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Assessment of Impacts and Recovery Needs of Communities Affected by El

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Assessment of Impacts and Recovery Needs of Communities Affected by El Assessment of impacts and recovery needs of communities affected by El Niño-induced drought in Kunene, Erongo and Omusati regions of Namibia Assessment of impacts and recovery needs of communities affected by El Niño-induced drought in Kunene, Erongo and Omusati regions of Namibia Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 2016 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. © FAO, 2016 ISBN 978-92-5-109558-4 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. Cover photos: ©FAO/FAO Namibia Table of contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... vii Acronyms and abbreviations ........................................................................................... viii Executive summary ........................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Background information .......................................................................................... 4 1.2 Objectives ................................................................................................................ 4 2. Methodology .................................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Assessment design and data collection .................................................................... 5 2.2 Key informant interviews (KII) ............................................................................... 5 2.3 Focus Group Discussions (FGD) ............................................................................. 5 2.4 Limitations of the assessment .................................................................................. 6 2.5 Sampling procedure ................................................................................................. 7 3. Overall pre-disaster situation ....................................................................................... 7 3.1 Agriculture in Namibia ............................................................................................ 7 3.1.1 Crop production .................................................................................................... 8 3.1.2 Livestock .............................................................................................................. 8 3.1.3 Forestry ............................................................................................................... 10 3.2 Climate and agro-ecological zones ........................................................................ 10 3.3 Importance of agriculture in the three affected regions ......................................... 11 3.4 Gender and socio-cultural aspects in agriculture ................................................... 11 4. Characteristics of the surveyed communities ........................................................... 12 5. Impact on crop production ......................................................................................... 13 5.1 Average area planted .............................................................................................. 13 5.2 Proportion of total area planted to a particular crop .............................................. 13 5.3 Percent of area affected by drought ....................................................................... 14 5.4 Main causes of crop failure .................................................................................... 14 5.5 Area under irrigation .............................................................................................. 16 5.6 Casual labour opportunities in crop farming ......................................................... 16 5.7 Effects of crop failure on households’ food access, availability and consumption 17 5.8 Main needs to restore crop production in the short and medium/long-term .......... 18 5.8.1 Short-term needs ................................................................................................ 18 iii 5.8.2 Medium/Long-term needs .................................................................................. 18 6. Impact on livestock ...................................................................................................... 19 6.1 Livestock ownership .............................................................................................. 19 6.2 Livestock mortalities .............................................................................................. 20 6.3 Assessment of Livestock body condition .............................................................. 23 6.4 Grazing and pasture condition ............................................................................... 25 6.5 Animal health vaccinations .................................................................................... 27 6.6 Access to water for livestock ................................................................................. 28 6.7 Coping Strategies being implemented by households to avoid further livestock losses 28 6.8 Main needs to restore livestock production ........................................................... 28 6.8.1 Short-term needs ................................................................................................ 28 6.8.2 Medium to long-term needs ............................................................................... 29 7. Impact on livelihoods .................................................................................................. 32 7.1 Household income sources .................................................................................... 32 7.2 Sources of staple foods current versus normal situation ........................................ 32 7.3 Food insecurity coping mechanisms ...................................................................... 34 7.4 Access to water ...................................................................................................... 36 7.5 Livelihood assistance ............................................................................................. 37 7.6 Needs for recovery expressed by affected population ........................................... 39 8. Impact on markets ...................................................................................................... 40 9. Recovery and rehabilitation interventions ................................................................ 41 9.1 Immediate, medium and long term needs .............................................................. 41 9.2 Crops sub-sector ..................................................................................................... 41 9.3 Livestock sub-sector .............................................................................................. 41 References ...................................................................................................................... 44 Annex 1 .......................................................................................................................... 45 List of regions, constituencies and villages visited ........................................................... 45 Annex 2 .................................................................................................................................... 47 Tools used for the Needs Assessment.................................................................................... 47 iv List of figures Figure 1: Focus group discussion for women in Kunene region ................................................ 6 Figure 2: Focus group discussion for men in Kuene region ...................................................... 6 Figure 3: Sampling Framework .................................................................................................. 7 Figure 4: Percentage distribution of agricultural households who have livestock by region .... 9 Figure 5: Livestock production in Namibia ............................................................................... 9 Figure 6: Proportion
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