (See Fr. Coyle). ting was made for the canal. (See the following description of the boun­ Dr. Comerford). daries of Idrone given by Hooker in the 1583. Castle held by the Earl of Or­ mond, but all lands laid waste by sixteenth century: OTHER NOTES: revolts in the area. (See Leaving Derry Mountain on the J.K.A.S.VII/145). The original residence was situated left hand as you will go directly ERtates seem to have passed to behind the castle on the right hand side of from the ford of blind Henry unto Theobald Butler and then to the avenue near the well. There was a the said Waters of Goats, and from Thomas Butler, Bart., who mar­ tradition that an underground passage thence runneth eastwards the same ried Anne Bagnal (daughter of went from here to Carlow. The castle was Waters of Goats until it entereth Dudley?). (See Fr. Coyle). very much as pictured by Grose up to into the stream, or brook, of 164 2. Castle relieved by Sir Patk. within living memory, with the "Bal­ Fishoge and from that place where Wemys in the Confederate War. lroom" as described by Mr. Atkinson Fishoge and the Waters of Goats (See Ryan 172). overlooking the river. The ruins of the issueth the Fishoge meareth into 1643. Castle taken by the Earl of castle collapsed probably in the middle the River Barrow and from thence Castlehaven. (174). 1930s. the River Barrow meareth unto 1649. Clogrennan was rendezvous for Catherloge. large loyalist army under the Mar­ THE TOWN WALLS OF It is clear from this that in Carew's day quis of Ormond; this army was CARLOW the boundary of Idrone was along the defeated at the Battle of Fishoge River at this spot and the castle Rathmines 2/8/49. (See Fr. Coyle History records little or no mention of was therefore wholly within the Barony. & Ryan 183). the town of Carlow prior to the Anglo­ 1490. Castle was erected about this time 1650. Cromwell's soldiers take Leighlin Norman Invasion in the second half of the by the Butlers after they had and Carlow. twelfth century and the growth and sub­ purchased The Dullough from the 1662. Richard Butler, Earl of Arran, sequent prosperity and importance of the Kavanaghs. (See Fr. Coyle). It created Baron Butler of Clogren­ town dates from a period after the WtlS probably built by the 9th Earl nan. (See Dr. Comerford). building of the castle. The castle was of Ormond (Father of Sir Ed. 1680. Castle and estate purchased by built to protect the tenants and territories Butler) to protect this territory Rochfort family but in this year of the Lord of the Manor and to guard the from the O'Mores of Leix. was tenanted by Sir John Da Val- Fords over the River Barrow and the

19 Street at the present R.I.C. Bar­ beyond the Junction of College Street and Clogrennan racks (Garda Barracks), and the Tullow Street. However this may be, the Castle Gate stood near where Cas­ location of the walls is fairly clearly Castle tle Street and Dublin Street meet. defined. The course of the Town Walls can­ Probably before the thirteenth century (Continued) not be traced with any certainty; the walls of Carlow were mere wooden there is little doubt, however, that palisades. Probably, too, at a later date one of the walls ran down the they were more imposing than they were River Burrin, thereafter the town of western side of Dublin Street. In in the thirteenth century - especially Carlow began rapidly to develop. making room for the present after Lionel, Duke of Clarence, had spent In the middle of the 12th century Provincial Bank, portion of the his £500 on them in 1361. But let us Carlow was probably a village of not more wall was found incorporated with pause for a few moments to try to imagine than a few dozen houses. These were one of the old houses, part of one of what the walls of Carlow looked like when almost certainly of poor quality; most of the walls was also discovered they were at their best. them would have been thatched, and several years ago in Potato As previously mentioned, there were there can be little doubt that they were Market, when improvements were four gates to the town. These were joined clustered around what are now known as being made in the neighbourhood by a strong wall which probably curved Dublin Street and Tullow Street. This of the Jail (Thompson's Works). from gateway to gateway around the area hamlet at a cross-roads formed the However, having probably been roughly outlined by Dublin Street, Tullow nucleus of the medieval town. looked on as of little use for the Street and College Street. The walls were The first mention of walls to the Town purpose of defence they were of stone and about 20' high. They may or of Carlow appears to be as late as the neglected and allowed to fall into may not have had crenellations on the top middle of the fourteenth century. On the decay." but if not they certainly had narrow loops other hand Mr. J. S. Fleming in his book for bow men defending the walls. On the "The Town-Wall Fortifications of inside the walls may have been banked up Ireland" tells us that: with earth but more probably they carried Early town defences were mere wooden platforms fixed about 5' from the palisades or stakes of wood with a top to enable the walls to be manned for covering of dry ditch. Such defen­ defensive purposes. Possibly the walls sive works were essential to the had a number of small doorways here and safety of the citizens - and to the there as well as the Town Gates. protection of their goods. But in all Let us now look at the gateways charters of early important towns themselves and try to imagine what these on their incorporation, we find were like. We will assume for our purpose special obligations imposed on that the Castle Gate, for instance, was their citizens to protect themselves similar in design to the West-gate of Wex­ and their property by surrounding ford which was built for a similar purpose the town with sufficient fortifica­ at a similar period. The Castle Gate then tions, embracing walls of stone and would have been a square tower, pierced essential gateways, to secure it by a circular archway about 9' across and against the assaults of "Our Irish the walls of the Tower were about 4' Rebels"; while the expense of their thick. On the left of the passageway erection and subsequent through the Tower were two arched reces­ maintenance, provision was made ses with seats for the guard and the for a Tax, eventually known as the Christmas Card. The Castle and St. gatekeeper when on duty. On the right Mural Tax. Royal charters of the Mary's Church, Carlow. hand side of the passage was a door English Kings from Henry II leading to an ill-lighted cell where of­ (1171) to Richard II (1395) all This information is most interesting, fenders were locked up for punishment. have similar provisions for this but the area enclosed by a wall running There was also a door to a narrow special purpose, and it is to be between the four gates mentioned by Mr. winding stair leading to a chamber over noted that the material of construc­ Douglas does not seem to be an entirely the archway which was lighted by a small tion was stipulated to be stone. satisfactory one if the location of the window. This room was probably used by Carlow received its first charter from streets of the town is any guide. It would the guard of the Gate and the Collector of William Marshall early in the thirteenth seem to be more feasible to conclude that Taxes. This plan which is based on that century and although this makes no men­ the walls enclosed the areas around the of the West-gate at Wexford is typical of tion of town walls it seems probable that present Dublin Street, Tullow Street and many other town Gates which were built the town was properly walled before the College Street. If this were so the Dublin by the Anglo Normans on the walls of end of that century. Gate would hardly be as far up the many Irish towns at this period. Mr. Marlborough Douglas gives us the Dublin Road as the Convent of Mercy Now let us, for the sake of further il­ following useful particulars in connection and the Tullow Gate would probably be lustration, look at the Carlow Gate and with the walls of Carlow: farther up Tullow Street than the present we will assume that this was the most "There are frequent references Garda Barracks. This is confirmed by the elaborate of the four, the pardonable in Old Deeds to the Town Gates of fact that the last property in Tullow pride of the citizens making the chief which there were evidently four. Street which originally belonged to the entrance to their town attractive and Carlow Gate stood near the present Manor of the Earl of Thomond appears commensurate with their civic dignity! ,,Club House Hotel (St. Brigid's to have been what is now the Allied The Carlow Gate then might easily be Hospital); Dublin Gate was on the Irish Hank. This would almost cer­ described as a small rectangular Castle Dublin Road near the Convent of tainly have been within the Town Wall astride the wall with two round Towers Mercy; Tullow Gate was in Tullow and confirms that the Tullow Gate was projecting to the sides as well as to the

