Mowat research #124 | August 2016

Sharing the Road The Promise and Perils of Shared Mobility in the GTHA

By Sara Ditta & Michael Crawford Urban with Sunil Johal Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the anonymous peer reviewers for their valuable feedback on this report. The authors would also like to thank the anonymous interviewees for giving so generously of their time and expertise. All content and any remaining errors are the sole responsibility of the authors. The authors would also like to thank Elaine Stam for her design work on this report as well as Jamie Van Ymeren, Alexa Greig, Reuven Shlozberg, Noah Zon, and Nevena Dragicevic for their helpful contributions.

The Mowat Centre gratefully acknowledges the financial support of Metrolinx and its role in commissioning this report.

Authors Michael Crawford Sara Ditta Sunil johal Urban Since joining Mowat as a Sunil Johal is the Policy Director Michael Crawford Urban is a Policy Associate in 2014, at the Mowat Centre. Previously, Policy Associate at the Mowat Sara Ditta has contributed to he was a Director with the Centre. He holds a doctorate several research projects in Ministry of Economic and masters in International areas related to infrastructure Development and Innovation and Relations from Balliol College, policy development, emerging has also held senior management University of Oxford as well technologies and community and policy roles with the Cabinet as degrees from the Norman benefits. Previously, she Office, Ministries of Finance Paterson School of International worked in federal government and Intergovernmental Affairs Affairs at Carleton University departments in Toronto and and federal Treasury Board and Queen’s University. Prior to Ottawa, and wrote about health Secretariat. He holds degrees joining Mowat, he worked for policy in the United States. She from the London School of Elections Canada as a Returning has completed a graduate degree Economics, Osgoode Hall Law Officer, Oxford Analytica – a at the University of Toronto’s School and the University of global analysis and advisory firm School of Public Policy and Western Ontario. He has been a – and at Global Affairs Canada in Governance and a Bachelor of lecturer with Ryerson University’s the department’s Policy Research Journalism at Carleton University. Department of Politics and Public Division. Administration since 2009.

mowatcentre.ca @mowatcentre 439 University Avenue The Mowat Centre is an independent public policy think tank Suite 2200, Toronto, ON located at the School of Public Policy & Governance at the M5G 1Y8 Canada University of Toronto. The Mowat Centre is Ontario’s non-partisan, evidence-based voice on public policy. It undertakes collaborative applied policy research, proposes innovative research-driven recommendations, and engages in public dialogue on Canada’s most important national issues. ©2016 ISBN 978-1-77259-020-3 Contents

Executive Summary 1

1 Introduction 3

2 What is Shared Mobility? 6

3 Shared Mobility in the GTHA 13

Impacts on Public Transit and 4 Sustainability 18

5 Key Issues 23

6 Lessons from Other Jurisdictions 31

Future State: Two Scenarios 7 in the GTHA 37

8 Recommendations 41

9 Conclusion 51 Executive Summary

The Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area’s (GTHA) transportation system faces significant challenges related to congestion, long commute times and limited integration across the region. At the same time, global trends and emerging technologies are disrupting traditional modes of mobility. The arrival of the “sharing economy” – in which online marketplaces allow consumers to forgo ownership and purchase real-time access to specific products or services instead – has governments around the world scrambling to respond effectively. For decision-makers, these developments present major opportunities and challenges for improving the region’s transportation system.

For consumers, “shared mobility” – which describes the innovations in mobility enabled by the sharing economy – offers the possibility of significant benefits, including more convenient and less costly transportation options. More broadly, these emerging business models have the potential to limit greenhouse gas emissions, reduce congestion and fill gaps in the GTHA’s transportation system. Alongside these potential benefits come challenges, however, as shared mobility stands to disrupt many existing services and traditional jobs associated with them within the transportation system, as well as threatening to undermine policies designed to support equity and accessibility.

