PROJECT ZEPHIR: THROUGH THE RESEARCH OF

OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN DEEP WATER. COR DE MARIA SCHOOL ()

1 A LITTLE BIT OF HISTORY (I)

The first wind turbine was been created in 1887 by Charles F. Brush.

Charles F. Brush (1849-1929)

http://guidedtour.windpower.org/res/brush.jpg http://guidedtour.windpower.org/es/pictures/brush.htm

The wind turbine had a power of 12 kW, 17 m of rotor and 144 blades. It worked for 20 years.

Article in the Scientific American magazine about Brush’s wind turbine.

20th December, 1890 http://guidedtour.windpower.org/res/sciam.jpg PROJECT ZEPHIR: THROUGH THE RESEARCH OF

OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN DEEP WATER. COR DE MARIA SCHOOL (VALLS)

2 A LITTLE BIT OF HISTORY (II)

Catalonia was pioneer in the development of wind energy in . On 10th February 1984, the first wind turbine was inaugurated in Vilopriu, Baix Empordà

The wind turbine that started this project is located in , in the region of , and is one of the oldest wind turbines in (year 1988).

It has three blades, 12 m of rotor diameter

and it has a nominal power of 25 KW.

This wind turbine doesn’t have the cilindric structure that most wind turbines have. It has three cylindrical supports connected by transverse bars. It preserves the three blades and it has a windmill in each side to

go according to the wind direction. It has two anemometers at 7m, and another one at 14 m, to measure the wind speed.

Figuerola del Camp wind turbine (Alt Camp). Catalunya.Ecotècnia model 12/30

Its conservation state is excellent and we think that it should be considered a valuable machine in the Catalan industrial heritage. PROJECT ZEPHIR: THROUGH THE RESEARCH OF

OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN DEEP WATER. COR DE MARIA SCHOOL (VALLS)

3 ECOTECNIA MODEL 12/30

Ecotecnia was the first Spanish wind turbine company that was created in Catalonia.

Brake disc Coupling shock absorber Gearbox Generator 1 Generator 2

HUB

Coupling blade Lateral Bedplate orientation helix

Orientation gears

Left: measuring the bedplate; Right: measuring the spoiler (emergency break) mobile part of the blade. PROJECT ZEPHIR: THROUGH THE RESEARCH OF

OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN DEEP WATER. COR DE MARIA SCHOOL (VALLS)

4 ECOTECNIA

In our region, we can see the way time goes by for Ecotecnia technology: in Figuerola, the first technologies of 25 kW, and in Serra de la Voltorera, 16MW, using 10 wind turbines of 1,6 MW.

12/30 Ecotecnia wind turbine, propiety of Josep Canela, its located in Figuerola del Camp, in the region of Alt Camp, at the UTM position: N 41º 22.236’ E 001º 16.294’

ECO-74 Ecotecnia wind turbine at Serra de la Voltorera’s wind park ().

The future seems to be related with offshore wind turbines, in front of ’s coasts...

PROJECT ZEPHIR: THROUGH THE RESEARCH OF

OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN DEEP WATER. COR DE MARIA SCHOOL (VALLS)

5 PARTS OF A WIND TURBINE

BLADES

http://www.aeeolica.es/userfiles/file/reoltec2010/3-2-Pep-Prats_ALSTOM-WIND.pdf

HIGH-SPEED SHAFT

GENERATOR

HUB

GEARBOX

LOW-SPEED SHAFT

TOWER PROJECT ZEPHIR: THROUGH THE RESEARCH OF

OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN DEEP WATER. COR DE MARIA SCHOOL (VALLS)

6 HOW A BLADE WORKS

The displacement of the blade is produced in part by the Bernoulli effect: at the top there is less pressure and more on the bottom, causing an upward force.

Air passing through the top of the

blade has to cover more distance, speed in this area increases and pressure decreases .

F

Air

The air passing through the blade at the bottom has to travel less distance , speed in this area is lower and pressure is higher.

