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FOREST SE�1VICE U.S. DEPART1v1E1JT OF /\GR.lCUl.TURE

Research Note No.

COLLECTIJ'JG AND PROPAGATHTG THE SEEDS 01<-:.__Q_�:]FO�'HA WILD PI.AMTSl::Y

By N. T. Mirov, As sod.ate Conservationist, and C . .J. Kraebel, Senior Silviculturist, Forest and R2.nge Experiment Station.�/

Not long ago the object of forestry was pretty generally consid­ Pred to be the groning of timber, and forest planting ·;;as concerned o.lmost exclusively with the planting of lumber proclucin:; . The text-books, it is tTue, have gi v.en increasing attention to the part played by ground-cover vegetation in forest ecolo0-y, but these discus­ sions have rarely sugc;ested the actu2.l cultivation of such . Gradually, and with rapid acceleration in recent years, the concept of forestry has broadened to keep pace with a growing recognition of the import2.nce of other uses of the forest, such as grazing, recreation, streami'lov; reculation, erosion control and even the IJ:reservation of ecenic beauty. y The authors wish to express their gratitude to C. L. Hill of the California Forest and Rance Experiment Station for editing this publication. la/ Ths first· edition of this paper was c2,.lled COLLEC7L:JG !C'JD J-UU-IDLI!-:-G OF '.iJIB SE12,l)S OF CALIFOP?HA .iHLD PLANTS. There has been no change in text. Today, in Tesponse to these di verse human needs, forestry is in many places as much concerned with the protection and culture of the lesser vegetation, i.e. the shrubs, herbs and grasses as with troes. In thu mountains of and the Sierra foothills, for exa'llple, millions of acre,s of watershed are completely cloth•3d with , u dwarf forest of shrubs and lesser plants, which is of vast importance in controlling runoff and erosion and which possesses also a peculiar sconic ·charm. '.l'he artificial revogetation of denuded areas in this chapar1·al type, tho planting of the bare sides of newly built roads through high forest, the enhancement of ca'llp-grounds and other recre­ ational areas or of forest administrative sites - all may require the uso of minor vegetation instead of trees or in combination with them.

Ilodern sil vi culture therefore requires a practical knowledge of this minor vegetation, how the various species grow anq reproduce in nature, and how they may be reproduced artificially. ATe seed crops abundant; is the harvesting si..r,iple and cheap or dif.i'icult and costly; can the seed be stored or must it be sown at onco; ;,ill it germinate readily or are special treatments required? Will inexpensive direct S0\7ing be s1.1ccessful? If nursery propagation p1·oves necessary 1·1hat technique should be followed; can bare- stock be u,;od or r.mst the plants be tenderly nursed in pots to a suitable size? }lns':iors to c,ich questions must be found for hundreds of native species before t!1Gy can be succesEfully ancl economically used in the nm:; for0st mancigerr.cnt.

Tho accumulation of such information, evon fer a single state, is a very sl= procoss. T:le present publication touches only c1 small frugmont of California flora, dealing with only 2:55 species. A•!o,st 01· tho plwits have been selected bocuusc of their importance for erosion control '70rk; only a fen for t�eir ornamsntal value. This publication is primarily desigr,ed for u,3e in Qalifornia, but since the e:;0110raJ. principles of handling tho seed of Tiild plants aro the; sruno ev£,r:)";1here, it is hoped that the information here presented may be of some, v:ccluc to persons worl-::in3 in other lyyalit:i.cs.

Colloctio!1

Socd,'i of u lirr..ited n1unbel' of ,;1ild :pl.'.lnts c:.1.r1 be purcLased frorn corr.1el"'cial BErndsT:.Hn, bu:'G-..mt�ny desirable F:pecies are not available fron this sou'.rce; Uor�:3over, sin.co liea1ers are usually pr8pared to �est only t�ie a.err.ands of cnmtff.l!' ga�:d0:--�r,:·!�S f6r sm�ll packet lots of •.;:ild st:eds, their sup�11i�:s are likely t(', b0 both inadeque.te and too costly for large sec.lo operut�o!'l::J. In these circu.."n..st::incos t1:c: collection of seed by tbe O?e:r1.tor hii.:i.solf :::2.y be necessary, a�d it is chiefly for his gui,!e.ncc in :�atherint: e.�1d :iu..."!.dling tho se:ed that tl!tJ prcs,.:int notes a1·e propaTed.

-2- One of the most important items in collecting seed is the careful botanical identification of the mother plants. When a trained botanist is in charge of seed collecting, the matter of identification presents no difficulties. On the other hand, when seed harvesting is entrusted to non-technical men, the possibility of mistaking the plants should not be overlooked. Seed harvesting by a special crew, consisting of a botanist and one or two helpers, however, is costly and may usually be employed only for harvesting rare or botanically ambiguous seeds. To make collection by non-technical men safer, it would be advisable to build up a reference collection of authentic fruits and seed samples, under the supervision of a trained botanist. Most seeds can be kept in small size glass vials. Only a few larger seeds, such as acorns or nuts, require larger containers. A seed collection of this kind is often indispensable in establishing identification. .A further aid in thG col­ lection of uncommon species is the use of small-sized herbariwn cards holding the fruiting heads or other showy p2.rts in their harv,ost­ ing aspect. Ii' covered with transparent cellophane such cards cun be used in the field without de.inage. A simpler way of procuring seed is throu;;;h the cooperation of national forest or national and state park authorities. In 3nch caRes the person in- charge of the harvesting crew should be fully instru�" ed in the correct procedure in advance. With a little initiaJ. effort this method of seed harvesting is quite satisfactory.

It happens quite often that a desired plant grc·:,s in a remote or perhaps not easily accessible place, so that a special trip to that part of the country may be too expensive, 'rho much prized -,,ild lilac, Ceanothus cyanous, for oxmnple, occurs nnturulJ.y in cnly a 1'.c�:; isc-l�tod cc.nyons in San Diego County. Where rare spocios arc co:1corned, �he difficulty cen sometimes be overcome by obtaining permission to collect seeds in public or :private botanical gardens. Even tho back ycrde of D.mateur gardeners should not be overlooked as prospective sEJGd G'1therinr; grc:unds. Seeds of tbs c.bove-me:ntioned 'tiild lil�.c, for exmnple, have beGn collected i'or several years from a large bush gro·r.ing necr the t:;arege of a private residence. Shede trees of city streets m1d highways scmetimes also afford an opportunity for seed gathering. In California, honey locust seeds hDvc been regularly collected fro� planted trees t.:long the streets of old mininc; tor.rils. Elm, m.!3.ple, c.na mountn.i:i csh have c.ls o been collected in this m'lnner.

For certain species, or for continuing projects which require a!1 assured armual supply of seed, it ma::r be expedient to establish a seed farm where desirable plants can be grown and the seed most conveniently gathered. This applies particularly to rare species such as Carpenterio ca7 ifornica, 8!1.d to plar1ts whose seeds riper. a""!.d dis�er�e in Q s!"�ort s:pnce of tillle, as do the lupines. Spocios having dust-like soed, such as Rhododendron or Philadelnhus, also c11.n be gro-;m to special advantego ic, the seed farm. A si:,.gle bush of rhododendron in one ::rear ·;:oulil provide seed enough to Gatisfy the needs of o. largo nursory to::- sevornl ys.'.'..!:r-s. On a small scale this seed farm idea hns been used ir. Cc.lifcrnia .-,ith co�'lsiderc.blc success.