Consequently, policymakers should adopt approaches that are proactive, flexible, innovative and collaborative to ensure that the benefits of shared mobility are secured while avoiding its potential pitfalls. More specifically, transportation strategies in the GTHA must incorporate shared mobility services by improving support for multi-modal transportation – the use of multiple modes of transportation (e.g. bike and subway) as parts of a single trip – and encouraging more public-private partnerships between transportation providers. Furthermore, several key issues must be addressed, ranging from specific concerns about taxation to issues that are broader in scope such as the inclusiveness of our transportation system.

Simply maintaining the status quo poses a significant risk for the GTHA, namely a fragmented transportation system that does not meet the needs of the region’s residents. However, lessons from other jurisdictions illustrate that governments and public transit agencies can work proactively and collaboratively to help prevent such outcomes and effectively harness shared mobility for the public good. innovation. associated withtheimminentarrival ofautomated vehicles andthenextwave oftransportation given thesimilar, important is particularly butmore seriousandfar-reaching, challenges for theadvancement system’s ofthetransportation overarching objectives. Thisfinallesson work withforesight andvisiontoward solutionsthatharnessnewtechnological innovations and unpredictability. Policymakers intoday’s ageneedtoproactively seize theinitiative and systemcannotaffordtransportation torepeat thepasttwoyears ofregulatory uncertainty risks thattakingapassive approach toinnovation cancreate forpolicymakers. TheGTHA’s Clearly, thearrival andincitiesaround ofUberintheGTHA theworldhasdemonstrated system,”transportation aslaidoutin policymakersof theseefforts, willneedtomore fullyembracetheidealofa“customer-first However, doing so willrequire awillingnesstoexplore newways ofdoingbusiness.Aspart thatpolicymakers anumberofsignificantpositive opportunities the GTHA shouldseize. Overall, systemappropriately, ifitisintegratedintothetransportation shared mobilityoffers tween publictransitandprivate shared mobilityproviders. Toronto butisatvarious stages inothermunicipalities–tolaunchingmore be- partnerships for regulating ride-sourcing suchasUberX–somethingthathasalready services beendonein recommendations rangefrom municipalitiestoquicklydevelop callingforallGTHA frameworks systemby usingittobetterenablemulti-modaltravel. transportation into theGTHA’s Specific and responsive regulatory framework.Thisframeworkshouldaimtointegrateshared mobility Notably, thisreport recommends thattheGovernment ofOntariolead and develop aflexible 6] Embracee 5] Re-alignincentives topromote shared mobility 4] Develop leadershipandcoordination mechanisms 3] Ensure opendata,technologicalneutralityandinteroperability 2] Prioritize partnerships 1] Expediteregulatory reform effectively respond totheemergence ofshared mobility: This report offers sixbroad recommendations forbuildingarobust andflexiblesystemthatcan merging technologies The BigMove , theregion’s plan. transportation

1 | The Mowat Centre 2 | Introduction residents. of the region’s not meet theneeds system that does transportation fragmented namely a GTHA, risk for the poses a significant the status quo Simply maintaining 1 increasingly ofalternatives. embracingaportfolio consumersareone formoftransportation, and ride-sharing.Indeed,insteadofrelying on suchascar-sharing,bike-sharingnew services solutions, asmanypeopleare already flockingto flexible, responsive andcitizen-centric mobility Nevertheless, there isclearlydemandformore equity andaccessibility. transitsystems’ policies aimedatsupporting sectorandundermining within thetransportation andjobs potentially disruptingexistingservices however, itcreates newchallenges,including systems.Simultaneously,existing transportation limit greenhouse gasemissionsandfillgapsin broadly, ithasthepotentialtoreduce congestion, options.Moreand lesscostlytransportation to consumers,oftenproviding more convenient Shared mobilityoffers significantopportunities mobility.” consumers toshare accesstovehicles suchascarsandbikes, ratherthanownthem,knownas“shared of thatchangehasacceleratedremarkably withthegrowth ofnewbusinessmodelsthat enable Traditional are modesoftransportation changingandevolving worldwide.Inrecent years, thepace Introduc tion individual basis. to grapplewiththiscomplexdevelopment onan the region’s 10publictransitagenciesattempt has becomeonlymore complicatedaseachof This already challenge significanttransportation now confronting theimpactofshared mobility. the Greater Toronto andHamiltonArea is (GTHA) aging infrastructure anduneven transitcapacity, Amid ongoingchallengesincludingcongestion, ______citizens while doingso. benefits to theregion’s maximize theoverall system, buthowto GTHA’s transportation shared mobilityinto the not whether to integrate policymakers face is Overall, the choice

