PSC Handouts

Chapter 1: introduction to Politics

Definition of Politics: 1. Inherent in society and people cannot evade the practice of such. The term “politicians” does not only encompass the people we vote during elections but also includes the commoners on the society. 2. An undertaking that advances the welfare of the governed but does not totally depend on the efforts of the governor 3. A process by whose character is shaped by the people engaging it.

Basic ingredients of politics (elements) 1. Power- capacity to make someone do what you wanted him to do. a. Expert power -expertise of the leader b. Referent power- corresponds to the character and innate charisma of the person having it which gravitates the followers toward him c. Reward power- ability of giving rewards to the members of the society to follow d. Legitimate power – refers to the legitimacy of the ruling individual over members, often depending on the degree of acceptance of the latter. e. Coercive power- based on the development of fear within the minds of the governed due to the consequences employed by the leader. 2. Authority – a by-product of power. The right to command and direct, to be heard or obeyed by others and to be voluntarily accepted by the people and therefore exist without the imposition of sanctions. 3. Legitimacy- is a virtue of political institutions and of the decisions (laws, policies) made within them. Authority is based on the sanctions available at the rulers. 4. Influence - act as driving force for the people to be convinced by his/her leader/ruler. The amount of influence varies on wealth, prestige, and honor. Approaches to politics: . Politics is relative, not absolute. This is so because not all people share the same sentiments and ideas about it..Hence, there are 8 approaches to politics. 1. Behaviouralism – concentrates on the study of the political behavior of the individuals partaking and intermingling within the political system. 2. Rational Choice – rationality and self-interest of the human species. Views political action as being driven by one’s own instinct in the attainment of goals. 3. Institutionalism – more centered on the study and laying out descriptions about “constitutions, legal systems, government structures, and their comparison between time and countries” 4. Constructivism – based on the belief that “people do one thing and not another due to the presence of certain social constructs /concepts”. 5. Marxism – (Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels). Concern with the study of the class struggles that had occurred in the vast area of history and expounds on the dynamics of production and consumption and the rise of the working class as capitalism continues to exploit them. Thus, views politics as a landscape characterized by control wherein those situated in the higher level (capitalist) tend to displace those at the bottom (proletariat) and an eventual action through revolution done by the oppressed. 6. Feminism – a movement and body of ideas that aimed to enhance the women’s status and power. It emphasizes and addresses the plight of the women sector. 7. Normative approach

Political Theories:

1. The Social Contract Theory

a. The origin of the state was concluded through contract concluded by men living in a state of nature. Social contract theory was divided into three versions: i. Thomas Hobbes – viewed state of nature as brutish, evil and nasty. That life is a competition between weak and strong ones. That the chosen ruler is a supreme Monarch and thus, self-preservation, order and peace could only be attained if man surrenders all their natural rights and submit their will to an absolute monarch.

ii. John Locke- men are considers as rational beings and could make use of their natural laws for their own good. That the state or the rules is accountable to the people by advancing their interests and welfare. If the ruling individual proves to be inefficient and ineffective\, then the right of revolution can be invoked by the governed.

iii. Jean Jacques Rousseau – asserted that state of nature is a peaceful one. He viewed that state as completely and directly democratic.

2. The divine right theory - considered as the oldest theory and that it presents the view that the state is of divine creation and that the rulers were ordained by God.

3. Political idealism – advocates the innate goodness of human beings. Conceptualizing a utopian social and political order where everything and everyone is guided by what is right.

4. Political realism – what is ideal may not be real. Opposite to idealism, this asserts that what is moral or right could be twisted for convenience. Thus, what is practical is necessary.

5. Rationalism – middle ground for Idealism and rationalism. The rationalist believe in the power of mind and reason by advocating that even though political beings have the tendency to become selfish, there is also a side in us that values reconciliation and compromise.

6. Political extremism – absolute political philosophy concerning politics. It resembles idealism but it is much darker due to the fact that extremists see today’s reality the same as the reality tomorrow and the coming days.

7. Balance of power- a theory that is commonly used in the field of international relations. Thus, the balancing process helps maintain the stability of relations between states.