20 which was given, many years ago, by Mr. to by Mr. Douglas and his reference to Clogrennan Robert Malcolmson and appears in the ford between Carlow and Leix would Volume X of the Journal of the Royal suggest that if Sir Henry had laid founda­ Castle Society of Antiquaries: tiens for a bridge in 1569 the bridge itself (Continued) "Of the era of the erection of the was not built in 15 77. If bridges in those Bridge we have no historical days were built with the expedition of to­ record, nor is the name of the day this long delay is not surprising! Builder known. Its origin was front, one on either side of the pointed In 1646 General Preston commenced probably coeval with the Castle ... gateway. The Towers had three storeys, to batter Carlow Castle with his artillary nor have we been able to trace any topped by battlements and provided with but failing to make an impression upon it distinctive references to the Bridge loops. Over the Archway was a smallish he took his artillary across the Barrow in the various and eventful Annals double window giving light to the large and planted it against "The Bridge of the Province. Forming, as this central chamber. The front of the Towers Castle" in Graigue, also called the· structure did, an important ad­ protruded some twenty-four feet from the "White Castle" which presently junct and appurtenance of the Cas­ curtain wall and the passage from the capitulated. tle, being within the domain of that front gateway to the rear of the building In 1650 Cromwell's forces invested fortress, its vicissitudes must be was some thirty feet. The gateway Carlow Castle and one of his officers, considered with the general history probably had a portcullis - a heavy describing the operation, makes the fol­ of the Castle and Town." framework of timber, shod, bolted and lowing reference: "The place was es­ strapped with iron, which could be raised There are, however, rather more teemed by the enemy to be of great im­ or lowered in the grooves in the stonework historical references than Mr. portance and, therefore, was fortified by of the gateway. In the room over the Malcolmson suggested and some of these them with divers works; besides it had a gateway there was a windlass for are given below in chronological order; small castle at the foot of the bridge and a operating the portcullis, the heavy most of these are gleaned from the two river running under the walls of the framework of which could be raised excellent articles by Lord Walter castle." Another soldier writing of the through a wide slot in the floor closing the Fitzgerald on "The Castle and Manor of same siege makes the following comment: entrance passage and secured by heavy Carlow." "A passage over the Barrow was by one cross beams of bolted timber. Behind the Lord Walter Fitzgerald states that bridge of bullrushes and another of portcuillis in the passageway of the gate there was a Bridge over the Barrow in ex­ timber." The "Bridge of Bullrushes" was there was a stairway to the left and to the istence as early as the later half of the almost ·certainly a temporary military right leading to the two circular Towers. thirteenth century, which the Burgesses structure which became necessary This purely imaginary description of of Carlow, under a penalty "of fine, were through lack of access to the bridge the Carlow Gate is based on the Gate bound to keep in repair. The structure proper. A bridge ofreeds and wattles was building at Ballyloughan Castle in the was probably built of timber. constructed near The Slip during this very operation and is probably the struc­ County Carlow which was built at the In the year 1552 a new lease of the same period within about ten miles of the ture described as a "Bridge of Bul­ Manor of Carlow was granted and this lrushes." town of Carlow, and which stands in a time the· Manor included, among others, state of good preservation even today. In comparing these references it should "An Old Stone Castle with four towers on be borne in mind that while in most cases The walls, towers and gate buildings of the east side of the Barrow; one tower on the bridge referred to is that between the Carlow have entirely disappeared. They the other side." It has been stated that castle and Graigue across the River Bar­ were independent of the walls and for­ this "Tower on the other side" was row, there must have also been a bridge tifications of the Castle and these ended situated on the island now occupied by across the River Burrin (though there is their military career in 1650. But even in Miss Foley's house on the Bridge, but it no reference to a stone bridge here prior 1577 Sir Henry Sydney recorded that the seems doubtful if this island could have to about 1670) and a third bridge across walls of Carlow were already ruined and formed an adequate foundation for a for­ the fosse of the castle between the castle down in many places, and they only lived tified tower of even moderate size. and the Castle Gate of Carlow Town. on as traditional landmarks in Deeds and Mr. Marlborough Douglas in his arti­ Legal · Documents. Having outlived their The first reference to the tower on the cle of 1920 writes as follows: "For forty usefulness they were allowed to fall into Graigue side of the River Barrow appears years no bridge existed in Carlow over the decay. Bit by bit portions were removed to be in the year 1552. Such a tower Barrow or the Burrin. Ferries were used to make way for more modern and more would seem to have been of little impor­ instead. However it is recorded that in domestic constructions, and what could tance for the fortification of the castle 1569 the foundations of the bridge in have been more convenient than to use prior to the building of a permanent Carlow were laid by Sir Henry Sydney." the stones of the old walls in the erection :bridge across the River Barrow. As soon,· This information is confirmed by the of the new! Possibly -many of the older however, as such a structure was in con­ Map of Leix dated 1563 which shows houses of Carlow are built from material templation it became necessary to es­ Carlow Castle, and the White Castle on which was provided by the Norman In­ tablish a tower as a bridgehead to defend the Leix bank of the river, but no bridge vaders in the thirteenth century. the bridge on the Leix side of the river. between. The old stone bridge across the Barrow GRAIGUE BRIDGE In 15 7 7 Rorie Oge O'More of Leix was widened in 1815 and named the. entered the town with his followers in the "Wellington Bridge" after the victor of In ancient times there was an impor­ early hours of the morning and sacked it, Waterloo. Even today the extent of the tant Ford across the Barrow at Carlow. burning many of the houses. It is widening (which was made on the At an unknown date this was replaced by recorded that in his march away Robert northern side) can be seen from below on an even more important Bridge. The Harpooll, with half a score of horsemen, the arches of the bridge. An excellent' historical record, however, is not at all charged upon them in the ford and there drawing of the old bridge was made in clear, and the references to the Bridge are killed seventeen or eighteen of his men. 1810 and was reproduced as a fron­ few and far between. This is illustrated This incident is mentioned by none other tispiece to the 19 4 8 edition of by the following extract from a paper than Sir Henry Sydney who was referred "Carloviana."

21 CARLOW. • • • • • • • • • • • • COMPILED BY ALEC BURNS

This article was suggested by the Welfare until he retired a couple of years shop and living accommodation there advertisements printed in the Feis ago. now. Catharlocha Programme of 1920, and in Joseph Murphy was a general grocer Garret Hearns had a general victuall­ it I shall attempt to describe some of the and spirit merchant in Haymarket; Tom ing business in Governey Place, and also businessmen and their premises as I Clerkin, a close relative, carries on the kept a flour, meal, bakery and general remember them in the Carlow of the business and has added an extensive provision stores beside it. Lawlers now Twenties. lounge. carry on the victualling business, while The first one I recall is Martin Kelly, George B. Jackson, Burrin Street, had Tom Haughney has a wholesale confec­ Wellington Square, who was a wholesale a large garage. Here he sold motor cars, tionery store in what was the Provision and retail grocer, and also a flour, meal tractors, motor and pedal cycles, and also Stores. and general purveyor. His premises are had motor cars for hire. The garden space Liptons carried on a general provision now occupied by the offices of Corcoran at Burrin Bridge is now situated where store at 143 Tullow Street for many and Co., and by their Cash-and-Carry the garage and offices were, while Ken­ years, advertising the fact that they were stores. The Kelly family had a lovely wal­ nedy Avenue passes through the site of the largest tea distributors in the world. led garden which is now the entrance for the large showrooms. Pat Comerford, The Carlow Book Shop, run by Mrs. S. Corcoran's rolling stock and both sides of Governey Place, was a pawnbroker and McHugh, now occupies the premises. which are now lined with minerals etc., general outfitter. He was a most genial Michael King, 27 Tullow Street, ready for loading and delivery throughout figure, helpful at all sporting activities, Grocer and Spirit Merchant, said that his the country. and was most popular. A motor accessory teas were "carefully selected for strength Jack Walsh's Bakery Store was in Cas­ business now occupies the premises. and flavour and cannot be surpassed". tle St. and is now being carried on succes­ John Byrne, The Quay, advertised the His son, Jimmy, carries on the spirit sfully by Willie Dunny. Michael Ormonde fact that all drinks sold "in wood and bot­ trade with the help of an extensive had a Corn Stores in Green Lane. He also tle" were "in the Pink", and that "a trial lounge. sold meal, flour, bran, pollard, potatoes will convince that there is nothing bet­ Thomas McWey was a corn and wool and seeds of _all descriptions. His ter in the town". Losty's now occupy merchant in the Haymarket. His premises are now incorporated partly in those premises. Thomas Murphy had the premises are now occupied by Sherrard's the "Shamrock" Yard. "Leading Warehouse in the Drapery Farm Machinery Co. Jas. Bolger, at his Medical Hall in Tul­ Trade" and Irish manufactured goods Miss Phelan had a millinery warehouse low'Street, tested your sight correctly, sup­ were a speciality. He was Chairman of in Burrin Street which did an extensive plied glasses, and accurately compounded the Urban Council for many years. His business. Gillespies now occupy it, having prescriptions. Jim Corr, recently son, Thomas,· was also a member. He it a wallpaper showroom where her shop deceased, married his widow. Their son, was who re-organised the town's Brass was. Tony, carries on an extensive and Reed Band. Melvilles now carry on Ml. Clarke was a general draper and photography and souvenir business. the same business successfully. outfitter in Tullow Street. He was a Patrick Byrne, 72 Tullow Street, Tea, member of the Urban Council for many Even the Irish.Transport and General Wine, and Spirit Merchant, was also an years and a strong supporter of the Workers Union advertised in the auctioneer, and was commonly known as G.A.A. He was also a travel agent. I well Programme. The Secretary was Padraig "Bishop Byrne". Tynan's Commercial remember the notice boards outside his O'Toole, Market Cross, a most popular Hotel, which had twenty bedrooms, was premises advertising the rates to the young man, who died in Ballykinlar on the site now occupied by the Ritz U.S.A., Canada, and Australia. Darrer's Camp later in the year. Cinema. They had a covered wagonette Stores now occupy the premises. Thomas which met all the trains and carried from Murphy Bros., Tullow, were grocers Kirwan, Spirit Merchant, Tullow Street, the station the commercial travellers, and spirit merchants, and marketed all must have been a great lover of the Irish their wares, and any other visitors who classes of farm produce. Their premises language, although he could not speak it: might be using the hotel. Smyths, "The were burned by the Black and Tans that his advertisement is completely in Irish. Leading Boot Shop", were agents for the same year, as a reprisal for the shooting The Carlow Bakery Co. now occupy his celebrated "K" Boots since 1865. J. of R.I.C. men. M. A. Bolger; Bridge premises and continue the spirit busi­ Jones continues the boot and shoe Street, Tullow did bakery and confec­ ness. business. Fitzgeralds of Castle Street tionery and specialised in wedding and Miss Graham was a dressmaker and were highclass confectioners. Their christening cakes. milliner in Tullow Street. She and her premises are now occupied by the Jack Dick Byrne, Tullow Street, was a brother, John, conducted the business. and Jill Boutique. motor and cycle agent. Later he did big They were very nice people, quiet and un­ Brophys of Tullow Street carried on a business as a licensed haulier until taken assuming in business. Willie Hosey catering and confectionery concern, and over by C.I.E. He formerly drove Bishop bought the premises and has leased the Michael ·Ryan later used the premises as Foley and acted as general man in shop to White Star Cleaners. afl office of the Department of Social Braganza. Michael White has his chemist Tom Byrne, Tullow Street, had two