-3- Tho time for collecting the seed of most species can be stated only in very broad terms. It varies from year to year and i'rom place to place. Seeds of one species may be ready for collection in the southern part of .its range while it is still blooming in the northern part. The same is true with the altitudinal distribution of a species. Forecasts of abundant seed crops, as reported by rangers and other field men, are used in many regions. Such forecasts work very well vii th well­ known forest trees, especially where they occur in pure stands and over large areas. When seeds of lesser knovm species are sought, hov1evc;r, it is um1ise to depend on the reports of field men. In California, the task of locating suitable harvest places and times for desirable plants has been in the hands of a trained botanist.

Viitll respect to the techniq_ue of seed gathering, each species offers a problem of its own. For example, the gathering of Sambucus berries can be best accomplished in the cluster and with the aid of long-handled pruning shears, while hand snips are req_ui1·ed to clip Photinia berries. In strippin:;; a shrub of its fruit, care should be taken to avoid mutilating the plant hy breaking tall branches or other­ wise disfiguring its appearance for the sake of c,dding a few fruits out of orclinary reach. Cleanir,g of the seed should not be attomptcc1 in tho field, except in the case of large seeds, such as acorns or chc:ct­ nuts .. As u rule, fruits (i.o. pods, capsules or 0errioD) rather th:111 seeds shoulcl be gathered. The field oq_uipment nr:eded for sood colloc­ tion should include:

1. Strong manila envelopes, 4 x 6 inchns, with clip fastoncr8, for mnall lots o1' dry fruits and scuds .

2. FivCJ-pound susar sacks for larg0 lots of dry seeds, and small lots of la:r-ge or pulpy fruits.

3. Large sugar sacks and gunny saclcs for coarse seeds, cones, acorns, etc.

4. Tags of sized linen or tough cardboard fo:r labeling sacked collections.

Every seed lot should be labeled hy means of a s>.1bstantial tag fil"!':!ly tied to the sack. The label s::ould shov1 the scientific mme, lot numbe1·, date, place o:f.' collection, altitude, name of collectol', and Tieight wl1en collected - e.11 very plainly lettered with a soft {No. 2) lead pencil. A very hard pencil, indelible pencil, or ordinery writin; ink, should never be used for the labeling of seed lots. As an extra precautior, it is advisable to place a second label, with the same infor­ mation, inside the sack or envelope. This label should b8 of good quality 1oapol' and should bG folded face inviard, 01·, if the socd is da'l!,1 or pitchy, should be put inside an envelope to protect the essential data. When a collector is uncertain about the identity of the s0cd pare:it, it would be ad�.risable to cccorr:po.ny the ssC;d with a spccimc:i of folias;s, and florwrs if such arc still to be found.

-4- In the case oi' some species favorable seed collecting sites must be located and the desired plants spotted while they are still in bloom a.>1d therefore more conspicuous than in their fruiting stage. This is especially important with low annual herbs that are difficult to identify or evGn to find after the flowering stage.

It is preferable to collect most seeds when they are entirely ripe and dry. Exceptions to this rule are species with pod or capsule fruits that pop open suddenly when ripe and scatter their seeds ,;:idcly. In this class fall the poppies, some lupines and many of the Ceanothi. The fruits of such plants must be collected while they are still a little green; if left until quite dry the fruits split open at a touch and the seed is lost, In some localities fruits of this type can be collected best in the early morning while the plants ere still moist ,,i th dew: The proper stage for collecting should be determined by periodic examination of typical fruits. When in case of necessity unripe fruits of species other then the popping types arc collccted, thcy should be taken vii th pieces of stems or twigs attached. Taken in that manner, and not too green, sue,, fruits will usu::illy ripen ;-:hen spreed out in a dry mid ,;ell ventilated place. Indeed, it is snid that the fruits of some plants, such as roses, should be gathered before they are entirely ripe, if quick germination of the seed is desi.rod.

The seed ripenin;; of many plants extends over a period of se·:eral weeks, hence if' on]_.y one collection can be made it should be timed ·co catch the peak of ripening in order to get the largest harvest of good seed for the labor invested. \'Iith poppics, perennial lupines and som.e shrubs, several collections are alm.ost always necossarJr.

Extraction

All seeds received at a central station or storehouse should be thoroughly dried befoxe being placed in storage, Exposure to direct sunlight in a well ventilated greenhouse is sufficient to dry !G::ist seeds. Fruits of the "pop-open" type previously described. should be spread thinly in trays and covered with cheese cloth, fine mesh-wire or paper to pre1"ent loss of secdc. Exposure to su..1light i.s he;lpful a.1.uo in de­ stroying insect larvae whi ch ar6 often gathr:rsd wi t!"l the sce:1. Unly in cases of soY.&re infostntion is fumigation of th.0 seed :-ieedef.. Vi:'"'!c:·� that becomes noc0ssary gond results e.rG obtained by e:xpcr;jnz tho seeds vv0r­ night in an airtight chc..":ll�ox· to vapoI's of n mixture cf cn0 po.rt carbon tetrachloride and thrne parts ethylene di cbloride. One oun ca of tb.o mixture is suf'ficient for four cubic feet of air. Seeds e1Lclosc

-5- Soft fruits, such as those of Prunus or Arbutus, should be fermented in water in a warm place to facilitate removal of the pulp • .After the flesh is disintegrated, the seeds are separated from the mash and t horoughly dried. This method of seed cleaning should be used with discretion because the soft seeds of some shrubs, such as 1'lhotinia, are easily darnagod if the berries are soaked too lon5. Germination

Germination tests of seeds should be started as soon as the seeds are gathered. One hundred seeds is the standard number uced in the reported California practice . .Although germination percentage is indis-· J)ensable in the determination of seed value, it is ofton more important in the opinion,of the writers, to note the e:x:tont to which the seed of each species may bo refractory to germination. This information is of greater significance in the search for effective methods of germinating wild plants than is the exact :percentage of germination, which usually fluctuater. from lot to lot of the same species.

For judging the ,gorroinatiYe capacity of tl10 seed of o spccios, it is not always necessary to carry on complicated germination studies. The tn:xonomic position of the J.)la.nt will often give c clue to the germ.inction behovior of its seed. If the plant is o. member· of the fn.."1lily Legu.'ninosce, for example, it might bo assumed that tho seed ,·1ould rL:quire the same hnndling as the majority of seeds within this fa.mily, i.e. the hot wc.ter treatment. Ago.in, grasses, with few exceptions, do not require any treatment to hostc� germination. To be sure, this rul0 of thUlm) should be used with co.ut ion. For inst'lncc, in the genus Cerce-co.rpm,, the seeds.of Ccrcoco.rnus betuloides germinate rather quickly, while. those of Cercocarpus ledj.folius require pregerminative chilling. More -information about the a.11.d germination of California plants can be fou..11.d in a previous articleijhe by_ senior author dealing ;'Ti th the germination of California plants .Y

Determination of the average number of seeds per pound of clean seed is a desirable routine practice. This number, together with the germination percant, is essential in evaluating any seed lot and in dcte:.:'lninins the amount of seed required for tho production of an�r desired number· of plants.