PROJECT ZEPHIR: THROUGH THE RESEARCH OF

OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN DEEP WATER. COR DE MARIA SCHOOL (VALLS)

7 SHAPE OF THE BLADE. AERODYNAMICS.

Ecotècnia t urbine ECO 12/30 : Speed in rpm: 68 rpm Speed at the tip of the blade : 153.8 km/h

Alstom turbine Ecotècnia ECO 100 : Speed in rpm: 14.3 rpm Speed at the tip of the blade : 269.5 km/h

Note the shape of the blade and the attack angle in to the air. The more a point of the blade gets away from the center of rotation, the speed is higher.

PROJECT ZEPHIR: THROUGH THE RESEARCH OF

OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN DEEP WATER. COR DE MARIA SCHOOL (VALLS)

8 THE BLADES. MATERIALS

In the future, the blades will be built with carbon fiber.

Colladetes wind farm. El Perelló (Tarragona) The turbine blades are made of fiberglass and epoxy resin.

Light ning conductor

Cable of a lightning conductor in a blade

We can see that the lightning conductor is something important because electricity tends to go towards the tips. PROJECT ZEPHIR: THROUGH THE RESEARCH OF

OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN DEEP WATER. COR DE MARIA SCHOOL (VALLS)

9 TURN OF THE NACELLE

In a wind turbine as the ECO-100, of 3MW power, the nacelle can turn a maximum of 3 laps in one direction. It if gave more laps, power lines running down the tower would have problems of torque. The rotation system used is an electric motor.

Alstom turbine Ecotècnia ECO 100

of 3MW. Wind Park Collada (El Perello) Model ECO -100 Rotating electric motor. with electronic control of position with a 360 ° with servomotors.

ECO 12/30Ecotècnia turbine of 25 kW. Figuerola del Camp Targeting side helixs. PROJECT ZEPHIR: THROUGH THE RESEARCH OF

OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN DEEP WATER. COR DE MARIA SCHOOL (VALLS)

10 THE SPEED OF THE WIND

The wind farm Serra de la Voltorera. Cabra del Camp (Tarragona)

With wind over the 100 km/h it must to stop the wind turbine for avoid damage.

Knowing the wind speed is very important.

Before installing a park you must know perfectly which are the conditions of wind Source: TV3 time on the web turbine to see how you can install.

PROJECT ZEPHIR: THROUGH THE RESEARCH OF

OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN DEEP WATER. COR DE MARIA SCHOOL (VALLS)

11 WIND DIRECTION

A weather fan is needed to know the direction the wind blows from and to register the

data. 0010 N 0011 NNE 0001 NE 0000 ENE 1000 E 1001 ESE 1011 SE 1010 SSE 1110 S 1111 SSW 1101 SW 1100 WSW 0100 W 0101 WNW 0111 NW 0110 NNW

Gray code to register the data and convert them in a binary system of 4 http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_dels_vents digits.

The name of the winds and its directions are:

Tramuntana (N)

Gregal (NE)

Llevant (E)

Xaloc (SE)

Migjorn (S)

Garbí o Llebeig (SO)

Ponent (O)

Mestral o Cerç (NO)

The wind farm Serra de la Voltorera. Cabra del Camp (Tarragona) PROJECT ZEPHIR: THROUGH THE RESEARCH OF

OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN DEEP WATER. COR DE MARIA SCHOOL (VALLS)

12WIND MEASUREMENTS ON THE COAST OF TARRAGONA

Source: http://es.windfinder.com/windstats/windstatistic_boja_de_tarragona.htm

Source: http://www.renewablesmadeinspain.com/noticia/pagid/200/titulo/Catalonia%20plans%20to%20build%20an%20offshore %20wind%20%22test%20station%22/

Source: http://es.windfinder.com/windstats/windstatistic_boja_de_tarragona.htm PROJECT ZEPHIR: THROUGH THE RESEARCH OF

OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN DEEP WATER. COR DE MARIA SCHOOL (VALLS)

13 WIND MEASUREMENTS BY SATELLITE

QuikSCAT satellite

It measures the wind speed from 3-20 m/s

Density of power in oceans. Winter (top graphic), summer (bottom graphic).

http://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/quikscat/seawinds_img.cfm

http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2008 -128

PROJECT ZEPHIR: THROUGH THE RESEARCH OF

OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN DEEP WATER. COR DE MARIA SCHOOL (VALLS)

14 HIDRAULIC BLADE CONTROL

Hydraulic piston

The blades can rotate from 2 degrees (maximum uptake of http://motionsystemdesign.com/motors - wind) to 86 degrees (no drives/electrohydrostatic-actuation-modernizes-0111/# wind capture, aerodynamic brake). The angle of each blade is independent.