22 • • • • • • THEN AND NOW

shops, a grocery and provision shop and a Hibernian Insurance Co. now occupy principal part of their business. M. public house. He also had a posting es­ their premises. Richards had an iron foundry also where tablishment "in all its branches": side­ The Carleton Tea Rooms, Tullow Stathams now have their extensive gar­ cars, wagonettes, funeral undertaking. Street, were owned by the Griffin sisters. age. Willie Mulhall, who came from Co. He had an extensive yard where It was a popular rendezvous for young Kildare, was an enthusiastic G.A.A. sup­ customers could leave their horses and people. Darcy's Furniture Stores occupy porter, and also took part in drama and cars while shopping in town. The L. & N. the premises now. choral activities. He later carried on a Stores occupy all his premises now. Martin Kehoe, brother of Walter successful auctioneering business. N. P. Roche, Tullow Street, said that Kehoe, Senior, Pembroke, had a poultry B. Kearney had a flour and meal store his was "the best and cheapest house in and fish business in Dublin Street, and in Coal Market. Her premises are oc­ Leinster for motor cars, motor lorries, also had "Game when in Season". Jim cupied now by a victualler named Fitz­ delivery vans and motor cycles" and all Brennan's retail bacon and provision maurice. kinds of gramophones. He was a member shop is there now. Jimmy O'Neill's father ran another of the Urban Council and was a cyclist of "Halt! Who comes there?" was the successful family victualling business in no mean repute in his younger days. He heading used by J. J. Dunphy to adver­ Castle Street. He came from Dublin in lived with his wife, who had a drapery tise his wine and spirit business in Tullow the early part of the century to start a store on the premises now occupied by Street. He was also a builder and con­ business for the River Plate Co. where the Wimpys, Dublin Street. P. Darcy has tractor, with "sanitary work a speciality". Jack and Jill Boutique now stands. On part of his furniture business now where He was Wexford born, and his family his father's death, Jimmy changed to the Roche's shop used to be. His garage ex­ were great supporters of the Gaelic wholesale fruit business. Olivers also car­ tended out to Hanover. League and independence movements. ried on a high-class victualling business Mrs. Craig had a lending library and The El Ruedo Bar now occupies their at 14 Dublin Street, transferring earlier agency for Spirella Corsets at 133 Tullow premises. Katherine McDonnell was a from the premises now occupied by the Street, now occupied by Atkinsons. She family grocer and wine merchant in the Royal Saloon. Their offices are es­ was the mother of Leonard Craig, auc­ Haymarket. Heavins are now carrying tablished there now. tioneer, Athy, and of Sister Veronica, on the same business there. Miss A. McWey, Governey Place, had Presentation Convent, Carlow. Duggan's, Dublin Street, were whiskey a family grocery and spirit merchant Jas. Brennan, "late of Butt of the bonders, grocers and wine importers, and business. S. McHugh now conducts a Ridge", opened a new grocery and provi­ seed merchants. They were a very old and pharmacy there, Here it was that a cer­ sion store at 2 7 Dublin Street. McKenna respected Carlow family. Edward Duggan tain thirsty individual, whom we shall call and Sothern, auctioneers. now occupy the was Chairman and member of the Urban Bernard, called for a pint after helping to premises. Council for many years. His daughter, unload a boat of coal at the nearby Canal Jas. Dugan, 5 Dublin Street, says that Carmel, is now carrying on the tradition. Stores. She asked if he had the cash. his "genuine tested seeds" are "famous He took a leading part in getting the "Yes," he replied, making a jingle in his everywhere". He also had a nursery Sugar Factory established in Carlow. pocket. So she filled the glass. The money stores in Pembroke. Hanley's Mans Shop Peter Gorman's wine shop has occupied was placed on the counter. Bernard con­ now occupies those premises. Tuomeys, the premises for the past few years. sumed half his drink while she was Tullow Street, extol the value of their tea. Ryans had a corn and coal stores in counting the money. ''You are 2d. short," They also had a very successful bacon Coal Market, which are now being used she exclaimed. "No I'm not," he replied. business, wholesale and retail. Lennons by Gillespies as a general store. Their So she counted again while he quickly have a large lounge bar and auctioneering dwelling and shop are now the property of consumed the other half of his drink. business there now. Thomas Byrne, auctioneer. "You are," she said. "No, Ma'am," he McAnally's Medical Hall, Dublin Michael McDonnell had one of the · retorted, "but, you are!" He then made a Street, was the leading establishment for leading grocery shops in town, with a hasty retreat on to the street. all medicines and toilet requisites, and licensed premises next door - another Leverett & Frye had a branch shop at also for photographic supplies. He came very old Carlow family and much 56 Dublin Street. They supplied from the North and was very popular with respected. Ray was Chairman and Urban groceries and spirits to all the big houses all his customers. A. Corless carries on Council member for many years. Tullys around the countryside. The premises the same business very successfully. now carry on the licensed trade business are closed now. Michael Byrne, Market Cross, was a and also a large trade in off-licence spirits The Feis Catharlocha programme of bacon curer and lard refiner. It was a etc., where the provision and grocery shop 19 2 O also contained many advertise­ family business and they were most was. ments from Tullow and Bagenalstown respected by the community. They were Richards and Mulhall were general but, not knowing the premises or their mainly responsible for establishing Bren­ ironmongers and hardware stores at 1 present owners sufficiently well, I have nan's -Bacon Factory in later years. The Tullow Street, where Gillespies have the not mentioned them.