It has been pointed out elsewhere.Ythat sterilization of the soil, so frequently used by research workers, is absolutely useless in ger­ mination tests. The sterile flats in a greenhouse invariably acquire a fu.11 dosage of fungi and bacteria in a short tir.i.e despite such pr·eco.utions.

3../ Mirov, N. '1'. Germination behavior of some California plt.mts. Ecclogy 17: 4, October 19�16, pp. 66?-672.

-u- For the germination medium, various materials have been used. In our experiments pure non-alkaline sand has been used when seedlings are to be discarded after the tests, since sand alone contains very little nutrition �nd cannot support seedlings-for a prolonsed time. When seedlings are to be preserved for some further purposes the seeds aro germinated in light, loamy soil, topped with a thin layer of washed non-alkaline sand as a measure of protection against damping-off, A very satisfact-0ry soil mixture can·be prepared by mixing one-third soil, one-third sand and one-third leafmold, If leaiinold is not obtain­ able it may be replaced by peat, but in this case the mixture will have much less fertility.

Large seeds such as walnuts, acorns, hazel nuts or chestnuts are germinated most conveniently in deep boxes filled with peat . In most cases the seedlings grown in germination tests need not be discarded for.with slight additional effort after the germination test is completed, they can be transplanted into suitable pots or cane and grmm to sizes suitable for spocial plantings.

Storage Since most wild plants do not produco abundant seed crops evory year, the question of' seed storage is important. Obvim.:.sly, it r1ill ma:i{e the worker indepe.ndent of the uncertainties cf seed yuaro, if he is able to harvest large quantities of seed during bountiful ye�rs and keep them in a state of viability until they are needed. T�e whole question of seed storage is quite complicated and controversial. Some seeds can be stored, for example, in seeks under ordinary temperature ccndjtions, in a r1ell ventilated storage room. Typical of this cla�s a.re seods of the woody legumes and crrreals. Some of the lef:,"l.U:iinous seeus. such as acacias, can be stored. in this manner for many years. On the other hand, seeds 01' some conifers are relatively perishable and are 1HJttor

3/ Mirov, :N". T. A note on germination methods for coniferous species. J'our. For, 34:'7. July 1936, pp. ?19-?23.

-?- The following table gives data or some lots of seeds having a direct bearing upon the choice of con.di tions for the storage of several representative seeds,

Germination Eercent of seed Years of' Stored at room Stored Species .�torage temperature at 40 ° F.

Asclepias mexicana ·3 32 9G Castanonsis chrysophyll� 3 16 53

Fraxinus oregona 3 10 29

Gaultheria shallon 3 27 73

Pinus contorta 3 85 gc;

Pinus ponderosa 7 o!I 29 7 38 '75

95 Pinus lambertiana 7 o!I

Garrya elliptica 3 13 8

Myricn californica 3 16 14

Philadelphus lewisii 3 52 39

Pseudotsuga macroc�a 3 55 53

Picea sitchensis 3 33 13

Shepherdia argentea 3 78 72

Yucca whipDlei 3 85 74 jj. This complete lack of germination apT;lios o!lly to the srnnples used in the tests. It j,s possible that these species will not always lase their viability under such storage conditions.

-8- From this brief table, 11hich the writers hope to extend, it is seen that in the first eight species cold storage is decidedly benefi­ cial; while the last seven spocies are either indifferent to the condi­ tions of storage or are cvon better preserved und8r ordinary storage conditions. Until similar data become available for other species, the wisest course is to store all received seed in airtight containers and et temperatures between 32° and 40° F. and preferably as close to freezing point as possible.

Treatment of Refractory Seeds

The seeds of many plants germinate readily without the use of any s;:,ecial treatment. To this class belong the seeds of most grass species, th'?se of the sunflower and evening primrose families, a!ld many others. However, some good species require a long time to germinate and· this category can be divided into two groups. The first group includes seeds that hove a hard impermeable seed coat. rr'he second group embraces seeds whose refractoriness springs from complFJx physiological causes, concerned chiGfly with conditions of tho 0:,ibryo.

Mechanical treatment: In tho first group the mere disintegration or rupturing of tho seed coat renders tho seed germin6ble. This can be acccmplished by various �cans, including scarification, hot wat:;r "t:coat­ ment and the sulfuric acid bath.

Scarification has been ,1idely practiced, for cxnr'.plc, 1·1ith snnll legluninous seeds such as sweet clover. Among Celiforn iu. no.ti ....,0 plants the clover-like Lotus is one of the very fe1: \'lhcse seeds roquire sca-ri­ fication. When only a sm.c.11 G:r.1ount of seed is to be scarified, two sheets of send paper suffice, the seeds being gently rubbed bct"l'lr.cn the sheets. Unfortunately, by thi.s method it is quite difficult tc insure uniformity in rupturing the seed-coat. V/hen lcrge quantities of seed arc to be secrified, it is ndvisable to employ c revolving c1r1Lm filled with sand o.nd driven either by hand or po,;cr. A convenient scurii'ier of this type is described in U.S.D.A. Leaflet 107, November 1934.

The hot ,cater treatment consists in simply soaking the seeds in water hot el'�OUfh to rupture their seed-coats. The usual method is to place the seeds in a vessel, aclcl three or four tines as r.1uch hot water (170° -1so° F.) as the volume occupied by the seeds, and allow tho seeds to stand in this gradually cooling water ovEJ:might. By the next morninc the seeds will have b0cor.1e swollen with absorbed water ar.d in this condition they should be pro!:'.ptly planted. This treatment will suff'ice for rr.ost hard-coated seeds and the hot water will do ther.1 no injury. Indeed., some seeds, e.g. Cea.."1.othus sorediatus, can even be boiled i!l watP.r for a short ti::1e v,i th out injury to their or;foryos.

-9- Acid treatment. Some seeds, �.g._ Rhus lnt_ef:;rifolia, have seed­ coats so tough that more drastic treatment is necessary. Such seed­ coats can be disintesrHted. by treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid (Specific gravity 1.84). Thoroughly dried seeds are put into a heat­ resistant jar and. cov8red with the acid, usj.ng a volume of' acid at least twice the volwne occupied by the sLJeds. The contents should be occasionally stirred until the treatment is completed. (The length of treatmGnt required for different species is indicated in the appendix). When treatment is complete the acid should be carefully decanted and saved for futurCJ use. Tho jar should then be, covered with a perforated lid and a t,ood stream of water poured into the jar by means of a rubber tube. It should b0 mention0d that when rmter is poured into acid, a violent axot':10I'111iC reaction takes place. Therefore, large amounts of cold water should be used and, as further safety measure, the jar should be wrnppod. in " heavy cloth, and the operator should p1•otoct his eyes iVi th gog�les. After the seeds O.Te t,iven this first rtnsj_ng, the jar should be oponed and washing soda added at tho rc�te of one tc.blo­ spoon of soda for every quart of the contents to neutralize the acid, end thE:n left until tho bubbling coasos. If tho roaction is not com­ plete, more soda should be, added. Vfnile still in the smne jar, tLo seeds should be washed for tTio hours with running wntor. They r:.rG then ready for plnnting.

Physiological treatment. As previously indicat0d, there is .'l group of seeds whic h do not germinate until certain pbysiolo5ical 11 chan3es inside the seed have occuT"red. This 11 after-1�ipening or cond.i­ tionin,; of tl:e embryo, requires definite combinations of" moisture­ temperature-time relations v1hich mey differ for different speaie3. In nature the required combination may not occur every year. Soods i'aJ,1 - ing annually may lie dormant for several yeurs only to ,;erminate in great abundance in a season when c cnditions are just right.