8. Game theory- considers political relationships as an endeavor where one party wins and the other suffers or losses to a certain degree.

9. Hegemonic stability theory- one state is recognized as the prime mover of the entire system. Hegemon (authority over the other stat)

Politics as Art and Science

Art- described as the power of performing actions especially acquired by experience, study and observation.

Science- implies a sympathized body of knowledge

Political Art is seen through one’s strategies, style which constructs a new identity that is distinct from others.

As a science, politics attempts to incorporate the basic method of natural and physical science in the study and analysis of those enclosed within the limits of politics. Politics is truly the art and science of government

Political Science lecture notes

Branches of Political Science

1. Political Theory a. This branch of study contributes to an old and ever-evolving dialogue about the ultimate realities that shape political life and the ultimate principles that should guide it. b. Its primary concern is to give a closer look to the basics of politics such as justice, rights, liberty, freedom, power, etc. and understand their application in reality. 2. Public Administration a. It is all about how governments organize and operate, about how bureaucracies work and interact with citizens and each other. 3. Public Policy a. Is a branch that heavily deals with the system of regulations and laws that directs the flow and course of both government action and inaction. 4. Political Economy a. Comprehends the influence and dynamic forces of economics in the political system. b. Pertains to the influence of the economic factors such as wealth, the means of productions, the distribution of wealth, goods, and services, etc. in the conduct of politics and how do they affect the political actors’ behavior and attitudes. 5. Comparative Politics a. Contrasting and comparing are techniques that experts in this area employ in order to determine the degree and reasons 6. International Relations a. Emphasize on the interaction of states and nations within the confines of the international political setting. b. The study of organizations and institutions whose scope is primarily international in nature, foreign policies and stance on global issues as terrorism and global issues such as terrorism and global warming.

Chapter 2: State and Government

State- defined by the Supreme Court as “Community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, independent of external control, and possessing a government to which a great body of the inhabitants render habitual obedience.”

Nation- from the word “nasci” meaning “to be born” is understood in relation to birth or origin and signifies a common race characterized by a community of language and customs. (Ex. Arab nation compose of independent countries like Arabia, Iraq, Egypt, Lebanon, Yemen)

Note that there are states which are composed of one Nation like the United Kingdom (English nation) also which are composed of several nations like USA (American nation) Elements of State:

1. People – inhabitants of the state or human beings living within a territory. The 1987 Constitution refer people as the inhabitants, citizens and the voters.

2. Territory- refers to the fixed portion of the earth where the people of the state reside.

3. Sovereignty- supreme and u controllable power of the state.

4. Government- institution or aggregate of institutions by which an independent society makes and carries out those actions which are necessary to enable men to live in a social state which are imposed on people forming that society by those who possess the power or authority of prescribing them.

Two functions of government:

1. Constituent functions – keeping of order and in providing protection to persons and property - The fixing of the legal relations between husband and wife and between parents and children. - Definition and punishment of crime - Administration of justice in civil cases 2. Ministrant Functions- not compulsory. Covers the regulation of trade and industry, the establishment of standard weights and measures, laws on tariffs, navigation laws, etc.

Doctrine of Parens Patriae- the government is the guardian of the rights of the people.

Simulation/Reflection Activity:

Forms of Government

As to number of people ruling:

1. Monarchy- supreme power is hold by an individual as head of the state through the hereditary transfer of power or one who comes from a royal family. a. Absolute Monarchy- b. Limited Monarchy 2. Oligarchy- power is vested by few powerful persons like dominant clan, elite who rule their own vested interest. (Aristocracy, Plutocracy and Theocracy) 3. Democracy- government where power is hold directly or indirectly by the citizens under a free and universal suffrage.

As to the relationship between national and local:

1. Unitary- government powers are concentrated in one central government. The Central government may delegate or transfer limited power or control to their sub- national (LGUs), however, the central government still possesses the supreme power to recall the powers it delegated. 2. Federal- a government with self-governing regions, states or local units united by one central government usually called the federal government. -there is a clear division of powers between the national and their local governments.