Pistó hidràulic

http://www.windpowerengineering.com/design/mechanic At low speed wind we will place the blades with al/blades/pitch-control-your-way-hydraulic-or-electric/ low angles, for maximum uptake. When the wind reaches about 13 m/s wind turbine produces maximum power, and must be controlled not to increase the speed above 19 rpm (case of ECO- 74). If it exceeds 25 m/s wind turbine must be stopped. Source : brochure Alstom ecotècnia ECO -74

PROJECT ZEPHIR: THROUGH THE RESEARCH OF

OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN DEEP WATER. COR DE MARIA SCHOOL (VALLS)

15 CONTROL DE PALA AMB SERVOMOTOR

The blades can rotate from 2 degrees (maximum uptake of

wind) to 86 degrees (no Speed turning wind capture, control in rpm. aerodynamic brake). The angle of each blade is independent.

http://www.windpowerengineering.com/tag/moog/ Servomotors Servomotor

http://www.windurance.com/motors.html

Source : Brochure Alstom ecotècnia ECO -74

At low speed wind we will place the blades with low angles, for maximum uptake. When the wind reaches about 13 m/s wind turbine produces maximum power, and must be controlled not to increase the speed above 19 rpm (case of ECO-74). If it exceeds 25 m/s wind turbine must be stopped. PROJECT ZEPHIR: THROUGH THE RESEARCH OF

OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN DEEP WATER. COR DE MARIA SCHOOL (VALLS)

16 DISTRIBUTION OF WIND TURBINES

In order to locate the turbines, we have to consider that distance between turbines has to be two and three times the rotor diameter to avoid problems between them.

ECO -74 Serra de la voltorera Cabra del Camp (Alt Camp).

Using larger turbines involves having less machines maintenance and obtain higher powers.

ECO -12/30 wind parc of Tarifa “Parque Shico”. Changed by modern wind turbines. Source: ALSTOM - Ecotecnia. PROJECT ZEPHIR: THROUGH THE RESEARCH OF

OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN DEEP WATER. COR DE MARIA SCHOOL (VALLS)

17 PROJECT ZEPHIR

The “Catalonia Institute for Energy Research” (IREC) will conduct a pilot test plant, where offshore wind energy companies involved in the project, will install their turbines.

The Project has two phases: in a first phase four wind turbines will be installed fixed to the seabed for about 3.5 km from coast. In a second phase, up to eight floating wind turbines will be installed, for about 30 km from the coast.

More information : http://www.irec.cat/

PHASE 1 PHASE 2 Depth of sea 40-45 m > 100 m Distance from the coast 3 km 30 km Number of wind turbines 4 8 Installed power 20 MW 50 MW Type Monopile fundation Floating structure

http://www.elpunt.cat/noticia/article/1-territori/11- mediambient/152235-la-mar-de-lebre-tindra-una-plataforma-per- assajar-parcs-eolics-en-aiguees-profundes.html#comentaris

PROJECT ZEPHIR: THROUGH THE RESEARCH OF

OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN DEEP WATER. COR DE MARIA SCHOOL (VALLS)

18 TYPE OF STRUCTURES (I)

The type of technology used in marine wind farms is due to the depth of the seabed and the cost of different technologies.