For SP.81'.!s of this typo, stratification has been found to bo · the best method c_:--f inducing germination. It consists of placing tl1e seeds in flats of sand or light soil, and keeping the flats at a temperature of 36-40 ° F. for various lengths of time. For ma"ly species tho flats must be holcl at this temperature for three months, with occesional wnte;rin;;s. Average required periods for other species are indicated in tho appendix.

In nursery practice somewhnt similo.r results tire achieved with some species by full soc,ing in outdoor seedbeds. Vii th outdoor so,:n seed, wh0ther in nursery or fiGld, it is not tt0 severe YJiI1ter cold thnt renders the seed gE!rminablo, but rc.thor the t0mpcrnturos cf t�1e spri!lf; months fluctuuti!lb in tho neidhborhood of tho freezing poir_t. Accordin_sly, seeds ori0i1�atir...._; in loce.lities vitich have long severe winters and very short sprinf;S, require shorter periods of" stratj i"i­ cation than seeds from places vii th milder climates. Finally, it should be Ui."lderstood that strat_ification is not a "breaking o:r dcr�ancy" but re�ther a providing of favorable conditions f'or the ne(!·essary chanf3cs in the se0d embryo.

-10- APPENDIX Seed and cultural data for some California plants.

Days between Highest ! Approximate sowing ge1•min- jTime of number and ation seed of seeds germin- percent Treatment and Snecies collecting uer pound at ion obtained cultural remarks

Acer nacrophyllum Sept.-Oct. 68 90 2 months bio3leaf maple I 3200 stratification. .Ac.c-nostoma fasciculatum May-Sept·. 413,000 11 10% sulfuric acid c!i�r::ri. se ?5 for 15 minutes.

}.]en◊stoma suarsifolium 1!ay-June 400,000 33 Do. ·· ::'':'<.1shanks 40

�e��ulus californica Nov. 10 I 7 75 Ge:r::iinete in le::1f -Ct!li1'ornin buckeye i mold or moss. May ! 60 l? Ho trent:nent ne{�a �

J:lr.:12., rhombifolia i',:a�r-Oct . 10 Do. vCit,1 alder 68?,000

.1>..l,:.:$ rubra I �-�ay- July o 000 I 13 Do. ·-;;-�·;: alder j 1, a?, I 14. �-1 "''!!'.l -tenuifolie. !.Au�.-Sept. lI QQQ 16 Do. !t ...::r. tain alder ! i 6?5, I' g

-11- ays etween Highest pproxi.r.iate sovling germin- Time of umber and ation seed of seeds germin- percent Treatment and S"Decies collect in ound ation obtained cultural remarks Alnus viridis var. Aug. -= Sept. 2,021,000 14 12 No traatment needed ... sim1.ata thin-leaf alder

Amor:2ha californica July-Sept. 38,000 5 42 No treatment needed California indigobush for frosh seeds. Hot water for ' stored seed, I ,!;;plo-oap12us bloomeri Sopt.-Oct. 233,000 21 50 No treatment needed. BJ.oor.ier goldenbu3h

.Anloua:el?:us ericoides Oct .-Nov. 718,000 5 so Do h0e.therles.i' goldcnbush

_-!bplopaupus nauseosus Oct.-Nov. 335,000 3 36 Do. lTb'i:lcr golc'tenbush

�.,,�onaunus Earishii Oct.-Nov. 1,633,000 4 95 Do. }"'ari.sh golden bush £-1!�_,:,-pe-ppus pinii'olius Oct .-Nov. 1,000,000 4 48 Do. pineleaf goldenbush .:.'!.nlopapEus sauarrosus Aug.-Oct. .1?3,000 I 3 80 Do coast goldenbush ------A1·but11s menziesii Oct.-Dec. 2,000 103 55 ] 3 mo. .�tratificatior· :··::cific madrone (d:ry fruits)

��:rctost�ylos patula .Aug. -Oct. 1,700 3 mo. ,Gtretificatior ereenleaf manzanita (dry fruits) More easily propa- gated by cuttinJs,

-�;-�lc_Eias mexicana AU[I,-Oct. ?2,000 8 96 No treatment needed. ;.ar·:..·ow-leaf millcweed

, ....·--- �Gt,;_1r ce.nescens June 821,000 6 14 Do. }.st�alus antisellii J"une 183,000 37 23 Do :;.c�oweed -·.', •:·:::· ...... l..__ -olex jobnstonii May-July 53,000 14 22 Do. .r0.�ston saltbush

:.::.:;:j� semibaccata !July-Oct. 75,000 4 64 No trc:atnent needed_-. J.U�;tr:ilia.11 saltbush Native of Austrnlia. I -12- Days I bet:Yeen High�st Approximate sowing .gerrnin- Time of nurriller l:l.lld ation seed of seeds germin- percent Treatment and .:;..:;;.. :;;._ __, ----�S�p��eci�e-s ___+-c _o_l_l_ecting.�IP�e_r P�o_u_n_d_-f-__a ti_on _ _,._o_b_t_a_i_n_e_d_,_c_ultural remarks ------·-- 75 Azalea occidentalis July-Sept. 4,000,000 11 Germinate seed in western azalea fine peat soil. 7 92 Baccharis uilularis Sept.-Nov. 8,200,000 No treatment needed kidnoywort --- Eaccharis viminea May 5,000,000 10 ?5 Easily p:'Op:'lgOted mule fat by stem cuttings in the smne I"IL:!1nE,l' a.;; willc.w. Very vo.J.u­ ablo for crosio� 1 control ·:md for J. yr1 wi�1clbreaks. '748,000 30 Eohbia juncea June 10 :ifo trea.tJ1i:-,nt no.rndsd 47,000 96 Belop0ronc califoI-n.ica Juno 5 Do. 57,000 77 E3rbsris ncvinii June 95 3 :mo,stratificati")n r 3,.,'.) 16 :ac tuli:'. fontanalis July-Aug. 4,000,000 No tr0at.::1cnt ncec1.J:i ··v.::.�er birch 3 BT.'ussica nigra June 292,000 91 Do. �lack mustard 36 t:.rickr.:llio. californica Aug. -Oct: 599,000 3 Do. 33 52 T]T:'..ckcllie incr:.nu May-Juno 171,000 Do.

