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Collecting and Propagating the Seeds of California Wild Plants

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Collecting and Propagating the Seeds of California Wild Plants ::;:::::::;:::::;:::::::::::::;:::;=:=============--·----------- ------_-_-_-_--:_-_-_-_-_--:_-_-_-_-_-�--, ( L� FOREST SE�1VICE U.S. DEPART1v1E1JT OF /\GR.lCUl.TURE Research Note No. COLLECTIJ'JG AND PROPAGATHTG THE SEEDS 01<-:.__Q_�:]FO�'HA WILD PI.AMTSl::Y By N. T. Mirov, As sod.ate Conservationist, and C . .J. Kraebel, Senior Silviculturist, California Forest and R2.nge Experiment Station.�/ Not long ago the object of forestry was pretty generally consid­ Pred to be the groning of timber, and forest planting ·;;as concerned o.lmost exclusively with the planting of lumber proclucin:; trees. The text-books, it is tTue, have gi v.en increasing attention to the part played by ground-cover vegetation in forest ecolo0-y, but these discus­ sions have rarely sugc;ested the actu2.l cultivation of such plants. Gradually, and with rapid acceleration in recent years, the concept of forestry has broadened to keep pace with a growing recognition of the import2.nce of other uses of the forest, such as grazing, recreation, streami'lov; reculation, erosion control and even the IJ:reservation of ecenic beauty. y The authors wish to express their gratitude to C. L. Hill of the California Forest and Rance Experiment Station for editing this publication. la/ Ths first· edition of this paper was c2,.lled COLLEC7L:JG !C'JD J-UU-IDLI!-:-G OF '.iJIB SE12,l)S OF CALIFOP?HA .iHLD PLANTS. There has been no change in text. Today, in Tesponse to these di verse human needs, forestry is in many places as much concerned with the protection and culture of the lesser vegetation, i.e. the shrubs, herbs and grasses as with troes. In thu mountains of southern California and the Sierra foothills, for exa'llple, millions of acre,s of watershed are completely cloth•3d with chaparral, u dwarf forest of shrubs and lesser plants, which is of vast importance in controlling runoff and erosion and which possesses also a peculiar sconic ·charm. '.l'he artificial revogetation of denuded areas in this chapar1·al type, tho planting of the bare sides of newly built roads through high forest, the enhancement of ca'llp-grounds and other recre­ ational areas or of forest administrative sites - all may require the uso of minor vegetation instead of trees or in combination with them. Ilodern sil vi culture therefore requires a practical knowledge of this minor vegetation, how the various species grow anq reproduce in nature, and how they may be reproduced artificially. ATe seed crops abundant; is the harvesting si..r,iple and cheap or dif.i'icult and costly; can the seed be stored or must it be sown at onco; ;,ill it germinate readily or are special treatments required? Will inexpensive direct S0\7ing be s1.1ccessful? If nursery propagation p1·oves necessary 1·1hat technique should be followed; can bare-root stock be u,;od or r.mst the plants be tenderly nursed in pots to a suitable size? }lns':iors to c,ich questions must be found for hundreds of native species before t!1Gy can be succesEfully ancl economically used in the nm:; for0st mancigerr.cnt. Tho accumulation of such information, evon fer a single state, is a very sl= procoss. T:le present publication touches only c1 small frugmont of California flora, dealing with only 2:55 species. A•!o,st 01· tho plwits have been selected bocuusc of their importance for erosion control '70rk; only a fen for t�eir ornamsntal value. This publication is primarily desigr,ed for u,3e in Qalifornia, but since the e:;0110raJ. principles of handling tho seed of Tiild plants aro the; sruno ev£,r:)";1here, it is hoped that the information here presented may be of some, v:ccluc to persons worl-::in3 in other lyyalit:i.cs. Colloctio!1 Socd,'i of u lirr..ited n1unbel' of ,;1ild :pl.'.lnts c:.1.r1 be purcLased frorn corr.1el"'cial BErndsT:.Hn, bu:'G-..mt�ny desirable F:pecies are not available fron this sou'.rce; Uor�:3over, sin.co liea1ers are usually pr8pared to �est only t�ie a.err.ands of cnmtff.l!' ga�:d0:--�r,:·!�S f6r sm�ll packet lots of •.;:ild st:eds, their sup�11i�:s are likely t(', b0 both inadeque.te and too costly for large sec.lo operut�o!'l::J. In these circu.."n..st::incos t1:c: collection of seed by tbe O?e:r1.tor hii.:i.solf :::2.y be necessary, a�d it is chiefly for his gui,!e.ncc in :�atherint: e.�1d :iu..."