Basic Physical Optics

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Chapter 1 The Nature of <a href="/tags/Light/" rel="tag">Light</a>: <a href="/tags/Wave/" rel="tag">Wave</a>-Particle Duality Reflection of LightThe earliest accounts of light reflection originate from the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid, who conducted a series of experiments around 300 BC revealing how light is reflected. However, it was only a millennium and a half later that the Arab scientist Alhazen proposed a law describing what happens to a light ray when it strikes a smooth surface and then bounces off into The reflection of Mount Hood in space. Trillium Lake Angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection on a <a href="/tags/Mirror/" rel="tag">mirror</a>Basic Physical Optics. Part 1 Corpuscle Theory of LightThe ancient Greece scientist Pythagoras (VI – V B.C.) postulated that every visible object emits a steady stream of particles that stimulated the sense of sight when entering the eye. <a href="/tags/Aristotle/" rel="tag">Aristotle</a> (IV B.C.) however stated that light travels in a manner similar to <a href="/tags/Wave/" rel="tag">waves</a> in the ocean. Isaac <a href="/tags/Newton_(unit)/" rel="tag">Newton</a> Supported by the immense scientific authority of Sir <a href="/tags/Isaac_Newton/" rel="tag">Isaac Newton</a> (1642 - (1642 - 1727) 1727), the corpuscle theory of light dominated until the beginning of the 19th century. It appeared to be easy enough to picture light as a stream of particles when explaining reflection (Isaac Newton, Opticks, 1704). With much more difficulty, the corpuscle theory modeled refraction and <a href="/tags/Dispersion_(optics)/" rel="tag">dispersion</a> of light. However, it is not at all surprising that the corpuscle theory of light attracted physicists for centuries. It will be experiencing rebirth in the 20th century as the theory of photons, explaining many properties of light, in particular the photoelectric effect (see later in this Chapter).Basic Physical Optics. Module 1 Corpuscle Theory of Light Latin corpusculum, diminutive of The ancient Greece scientist Pythagorascorpus - the (VIterm – proposed V B.C.) by Isaac postulated that every visible objectNewton emits for a steadysingle, infinitesimally stream of particles that stimulated the sensesmall, of particle sight when of light entering the eye. Aristotle (IV B.C.) however stated that light travels in a manner similar to waves in the Clickocean. here to close Isaac Newton Supported by the immense scientific authority of Sir Isaac Newton (1642 - (1642 - 1727) 1727), the corpuscle theory of light dominated until the beginning of the 19th century. It appeared to be easy enough to picture light as a stream of particles when explaining reflection (Isaac Newton, Opticks, 1704). With much more difficulty, the corpuscle theory modeled refraction and dispersion of light. However, it is not at all surprising that the corpuscle theory of light attracted physicists for centuries. It will be experiencing rebirth in the 20th century as the theory of photons, explaining many properties of light, in particular the photoelectric effect (see later in this Chapter).Basic Physical Optics. Module 1 Corpuscle Theory of LightThe ancient Greece scientist Pythagoras (VI – V B.C.) postulatedDispersion that every is often visible referred object to as emits breaking a steady stream of particlesdown that the stimulated “white” light the into sense colored of sight when entering the eye. Aristotlecomponents (IV or B.C.) “<a href="/tags/Spectrum/" rel="tag">spectrum</a>”, however as statedobserved that light travels in a manneroriginally similar toby waves I. Newton in the in 1671. ocean. Dispersion can be only understood from the wave Isaac Newton theory standpoint since its underlying Supported by the immense scientific authority of Sir Isaac Newton (1642 - (1642 - 1727) 1727), thephenomenon corpuscle istheory the variation of light dominatedof refractive until the beginning of the 19th century.index Itof appeared a material to depending be easy enough on the to picture light as a stream of particleswavelength when explaining of light. reflection We will (Isaacstudy Newton, Opticks, 1704). dispersion later in the courseWith muchClick more here difficulty, to close the corpuscle theory modeled refraction and dispersion of light. However, it is not at all surprising that the corpuscle theory of light attracted physicists for centuries. It will be experiencing rebirth in the 20th century as the theory of photons, explaining many properties of light, in particular the photoelectric effect (see later in this Chapter).Basic Physical Optics. Module 1 Corpuscle Theory of LightThe ancient Greece scientist Pythagoras (VI – V B.C.) postulated that every visible object emits a steady stream of particles that stimulated the sense of sight when entering the eye. Aristotle (IV B.C.) however stated that light travels in a manner similar to waves in the ocean. Photon is a “particle of light”. The Isaac Newton Supported by the immense scientificmodern authority concept of of Sir the Isaac photon Newton was (1642 - gradually developed (1905–1926) by (1642 - 1727) 1727), the corpuscle theory of light dominated until the beginning of the A. Einstein and other physicists to 19th century. It appeared to be easy enough to picture light as a stream of particles when explaining reflectionexplain (Isaac experimental Newton, Opticks observations, 1704). that did not fit the classical wave model of light With much more difficulty, the corpuscle theory modeled refraction and dispersion of light. Click here to closeHowever, it is not at all surprising that the corpuscle theory of light attracted physicists for centuries. It will be experiencing rebirth in the 20th century