Bro:rus co.rino.tus June 61,000 8 85 Do. 78 2:� laevipes June-July 111,000 16· Do. 82 p�cc.nthus Sept,-0ct. 8,000 I 14 Do. _:,cciC.entclis_c ... !, nfortli.'.l sweotstrub 1 17 80 .9��.E2;'r'J.teria eel i for·::-iico. Sept. -Oct. 1 15,020,000

�;-�:: "; P.UO'O Sis 50 �.diJ':'SOTJ Sept, 24 Do. Genninatc i:-: hylla peat. .::'.o::_�1en chinquapin i 16 _::'.!c:t.e.nopsis Se!)t. -Oct. 1,200 30 Do, -� --�i:-:rv irens 3:er�a .chinquapin -13- ---�---- Deys �

bet:rnen i(,;h�st of �/\.pproximate andsowing ationgerm1n- Time number percent and s seed perof seedspmmd germin- Treatment ecios collecting ation obtained cultural remarks 50,000 10 8? Coanothus arboreus May-June Hot water. ceanothus ,-7:l,. 141,000 96 65 and ·� Ceano'thus cordulatus July-Sept. Rot water white thorn months' stratifi- cation. 65.000 44 45 Hot Coanothus crassifolius May-June wat,:i1· l1c,avy leaf connothus 56,000 81 c.-.anothus cuneatus Apri 1- JUile 11 Do. •.nid.:;elcaf ceanothus -··--- ?9,000 94 35 a:na 3 ·mo. IJ;�t'\.nothus cyaneus June-Aug. Hot water s tre ti fi C!:.ti on. dentatus 95,000 92 88 Ceanothus June-July Do. Cl'Opleaf ceanothus ?:3,000 98 45 Ct•a':luthusbark di varicl'ltus July-Aug. Do. i1l:ite ceanotbus 84,000 94 61 Cr.:,h1otlmst:ca:;,lir:g diversifolius June-July Do, ceanothus ,183,000 12 50 Hot or Caanothuswevyleaf fcliosus May-July hot water only 3 !l)O • ceanothus water ana. strutificction. 92.000 94 88 and 3 mo. �;.-.�nothusc:os.:.:t w:!:!ite incunu� thorn May-July Hot watel� stratification. 58,000 ?l Do. Very import n::·rt _Ct:anothus _inteserrimus June-July 94 forage 1�0.2'' dGe:cb:J.sh deer. plant

r",l� J1me-July 43,000 '-J'L� Ho:; v;.!:!te::.·. Ccanothus j epscni i �% alk1:,l inc Pr•::i'crs �i.i.1.ls':� bush soil. May-June 15,000 7 00 Do. ..Q1"!-2_0thus macroca.rp�� Ornnr:�ental. h::..;;)od ceanothus May-June ?3,000 16 62 £:2not_husli�i1·y ')liganthus Do. cea:lotlms . I 102 1 000 I 98 ?4 Cer•:1othus punillosus May-Juno '! I Hot ws.ter and 3 mo. -:.,&rtleaf �canct:1us - stratif'ic{l.ticn. -14- !iDays 1 between Highest Approximate sowing gerwin- Time of number land at ion ---- seed of seeds ger1nin- percent Treatment and Species collecting per nound lation obtained cultural r��arks Jul,y. 155,000 100 75 Ceanothus narryi Hot water and 3 mo. lady-bloom stratification. '78,000 96 40 _Ceanothus parvifolius July Do. littleleaf ceanothus, S\'ieet birch July 42,000 92 '71 Ceanothus prostratus Do. Keep seedlings souawcarpet f"or the first yGaT' in a dry hotbo1J.se. '72,000 13 '77 May-June Hot water. Ra:pid grm:int,:. May-July 122,000 93 100 W{� jj;:n r Ccanothus s�rodiatun Boil in tel· i\. .r & brush minutes tho� s-i;: ., d­ fy f'01: 3 rr.oath.:.. J· 60,000 98 95 C��othus spinosus Nay-June Eot water ann 3 mo. f .::;:pi vi.y 1:ryTtle I st:rnti:f'icr.,tion • 000 46 Cercucthus thyrsiflorus Ap:ril-July 48, I 5 Hot v:'3.t er .. i.>lut:i-�yrtl e ?1, 000 l 100 68 rec.nothus velutinus July-.Aug. Hot w�tter and 3 n.o. .snt�-.r.brush strr..tificaticm '72,000 Ge?.�othus verrucosus April-Ju_..,_e 9 72 3 mo. scarific9.tin11 i·:�.ri;y·stem ceanothus or hot r.ater. 12,000 lj J.00 60 Ce�ci� occidentalis Sept .-Fe"o. Ho-t water and 3 m,:i. 0t:.lii"ornia retlbuil strA.tificution. 30,000 ll c9 C1rcocerpus betuloides Junc-J'uly l�o ·treatment :r;eedeJ.. birchlaaf' mountain­ Sow outdoors in :f''9.ll n".ao�any. 42,000I 163 44 �011 _C�rco..;ar;�1s.:?"�al:oP;any ledti'olius May-June No t1•e3.tment. curlleaf mounto.in ou tdo·:-rs � 980,000 95 c;���nac---- tis .Jnne 3.2 .:::.:•·:;e.�isiacfolia. I I 1 206.000' 16 :-:.:acnactis 1 r..�ay-June Do. jlL°Jri-;i:::cula -15- Days i between IHighent l Approximate sowing germin- I Time of number a.'1.d ation seed of seeds germin- 1,ercent I ".::'reatmemt anc1 -----"-..;.....---.:.Snecies collecting uer ______pound ation �btained __."-!" cultural ______,_ remarks..;.....:..:,._ __

Chenopodium Sept .-Nov. 5,480,000 l? 34 No treatment needed. ambrosioides Mexican tea Chrysopsis villosu I July-Sept. 403,000 5 14 Do. Clarkia elegans !May-June 2,225,000 11 30 Do,

Clematis lasiantha I June-Sept. 184,000 37 58 Do! pipe-stem

Cl.em11.tis ligusticifolia June-Sept. 93,000 2? 21 Do. Yt:3r�,a de Chivato

Clematis pauciflora May-July 85,000 28 36 Do. rcpe

Co:.:eopsis bigelovii May 310,400 34 5 Do. ---·-�oreousis _ dou�lasii__.,,.__ __ June 704,500 3 39 Do. --·-CornuE nuttallii Sept .-Oct. 3,000 71 100 Fresh seed germinate Pacific doi;:;wocd well; trent stored seeC: with sulfn::.ic acid for 4 hours �nd stratii'y for 3 mo.

Goryl,�s californica Sept.-Oct. 400 9G 20 3 mo.stratification Cclifornia hazel in J,eat mess.

Grosnosomo. califo1·nicum May-.Tuly . Not k:novm 14 24 No treatment ncGded. Rnre S!h�cies.

�:.·C'ltularia intcrmodia Buy sried 87,000 4 54 l'To trcc.t:nont fur i'rc:sh sccc1 .Stri:1tH':,: old seed for 3 m::i.

C-;:-vptanthu intermedia J.i.•1__,;;_:. 995,000 8 63 No tl' ec. t1ent "Jod n Jn • ----Cucurbi to foettdissir.:a Jum, 23,000 8 4 Do.

�:rU ::ius scoparius. Jhly-Sept. 68,000 6 Scnrifi cntion m· he t :1c0tch bro-:,rn water. notive L'f Europe:. l}Iay-.Tuly 50,000 102 21 iAlternctc daily busii ,oppy l;strc.tifico.ticn in ,�or· ,F. end ?0° I<'. re.c�:..c -16- !for 3 rr.o. Days between !Highest �pproximate sowing germin­ Time of number and ation seed of seeds germin- percent Treatment and Snccies collecting per--"----+----+-----+-----"...:..;_....:..;;;.:_;.;....;;;.;;;;;;.;;.;.;:;...::;;;.;:;..__ pound ation obtained cultural remarks

Dicentra chrysantha May-july 400,000 No results with golden eordrops germination of this species. Digitalis nurpures Aug. 4,000,000 8 66 l'�o treatment needer.1. foxglo-vc Naturalized from Europe.