23 / "" State of Diocese of Kildare and Leighlin - 1800 A.D. \... ~

The following extract is one of many BY AUSTIN CROWE he gives the population of this living at submitted by Archbishops and Bishops of 4 7 50 people. Was this decrease in pop­ all the Dioceses of Ireland to Lord ulation due to the- 1 798 rebellion or Castlereagh in 1800 A.D. This account or Summary as follows: depression of trade after the Union? We abstract relative to the Diocese of Kildare Contributions from P.P.s £46.12.9 are not sure - · the Bishop does not give and Leighlin was submitted by the then "Free Gift" contributions the answer. He attributed the level of in­ Bishop Delaney and can be found in Vol. from P.P.s £37.10.9 come being maintained due to the IV of "The Memoirs and Correspondance Voluntary donations diligence of his curates without any im­ of Viscount Castlereagh." from curates £12. 6.0 putation of extortion. He observed that the parish at the time was one of the The question of Catholic Emancipa­ "most wretchedly poor." Approximately tion was under consideration as being one Total £96. 9.6 two-thirds of £111 was assigned to the of the concessions that might be Bishop - remainder to the Curate. forthcoming should the Act of Union be He stated that P.P.s gave one "half passed in 1800. crown Br~tish" to the Bishop's servant. INCOME FROM MOUNTRATH The Repeal of the penal laws had "COMMENDAMS" Precise information regarding the real almost been completed by 1788, Freedom ,value of Mountrath (or the Parish of of religion had been granted as far back Dr. Delaney stated in his report that as 1760. Several Acts including one for as well as being Bishop of Kildare and the Relief of Catholics had only been pas­ Leighlin he was also Parish Priest of Tul­ Summary of Bishop's sed in 1788. No government aid had been low, a living he possessed prior to his Annual Income: granted for Catholic education prior to episcopal appointment, His residence was Receipts from dues 1788, and with the exception of in Tullow and he carried out all the func­ in Bishopric £96.9.6 Maynooth at a much later stage, it was tions and duties of an officiating Parish Proportion of emoluments hoped financial aid might be forthcoming Priest. He also held in "Commendam" from Parish of Tullow £74.0.0 for seminaries in 1800). the Parish of Mountrath originally called rroportion of emoluments 'Clonenagh which had been conferred on A number of questions were put to from Mountrath £127.0.0 him with his elevation to the See. each Bishop and Dr. Delaney replied to Total £297.9.6 approximately five questions as follows:- INCOME FROM TULLOW He stated that the average income Clonenagh) was not forthcoming but the INCOME AND "COMMENDAMS" prior to 1789 from documents available Bishop stated in his 'Abstract' that it He stated that in his capacity as in this living was approximately £60, and averaged £3 14 per annum over the four prelate his annual income was £46.12.9. rose to £ 111 in 1801. He noted that years prior to 1800. The income was received through 'prox­ though a diminution of the population of He retained £ 12 7 and the balance of ies' from each P.P., curates being exempt. Tullow had taken place and that a reduc­ £187 he allotted to three Curates. He Some 33 P.P.s gave a guinea each and a tion in the properties of the inhabitants also stated that "in the parish there are "free gift" amounting to £37.10.9. Some occurred that the average income curates gave as much as 7/7 per annum. ·remained at £ 111. In his list on benefices (CONTINUED ON PAGE 25)

ATTENTION: RULES ( 1) The competition is confined to First Year Pupils pupils in their first year at Post Primary Schools. How well have y,m read "Carloviana"? (f) What Carlow monument is on the Using the journal as a guide see if you can cover of this year's "Carloviana"? (2) Entries must be signed by a parent answer the following questions. Prizes will or teacher certifying that the work be awarded. (g) Who did Phil Kennedy work for is the entrant's own unaided effort. (a) Who was Bishop of Kildare and before his execution? (3) Closing date is March 30th. Leighlin in 1 798? (h) Who owned the premises where (b) Where did Thomas Kavanagh live? Statham Sheridan is now situated? (4) Send entries to Editor, (c) N!'lar what town is Killashee? "Carloviana", :35 Oakley Park, Tul­ low Road. Carlow. (d) In what town was the Preston (i) Who is chairman of the Old Carlow Society? school? ( 5) Prizes will be awarded to the first (e) Wellington Bridge is better known (j) What do you like/dislike about five correct entries opened after the by what name? "Carloviana"? closing date.

24 / ""I State of Diocese of Kildare and Leighlin - 1800 A.D. (Continued) "" ~ besides two Coadjutors,· or assisting terest on the four government debentures apart from P.P. but when entertained in clergymen, one secular, the other a including a few shillings "dispensation his house a quarter only is given to them regular who have no fixed stipend or por­ money." This, then, in 1800 was the sole with accommodation-grass, hay, and tion of the dues, but derive their support financial support of the college. He com­ oats for (their) horse." wholly from collections and the public mented that "the late enormous rise in In some instances income was com­ benevolence." the price of provisions, fuel, etc., which puted as in this case:-"ln the estimate has given a mortal blow to our funds." for Parish of Naas a perpetual donation ST. PATRICK'S SEMINARY of Mr. Burgh of Oldtown to include a A summary of the college's expenses house, a spot of ground with chapel rent Before proceedirig with Query 2. 1800 is as follows:- free to value of £3 0. Bishop Delaney referred to the poor Ground rent £50. 0.0 "In the income of Myshall in the financial state of St. Patrick's in 1801. Window tax 30. 0.0 county of Carlow is comprised a grant of Small offerings which never reached more Three professors at ground to the P.P. jointly from Mr. than 40/- per annum together with four• 15 gns. each 51. 3.9 Cornwall and Mr. Baggott, the landlords debentures at 5"n was the complete es­ One professor at 40 gns. 45.10.0 to the amount of £30." Mr. Cornwall was tablished fund for the seminary at the One professor at 20 gns. the Major Cornwall, to whom William time. It was the first college to be erected and writing master at Farrell (in his book on "Carlow in '98") after the Repeal of the Penal Statutes for 10 gns. 32. 4.6 sent his letter of intercession, but he ad­ the education of Catholic priests in Board for four of the vised Farrell that he could do nothing for Ireland. Founded in 1789 and opened 1st above at £40 each 160. 0.0 him as his life was in the hands of Col. October, 1 793, it was built under almost Board for two at £30 each 60. 0.0 Rochfort and Col. Mahon, both of whom insuperable financial difficulties, com­ Four servants' wages 32. 0.0 were conducting the courts-martial into mencing, as Dr. Delaney stated, with the Board for servants the rebellion in Carlow in 1798. incomes of both Parish Priest of Carlow at £15 each 60. 0.0 In further computation of income and the Bishop of the diocese - "not ex­ President receives no Bishop Delaney referred to his own ceeding it is here conscientiously aver­ salary (boarded in) 40. 0.0 parish of Tullow where he had to pay red the sum of 100 guineas." Collections ground rent at £10.4.6 for his chapel: 'ilol're confined to the diocese and the sub­ £560.18.3 which was "reduced almost to a heap of scriptions ranged from "a British six­ ruins." According to the list submitted to pence and shilling each" up to "a guinea The bishop very humbly begged to be the Viceroy the population of Tullow was and more." Collections for "brass" were 4750, and approximately 3000 attended excused for submitting the seminaries' also taken up in every chapel. church on Sundays. financial state into the abstract for the He stated that "not a single individual The brass collection was perhaps in al­ diocese. His object being that in the event of a provision ensuing from the govern­ from the country parts who pays th€ lusion to the merchants and tradesmens 'hearth or window tax' save the pastor ment for Catholic education, that he tokens of the time. Copper coinage was in who rents a house and 14 acres at £60 would be in a position of having the case very short supply due mainly to the per annum." Regarding his chapel of examined having regard to the heavy return to England of the copper coinage Mountrath, he observed that "not one debts of the seminary. in respect of rent for absentee landlords. countryman attached to or frequenting it The seminary, accordingly, was com­ The remaining queries regarding - that is not actually in the class of pleted at a cost little short of £6,000. benefices and the number of curates in paupers." the diocese he listed separately by Dr. Delaney in his submission makes At the end of the abstract he again parishes under the Dioceses of Kildare the point that no government aid was adverted to the unhappy financial state of and Leighlin. A synopsis of which is as sought or given in the erection of the the seminary hoping:-"unless (they) are follows: seminary. However, he states that the ob­ pleased to extend a hand to uphold it. ject of a Catholic education was the same • a>< that "so benignly" taken up by "our (CONSOLIDATED TABLES) gracious legislators" (regarding the Diocese of Kildare founding of Maynooth by public funds at Diocese of Leighlin the time). He is proud· of the fact that the seminary was founded prior to the Parishes Income Parishes Income "destruction of our colleges and 21 £2792 22 £4087 seminaries on the continent." This is in allusion to the closure of these colleges Curates Extent Bread Curates Extent Bread with the advent of the French Revolution. and Length and length Dr. Delaney's side swipe at Maynooth - 14+2 Coadjutors Per parish only 21 + 2 Coadjutors Per parish only which establishment was "Carlow's younger but more favoured sister" was Population No. of Chapels Population No. of Chapels receiving government support and at the 67,700 43 117,350 57 same time "stealing" students from his diocese. The college in 1800 was now He covered curates' income as being May God in his mercy inspire (them) to depending ;;-n a pension of 20 guineas by arrived at through established usage, i.e. pronounce a favourable sentence!" The clerical students and a £25 pension "from "one-third of stated pecuniary dues and document was signed 4th December, all other sources" together with £20 in- also one-third of corn, viz. when they live 1800.

