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The Ixtleros of North-Central Mexico: a Geographical Study of Man-Plant Relationships." (1978)

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The Ixtleros of North-Central Mexico: a Geographical Study of Man-Plant Relationships. Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1978 The xI tleros of North-Central Mexico: a Geographical Study of Man-Plant Relationships. Samuel Richard Sheldon Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Sheldon, Samuel Richard, "The Ixtleros of North-Central Mexico: a Geographical Study of Man-Plant Relationships." (1978). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 3262. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/3262 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. 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SHELDON, SAMUEL RICHARD THE IXTLEROS OF NORTH-CENTRAL MEXICO £ A GEOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF MAN-PLANT RELAT IONSHIP5 - THE LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COL., PH.D , 1978 University M icrofilm s International 300 n. z e e b r o a d , a n n a r b o r48 , miioe © 1978 SAMUEL RICHARD SHELDON ALL RIGHTS RESERVED / / THE IXTLEROS OF NORTH-CENTRAL MEXICO: A GEOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF MAN-PLANT RELATIONSHIPS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geography and Anthropology by Samuel Richard Sheldon B.S., State University College at Buffalo, 1964 M.S., Eastern Michigan University, 1968 August 1978 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To everyone who contributed directly or indirectly to the com­ pletion of this dissertation I express my gratitude. To Dr. Robert C. West, my advisor and academic inspiration, and to committee members Drs. William V. Davidson, Milton B. Newton, Jr., Miles E. Richardson, and Lowell E. Urbatsch, my thanks for their time, constructive criti­ cism, and guidance. Dr. Sam B. Hilliard deserves a note of special gratitude for being both counselor and friend during the past ten years. Additionally, my appreciation extends to the entire faculty of the Department of Geography and Anthropology who have stimulated my interest in research, and who have been most generous in funding me during my lengthy tenure as a graduate student. During my stay in Mexico numer­ ous individuals contributed to my understanding of the country and it's people. A special debt of gratitude is owed Manuel Laborde and Dr. Jorge S. Marroquin of the Universidad Autonoma Agraria "Antonio Narro," and Dr. Fernando Medellin-Leal, of the Universidad de San Luis Potosi. I also am deeply beholden to the ixtlero people. This dis­ sertation could never have come to fruition without the benefit of their warmth and generous cooperation. Finally, I am grateful to my wife, Ellen, who provided encouragement and assistance at those times when it was most needed. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................... ii LIST OF T A B L E S ................................................... vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS............................................. vii LIST OF P L A T E S ................................................... viii ABSTRACT .......................................................... xi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................. 1 THE STUDY DEFINED ............................... 1 THE MAJOR THEME: MAN-PLANT RELATIONSHIPS ........................................ 7 PURPOSE ............................................... 9 LITERATURE ON IXTLE AND THE IXTLEROS ................ 9 II. AN OVERVIEW OF CONTEMPORARY ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC PATTERNS IN NORTH-CENTRAL MEXICO AND THE ZONA IXTLERA ................. 15 THE ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ........................... 15 LANDFORMS .......................................... 15 CLIMATE ........................ - ................. 17 SOILS AND VEGETATION ............................. 20 AGAVE LECHEGUILLA TORREY ...................... 24 YUCCA CARNEROSANA (TRELEASE) MC KELVEY .... 28 THE "ZONA IXTLERA" - LOCATION AND COMPONENTS ........................................ 30 TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) CHAPTER PAGE III. IXTLERO FIELD ACTIVITIES .................................... 43 THE GATHERING OF I X T L E .................................. 43 FIELD IMPLEMENTS ...................................... 43 THE DAILY R O U N D ...................................... 46 SITE SELECTION .................................... 49 GATHERING COGOLLOS ............................... 50 DECORTICATION OF THE COGOLLOS OF AGAVE LECHEGUILLA .................................. 52 DECORTICATION OF THE COGOLLOS OF YUCCA CARNEROSANA .................................. 59 TRANSACTIONS AT THE EJIDO COOPERATIVE .................. 66 SALES OF FIBER PRODUCTS BY IXTLEROS OUTSIDE THE E J I D O S ...................................... 68 THE GATHERING OF NON-IXTLE PLANTS ...................... 69 HUNTING AND THE CULTIVATION OF C R O P S .................. 70 STOCKRAISING ............................................. 77 IV. NON-COMMERCIAL UTILIZATION OF AGAVE LECHEGUILLA AND YUCCA CARNEROSANA IN THE EJIDOS OF NORTH-CENTRAL MEXICO ......................... 80 THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF IXTLE: THE ARCHAIC PE RI O D ........................... 80 MAN-PLANT RELATIONSHIPS DURING THE IMMEDIATE PRE- AND POST-CONQUEST PERIOD ........................... 82 PRESENT-DAY SUBSISTENCE UTILIZATION OF THE P L A N T S ............................................... 86 FIBER ................................................. 86 THE ROOTSTOCK ........................................ 94 LEAVES ................................................. 97 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) CHAPTER PAGE FRUIT AND FLOWERS ......................................... 100 TRUNKS .................................................... 103 V. COMMERCIAL ASPECTS OF AGAVE LECHEGUILLA AND YUCCA CARNEROSANA FIBER .................................. 112 SPANISH SETTLEMENT AND ECONOMIC ENDEAVORS DURING THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY ............................. 112 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY TO THE END OF THE COLONIAL PERIOD (1821) .... ........................... 116 THE NINETEENTH CENTURY .................................... 117 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO TWENTIETH CENTURY CHANGES IN THE COMMERCIAL FORTUNES OF I X T L E .............. 121 FORMATION OF LA NACIONAL IX T L E R A ........................ 127 LA FORESTAL, F.C.L......................................... 130 THE CONTEMPORARY SALE OF IX T L E .......................... 133 VI. POVERTY AND ITS RESOLUTION IN THE ZONA IXTLERA .................................................... 142 MEASURES OF POVERTY ......................................... 142 THE GOVERNMENT RESPONSE TO INDIGENCE IN THE ZONA IXTLERA ......................................... 155 VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .....................................167 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................... 178 A P P E N D I C E S ................................................................203 VITAE .................................................................... 213 v LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Average Monthly Precipitation for Selected Stations in North-Central Mexico ............................. 21 2. States and Municipios in Which Fiber from Agave lecheguilla and Yucca carnerosana
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