Source: http://www.fundaciongasnatural.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/Actividades/Seminarios/ Santander%201602201 0/1%20I%C3%B1igo%20losada.pdf

http://www.aeeolica.es/userfiles/file/reoltec2010/3 -1-Antonio-Jose-de-la-Torre_GAMESA.pdf PROJECT ZEPHIR: THROUGH THE RESEARCH OF

OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN DEEP WATER. COR DE MARIA SCHOOL (VALLS)

19 PROJECT ZEPHIR PHASE I

SHALLOW WATERS Wind direction control

Zephyr Project Phase I. Four turbines are located and fixed to the seabed at a distance of 3.5 km from coast and at a Electronic control depth of 35 m. with a direction of the power installed wind turbines with of 10 to 20 MW. servomotor

Gravity foundations Monopiles

Tripods

Trusses or jacket

PROJECT ZEPHIR: THROUGH THE RESEARCH OF

OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN DEEP WATER. COR DE MARIA SCHOOL (VALLS)

PROJECT ZEPHIR PHASE II 20 DEEP WATER

Zephyr Project Phase II. Eight floating structure wind turbines will be located at a

distance from coast of 30 km at a depth of 100 meters

Project HYWIND. Worldwide the only floating marine wind turbine that is today in deep water is located in the North Sea to Norway. It is in the experimental stage with a power of 2.3 MW (March 2011).

Source:http://www.gooddeal-hunting.com/blog/worlds-first-floating- wind-turbine-towed-to-sea/ Source: http://www.gooddeal-hunting.com/blog/worlds-first-floating- wind-turbine-towed-to-sea/ PROJECT ZEPHIR: THROUGH THE RESEARCH OF

OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN DEEP WATER. COR DE MARIA SCHOOL (VALLS)

21 ELECTRICAL CONNECTION

The center of the electrical connection is proposed to put in Vandellós because is a strategic place of the electric grid.

transformer station of Vandellòs Mapa of electric grid (REE)

http://www.ree.es/transporte/mapa_red_transporte.asp

The submarine electric cables which connects the wind turbines with the transformer station have to take care with the environmental impact of the posidonia.

In the green zones there Remains of posidonia in the beaches

are some posidonia. near Vandellós.

http://www20.gencat.cat/docs/dmah/Home/Ambits%20dac tuacio/Educacio %20i%20sostenibilitat/Educacio%20per%20a%20la%20sostenibilitat/Sup ort%20educatiu/Recursos%20educatius/Medi%20natural/Els%20prats%2 0submarins%20de%20posidonia/documents/posidonia_geografia.pdf PROJECT ZEPHIR: THROUGH THE RESEARCH OF

OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN DEEP WATER. COR DE MARIA SCHOOL (VALLS)

22 WIND TURBINES PROJECT ZEPHIR

WIND TURBINES WITHOUT GEARBOX? YES

http://www.aeeolica.es/userfiles/file/reoltec2010/3-2-Pep-Prats_ALSTOM-WIND.pdf

WIND TURBINES WITH TECHNOLOGY OF PERMANENT MAGNETS OF 6 MW

http://www.alstom.com/power/news-and-events/press-releases/alstom-and-converteam-team-up-on-the-worlds-largest-direct-drive-permanent-magnet-generator-for-offshore-wind-power/ http://www.alstom.com/power/news-and-events/press-releases/alstom-collaborates-with-belwind-to-test-its-new-6-MW-direct-drive-offshore-wind-turbine-in-begium/

PROJECT ZEPHIR: THROUGH THE RESEARCH OF

OFFSHORE WIND POWER IN DEEP WATER. COR DE MARIA SCHOOL (VALLS)

23 CONCLUSIONS

The energy of the wind is a resource a lot of abundant. To use it correctly we must use the climatic advantages of the countries to obtain renewable energies and can reduce the consumption of the fossil energies.

For reaching the obstacle present on the shores of our country, where the marine is very narrow and waters are deep a few miles from the coast, it is necessary to advance research on offshore wind energy in deep waters.

The sea breeze has an air flow strong and constant.

Wind power can save over 2.000 liters of water per MWh of electricity produced.

To mitigate climate change, the energy sector should not only prevent the emission of polluting gases into the atmosphere, but also to drastically reduce water consumption. The wind energy is a sustainable solution that would get these two challenges.