25 THE CARLOW RAILWAY [ BY JAMES WESTMAN l Thomas Newcomen (1663-1729) was all classes were densely crowded with pas­ Again, the Freeman's Journal, of 5th born at Dartmouth. He devised an at­ sengers, thus giving early evidence of the August, page 3, reports:- mospheric steam engine or "fire engine." vast traffic which is likely to accrue on the Carlow Races It was patented in 1705 and used for line when in full and perfect operation. Tuesday, 4th August; Stewards - pumping water from mines. The train proceeded through Clondalkin, Richard Pierce Butler, Horace Rochfort, James Watt was born at Greenock, on Inchicore, Hazelhatch, Sallins, 'John Newton, Lorenzo Alexander and the Clyde on the 19th January, 1736. Newbridge, Kildare, Athy and on to Hugh Faulkner, Esqrs. Thomas Whelan, While repairing a model of Newcomen's Carlow, conveying a delighted assemblage Esq., Treasurer; Mr. T. Connor, steam engine in 1 764, he devised an ex­ through some of the most pleasing Registrar; Mr. James Daly, Judge. terior condenser to eliminate the loss of scenery in Ireland. The arrangements at This annual meeting commenced power involved in the engine. This was the different stations to secure the com­ yesterday, and the railway having been patented in 1 769. fort and convenience of the passengers opened to the public, the attendance was Matthew Boulton was born in Bir­ were the theme of general praise. exceedingly large. The course, which is mingham in 1728. He financed James On the day previous a select party situated at Ballybar, about three miles Watt's steam engine and entered into went by train to the Curragh where a de­ distant from Carlow, is the same that has partnership with him in 1775. They jeuner was prepared. The party consisted been run over for some years past and it manufactured their engines near Bir­ of Sir J. McNeil!, J. Fagan, P. D. was in excellent order. The stand-house mingham. Latouche, Esq., George Carr, Esq., has undergone considerable alterations George Stephenson was born in the Deputy Governor, George Roe, Esq., Mr. and improvements, a new wing having colliery village of Wylam, near Brooke, Governor of the Bank of Ireland, been added to each side; it was crowded Newcastle-on-Tyne on the 9th June, Messrs. McCormack & Dargan, the con­ by a highly fashionable assemblage of 1781. He first became an engine-wright tractors, Mr. H. Connolly, the Hon. Mr. spectators. The arrangements were all ex­ at Killingworth Colliery and here built his Lawless, the Chairman of the Paris & cellent and the course well kept, the rac­ first locomotive in 1814. He also invented Rouen Railway, the Chairman of the ing was not, however, so good as we have a safety lamp in 1815. He was appointed Orleans Railway, and several other been in the habit of witnessing there. an engineer of the Stockton and gentlemen. Tullow, Co. Carlow, was served by a Darlington Railway, the world's first This company awaits but the comple­ branch from the main line at Sallins, public railway, in 1821. tion of the carriage orders to increase the 1 71:li miles from Dublin. It went through The Stockton and Darlington line number of trains, and then bring into ex­ Naas, Harristown, Dunlavin, Colbin­ opened on the 27th September, 1825. tensive operation a line of railroad which stown, Grangecon, Baltinglass, Rathvilly The 7 ton (Locomotion 1) could pull 48 bids fair to be second to none even in the and terminated at Tullow. It was opened tons at a speed of 15 miles per hour. It sister kingdom. as far as Colbinstown on 22nd June, was driven on the occasion by George The Dublin Weekly Register of 8th 18 8 5, the full 2 4 'lz miles to Baltinglass Stephenson. August, 1846, describes the trip of the were opened on 1st September of same So, in the above named we have previous Monday:- year. The remaining lOYz miles, the Tul­ the pioneers of steam power and the The train consisting of two first class low extension, followed on 1st June, steam engine, Ireland's first rail line carriages, with a luggage van, left the 1886. The Tullow branch lost its pas­ was opened on the 17th December, Inchicore Station at 12 h. 20 m. and senger service in 194 7 and was closed en­ 1834, between Dublin and Kingstown after a most agreeable run, in which the tirely in 1959. (Dun Laoghaire), a distance of 6Yz miles. steady and admirably constructed Following Carlow, the first 10 miles to The Gauge of this line was initially 4 ft. 8 character of the line was fully tested, ar­ Muinebeag, via Milford, were opened on ins., but this was later changed to the rived in Carlow at 3 h. 10 m. There was 24th July, 1848. From here a branch line standard 5 ft. 3 ins. of the present day. In no effort at high speed - merely sufficient was extended to Kilkenny which opened the 1840s the laying of rail line really got to prove the line, and allow the visitors to on 14th November, 1850. goihg and by 1853 there were 840 route enjoy the picturesque tableland through miles of railway open in Ireland. which the line passed. We may remark Closely associated with the construc­ that the crops look most promising, and The line to Carlow was first opened to tion of the line to Carlow at this time and in various places the harvest gathering the public on Tuesday, the 4th August, indeed for over fifty years afterwards was has commenced under most favourable 1846. The route from Kingsbridge, one Samuel Snoddy. Samuel Snoddy was auspices. The heavy rains which have Dublin being - Clondalkin, Lucan, born about the year 1803 in Ballymena, recently fallen appear to have done no Hazelhatch & Celbridge, Sallins, Co. Antrim. He came to Carlow, as an damage, except to the light oat crop. Newbridge, Kildare, Athy, Maganey. The overseer on the railway in 1846, and set­ After an entertainment, conducted in a distance was 56'/z miles. tled about a mile and a half outside the style of splendid hospitality, the company town, in townland of Quinagh. He mar­ The Freeman's Journal, Wednesday, returned to town, much pleased. ried a Miss Murphy from Carlow. His August 5, 1846, reports as follows:­ The directors with a laudable desire to son, Patrick Snoddy, was father of late Great Southern & Western Railway. accommodate the public, were induced "to Mrs. Purcell, wife of Patrick Purcell, The train trips on this splendid line open the line on account of the Carlow Quinagh. It is interesting to know that have commenced and a train leaves Races, which commenced on the 4th, when SaiYJuel Snoddy finally terminated Dublin for Carlow at nine in the morning although owing to many circumstances, his work with the railway in 1903, he was and another at five in the afternoon. The over which they had no control, their ar­ almost 100 years of age. He topped the line was first oper.ed regularly to the rangements will only permit them to run century afterwards by roughly three years public on yesterday, and the carriages of two trains down and up for the present." and died in 1906.