3 | The Mowat Centre 10 characteristics of an effective transportation system

Innovative Inclusive Sustainable Accessible Safe Accepts and Produces only Provides access Provides access encourages of Ensures the safety limited negative to citizens from all to citizens of all new technologies of the public environmental socio-economic levels of ability and ways of doing impacts backgrounds things

Efficient Non- Liveable Equitable Citizen-centric exploitative Enables citizens Ensures that all Supports vibrant, to get where users of the system Responds to the Supports healthy and they need to go pay an equitable needs of users decent work for active human in a reasonable share of transportation communities amount of time its cost sector employees

Integrating shared mobility into this system Developing a system that embodies these will be complex, but the upcoming review of 10 characteristics of effectiveness, despite the region’s transportation plan, The Big Move, competing fiscal constraints and legacy presents a key opportunity to forge a strong commitments, presents a formidable challenge. vision for the future. Leveraging shared mobility Success will require resolving short-term issues, in building a more effective transportation including regulating firms such as Uber in a system will be an important step in this process. way that balances innovation with fairness and public safety. More importantly, however, In order to harness the benefits of shared it will also require developing a more forward- mobility and avoid its pitfalls, this report looking and responsive regulatory framework, highlights the need for a comprehensive regional capable of adapting to a constantly changing approach that connects new shared mobility landscape in which technological change is only tools with already-existing assets to deliver the accelerating. Indeed, getting this approach right region’s transportation objectives as effectively represents a critical test case ahead of the arrival as possible. To be successful, this approach of even more disruptive developments – such must be implemented within a flexible framework as automated vehicles1 – that are already on the that recognizes the dynamic character of this horizon. fast-changing marketplace and the unique contexts of individual municipalities. Crafting this framework will be challenging and will require policymakers to be proactive, innovative, 1 The term automated vehicles includes both vehicles with high flexible and collaborative. levels of automation that still require a human driver and fully-au- t ion tonomous vehicles. For more information, see Zon, N. and Ditta, S. February 2016. “Robot, Take the Wheel; Public Policy for Automated Vehicles”. Mowat Centre. pg. 4. https://mowatcentre.ca/robot-take- the-wheel/ 4 | I n tr o du c Overall, the choice policymakers face Key elements of is not whether to integrate shared effective shared mobility mobility into the GTHA’s transportation policymaking system, but how to maximize the overall benefits to the region’s citizens while Proactive doing so. Based on an examination of Early action by policymakers is the current policy environment, and the necessary to get ahead of and overcome opportunities and challenges that shared the conflicts that the rise of shared mobility has created, this paper will offer mobility is likely to create. It would recommendations on how to achieve this also be valuable for policymakers to outcome. incentivize certain behaviours among both users and providers while these emerging technologies are still new and Methodology patterns of use are still malleable.

Our research and analysis is based on structured individual Innovative interviews with 12 experts in Embracing new technologies provides Canada and abroad, additional policymakers with opportunities to unstructured consultations with leverage the innovations associated GTHA transportation experts and with shared mobility – such as new a review of relevant literature. transportation formats and sources Though this paper focuses on of data – to improve the region’s the GTHA, the region serves as transportation system. a microcosm, as many similar issues will have to be addressed Flexible outside its borders – throughout Flexible frameworks provide an the rest of Ontario and beyond. opportunity to act quickly in light of emerging and fast-changing models within the shared mobility landscape and to avoid unnecessarily inhibiting beneficial innovations.