as the theory of photons, explaining many properties of light, in particular the photoelectric effect (see later in this Chapter).Basic Physical Optics. Module 1 Spectrum of Visible EM RadiationI. Newton divided the <a href="/tags/Visible_spectrum/" rel="tag">visible spectrum</a>, to the human eye, into seven colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet (this order being popularly memorized by using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV); indigo is often not recognized as a separate color ). violet 380–450 nm blue 450–495 nm green 495–570 nm yellow 570–590 nm orange 590–620 nm red 620–750 nmEM radiation of one particular wavelength (or narrow range of wavelengths) has one single color. It is referred to as monochromatic. Waves of just one wavelength (or frequency) are conventionally termed monochromatic in all ranges, not necessarily in the visible. Basic Physical Optics. Module 1 Spectrum of Visible EM RadiationI. Newton divided the visible spectrum, to the human eye, into seven colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet (this order being popularly memorized by using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV); indigo is often not recognized as a separate color ). violet 380–450 nm blue 450–495Monochrome nm comes from the two Greek words mono green 495–570(µoνο -nm "only" or "alone"), and chroma (χρωµα,- "color"). yellow 570–590 nm orange 590–620Click here nm to close red 620–750 nmEM radiation of one particular wavelength (or narrow range of wavelengths) has one single color. It is referred to as monochromatic. Waves of just one wavelength (or frequency) are conventionally termed monochromatic in all ranges, not necessarily in the visible. Basic Physical Optics. Module 1 Chapter 1 QUIZ A transverse mechanical wave propagates horizontally from left to right. The points of the medium:A) oscillate in the horizontal direction B) move left to right in the direction of propagation of the wave C) oscillate in the vertical direction D) experience only slight pushes in the direction of the wave E) follow the sinusoidal pathThatThatThat That ThatisThatisThat incorrect.incorrect. is is is is is incorrect. incorrect. incorrect. incorrect.incorrect. It'sIt's not notYou You I CheckI Check doesn't doesn't oscillationoscillation shouldshould aa inin Correct - Click anywhere to Incorrect - Click anywhere to Correct - Click anywhere to differentdifferentcheckcheckfollowIncorrectfollowthethe a a horizontal movement horizontalthe movementdifferentthedifferent - sinusoidalsinusoidal Click motion motion position.anywhere position. ofof the the path.path. of of wave.wave. the the to continuecontinue continuecontinue YourYour answer:answer: wave.wave.ClickClickClick ClickClick anywhere anywhereanywhere anywhereanywhere to toto review review review toto reviewreview You did not answer this YouYou answered did not answerthis correctly! this Youquestion answered completely this correctly! TheTheYouYou correctcorrect question mustmust answer answeranswer completely is: is:thethe questionquestion Submit Clear beforebefore continuingcontinuing Reflection of LightThe earliest accounts of light reflection originate from the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid, who conducted a series of experiments around 300 BC revealing how light is reflected. However, it was only a millennium and a half later that the Arab scientist Alhazen proposed a law describing what happens to a light ray when it strikes a smooth surface and then bounces off into The reflection of Mount Hood in space. Trillium Lake Angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection on a mirrorBasic Physical Optics. Part 1 For centuries, starting with ancient Greek philosophers, light was pictured only as a stream of photons A) True B) False ThatThat isis incorrect.incorrect. ClickClick anywhereanywhere toto reviewreviewCorrectCorrect -- Click Click anywhereanywhere toto IncorrectIncorrect -- Click Click anywhereanywhere toto continuecontinue continuecontinue YourYour answer:answer: You did not answer this YouYou answered did not answerthis correctly! this Youquestion answered completely this correctly! TheTheYouYou correctcorrect question mustmust answerTry answerTryanswer completely againagain is: is:thethe questionquestion Submit Clear beforebefore continuingcontinuing Corpuscle Theory of LightThe ancient Greece scientist Pythagoras (VI – V B.C.) postulated that every visible object emits a steady stream of particles that stimulated the sense of sight when entering the eye. Aristotle (IV B.C.) however, stated that light travels in a manner similar to waves in the ocean. Isaac Newton Supported by the immense scientific authority of Sir Isaac Newton (1642 - (1642 - 1727) 1727), the corpuscle theory of light dominated until the beginning of the 19th century. It appeared to be easy enough to picture light as a stream of particles when explaining reflection (Isaac Newton, Opticks, 1704). With much more difficulty, the corpuscle theory modeled refraction and dispersion of light. However, it is not at all surprising that the corpuscle theory of light attracted physicists for centuries. It will be experiencing rebirth in the 20th century as the theory of photons, explaining many properties of light, in particular the photoelectric effect (see later in this Chapter).Basic Physical Optics. Module 1 Corpuscle Theory of Light Latin corpusculum, diminutive of The ancient Greece scientist Pythagorascorpus - the (VIterm – proposed V B.C.) by Isaac postulated that every visible objectNewton emits for a steadysingle, infinitesimally stream of particles that stimulated the sensesmall, of sight particle when ofentering light the eye. Aristotle (IV B.C.) however stated that light travels in a manner similar to waves in the ocean. Click