26 SECRETARY'S REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1976/'77

------BY SEAN O'LEARY------

The past year has been a most succes­ day. The talk was illustrated by a splen­ FRANCISCAN ARCHITECTURE sful one for the Old Carlow Society. We did series of coloured slides. AND ART have had a record number of new On 24th February, Fr. Patrick Conlan, members which shows what an interest· CARLOW SUGAR FACTORY O.F.M., Athlone, gave a wonderful talk the people of the area take in the ac­ The first lecture of the Winter Session entitled "Irish Medieval Franciscan tivities of the Society. It is gratifying to on 20th October was given by a founder know that the O.C.S. in its 31st year con­ Architecture and Art". A brilliant lecturer, member of the O.C.S., Mr. Liam D. with a complete knowledge of his subject, tinues to go from strength to strength. Bergin. His subject was Carlow Sugar and a great sense of humour, Fr. Patrick Factory - most appropriate on the LECTURES AND OUTINGS gave a most instructive and enjoyable talk Golden Jubilee of the Factory. Mr. Bergin which he illustrated with a delightful For our Winter Session we had a par­ gave a detailed account of the efforts to series of coloured slides. Unfortunately ticularly fine series of lectures. Although get the Sugar Factory sited in Carlow and from an attendance point of view, the lec­ the attendance was good we should like to of the tumultuous scenes witnessed when ture clashed with a Peace meeting, also in have it much better. We should also like if it was announced that the Factory would the Royal Hotel. more of our own members would give be built here. It was pleasant to recall the talks. Very many of them are eminently great men who succeeded in getting this TWO KINGS qualified to do so and we hope that they important industry for Carlow. The last lecture of the season on 24th will come forward. March was given by Mrs. M. Phelan of Our Summer Outings were very en­ THE RIVER BARROW joyable and covered a considerable por­ Kilkenny Archaeological Society. Her tion of Ireland. Again we should like bet­ On 16th November there was an subject, "The Two Kings - Art McMur­ ter support from our members. On a cou­ overflow attendance to hear Mr. W. L. rough and Richard II", was particularly ple of occasions were it not for- non­ Duggan giving a talk on his beloved River interesting as it was in this part of the members there would have been many Barrow. As no one knows more about the country that most of the incidents took empty seats in the coaches. river than Billy Duggan, it was not sur­ place. A great historian, Mrs. Ph~lan has prising that lovers of the Barrow from far made a deep study of that period and THE MUSEUM and near crowded in for this lecture and from her we learned a great deal about they got. a delightful discourse in Billy's these two great rivals. The Museum continues to flourish. own inimitable style. Mr. John Monahan, Our small band of devoted workers do not another devotee of the Barrow, showed a A.G.M. spare themselves to ensure that the ex­ marvellous series of coloured slides to il­ hibits are displayed to the very best ad­ The A.G. M. was held on 2 1st April. lustrate the talk. ~·antage. Their efforts have been helped The Chairman in her address said the by a generous subscription of £300 from Society was in a flourishing condition. Carlow County Council. On March 24, SOCIAL She said the Rathmichael Historical 25, 26 an Antiques Fair (the first of its To celebrate the 30th Anniversary of Society on their recent visit were very kind in Carlow) was held in the Royal the O.C.S. we had a most enjoyable impressed with the work being done by Hotel to raise funds for the Museum. Social in the Function Room of the Royal the Society and they were particularly Thanks to its organiser, Mr. Kevin Cur­ Hotel on 9th December. Upwards of sixty pleased with the Museum. Mrs. Fitz­ ry, it was an outstanding success. As a members attended. Maurice appealed for more stewards for result it is hoped to have the Fair an An­ the Museum on Sundays. It was not right First , a film "Places for People" was to leave the work to a few members. With nual Event. shown by Mr. B. Kealy. This film was At the moment negotiations are in a large rota each person would only have made specially for European Architec­ progress with the Carlow U.D.C re ac­ to attend once or twice in the year. tural Heritage Year, and proved to be quiring the Concert Hall in the town Hall Secretary, Sean O'Leary, gave a " most interesting. Next we had a delightful as a Museum. Though the building in detailed account of the Society's activities Buffet Supper followed by a dance, the College Street has been made very attrac­ since the last A.G.M. music being supplied by the local group tiw it is felt that the Town Hall might be Treasurer, Mr. K. Kennedy, presented· "Stewpot and Spike". Vocal items were more central for the County Museum. a Balance Sheet and explained the contributed by some of our members. various items. The O.C.S. was in a very This social and dance was an innovation DUBLIN VISITORS sound financial position for which Mr. for the O.C.S. and judging by the Kennedy was duly complimented. On Saturday and Sunday, 16th, 17th favourable comments we will have similar The Editor, Mr. H. Dolan, said that April, we had a visit from the functions in the future. Rathmichael (Dublin) Historical Society. for the first time there had been a slight Our Chairman, Mrs. Fitzmaurice, and profit on the sales of "Carloviana". Due ~Ir. Brendan Kealy conducted the party CLONM ORE to the huge increase in production costs, on tours of the district and the visitors By special request, Mr. John Moriarty, the Society will have to consider whether were very impressed with what they saw N.T., M.C.C., and Mr. Edward Mc­ publication can be continued or should and heard. On the Saturday night there Donal(t gave talks on the Clonmore dis­ the format of the journal be altered. Mr. was a Cheese and Wine party in the trict on 20th January. Mr. McDonald Dolan said he wished to thank very ~luseum~for the visitors. During the func­ had a fine series of coloured slides made sincerely Messrs. P. Godfrey and E. Dagg tion Mr. B. Kealy gave a talk on Carlow by himself to illustrate the talks which ranging from the Ice Age to the present proved most interesting. (CONTINUED ON PAGE 28)

27 SECRETARY'S REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1976/'77

(CONTINUED FROM PAGE 27). · itial expenses. Mr. B. Kealy agreed to the True Cross had been preserved for organise the scheme. It was pointed out many years and during the Penal Times of "The Nationalist" for their assistance that these slides and tapes could be lent many ordinations were held there. In Cill in the production of the journal. to schools, etc. Cais the words of the well-known song A communication re proposed Tyndall "Cad a dheanfaimid feasta came Exhibition in the Regional College was THE MUSEUM vividly before our minds. referred for consideration to the commit­ John Moriarty, Chairman of the tee. KILKENNY Museum Committee, said exhibits were The final outing was on Sunday, 18th pouring into the Museum and as a result AD ARE September, when Kilkenny Castle, it will shortly be necessary to be more The Annual One-Day Outing took Freshford and Dunmore Caves were selective in accepting articles. He praised place on Sunday, 12th ,June, when Adare Mr. K. Curry for the way he organised visited. The party were shown over the and Limerick were visited. The party castle by the official guide who gave a the recent Antiques Fair. The profit made were shown over Adare Manor by the Of­ very interesting account of the various would be most useful for the Museum. ficial Guide and later Mr. Thomas Pierce alterations in that historic building down Mr. Moriarty outlined the negotiations conducted the party to the old Castle of the years. We were charmed with the way that have taken place re the Concert Hall the Desmonds, the Dunraven the grounds of the castle are being kept in the Town Hall. He hoped a satisfactory Mausoleum, the ruins of the Franciscan and we envied the people of the Marble arrangement would be come to. Mr. Priory, the unique Protestant and City who have such a beautiful place in Moriarty complimented the members of Catholic Churches and other interesting which to relax. In Freshford our the Museum Committee for practically buildings in that really charming old­ Chairman read a paper on the historic 100'.'o attendance at each of the 10 world village. After tea in Limerick church which is sited in the centre of the meetings during the year. members were free to visit the many town. The detailed account of the Mr. A. Burns, Treasurer of the historical places in the city. The outing building was most interesting. Museum Committee, gave an account of was enjoyed by all. Next we proceeded to Dunmore Caves. the financial position which was quite It was certainly an awesome experience to satisfactory. WEXFORD be conducted down into the bowels of the ELECTION OF OFFICERS On Sunday, 17th July, Wexford was earth and along fortuous passages amid visited. The well-known historian, writer stalactites and stalagmites of various Mrs. B. FitzMaurice, Chairman; Miss and broadcaster, Mr. Nicky Furlong, con­ dimensions. We were very impressed by M. T. Kelly, Vice-Chairman; Mr. S. ducted the party to the various places of the thorough manner in which concrete O'Leary, Hon. Secretary; Mr. K. Ken­ interest in the town. Then to Johnstown steps, protective railings and electric nedy, Hon. Treasurer, and Mr. H. Dolan, Castle where we were shown over the lights have been provided to ensure that Hon. Editor, were unanimously re­ beautiful castle, now an Agricultural visitors can view these great wonders of elected. Centre and around the surrounding es­ nature with the utmost safety and com­ DECISIONS tate. The visit was most instructive as we fort. saw wha~ great work is being done there There was a long discussion re FORTHCOMING LECTURES "Carloviana" and various suggestions for the improvement of Irish Agriculture. were made. Finally, it was decided that As I write we are drawing up a very at­ the annual subscription to O.C.S. be in­ SOUTH TIPPERARY tractive list of lectures for the coming creased to £2.00 which would include a On Sunday, 14th August, the Carrick­ Winter Session. Let us hope there will be free copy of "Carloviana". A decision re on-Suir area was visited. The well-known an over-flow attendance at each of them. the future format of the journal was left historian, Mr. Patrick Power, M.A., THANKS to the incoming committee. D.Ph., gave a most interesting account of In conclusion I should like to thank the Various suggestions were made for the the Ormond Castle in Carrick which had Officers, the Committee and the members Annual and Afternoon Outings. Final close associations with Elizabeth I. From for their splendid co-operation and "The decision was left to incoming committee. Carrick we went on to see the famous Nationalist" for the publicity they give to It was decided to have a Library of High Crosses of Ahenny and then to the the O.C.S. at all times. Slides anti Tapes dealing with the work of ruins of another Butler stronghold - the the Society and £50.00 was voted for in- Castle ofCill Cais. In this castle a relic of :30th September, 1977

VISIT THE COUNTY MUSEUM COLLEGE STREET, CARLOW

Open every Sunday, 2.30-5.30 See the wide range of exhibits showing the history of County Carlow.