Collaborative Collaboration across governments will be critical to crafting a cohesive regulatory response to shared mobility. Coordination between governments and shared mobility providers will also be important to effectively incorporating these new models into the transportation C en tr e at system, including through public-private partnerships. e Mow 5 | T h e 6 | what is shared mobility? 2 Mobility_20140716.pdf www.rolandberger.com/media/pdf/Roland_Berger_TAB_Shared_ game”. RolandBerger Strategy ConsultantsGMBH businesses are rewriting therulesof theprivate transportation 2 Freese, C.andSchönberg, A.2014. “Shared Mobility;Hownew some sectors–incomingyears. significant growth –upto35percentyear in suggest thatshared mobilitycould experience significant economicpotentialandprojections the sharingeconomyhasalready unlocked even personalautomobileownership.Overall, suchastaxisand modes oftransportation along withcompetitive ratescompared toother greater convenience compared topublictransit, popularity inrecent years by offering customers basis.Sharedshort-term mobilityhasgrown in rent outtheircars,bikes ona ordrivingservices to connectdrivers orownersofvehicles who use applications(apps)ontheirmobilephones Ingeneral,customers focused ontransportation. refers ofthesharingeconomy tothoseparts The term“shared ismore mobility” specificand to leverage underutilized assetstomeetdemandsnotbeingserved by traditionalmarkets. withinthesharingeconomyhavethem). Ingeneral,services foundsuccessby usingnewtechnologies traditional businesses)and/orshare thesameassetsonarental/time-share basis(insteadofbuying platforms andmarketplaces directly tobuygoodsandservices from oneanother(insteadoffrom The pastdecadehasseentheemergence inwhichconsumersuseonline ofthe“sharingeconomy” Mobilit What isShared 2 . pg.10.https:// y? travellers withmore toshiftfrom opportunities options,sharedtransportation mobilityprovides system.Withagreatertransportation variety of Shared mobilitycould alsostrengthen our ______in comingyears. per year insomesectors – growth –upto 35per cent experience significant shared mobilitycould projections suggestthat economic potential and already unlocked significant The sharing economy has Key features oftheshared mobilitylandscape provide ahigh-level overview ofeach. key features oftheshared mobilitylandscapeand system.Below,transportation weexamineeight with avariety ofexistingaspectsthe Shared mobilitytakes manyformsandinteracts last-mile” problem. system,suchasthe“first-mile/ transportation by helpingtofillcriticalgapsinthe particularly sustainable andefficientmulti-modaljourneys – journeys insingle-occupancyvehicles tomore erenceGuide_09.25.2015.pdf center.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/SharedUseMobility_Ref Guide”. Shared-Use MobilityCentre. pg1.http://sharedusemobility- 3 Parzen, J.andFrisbie, T. 2015.“Shared-Use MobilityReference Microtransit Bike-sharing 3 Shared Parking Car-sharing - increase personalautomobileusage. discourages useoftransitandhelps the inconvenience itrepresents, often the needforthisadditionaljourney, and mile problem isacriticalissuebecause for themajorityofjourney. TheF/L fromof transportation theoneused requires adifferent andadditionalmode like subways. Solvingthisproblem often their journey withmasstransitservices andendingpointsof ultimate starting by travellers asthey connectthe problem The first-mile/last-mile(F/Lmile) Ride-sourcing as a Service Mobility refers tothedifficultiesfaced Mobility Hubs Ride-sharing