Dinlacus aurantiacus July-Sopt. 16,000,000 8 56 No treatment needed. bush monkey-flowe�·

Diulacus longiflorus May-July 9,34-3,000 10 46 Do.

Di nlacus �:ITiflorus June-Aug. 9,500,000 19 82 De.

,;ti:; L•i-;ilacus nuniceus May-June 13,000,000 14 ,Jv Do. rodbush moakey-flower

�l-)_��� co�densatus May-July 25,000 12 22 Ho treatment needej. gir.nt rye grass U.se seod of nc2·thern regicns. Seed fron scuther-n California a:r:e us11ally st orile .

-3:�_.vmus glaucus Ju11e-.A1.13. 100,000 6 85 Ho tre:.:.tmont needed.

El:vruu� triticoides June-Sept. 243,000 20 10 De.

)?=�:.eno.nt1-:.e penduliflore June-July 1,400,000 10 14 Do. rci,ispori rn; bells

1,���·,lie. actoni :May-June 348,000 4 32 Do. Acton encelia

.J?£.e.lia californica May-:rune 3?.?,000 7 28 De. C�lifornia encelia

:i:'a.cC;lia f'nrinoss. May-·July 570,000 7 20 De. -il.it;,-brittlebush

Er:.lobi� californicum May-Aug. � l•, 633, 000 4 95 Do.

T.-r-::.ogori:u:::i fasciculatum .June-Aug. 493,000 6 46 Dn. vii:!.d buckwheat 4? Eriog�nU?'l giganteum June-July 899 ! 000 4 De. �rio�onu::. latifolium July-Sept. 504,0CC 7 24 Do. -17- Days between !Highest Approximate sowing germin­ Time of number and ation seed of seeds germin- percent Treatment e�d _____ s.o_e_c_i�e�s----+�c�o�J._1--""-eq_tinRr,ound uer ation obtained cultural r_�_k�s__ _ Eriophyllum May-Sept. i,600 1·000 11 21 No treatment needed. confertiflorum golden yar1·ow

E:qsimum �erum June-Aug. 373,000 7 84 Do. western wall flower

Eschscholtzia April-July 540,000 6 49 Do. ccJ. ifornica California poppy

Fa�lu�ia �aradoxa June-July 420,000 7 42 Do, A:pa�he plune

Festuca -�_s_alura June 857 ,ooo I 25 15 Do. Fcstuca octoflora May-Jur.e 1,724,000 53 24 Do.

J.£...:::1..!!� dinetala July-Sept. 8,000 199 55 3 mn. s.tratifica·;�io-::i. C�llfornia shrub ash

Fra:i:i.nus oregona Aug.-Sopt. 10,000 99 54 Do. Ore:;on ash

L:.:'.�tnus velutina May-June 20,000 26 60 Do. ash

Fremo11todendron Aug.-Sept. 15,000 6 50 Hot water; strf-.tifi­ cali1'crnicum catio� heneficiaJ. Zlaanelbush ! 66 ·_c-7::1ntodene,ron July-Aug. 27,000 55 Do .':£J.:i.fornicum var. �eJ:icanurn

Sept .-Cct. 29,000 135 5 3 mo.2trotificction.

"f.:.�rva___ .p,,,_ ellinti ca Oct.-Dec. 18,000 135 53 Do. s:l� tassel bush

___G1C'r��a _.__ fremontii --=----- Oct,-Dec. 26,000 107 24 Do. !)eii.l:: brush

Aug.-Sept. 1 5,000,000 27 73 Strc.tific.�ti0n ,.,'.!.n,.,­ ficial but not �eces

-18------:------,.=----�-----·------Days - between Highest Approximate sowing germin- Time of number and ation seed of seeds ge1min- percent Treatment and Species collecting per pound ation obtained cultural remarks Geraniu.TJJ. incisum Aug . .:.sept. 18 80 No treatment needed.

Godetia a.'l'!loena July-Sept. 3,400,000 8 80 Do. lilya Grindelia camnorum Aug.-Oct. 132,000 3 44 Do. gumplant

Eedysarum coronarium Aug. ?0,000 2 52 Hot water.Intro­ £�ench honeysuckle duced from. Eu.rope. P.elianthemum scoparium June-Sept. 1,000,000 5 C4 No ·t;reutment nee::i�c.. rush-rose

Helianthus annuus J"uly-Sept. 32,000 4 86 Do, common sunflower

_F.eUanthus gracilentus July-Sept. 259,000 22 43 Do .slimstem sunflower

1ier.iizonia wrightii Sept.-Oct. ?80,000 4 2C Do,

Reracleum lnnatum July-Sept. ?6,000 32 39 Do. <:0'7.' parsnip

Hyncricum formosum July-Sept. 1,916,000 22 50 Do. Iso��ris arborea May-July 5,000 6 70 Do. burro fat

1\!�!�� ca.lifornica July-Aug. 75 26 35 Ger.:tinate in peat California walnut moss.

_!uglans hindsii Oct. 15- 80 24 28 Do, California black Nov. 30 walnut

I:1.th}'TUs sulnhureus July 20- 10,000 12 62 Eot v:atcr. Sept. 1

�e�hyrus strictus May-June 6,000 16 4,9 No treatment �a�dod. Lepj dosnartum sauainatum June 15- 315,000 5 66 De, broombrush Sept. 30 k:)Jedeza sericea Buy seeds 210,000 6 63 Native of Chi�e. Scerification. 0ocr.­ r.ierciel seed is usu�lly scarifi�d. -19- Days between Highest Approximate sowing germin- · Time of number and ation seed of seeds germin- percent Treatment and Species collecting per uound ation ·-�obtained ...... - .. cultural remarks Lithocernus densiflora Sept·: 20- 110 22 78 Germinate in peat. tanoak · Nov. 1

Lonicera hispidula Sept. 15- 2?,000 54 20 1 mo.stratification. California honeysucYJ.e Oct. 15 Lotus a'll.ericanus June 1- 11:3, 000 3 90 Scarification 1unerican deervetch July I"5

;,otus crassifolius June 1- 46,000 19 25 Do. July 30

Lotus grandiflorus June 141,000 9 6 Do.

Lotus strigosus May 603,000 8 52 Do.

Lotus sco:2arius June 1- 436,000 6 !'54 De. broom. dcervetch Aug. 30

;Lupiu� albicauJ is July 20- 38,000 2 68 } Freuhly collcct�d Au5. 15 ) ne,3d oi' th€' 111:pines ) germinates well LupiI!}.:� andersonii July 1- 11,000 6 ?? ) without trGatI:�ent. Aug. 15 ) Stored seed ) roquir,�s hot water Luuinus arboreus July- 9,000 2 38 ) treutmcnt. Sept. 30 ) ) Lu-r:inus columbianus July 1- 11,000 3 42 ) Aug. 30 ) ) Luuinus excubitus June 1- 2?,000 6 £12 ) July �o ) ) J:,rni:11.1s fcrmosur, June 19,000 4 93 ) ) l�Jp.� hirsutissimus May 23,900 ? 61 ) ) L�11i i nus lc:t ifol i us July 1- 34,600 4 ?8 ) Aug. 30 ) ) -·-----Lw,inus lonuifoliusx - May 1- 24,000 10 92 ) Jun0 30 ) ) I.1nj'!'lus stiversii May 20- 21,000 2 S6 ) July 15 )

-20- Days between Highest Approximate sowing germin- Time of number and ation seed 1 o f seeds germin� percent Treatment and Species collecting per pound ation obtained cultural remarks

May-June 13 t 000 4 85) Do. ) Lupinus t orr-eyi July 20- 59,000 2 30) Aug. 30

�inus truncatus ifay 5?,000 4 32)

June 1,3?1,000 12 11 No treatment needed

Madia elega�I! June 1- 159,000 106 87 D("I, common madia tarweed July 30

Mar_rubium yulgare June 1- 462,000 9 52 Do. horehound 0ct. 1

Medicago hispida May 142,000 7 12 Do. California burclover

Melica torreyana May 1- 249;000 141 46 Do. July 1

Mentzelia laevicaulis Au� 15- 413,000 15 30 Do. blazing star Nov. 30

Mesombrxanthemum June-Aug. 292,000 6 22 Do. Exotic from croceum Africa

M1mulus cardinalis June-Aug. 22,000,000 16 95 No treatment needed monkey flower

}irmardella odoratissima July-Sept. 600,000 29 18 No treatment for ,. fresh seed. Stratify stored seed for 3 mo.