!.dling tho se:ed that tl!tJ prcs,.:int notes a1·e propaTed. -2- One of the most important items in collecting seed is the careful botanical identification of the mother plants. When a trained botanist is in charge of seed collecting, the matter of identification presents no difficulties. On the other hand, when seed harvesting is entrusted to non-technical men, the possibility of mistaking the plants should not be overlooked. Seed harvesting by a special crew, consisting of a botanist and one or two helpers, however, is costly and may usually be employed only for harvesting rare or botanically ambiguous seeds. To make collection by non-technical men safer, it would be advisable to build up a reference collection of authentic fruits and seed samples, under the supervision of a trained botanist. Most seeds can be kept in small size glass vials. Only a few larger seeds, such as acorns or nuts, require larger containers. A seed collection of this kind is often indispensable in establishing identification. .A further aid in thG col­ lection of uncommon species is the use of small-sized herbariwn cards holding the fruiting heads or other showy plant p2.rts in their harv,ost­ ing aspect. Ii' covered with transparent cellophane such cards cun be used in the field without de.inage. A simpler way of procuring seed is throu;;;h the cooperation of national forest or national and state park authorities. In 3nch caRes the person in- charge of the harvesting crew should be fully instru�" ed in the correct procedure in advance. With a little initiaJ. effort this method of seed harvesting is quite satisfactory. It happens quite often that a desired plant grc·:,s in a remote or perhaps not easily accessible place, so that a special trip to that part of the country may be too expensive, 'rho much prized -,,ild lilac, Ceanothus cyanous, for oxmnple, occurs nnturulJ.y in cnly a 1'.c�:; isc-l�tod cc.nyons in San Diego County. Where rare spocios arc co:1corned, �he difficulty cen sometimes be overcome by obtaining permission to collect seeds in public or :private botanical gardens. Even tho back ycrde of D.mateur gardeners should not be overlooked as prospective sEJGd G'1therinr; grc:unds. Seeds of tbs c.bove-me:ntioned 'tiild lil�.c, for exmnple, have beGn collected i'or several years from a large bush gro·r.ing necr the t:;arege of a private residence. Shede trees of city streets m1d highways scmetimes also afford an opportunity for seed gathering. In California, honey locust seeds hDvc been regularly collected fro� planted trees t.:long the streets of old mininc; tor.rils. Elm, m.!3.ple, c.na mountn.i:i csh have c.ls o been collected in this m'lnner. For certain species, or for continuing projects which require a!1 assured armual supply of seed, it ma::r be expedient to establish a seed farm where desirable plants can be grown and the seed most conveniently gathered. This applies particularly to rare species such as Carpenterio ca7 ifornica, 8!1.d to plar1ts whose seeds riper. a""!.d dis�er�e in Q s!"�ort s:pnce of tillle, as do the lupines. Spocios having dust-like soed, such as Rhododendron or Philadelnhus, also c11.n be gro-;m to special advantego ic, the seed farm. A si:,.gle bush of rhododendron in one ::rear ·;:oulil provide seed enough to Gatisfy the needs of o. largo nursory to::- sevornl ys.'.'..!:r-s. On a small scale this seed farm idea hns been used ir. Cc.lifcrnia .-,ith co�'lsiderc.blc success. -3- Tho time for collecting the seed of most species can be stated only in very broad terms. It varies from year to year and i'rom place to place. Seeds of one species may be ready for collection in the southern part of .its range while it is still blooming in the northern part. The same is true with the altitudinal distribution of a species. Forecasts of abundant seed crops, as reported by rangers and other field men, are used in many regions. Such forecasts work very well vii th well­ known forest trees, especially where they occur in pure stands and over large areas. When seeds of lesser knovm species are sought, hov1evc;r, it is um1ise to depend on the reports of field men. In California, the task of locating suitable harvest places and times for desirable plants has been in the hands of a trained botanist. Viitll respect to the techniq_ue of seed gathering, each species offers a problem of its own. For example, the gathering of Sambucus berries can be best accomplished in the cluster and with the aid of long-handled pruning shears, while hand snips are req_ui1·ed to clip Photinia berries. In strippin:;; a shrub of its fruit, care should be taken to avoid mutilating the plant hy breaking tall branches or other­ wise disfiguring its appearance for the sake of c,dding a few fruits out of orclinary reach.
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