7 | The Mowat Centre The term “minimum grid” is Bike-sharing specific to Toronto and refers to a proposal for a connected grid Bike-sharing involves the shared use of a bicycle of 100 km of protected bicycle or fleet of bicycles by multiple users. Typically, lanes (physically separated users access bikes through a fixed network of from vehicular traffic) on main stations, enabled by information technology (IT), streets and an additional 100 km usually located in high-density areas. Toronto of bicycle boulevards (two-way Bike Share and Hamilton’s SoBi system4 are bicycles lanes not separated from the main examples in the GTHA. In general, vehicular traffic) on low-traffic streets. The minimum grid is an payment is completed by credit or debit card example of the interconnected and and charged based on duration of use, though comprehensive city-wide networks annual membership schemes are also common. that advocates argue are needed In less dense areas, or for trips from less to more to enable the quick and safe dense areas, bike-sharing tends to be used in bicycle travel that will in turn spur conjunction with transit, largely because it offers more extensive use of bike-sharing, a solution to the F/L mile problem.5 as well as significant increases in cycling more generally. Users cite convenience as the primary reason for bike-sharing usage. Consequently, bike-sharing is highly dependent on users’ proximity to docking stations, the density and size of the network and the quality of an area’s biking infrastructure.6 Recent research has also indicated that a strong bike-sharing network has the potential to improve safety for users.7

4 SoBi is a hybrid system that also allows users to lock bikes at non- dock locations within the service area for a small additional charge. 5 Shaheen, S. Martin, E. Chan, N.Cohen, A and Pogodzinski, M. 2014. “Public Bikesharing in North America During a Period of Rapid Expansion: Understanding Business Models, Industry Trends y? and User Impacts”.Mineta Transportation Institute. pg. 95-96. http:// transweb.sjsu.edu/PDFs/research/1131-public-bikesharing-busi- ness-models-trends-impacts.pdf 6 Fishman, E. 2016. “Bikeshare: A Review of Recent Literature”. Transport Reviews 36(1) 92-113. pg. 97. 7 Martin, E. Cohen, A. Botha, J. and Shaheen, S. March 2016. “Bikesharing and Bicycle Safety”. Mineta Transportation Institute. pg. 28. http://transweb.sjsu.edu/PDFs/research/1204-bikesharing-and- bicycle-safety.pdf e d m o b ili t 8 | w hat i s shar with renters. multiple owners,insteadofasinglefleetowner, (P2P) –through whichplatformsconnect while travelling) employ peer-to-peermodels travellers torent outcarsthey leave attheairport such asFlightCar(whichenables niche services (which recently launchedinOntario)andmore well-known car-sharingschemessuchasTuro points, thereby enablingone-way trips.Less the caratanyofanumberspecifiedsecond growing, one-way modelallowsuserstoleave a round trip.Thelesscommon,butfaster end,therebylocation atjourney’s requiring involves usersreturning thecartoitsoriginal Two-way car-sharing,themostcommonform, by tripdurationand/ordistancetravelled. to membershipcosts,usersare generallycharged locations. Carsare booked onlineand,inaddition dense urbancore, atmultiplereserved parking that isdistributedthroughout anarea, usuallya provides accesstoanoperator-ownedfleet model involves amembershipscheme,which fleet ofcarsby manyusers.Themostpopular Car-sharing refers totheshared useofacaror Guide”. pg.5-6. 8 Parzen, J.andFrisbie, T. 2015.“Shared-Use MobilityReference Car-sharing 8 to personalcarownership. sourcing canprovide acost-effective alternative higher-order publictransit(e.g.subways) –ride- Lyft). Inconjunctionwithothermodes–suchas them inthedriver’s personalvehicle (UberXand to hire anon-professional driver totransport of ride-sourcing involves travellers usinganapp mobility. Nevertheless, themostpopularform sourcing andsomeotherformsofshared beginning toblurthedistinctionbetweenride- and Bandwagon),have alsoemerged andare a rideprovided by ahired driver (UberPool customers travelling onasimilarroute share Newer formsofride-sourcing, inwhichmultiple care andtaxiservice. children thatmerges (Shuddle),aservice child as private forunaccompanied transportation Plus). They alsooffer more such nicheservices, and larger formathired-vehicle (Lyft services (UberBlack) carservices on-demand luxury operate awidevariety including ofservices known operatorsoftheseplatforms.TNCs Network Companies(TNCs),are themostwidely- Uber andLyft, oftentermedTransportation in exchange forpayment. Companiessuchas travellers withdrivers offering them totransport is theuseofanonlineplatformthatconnects Ride-sourcing, alsosometimescalledride-hailing, tyeight.com/features/public-transit-should-be-ubers-new-best-friend/ NewBestFriend”.. http://fivethirShould beUber’s FiveThirtyEight - 10 Silver, N.and Fischer-Baum,R.28August, 2015. “PublicTransit make regardless. additional passengersto ajourney thatadriver wouldotherwise we reserve thetermride-sharingformodeswhich involve adding 9 Whilemanycommentators refer to ride-sourcing asride-sharing, Ride-sourcing 10 9