As to status of the rulers running the government:

1. Civil government – when it is run by a civilian authority and this is usually formed after toppling a military or an authoritarian regime. 2. Military government.- when the government is run by the members of the Armed forces

As to the relation between the executive and legislative:

1. Presidential- form of government where there is a strict separation of powers between the executive and the legislative branch. The head of the state and the head of the government are held by one and the same person.

2. Parliamentary- form of government wherein the head of the government is elected among the members of the legislative branch to perform executive functions and conferred by the legislature complete control and administration of law.

Other forms of government:

1. Dictatorship- is a regime of one single leader who may have not been elected and is using force, usually the military, to keep in power and to be in control.

2. Totalitarian- government ruled by a single political party where citizens are forced to vote for the party and candidates chosen by the government. This is an extreme form of totalitarian government.

3. Republican- is a representative form of government where its powers and authority are directly or indirectly derived from the people.

4. Theocracy- is a government where the rulers are claiming to be ruling based on a set of religious ideas or as agent of a God or deity.

5. De jure- is a government in which has a rightful title founded upon a constitution.

6. De facto – is a government which actually exercises power or control but without legal title. It is operating against the duly constituted government.

Principles Governing the Operations of the 3 branches of government:

1. Separation of Powers a. Principle of dividing government powers into three parts namely the legislative power to the legislative branch, executive power for the executive branch and judicial powers to the judiciary. 2. Principles of Checks and Balances a. The powers of the three branches of the government are equal and balanced with each other and it means that no branch will have so much power capable of dominating the other. 3. Blending powers a. The three branches are not independent from each other rather they are interdependent with each other. Thus, a branch cannot exist without the presence of the other branch.

The three fundamental powers of the State: 1. Police Power a. Also called as “law of overruling necessity” which means the power of the state in promoting the public welfare by restraining the use of liberty and property. b. Limitations to the exercise hereof: i. Lawful subjects – interest of the public is the basic requirement in the exercise of police power. ii. Lawful means- the means employed are reasonably necessary for the accomplishment of the purpose and should not be unduly oppressive to the people iii. When it is exercised by a delegate - 2. Power of Eminent Domain a. The power of the state to acquire private property for public use upon payment of just compensation. The basis in the exercise of the power is the necessity of the property for public use. b. Requisites in the exercise of eminent domain: i. Necessity ii. Private property iii. Taking iv. Payment of just compensation v. Due process where the owner of the property to be acquired is given the opportunity to be heard. 3. Power of taxation a. Power by which the State raises revenue to defray the necessary expenses of the government. b. Also defined as the power to demand from the members of the society their proportionate share or contribution in the maintenance of the government. c. Limitations to the exercise thereof: i. Inherent Limitation 1. Should be for public use 2. International comity ii. Constitutional Limitations 1. Due process law 2. Equal protection of law 3. Uniformity, equitability and progressivity of taxation d. Double taxation i. Means additional taxes are laid on the same subject by the same taxing jurisdiction during the same period and for the same purpose.

DISTINCTIONS SUBJECT POLICE POWER EMINENT TAXATION DOMAIN Scope of Power Regulates both Affects only the Affects only the Liberty and Property Rights Property Rights Property Who May Exercise Only the Maybe exercised Only the Government by Private Entities Government Compensation Compensation is Compensation is Compensation is the intangible, full and fair the protection and altruistic feeling equivalent of the public that the individual property taken. improvements has contributed to instituted by the the public good. government for the taxes paid.

Chapter 3: Foundation of the Politics and Government: Philippine Political History and Filipino Values

Timeline of Philippine Governments. The following are the timeline of the formation of the various Philippine Governments:

PRESIDENT/ HEAD NAME OF CONSTITUTIO PERIOD OF STATE/HEAD OF LEGISLATURE GOV'T N GOV'T 1899 Malolos President Emilio F. 1st of 1 - Constitution Aguinaldo (1899 - Republic Representatives 1901 (1899) 1901) General Wesley Meritt (1898) General Elwell S. Otis ( 1898 - 1899) US Military 1898 Dr. Jacob Schurman Government 1st Philippine 2 - (1899 - 1901) in the Commission 1902 General Arthur MacArthur, Jr. (1900 - 1901) General (1901 - 1902) 3 1902 Government Philippine Upper House: - of the Organic Act (1901 - 1904) Philippine 1916 Philippine (1902 - 1916) Commission Luke Edward Wright Islands (1907 - 1916; ( 1904 - 1905) Appointed) (1905- Lower House: 1906) Philippine James Francis Smith Assembly (1907 (1906 - 1909) - 1916; Elected) (1909 - 1913)

