MEDIEVAL Buttercross Which Can Be Found in the High Street

5 The trail starts from the passageway behind the 5 There was once a property that belonged MEDIEVAL Buttercross which can be found in the High Street. to Isaac of Newbury, another Jewish wool merchant here. Jewry Street looked a little Winchester City Council would like to thank different in medieval times; originally called members of the local community for their help Scowrtenestret Street (Shoemakers Street), it 1 In this passageway is a plaque 1 in championing the story of the Medieval Jews was a busy area with many properties. It was JEWISH commemorating the palace of William the in the area. The text in this leafl et has been close to the castle 15 where the Jews’ Tower Conqueror, who invited Jewish merchants 6 researched by Charlotte Andrasi, Adele Beston, served as a Jewish refuge in troubled times. TRAIL to England in 1070 as money lenders and Tracey Churcher and Cader McPhail, students at traders. Unlike Jews, at this time Christians the University of Winchester, working under the 6 You are now in the heart of Medieval were forbidden to lend money for interest guidance of Dr Christina Welch, Senior Lecturer in Jewish Winchester; an area sacked in 1265 (usury) because of regulations in the New Religious Studies, and was inspired by the work by Simon de Montfort the Younger, who Testament. Jews loaned money to the King, the of Sue Bartlet and Toni Griffi ths. killed all the Jews that did not take refuge Church, and to Christian merchants in the city. in the Jews’ Tower. This property marks the 7 For more information about Medieval spot where Abraham and Jaceus held land Jewish Winchester please email 2 In this location (at the rear of the 2 from the abbot of Hyde Abbey until 1290, [email protected] or see current property) stood a property held demonstrating that Jews had close business www.winchester.ac.uk/MJW where you by Duceman. Duceman (also known connections with the church. will fi nd more detailed information on each as ‘Asher’ and ‘Sweteman’) was a of the sites in the walk. This leafl et is also wool merchant and the son of Licoricia 7 Here was where the medieval available to download from (Winchester’s most famous female money- synagogue (scola) was located. The scola www.visitwinchester.co.uk. Winchester’s lender) and David of Oxford; Duceman held was in the courtyard of a property owned offi cial tourist guides run tours on this and several properties in Winchester. by Abraham Pinch (son of Chera, a female other fascinating themes. See money-lender). Pinch was an active usurer, www.winchestertouristguides.com 3 Here there once stood a property 3 and this made him unpopular. He was associated with Samme, a converted Jew. If you would like this leafl et in a larger format accused of murdering a child, and although A small number of Jews in Winchester please contact the tourist information centre on the child’s mother was guilty of that crime, converted to Christianity; one was Henry 01962 840 500 or e-mail Pinch was accused of theft and so he was of Winchester. Henry acted for the king [email protected] executed for that instead. Pinch was buried in 1275 when usury (the main source of beneath the gallows erected in this street income for England’s Jews) became illegal. Cover image: A 12th or 13th century lead token with Hebrew opposite the scola, specifi cally for the Because the work Jews were allowed to do lettering found during excavations on Lower Brook Street in purpose of hanging him. was limited, the community sometimes 1968, possibly a synagogue token or of some commercial use. Winchester has an important Jewish past. The turned to coin clipping; a crime that carried © Winchester Excavations Committee/Hampshire Cultural Trust 8 This location marks where an unnamed 8 earliest record of Jews in the city date to the mid- the death sentence. Henry travelled around Jew convicted of a felony held property 1100s, making it one of the earliest, largest and England noting the names of coin clippers, In loving memory of (there is no record of his crime). His name wealthiest Jewish settlements in England. Although and in 1279, 269 Jews and 29 Christians Jack and Gretel Habel, was Samarian. fascinating, the story is little known. This trail has were executed for this offense. One man refugees from the been created to bring the narrative to life. hanged for coin-clipping was Benedict, son 4 Holocaust who found a 9 A property here was sold by Isaac of Cover image ©Winchester Excavations Committee/Hampshire Cultural Trust of Licoricia, and step-brother to Duceman. home in Winchester. Southwark to William de Seleborn in 1280; 9 Seleborn (Selborne) priory was part fi nanced 4 Currently Princess Court, in the by loans from Winchester’s Jews. Illustrations © Wendy Bramall 2015 www.wendybramall.co.uk Middle Ages a house in this exact Photography © Anthony Welch 2015 spot was owned by Benedict. June 2015 Ref No. TSM0119-00977 ANDO