BRING THE FAMILY

28 t ---- ...... ------.--

COURTHOUSE Chairman's INCIDENTS

There were some incredible incidents Address at the building of the old Courthouse, now the Deighton Hall, if one is to believe a correspondent to the "Nationalist" of "The porpose of the Society is to en­ Some people will ask: "Why bother? October 5th, 1889. His great grandfather was killed at its construction "trying to courage and develop an interest in the This may interest you, but it doesn't in­ quell a row between town and country history and antiquities of Co. Carlow." terest me." In order to cover the enor­ .. workmen on a scaffold which gave way in The role of a local history society is not to mous canvas and to make it comprehensi­ consequence of a rush to one end and all study the major events of history, these ble to immature minds history is too often came to the ground". A workman's wife should be taught at school, but rather to presented in a series of pictures in stark had a remarkable escape on the same oc­ study the way these events affected the black and white. As adults we realise that casion. She had brought her husband his • lives of the people of the area. Looking at there is no black or white in history, no breakfast and gone to his aid in the the framework of a modern precast monopoly of right or wrong. When we re­ melee. "Although she fell from the top she building one can not visualise the finished examine history we are able to review escaped unhurt; even her pitcher was not appearance, one must wait until the slabs what we were taught and to see it against broken nor her milk spilled". Ned Kelly, a are in place. I feel that, too often, school a broader spectrum. Events and actions carpenter, was a lucky man. In blowing history provides only the framework, must only be judged bearing in mind the his nose he blew one of his eyes out. The necessary but not complete, and that a values and motivation of their era. correspondent calmly relates "it gave him society like ours must provide the This becomes even more necessary in a a shock and a fright". His workmates materials to finish the work. Distant bat­ country like ours with our historical ·proposed to take him to a doctor "and as tles become more real when we learn of divides which have been distorted in so they went Kelly put his hand to the eye to the men from our own neighbourhood who many ways for political ends. A society support and cover it. When they got to fought in them. We can relate more easily like ours can work to heal divisions by the doctor the eye was back in its socket to the fine lady in her court dress when looking anew at them in the light of ex­ and alright except for being sore and in­ flamed for some time". we realise that the lace decorating it could perience and thereby gaining a greater ha,·e been made in Borris and t~at our understanding of their causes. May un­ 01,.,n ancestors or those of our friends derstanding bring us all closer together. could once have possessed the art of S. A. FitzMaurice. JUNE 29th, 1899. making it. October 1977. CARLOW NATIONALIST

Stone Cutting in COUNTY CARLOW Carlow

MUSEUM It is satisfactory to learn that the monumental sculpturing trade is on the increase in Carlow. On visiting the Co. Carlow Museum has been open to the comprehensive range of exhibits on several yards we learn that work from the public for the past four years. It is display would not be possible. Thanks is them has gone to all parts of Ireland, the situated at the Old Academy in College also due to those few enthusiastic and Iii, orders increasing daily at Mis. Walsh and Street, Carlow. Essentially a Folk devoted committee members who through Kavanaghs concerns. The former has on Museum, it displays every aspect of how their efforts have made the Museum into hands at present a splendid monumental people lived in the past. There is also a one of the best examples of its type in the cross after the ancient Irish pattern fine collection of archaeological and country. (Monasterboice) ordered by E. T. historical exhibits of a general nature. As Should any of our readers wish to Mulhall Esq. M/s. Hughes who are more material continues to come in at a steady donate articles (on loan) they may contact in the building line of stone cutting, have rate the problem of space is now being any of the committee, or call to the been sending work chiefly for ec­ tackled. Negotiations with Carlow U.D.C. Museum on Sundays, from 2.30 to 5.30. clesiastical architecture to all parts of are in progress regarding the use of the The procedure regarding any article l llster and the other provinces. He has on auditorium in the Town Hall as a which is being presented is as follows:- hands at present a large order for church museum. Should these negotiations be work from His Grace the Archbishop of successful the committee will be looking 1. An official receipt for each article is Dublin. to the people of Carlow for their support given; in this major undertaking. 2. All articles are accepted on loan A grateful thank you is due to all the (unless stated by the donor), and can We are glad to know that 90 years people who.have contributed articles (on be reclaimed at any time by applying later two of the above named are still very loan or otherwise). But for their interest to the committee. busily engaged in the stone cutting ------business. 29 t MILFORD - COUNTY CARLOW (From Mr. and Mrs. Hall's "Ireland") GRAND CANAL COMPANY. The establishment at Milford is one of the extent; its manufactures are very limited, and most extensive and celebrated in Ireland. It is almost its whole population are employed in situated about four miles from Carlow, on the the cultivation of the soil; yet it is notorious Barrow, in the centre of a lovely valley, that in this country there are more acres TENDERS REQUIRED through which the river runs - surrounded by capable of raising food, unemployed for any hills, and with the magnificent mountains, beneficial purpose, than are to be found in any FOR Leinster, Blackstairs, and Brandon in the other country of Europe. But every day in­ HAULAGE OF THE COMPANY'S TRADE back ground. The roof of the mill is flat,. creases their extent and their power; new BOATS. covered with tereeira, formed of chalk, tar systems of farming have been universally in­ and sand; the walls are castellated, so that it troduced; in many instances they have has from a distance a very pleasing and strik­ doubled the produce; and in many more they ing effect. Plantations of fine trees are growing have led the proprietors to convert into THE Directors of the Grand Canal Company up around it, and the aspect of the whole arable land whole tracts of formerly barren being desirous of providing Merchants and neighbourhood is remarkably cheering, com­ mountain and bog. Irish farmers are now los­ Traders with an improved service for the tran­ fortable and encouraging - all giving tokens of ing their prejudices in favour of "old plans;" sit of merchandize to and from the different the improvements that are proceeding under the consequence is an enormous addition to towns and districts continguous to the Grand the direction of its enterprising proprietor and the natural resources of the kingdom. Canal, River Shannon, and River Barrow, his sons. Roads have been opened through The entire works at Milford are driven by viz:-Sallins, Naas and Corbally, Rathangan, several of the adjacent mountains, and water power, Nature having bountifully sup­ Monasterevan, Portarlington, Mountmellick, cultivation has naturally followed; the hedge­ plied a force far greater than that which can Vicarstown, Athy, Carlow, Bagnalstown, rows in every direction are as neatly and be derived from steam, and at a cost infinitely Kilbeggan, Tullamore, Belmont, Shannon carefully trimmed as those of England; the less; it is, indeed, so great as to be commen­ Harbour, Athlone, Kylemore, Ballinasloe, cottages are exceedingly clean and well surate with the want of it, even in the hottest Banagher, Portumna, Luska, Dromineer ordered - for they are frequently white­ day in summer; and an immense quantity is, (Nenagh), Williamstown, Killaloe, Scariff, washed, the material being supplied "gratis" at all seasons, suffered to run idly to waste. Limerick, have resolved to receive Goods at to every applicant; many of them are covered The Barrow is navigable, not only south to the Grand Canal Harbour daily up to Six with climbing plants, and, together with their Waterford, but north to Dublin; through the O'Clock, p.m., same as the several Railway sober and industrious occupants, bear un­ former a large quantity of flour is exported to Companies, and by increasing the speed of the questionable evidence of the vast importance England; and through the latter a supply, 'Boats to ensure their arrival punctually at of resident landlords in improving the face of chiefly for home consumption, by the river to their various destinations, are accordingly the country and the social condition of its pop­ Athy, and thence, by the Grand Canal, to the prepared to receive Tenders for Haulage of the ulation. capital, a lock connecting both, so that there is Company's Boats at an accelerated speed, no necessity for transferring the loads from The mill was originally established in with two horses to each boat, between Low­ one boat to another during its transit. 1790, and was commenced on a large scale; town and Ballycommon, and between Athy The Milford works have been constructed the neighbourhood was propitious, the soil be­ and Carlow. under the superintendence of Mr. Wm. Fair­ ing very rich, and based on a bed of limestone, bairn, of Manchester; and the chief water­ which gives an unexhaustible supply of Stabling accommodation will be provided. wheel made by him, of iron, cast, hammered manure. The com to be converted into flour, is Further particulars as to the number of and plate, is, we believe, the largest and most invariably purchased from the farmers or the boats to be hauled, the scheduled rate of speed peasantry, many of whom grow only some powenul m the kingdom, taking the water on to be maintained, together with Forms of eight or ten barrels and sell it in order to twenty-two feet - its breadth. It is equal to Tender, can be had on application to the Traf­ purchase materials more necessary to satisfy one hundred and twenty horse power. In the fic Manager at the Company's Offices, their own wants - rarely or never grinding it two establishments for producing flour and James's-street Harbour, Dublin. oatmeal there are twenty-two pair of mil­ for their own use. Mr. Alexander carries on his Sealed Tenders, addressed to the lstones in constant work, thirteen of which, trade in com at eight different places in Secretary, will be received up to SATURDAY, with all the attendant machinery, are driven Carlow and the adjoining counties, from the 18th day of MAY, 1889. whence it is transported to Milford to be con­ by the one wheel. The concern is able to verted into flour, and thence distributed manufactured annually 60,000 sacks of flour As expedition is an object, Contractors are through the country or exported to the English "without," as one of the workmen expressed requested to state when they will be prepared markets; and he largely manufactures it, "lighting a candle;" the quantity actually to commence, and would be required to give oatmeal, the character· of which stands very produced is between 40,000 and 50,000 security for the faithful performance of the high in the principal mart - Manchester, sacks; but in the oatmeal establishment, Contract undertaken. where it bears the best price. He has also a which is separate and distinct, and where the water-wheel is eighteen feet wide, 30,000 The Directors do not bind themselves to ac­ maltinghouse, now in active work, although cept the lowest or any tender. By order this branch was abandoned soon after the in­ sacks are the average annual produce. Estimating the flour at 60s. per sack, and the troduction of the existing Malt Act, familiarly WM. RIGBY COOKE, oatmeal at 30s., we have the aggregate of one known in Ireland as "the measure for making Secretary. concern yielding to the country no less than smuggling easy." GRAND CANAL HOUSE £195,000 each year, and this without taking DUBLIN. Ireland has been termed "the granary of into account the manufacture of malt in the 30th April, 1889. Great Hritain," and it is so to a considera1>1e same concern. ANTIQUES FAIR ROYAL HOTEL, CARLOW, APRIL 1978 Remember the highly successful Fair we held in 1977? Some exhibitors have already booked stands for 1978 Proceeds in aid of the County Museum