Newton Gilbert ( 1913) (1913 - 1921) Francis Burton Harrison (1913 - 1921) Charles Yeater (1921) (1921 - Upper House: 1927) Senate (1916 - Eugene Allen Gilmore 1935; Elected) (1927) Henry L. Stimson Government 1916 (1927 - 1929) of the 4 - Jones Law Philippine 1935 Eugene Allen Gilmore Islands (1929) Dwight F. Davis (1929 - 1932) Lower House: House of George C. Butte Representatives (1932) (1916 - 1935; , Elected) Jr. (1932 - 1933) ( 1933 - 1935) President Manuel L. Quezon (1935 – 1944, National ) Assembly of the President Sergio Philippines 1935 Commonweal Osmena (1944 – (1935 - 1941; 1935 5 - th 1946, Nacionalista Elected) Constitution 1946 Government Party) 1st Congress of President Manuel A. the Roxas (1946 – 1948, Commonwealth Liberal Party) (1945) National 1943 2nd President Jose P. Assembly of the 1943 6 - Philippine Laurel (1943 – 1945, 2nd Republic Constitution 1945 Republic KALIBAPI) (1944, Appointed) 7 1946 3rd Philippine 1935 President Manuel A. - Republic Constitution Roxas (1946 – 1948, 1972 Liberal Party) President ( 1948 – Upper House: 1953, Liberal Party) Senate President Ramon Magsaysay (1953 – 1957, Nacionalista Party) President Carlos P. Lower House: Garcia (1957 – 1961, House of Nacionalista Party) Representatives President (1961 – 1965, Liberal Party) President Ferdinand E. Marcos, Sr. (1965 – 1986, Nacionalista Party, KBL) Legislative President Ferdinand Advisory (1976 - 1972 1973 E. Marcos, Sr. (1965 – 1978) 8 - Martial Law Constitution 1986, Nacionalista 1981 Batasang Party, KBL) Pambansa (1976 - 1978) Interim Batasang President Ferdinand Pambansa 1981 4th Philippine 1973 E. Marcos, Sr. (1965 – (1978) 9 - Republic Constitution 1986, Nacionalista 1986 Regular Party, KBL) Batasang Pambansa (1984) Reestablishmen 1986 President Corazon C. t of the Revolutionary Constitution 11 1986 Aquino (1986 – 1992, Bicameral Government (Freedom UNIDO) Legislature Constitution) (1986) President Corazon C. Aquino (1986 - 1992) President Fidel V. Ramos (1992 – 1998, Upper House: Lakas-NUCD) Senate President Joseph E. 1986 Estrada (1998 – - 5th Philippine 1987 12 2001,LAMP) prese Republic Constitution nt President Gloria M. Macapagal-Arroyo (2001-2010, Lakas- Lower House: KAMPI) House of President Benigno S. Representatives Aquino (2010 – 2016, Liberal Party)

Philippine Presidents. The table below shows the list of Philippine Presidents with their term of office, the Constitutions during their tenure, their Vice-Presidents and the province where they come from.