ST A OC KB D RI DG E RO A D Medieval Winchester 10 16 16 had a slightly different A property here (no longer visible) was The cemetery was located outside layout to the city owned by Jospin (whose mother was called the city walls and served the Jewish today. The white lines Gloria) who was another Jewish wool merchant. communities in Southern England. Before show the city’s current 1177 Jews had to be taken to London for NO layout, whilst those RTH 11 ET WWA 11 burial as the law allowed only one Jewish ALLLLS in grey indicate how Here was another property owned by RE 4 Winchester’s road Ducemen. His father, David of Oxford, was cemetery in the country. But in 1177 King ST 5 T system looked when X Henry II permitted other cemeteries to be EE T a very wealthy man. Licoricia (Duceman’s E R EET TRT E the Jewish community T S SS T T RRE E established. Excavations at Winchester’s T ETE T mother) married David after he divorced his EEE K EE E SST lived here. E R OKO SU R T K TR EEE T Wall painting O SST Jewish cemetery show that whilst some S 14 SST O ﬁ rst wife. On David’s death in 1244, Licoricia S R RRO R

R T B OOO N T 6 E of a Jew in the E R E NTN T TET STS R S Jews in the city were wealthy, the majority E BRB W D E E K was imprisoned in the Tower of London until R 9 PEP E Holy Sepulchre O M P Y O LEL T A T H PPP R O of the Jewish population was very poor. D STS G CHC U she promised to pay death duties of 5,000 marks; an enormous 10 ROR Chapel, Winchester R D E WRW 7 I B 3 L A PLP E PAP MIDDM R Cathedral J E sum of money; part of his money ﬁ nanced the building of the shrine A 11 TAT 8 WEW H S 17 17 IGHG 13 fFf O Near the site of this property is H RIAR L to Edward the Confessor in Westminster Abbey. A mark (which AD STST 12 ST G RO REEE EORGR SG SEY ET 2 GE AT weighed 8 ounces in silver) was a little over 13 shillings; a knight another recorded as belonging to Benedict. M S ST E RO REE 12 1 T earned 2 shillings a day and a kitchen servant, 2 shillings a year. A laving stone was found here after the ST Jews were expelled in 1290; the stone 17 CL H E EM IG ENT H S 16 STRERE TR 12 13 AC ET EET The passageway from Jewry Street to Staple Gardens is not indicates that it was here that the ritual R T T R S

E 15 E in the same place as it was in the medieval period. Records tell us that washing of bodies before burial occurred. T T TTERR H E R E E S E Q R R E UA T E R RE 12 13 13 T S properties and were owned by Abraham. Property was a T DDE S M S N ARKE I BRBR W K OAO E R ET A 18 M D 18 OOW L T E WWA AAN stone house which was unusual and indicated wealth and social status. The cathedral in Winchester had a TET N A R T Y

E T E S

CRC EEE A

A A R N E complex relationship with Jews. Once, G T

M STRS MI

H G In the area between Jewry Street and Staple

E E T E outside Winchester Cathedral there ASA L U

M T Gardens, was the medieval gaol. We know

T T O OMO I were statues of Synagogia and Ecclesia; S H L T that Benedict (hanged in 1279 for coin

T 18 they were always shown together with S CO clipping) was buried by the gaol. LELEB ROROOKO Synagogia (right) shown blindfolded K STTRR EEEET This Oxford house (left, no longer existing) and holding the Ten Commandments was owned by David of Oxford and gives to symbolise her blindness to the STS SW an idea of what a grand stone house New Testament and Jesus which ITH CAN U N S O TR looked like. were represented by Ecclesia. In the D N EE ST T A RE ET O cathedral’s Holy Sepulchre Chapel

R 14 S 14 Occupying the same footprint as Jews feature in some wall paintings

O Bilberry Court was a Jewish tenement; an dating to around 1160 (see illustration R C OL C LE Map adapted from GE ST area with many buildings on it. top left of map). They are identifi able T REE S T Keene ‘Medieval by their conical, pointed, and funnel- Winchester’ (1985) by Alex Langlands. 15 In Winchester Castle (founded in 1067) shaped hats. was the Jews’ Tower; an area where the The interior of the cathedral does not Jews could go for their own safety. In May From 1253 onwards, form an integral part of this trail but 1287, the city’s entire Jewish population was An illustration of Jews aged 7 years and there are many stories to tell that a chirograph – a older were required to imprisoned in Winchester Castle to ensure 15 span centuries of history – visitors medieval document wear a strip of yellow they paid a very large tax (tallage) of 20,000 written in triplicate, felt, 6 inches by 3 inches are requested to pay a modest marks that King Edward I imposed on the verifying an agreement in the shape of the two entrance charge at most times country’s Jewish residents. Duceman recorded between parties such stone tablets given to when not attending services and as a fi nancial loan. Moses on Mount Sinai. his stay during this time with some graffi ti, free events and tours are available. although he signed it ‘Asher’.