I.:vrica californica Sept. 1- 22,000 113 60 •3 mo.stratificati�n ,·:o.:xmyrtle 0ct. 1 lhcotiana p.;lau � June 15- 10,000,000 ? 80 J:fo treatment needed' tree tobacco Naturalized frcr.1

Cenothera...--- -- hookeri- July 1- 1,400,000 11 ?0 Jo treatment ncedad evening primrose Au[.:. 30 0smaronia---- cerasifonnis Aue. 1- 1,800 87 100 i2½ mo. Scpt. 15 stratification.

; - .-. . L- Days between Highest Approximate sowing germin­ Time of number and ation seed of seeds germin- percent Treatment and _____Species.___.c...:;_ ___ -+--"--;;..;_----"''-t-_;...--"---'-'-- collecting ner pound ation obtained cultural remarks -----'-'---Paeonia bro1mii April 20- 2,000 8? 42 � mo. 11estorn peony June 20 .3tratification.

Parosela schottii June 13,900 3 99 No treatment needed.

Parkinsonia aculeata May-July 12,000 4 100 Not native to Cali­ horse boan fornia. F.oilins watvr trou.tmcnt .

Pentstemon May 1- 2,000,000 10 62 No treatmont r.aed::i•l. -antirrh:inoides June 15 s::apdragon pentstomon

?�ntstemon brevjflorus June 1- 5,000,000 32 21 Do. Se:pt. 15

I':?r.t s t ernon June: 15- 255,000 10 52 Do. c:ntranthifolius Snpt. 15

Pcntstemo!! deustus Au;. 1- 496,000 69 100 Do. Sept. 15

:?e:"tdternon July 1- 1_,000,000 10 34 Do. _hc�_e:::-ophylJ.us Sept. 15

,P"!r.t.stemon newbet·ryi Aut;. 1- 1,500,000 59 30 Do. Sept. 30

PePtstemon �aL�eri June 294,000 30 62 Do.

Pc1·1:1zia r...icroconh�'.i.la May 20- 320,000 22 25 Do. ��uellote�. June [10

P::.':tc:�lio._ _, ____ ---·--- califor:1ica Juno 12- 368,000 143 65 Do. Strt::tificr,.tic::1 ·.·c :.1c phncelia Sept. 30 benof'icial.

�:, 1calia Tiarryi Ju::i.e 1,468,000 5 4.4 Ho treatment neoded.

I�•:.� 1lia tanacetifolia May-June 450,000 31 ? Do. I�Rcalia viscida Jw:::.c 2,443,000 10 25 De.

Sc-pt. 1- 8,000,000 26 52 No treatment ne ::ide1. 0ct. 30 Strut i fi cation bO?lufici::.l. -22- 'I Days between Highest Approximate sowing gerrnin- Ti:ne of nnmber a".ld ation seed of seeds lgermin- percent Treatment and Snecies collect inc.; por_�'lL'ld ation obtained cultural remarks ·----· ___ ..,.--· Photinia salicifolia Oct. 15 24,000 10 73 Fresh seed needs no Christmasberry, toyon treatment. Stc;::-ed seed should be stratified.

Physocarpus ca:-1itatus July 1- 822,000 6? 9 No treat:memt neriderJ. nine-bark Sept. 15

Picris echioides June 1- 605,000 12 14 Do. bristly ox-toncue Aug. 30

Fi�tacia cM.nensis Aug.-Sept. ?,000 13 65 Exotic !"rem Ghiu, v,-1nese,.,,.,. pi:::tachio Fro�:h F.0CG gcr1.1:� 1 r.=it.e ",';,:311, Ho: �'t,::..tf::·,· trco.tm,... nt for s�:;.-:•r�f1 se:13d .str�tific-ac:. ·,n.

Pl�ta.nus racemosa June 10- 219,000 135 12 St::.·atificntion. Cl'\l i:f'ornia sycamore Supt. J.5

Potentilla �land,llosa July-Sept. l. 43S . OOO 9 84 No tre::;tm,.:mt fo.!.· fresh seed. Strnti.f:1; I sto1·cd send.

--·-Pr,::i.us demissa Aug.-Scp·t. 1,-600 101 12 3 rno .,3tratificati..:m. wost,:irn chokecherry

----?T'l.lDUS emarginata Au,;.-Sept. 1,600 96 5 De. 'o1·cter cher:ry I

?r1:nu.::; ilicifolia Sept .-Oct. 200 52 24 No treatr:ient fOT --· -- I! :n0ll:•leaf I rseerl .St1·eti-:-J cherry i fresh .. utor-ed S8i."ld l'or 3 !!10 r_.••m·.1s subcordata Auf;. -S•.::pt, I 450 99 100 3 mo .:str•1tific'lti:-m. �);�c11'ic plUI!1 I

-·--�!'.:: sn�.a tridentat�::. J"uJ.y-3ept. ! 18,000 90 !10. ------iI I 69 b:: tt,;rb:..·ush I

-23- Days between tHit;hest Approximate sowing germ.in- Time of number and ation seed of seeds ge:rmin- percent Treatment and Species collecting per pound ation obtained cultural remarks- 200 '7 Quercus agrifolia Sept.-Oct. l 73 ) Oak acorns should coast live oak ) be sown in the se::nr-;: ) fall when collected, 53 Quorcus chrysolepis Sept.-Oct. 150 56 ) and should be store a. canyon li-ve oak ) in a cool room in } sacks and freq11£•ntly '72 ,.'GI'l:l, �ucrcus douglasii Aug.-Oct. 180 31 ) inspected If California blue oak . ) spread Ct the ficw. ) Gennina.te in deep Q,1wrcus dumosa :rune-Sept. 100 27 80 ) boxes in :;_,cat mess California scrub oak I ) or leaf mold. } Q,u,,rcus durata Aug.-Scpt. 100 29 50 ) ke.ther oat ) ) guur� kello�,Si_?.._ Sept.-Oct. 115 .15 95 ) C:tlifornio. black oak ) ) 24 �.!"� lobe.ta Sept,-Oct. 75 41 ) vnlley white oak ) ) -·-·••·------�u�rcus wislizcnii Sept .-Oct. 100 54 40 ) bighiand live oak