30 Officers and Members of The Old Carlow Society 1977/78 (Continued from page 2)

Kelly, Miss M. T., The Stream, Mac Suibhne, Very Rev. Peadar, St. O'Neill, Misses Leonie & Lucy, Barrack Castledermot Road, Carlow. Patrick's College, Carlow. Street, Carlow. Kelly, Michael & Mrs., Burrin Street, MacSuibhn.e, Rev. Sean, St. Patrick's O'Neill, Miss Mary, 67 Colclough Carlow. College, Carlow. Avenue, Graiguecullen, Carlow. Kelly, William & Mrs., 26 St. Patrick's Maddock, Mrs. P., 173 Maher Road, O'Rourke, Mrs. M., Montgomery Street, Avenue, Carlow. Graiguecullen, Carlow. Carlow. Kelly, Mrs., Rutland. Carlow. Maguire, Mrs. E., Dublin Road, Carlow. O'Shea, Sean, Tullow Street, Carlow. Kennedy, Mr. & Mrs. E., Kyleballyhue, Mannion, Frank & Mrs., 30 Monacur­ O'Shea, Mrs. M., St. Patrick's Avenue, Carlow. ragh, Carlow. Carlow. Kennedy, Kevin & Mrs., 6 Oakley Park, Monahan, John & Mrs., Castletown Patricia, Sr. M., Presentation Convent, Grai~ecullen, Carlow. House, Carlow. Carlow. Keyes. Miss 8., Duggan Avenue, Moore, Mrs. E., Chapelstown, Carlow. Prendergast, Miss N., National Museum, Graiguecullen. Carlow. Moore, W. & Mrs., "St. Anne's", Athy Dublin. Lillis. ~laj. Gen. Jas., Blackrock, Co. Road, Carlow. Purcell, Michael, Kennedy Street, Dublin. Moran, Mr. J., Burrin Street, Carlow. Carlow. Lillis, T. J. & Mrs., Lumclone House, Moriarty, John, N.T., M.C.C., & Mrs., Purcell, Pat, Quinagh, Carlow. Fenagh, Co. Carlow. Tynock, Kiltegan, Co. Wicklow. Ratuskey, Mrs. M., Montgomery Street, Little, Lazerian & Mrs., Strawhall, Morton, Mrs. Myrtle, P.O. Box 74, Carlow . • Carlow. Walnut Creek, California 94597. Little, Mrs. T., Montgomery Street, Shaw, Misses Nan & Kathleen, 130 Murphy, Miss Annie, Barrack Street, J.K.L. Avenue, Carlow. Carlow. Carlow. Sheehan, Miss E., 1.19 Upperfield Road, Loftus, Mrs. G., Gurteen, Carlow. Murphy, Kevin, Pollerton Little, Carlow. Lyons, Paul, Oak Park, Carlow. Wellwin Garden City, Herts, England. Murphy, Miss Olivia, Pollerton Little, Sheehan, Miss K, 3 St. Killian's Cres­ McCamey, George & Mrs., Pacelli Carlow. cent, Carlow. Avenue, Graiguecullen, Carlow. Murphy, Sea,mus & Mrs., Pollerton Lit­ Sheehan, R., Morriston, N.J., U.S.A. McClean, Mr. & Mrs. F., 5 Oak Park tle, Carlow. Smith, Mrs. Kathleen, Dublin Road, Road, Carlow. Murphy, Lauri, Maryboro' Street, Carlow. McDermott, Mrs. K., St. Joseph's Road, Graiguecullen, Carlow. Smyth, Miss Mary, 2 Leinster Crescent, Carlow. Murphy, W. F., "Harmur",, Kilkenny Carlow. McDonald, Mr. E., Clonmore, Hacket­ Road, Carlow. Smyth, Michael, Newtown, Nurney, Co. stown, Co. Carlow. Murray, Aidan & Mrs., 25 Dublin Carlow. McDonnell, Mrs. C., "Barnagree", Tul­ Street, Carlow. Smyth, T. & Mrs., 2 Leinster Crescent, low Road, Carlow. Murray, Mrs. K., 5 St. Joseph's Road, Carlow. McGough, Miss M., Browneshill Road, Carlow. Carlow. Tenanty, Mrs. M., Rothes Park House, McGreal, Miss A., Athy Road, Carlow. Nolan, 8. & Mrs., Burrin Street, Carlow. Rothes Park, Leslie, Fife, Scotland. McKenna, Fay & Mrs., "Maryville", Nolan, Miss Chrissie, Burrin Street, Treacy, Miss Eileen, College Street, Granby Row, Carlow. Carlow. Carlow. MacLeod, Miss Iona, Pembroke, Carlow. Nolan, Mr. Frank, Burrin Street, Carlow. Vicgne, Randolph, 3 McCartney House, MacShamhrain, Padraig, 52 Redesdale Nolan, Mr. & Mrs. John, 405 Iowa State London, S.E.10. Road, Blackrock, Co. Dublin. Bank, Iowa City, Iowa 52240. Wall, Miss B., Barrack Street, Carlow. Nolan, Mrs. ,Mary, Barrack Street, Walsh, Mrs. E., Hanover Bridge, Carlow. Co. Carlow. Westman, James, "Dunluce", 23 Green Nolan, Mr, T., 32 Riverside, Carlow. Road, Carlow. For your information: Subscription to Old O'Brien, Mr. & Mrs. T., Emerald Lodge, Whyte, Mr. T., Houblow Drive, Gal­ Carlow Society, £2.00 per annum, Carlow. leywood, Chelmsford, Essex. payable to Hon. Treasurer, Mr. Kevin O'Carroll, Mrs. L., Railyard, Brooks, Mr. and Mrs. Walter, Kennedy, 6, Oakley Park, Graiguecul!en, Castlecomer, Co. Kilkenny. "Highfield", IJublin Road, Carlow. Carlow. O'Grady, Faith, Holloden, Muinebheag, Society's Journal, "Carloviana", Carlow. • Published annually, 50p per copy. O'Hanlon, Mrs. J., College Street, OLD CARLOW SOCIETY Carlow. FRIENDS OF * * * O'Hare, P. J. & Mrs., Rathellin, THE MUSEUM PROJECT OLD PHOTOGRAPHS Leighlinbridge, Co. Carlow. The Editor would be interested to hear O'Keeffe, B. & Mrs., St. Killian's Cres­ To: S. O'Leary, Hon, Sec., Montgomery from anyone who has old photographs of cent, Carlow. Street, Carlow. Carlow and District, no matter how faded O'Keeffe, Miss Mary, St. Killian's Cres­ Being an enthusiastic admirer of the Society's or uninteresting these may appear to be. cent, Carlow. effort to establish a Museum in Carlow and Such photographs sometimes print sur­ O'Leary, Miss Maria, Montgomery which is now being realised, I hereby donate prisingly well and may be invaluable Street, Carlow. the sum of £...... towards the cost. when used as illustrations for some article O'Leary, Sean & Eileen, Montgomery we are considering for the Journal. Street, Carlow. Name ...... Oliver, Miss B., Dublin Street, Carlow. Address ...... * * * Oliver, Sr. M., Presentation Convent, The Editor wishes to express his Carlow. or gratitude to the printing staff of "The Oliver, ,James & Mrs., "Carraig Rua", I wish to donate the following Article(s) for ex­ :,,.;ationalist and Leinster Times" for the Kilkenny Road, Carlow. hibition in the Museum. courteous co-operation given by them at Oliver, R. J., Carlow. Name ...... all times. O'Neill, Austin, Leaugh, Carlow. Address ...... O'Neill, James, Castle Street, Carlow.

31 Ti l ANTIQUES FAIR

ROYAL HOTEL,' CARLOW PRIL 1978

Remember the highly successful Fair we held in 1977?

Some exhibitors have already booked stands for 1978

Proceeds in aid of the County Museum

Visit THE COUNTY MUSEUM

COLLEGE STREET, CARLOW

Open·every Sunday, 2.30-5.30 • See the wide range of exhibits showing the history of County Carlow

BRING THE FAMILY