PERIOD CONSTITUTI PROVINC POSITION NAME ON E 1 1899 – Malolos Emilio F. President Luzon 1901 Constitution Aguinaldo Prime Apolinario Mabini Luzon Minister (President of the Council of Government) ; January 1899 Prime Minister (President of the Council Pedro A. Paterno Luzon of Government) ; May 1899 Manuel L. President Luzon 1935 1935 Quezon 2 -1944 Constitution Vice- Sergio Osmeña Visayas President 1943 3 1944 President Jose P. Laurel Luzon Constitution 1944 - 1935 4 President Sergio Osmeña Visayas 1946 Constitution President Manuel A. Roxas Visayas 1946 - 1935 5 Vice- 1948 Constitution Elpidio Quirino Luzon President 1935 1948 President Elpidio Quirino Luzon Constitution 6 President Elpidio Quirino Luzon 1949 – 1935 Vice- 1953 Constitution Fernando Lopez Visayas President Ramon President Luzon 1953 – 1935 Magsaysay 7 1957 Constitution Vice- Carlos P. Garcia Visayas President 1935 1957 President Carlos P. Garcia Visayas Constitution 8 President Carlos P. Garcia Visayas 1957 – 1935 Vice- Diosdado P. 1961 Constitution Luzon President Macapagal Diosdado P. President Luzon 1961- 1935 Macapagal 9 1965 Constitution Vice- Emmanuel Mindanao President Pelaez Ferdinand E. President Luzon 1965 – 1935 Marcos 1972 Constitution Vice- Fernando Lopez Visayas President 1972 – 1973 Ferdinand E. President Luzon 1976 Constitution Marcos 1 President & 1976 – 1973 Ferdinand E. 0 Prime Luzon 1981 Constitution Marcos Minister Ferdinand E. President Luzon 1981 – 1973 Marcos 1986 Constitution Prime Cesar Emilio Luzon Minister Aguinaldo Virata 1986 Corazon C. President Luzon 1 Constitution Aquino 1986 1 (Freedom Prime Luzon Constitution) Minister Corazon C. President Luzon 1986 – 1987 Aquino 1992 Constitution Vice- Salvador Laurel Luzon President President Fidel V. Ramos Luzon 1 1992 – 1987 Vice- Joseph E. 2 1998 Constitution Luzon President Estrada Joseph E. President Luzon Estrada 1 1998 – 1987 Gloria M. 3 2001 Constitution Vice- Macapagal- Luzon President Arroyo Gloria M. President Macapagal- Luzon 2001 – 1987 Arroyo 2004 Constitution Vice- Teofisto Luzon 1 President Guingona 4 Gloria M. President Macapagal- Luzon 2004 – 1987 Arroyo 2010 Constitution Vice- Manuel Leuterio Luzon President de Castro, Jr. Benigno S. President Luzon 1 2010 – 1987 Aquino 5 2016 Constitution Vice- Jejomar C. Binay, Luzon President Sr.

Filipino values according to Enriquez are categorized into the following:

Filipino Core Value: . The core construct of being a Filipino and which makes up a complex system based on the concept of Asal. . This value is the standard for ideal conduct of a Filipino for it is considered to be good, ethical, moral, desirable, and beautiful and true. To reiterate, this is what makes a Filipino. The concept of Asal is composed of three core elements: (1) Kapwa– which pertains to relational standard or in dealing with other, (2) Damdamin– which is the emotional standards and (3) Dangal – referring to the moral standard. Filipino Shared Humanity or the Kagandahang Loob or the “shared nobility,” such value which compels Filipinos to help other people who are in need of help because of such feeling that everyone is part of community or of being part to a Filipino humanity. Filipino Surface Values which can be seen from the outside and which are considered uncertain because they can be interpreted positively.

The following are some of the Filipino surface values enumerated by Emerita S. Quito in her article “The Ambivalence of Filipino Traits and Values”i: (a)Hiya or shame which can be negatively interpreted “because it arrests or inhibits one's action. (b)Ningas-cogon or procrastination renders one inactive and unable to initiate things or to persevere. (c) Pakikisama or group loyalty (d)Patigasan or test of strength which is understood to be “negative because it is stubborn and it resists all efforts at reconciliation. (e)Bahala Na or resignation also refers to really laziness (f) Sakop or inclusion refers to the trait stunts growth and prevents a person from growing on one's own (g)Mañana or Bukas Na or procrastination arises from an indolent mentality that a problem will go away by itself. (h)Utang Na loob or indebtedness refers to the one who is beholden to another person will do anything to please him, thinking that by doing so he is able to repay a debt. (i) Kanya-kanya or of self-centeredness is considered “negative because it is self-centered; one has no regard for others. (j) Colonial mentality or the influence of foreign values destroys our indigenous Filipino values. i