...::..-...;...__ 4 96 ______na�r.anus sativus J"uly-Nov. 54,000 L No t1·ea·�mer;t neeuP-d. wild radish I 30 Iih�� californica I Sept. -Oct. 2,000 dry 22 No treatn,ent for Cal ii'orni a buckt h0rn I fruits each fres:! seed. stratify I containing s�orcd seed. I \ ,. two seeds. -·------!ih::.r:1ns .. crocea I :rune-Sept. 70,000 72 50 No treatrr.ent ncedLd, rcd-::-erry

El� c:rocea I .rune-SP.pt. 71,000 98 73 Do, 1ro treatment fC:' var. ili<;ifoliv. fr•esi-i seod. Str:;;.ti..:'� �ollvleai'bucktho1-n stc•red sr:,ed for 3 1::0 • ...... �h�.mn,1s �urshiana I Sept. -Oct. 2,000- 80 40 3 n,o. otre.tificc.tion. ca.sc..i.ra sa.grada I

Aug.-Scpt. 3,000 dry 54 16 'Fresh see -'l. ge1�rri.n�tce fruits each - fo.i:!.'ly woll. St2't;ti- containins ficc.tion i,'lprov:::: i f two seeds I 6er1:unutior, . -24- ---·------Days I between Highest Approximate sowing germin­ Time of number and ation seed of seeds germin- percent Treatment and s·oecies collecting per yyund -··- ation obtained cultur�1 __ 3:_f::!�_!'_k_s __

Rhododendron Aug.-Gept. 2,000,000 13 90 Gel'lllinate in fine californicum peat soil. coast rhododendron Rhododendron July-Sept. 4,000,000 11 ?5 Do. occidentalc western azalea

�h._us integrifolia July-Oct. a,ooo seeds 11 84 Sulfuric acid 4 lemonade berry· 3,000 dry hours or more de­ fruits pending on age of the seed .

Rhus laurina .A.u6• -Sept . 90,000 10 32 Eot water. laurel sumac

R:-n.s ovata Sept.-Nov. 26,000 seeds 18 39 Sulfuric acid l •:o sugar sumac Ol' 1? ,000 6 hours de�e�di�G dry fruit s on age of se-ed.

Picinus com.�unis .A.ug.-Nov. 800 4 78 Ger,ilinates wBll . castor bean OriGinally, probably 1'rom .Africa. I.ocally natur•aJ_ized in southern Cal ii o:r-nin.. :Sear1s _poiconous.

Robinia pseudoacacia .A.ug.-Sept. 20,000 4 80 Hot water. bla�k locust

���1•a c0ulteri July-Sept. 600,000 94 20 3 mo .:stratificatiu '"1. �ti.tiliju :pop:py

R�8a californica .Aug.-Nov. 102,000 104 62 Do. -Calif'ornia wiid rose

,Ibaa m-mnocarpa Sept.-Oct. 28,000 8\3 43 Do. wood rose

Rosa r.utkana Sept. 30,000 100 50 Do.

Sslvin aniana June-July 341,000 11 71) No treatment neeCed. ·::r:i tn sage ) §ho1.l1.d not be Z"lt.k'Jd ) before so•.7in;;� 5��,i� colu.,.�bariae 1::ay-.Aug 1,000,000 10 28) ,,...... --'i �

-2!- Dnys between Hir;hest Approximate sowing germin- Time of number and ation seed of seeds germin- percent Treatment and Species collecting per_P.ound ation obtained cultural remarks

Salvia leucophylla June.:.July 304,000 5 54} Do. whiteleaf sage -- ) ) Salvin mellifera June-July 467,000 38 36) black sage )

Salvia sonomensis Au3. 95 25 3 mo.~tratificutiou. creeping sage

SeJ:vin spa.the.cea June 27,400 13 26 No trcatm0nt needc~.

~~~t;cio douglasii June-Oct. 460, 000 4 93 Do. creek scnecio

Shr.iuhnrdia ~rgent"'la Jun0-Aug. 18,000 38 '78 ])e,. silver buffalobe~·ry

~isy:rincM um June 417,000 12 92 Do. calii'ornicum

Sitanion iubatum July-Aug. 64,000 5 flO De.

Sorr-us sitchensis Sept. oG,400 seeds 50 21 4: mont~s' stratifi­ western mountain ash or 6,210 cation at 32° F. dry fruits

§:.e_flI'ti.um juncetm1 July-Sept . 30, 000 54 14 Hot w~ter. Exotic S~anish broom from Europe. D1·oug1:t I resist:mt. ~aeralcea ambj~~u June 849 , 000 I 18 25 No treatne:r..t neede..:l. --·----Star.,:;,rlea bolanderi July-Aug. 13,000 200 16 Sulfuric acid for .Siar~o. liladde:'---- nut- one hour.

Steno-terns j_s Uay-July 233,000 16 :No treatment needed. -lir9ari1~lius

_...._Sti.-.;a ___corc,nata_ jIiiay-July 119,000 I 14 Do. p,:-rcnpinc: grass

.Tune-Aug. 115,000 I 14 GO Do • l.!ay-July 218,000 5 50 Do.

-2•)- Days between Highest Approximate sowing germin- Ti:ne of number· and o.tion seed of seeds germin- percent Treatment and Snecies collectin"' per PO]l!ld ation obtained cultural remarks

~ra~ caiifornica Aug.-Oct. 1,000 seeds 6 23 California snowbell or 500 dry fruits

~phoricarpos albus Oct. -Nov. 54,000 seeds ( ) 1 hour sulfuric acid snowberry or 18,000 ( ) then 6 months' dry fruits ( Results ) stratification. This ( ) -valuable erosion ctm ~YI:!Ehciricarpos mollis Sept.-Oct. 18,000 dry ( ) trol gcn1.1,i cnn be fruits ( a:r·0 not ) easily p1•opagc'"1tcd _•y ( ) cuttin6 r. ·..mdor -r:i.0.:.:1 ~phorica.rnos Sept.-Oct. 16,000 dry ( ) ccnditic,1s. Prc..,::,·~­ rotundifclius fruits { conclusive) p;ation b~• seetl j_s ( ) difficuJ.t.

Tanacetum co.mphoru tu..11 June-Aug. 1,000,000 12 1

June 120,000 ? 2 ) Torre:,ra californica Sept.-Nov. 140 232 92 3 m~.s~ra~ification. Culifornia nutmeg

Umbellularia Oct.-Dcc. 300 93 41 Do. Frosh seed 6erm­ calil'ornica inates fairl;it w..;ill Gnl.ifornia luul'el in peat moss.

Ur?p_~us linearifolius May 216,000 35 71 No treatment needed.

Vaccinium ovatui~ Aug.-Sept. 8,000 91 18 3 mo.ttratification. box bluecerry

Vit)s californica Sept.-Oct. 11,000 see 20 74 No treatment neec.e,:1. California graps 3,500 dry fruitr.

Il.'?~ hele::1ioides Aug.-Sept. 10,000 2? ~i6 Do.

Wy0thia ~llia Sept.-Oct. 25,000 J.6 Do. wool~· mule-ears

Yucc'3. whiTmlei June-sc-~pt. 2? g 65 Do. ~ ,ooo I ----:::he.;iarral---:"---- yucca-

Za11sc"tneria Se:1t. -Ecv. 1,000,000 5 Ne treat~ent neeC.e.L c:?.1. i :'ornice. 7'.:;·.xi ::an balsa':lea