here to return Isaac Newton Supported by the immense scientific authority of Sir Isaac Newton (1642 - (1642 - 1727) 1727), the corpuscle theory of light dominated until the beginning of the 19th century. It appeared to be easy enough to picture light as a stream of particles when explaining reflection (Isaac Newton, Opticks, 1704). With much more difficulties the corpuscle theory modeled refraction and dispersion of light. However, it is not at all surprising that the corpuscle theory of light attracted physicists for centuries. It will be experiencing the rebirth in the XX century as the theory of photons, explaining many properties of light, in particular the photoelectric effect (see later in this Chapter).Basic Physical Optics. Module 1 Corpuscle Theory of LightThe ancient Greece scientist Pythagoras (VI – V B.C.) postulatedDispersion that every is often visible referred object to as emits the a steady stream of particlesbreaking that stimulated down of the “white” sense light of sight into whencolored entering the eye. Aristotlecomponents (IV B.C.) or however “spectrum”, stated as observed that light travels in a manner similar originallyto waves by in I.the Newton ocean. in 1671. Dispersion can only be understood from the wave Isaac Newton theory standpoint since its underlying Supported by the immense scientific authority of Sir Isaac Newton (1642 - (1642 - 1727) 1727), thephenomenon corpuscle istheory the variation of light dominatedof the until the beginning of the 19th century.refractive It appeared index of toa materialbe easy enoughwith the to picture light as a stream of particleswavelength when explaining of light. reflection We will (Isaacstudy Newton, Opticks, 1704). dispersion later in the courseWith muchClick more here difficulties to return the corpuscle theory modeled refraction and dispersion of light. However, it is not at all surprising that the corpuscle theory of light attracted physicists for centuries. It will be experiencing the rebirth in the XX century as the theory of photons, explaining many properties of light, in particular the photoelectric effect (see later in this Chapter).Basic Physical Optics. Module 1 Corpuscle Theory of LightThe ancient Greece scientist Pythagoras (VI – V B.C.) postulated that every visible object emits a steady stream of particles that stimulated the sense of sight when entering the eye. Aristotle (IV B.C.) however stated that light travels in a manner similar to waves in the ocean. Photon is a “particle of light”. The Isaac Newton Supported by the immense scientificmodern authority concept of of Sir the Isaac photon Newton was (1642 - gradually developed (1905–1926) by (1642 - 1727) 1727), the corpuscle theory of light dominated until the beginning of the A. Einstein and other physicists to 19th century. It appeared to be easy enough to picture light as a stream of particles when explaining reflectionexplain (Isaac experimental Newton, Opticks observations, 1704). that did not fit the classical wave model of light With much more difficulties the corpuscle theory modeled refraction and dispersion of light. Click here to returnHowever, it is not at all surprising that the corpuscle theory of light attracted physicists for centuries. It will be experiencing the rebirth in the XX century as the theory of photons, explaining many properties of light, in particular the photoelectric effect (see later in this Chapter).Basic Physical Optics. Module 1 A monochromatic EM waveA) has one and the same amplitude at all points B) has one and the same phase at all points ThatThat isis incorrect.incorrect. C) has one and the same frequency ClickClick anywhereanywhere toto D) maintains the direction of oscillations of electric reviewreview and magnetic fields E) all of the aboveCorrectCorrect -- Click Click anywhereanywhere toto IncorrectIncorrect -- Click Click anywhereanywhere toto continuecontinue continuecontinue YourYour answer:answer: You did not answer this YouYou answered did not answerthis correctly! this Youquestion answered completely this correctly! TheTheYouYou correctcorrect question mustmust answerTry answerTryanswer completely againagain is: is:thethe questionquestion Submit Clear beforebefore continuingcontinuing Spectrum of Visible EM RadiationI. Newton divided the visible spectrum, to the human eye, into seven colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet (this order being popularly memorized by using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV); indigo is often not recognized as a separate color ). violet 380–450 nm blue 450–495 nm green 495–570 nm yellow 570–590 nm orange 590–620 nm red 620–750 nmEM radiation of one particular wavelength (or narrow range of wavelengths) has one single color. It is referred to as monochromatic. Waves of just one wavelength (or frequency) are conventionally termed monochromatic in all ranges, not necessarily in the visible. Basic Physical Optics. Module 1 Spectrum of Visible EM RadiationI. Newton divided the visible to a human eye spectrum into seven colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet (this order being popularly memorized by using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV); indigo is often not recognized as a separate color ). violet 380–450 nm blue 450–495Monochrome nm comes from the two Greek words mono green 495–570(µoνο -nm "only" or "alone"), and chroma (χρωµα,- "color"). yellow 570–590 nm orange 590–620Click here nm to close red 620–750 nmEM radiation of one particular wavelength (or narrow range of wavelengths) has one single color. It is referred to as monochromatic. Waves of just one wavelength (or frequency) are conventionally termed monochromatic in all ranges, not necessarily in the visible. Basic Physical Optics. 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