9 | The Mowat Centre Ride-sharing Microtransit

Ride-sharing involves adding passengers to an The term microtransit refers to a spectrum of existing journey. Unlike ride-sourcing, the driver is models. At one extreme, it resembles traditional not hired by the passenger(s) and does not make transit in that it follows static routes with pre- a profit, though riders may help defray the costs determined pick-up and drop-off points (UberHop of the journey to the driver. Ride-sharing, in the and Lyft Line). At the other, it more resembles form of carpooling, is not new but has generally ride-sourcing and ride-sharing in its dynamically been limited to pre-existing offline social generated routes customized on-demand for networks. Outside of a few specific examples in individual travellers (Split). In between, some Washington, D.C. and Houston – where it is called public transit providers have started offering “slugging” – spontaneous ride-sharing between limited on-demand dynamic services still tied to strangers is rare in North America and dependent existing bus stops but not to particular routes.13 on specific local conditions. Regardless of the model, microtransit services The arrival of new online technology has revived aim to offer more frequent, targeted and interest in ride-sharing by removing two important convenient transit-like services for prices that obstacles. First, ride-sharing apps facilitate are often significantly cheaper than a traditional the cumbersome logistics of splitting the cost taxi fare – though they may be more expensive of a ride. Second, online rating systems have than traditional transit. This improved service helped reduce safety concerns about riding usually depends on the use of vehicles that fall with strangers. Nevertheless, reductions in somewhere between traditional 40-foot buses convenience and flexibility involved with adding and personal automobiles, such as vans and mini- passengers to trips is an ongoing obstacle to ride- buses. By using smaller vehicles, microtransit sharing, especially for short trips such as daily is able to provide better service to less dense 11 commutes. Several firms (Uber, Netlift, RideCo areas that are historically under-served by public and Blancride) are working to solve this problem. transit.14 Microtransit-like services are also Long-distance ride-sharing has been more starting to serve denser areas with inadequate successful, especially in Europe, where BlaBlaCar, higher-order transit.15 an intercity ride-sharing platform, has more than 20 million members.12

13 Kraatz, C. 10 June, 2015. “VTA Testing Dynamic Transit Service Pilot”. Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority: News and Media. http://www.vta.org/News-and-Media/Connect-with-VTA/VTA-Test- ing-Dynamic-Transit-Service-Pilot#.VstpvpwrKUk 14 Gee, M. 23 December, 2015. “Microtransit: Cities should y? explore innovation that will help move people”. The Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/microtransit- cities-should-explore-innovation-that-will-help-move-people/ar- ticle27931173/ and Jaffe, E. 27 April, 2015. “How the Microtransit 11 Jaffe, E. 13 November, 2015. “Suburban Ride-Sharing Is Movement Is Changing Urban Mobility”. CITYLAB. http://www. Mathematically Impossible”. CITYLAB. http://www.citylab.com/ citylab.com/commute/2015/04/how-the-microtransit-movement- commute/2015/11/suburban-ride-sharing-is-mathematically- is-changing-urban-mobility/391565/ impossible/415494/ 15 Hui, A and Moore, O. 14 December, 2015. “Toronto vows to 12 Schechner, A. 16 September, 2015. “BlaBlaCar Valued at $1.5 crack down on Uber even as court continues to drop charges”. The Billion After New Funding Round”. Wall Street Journal. http://www. Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/ wsj.com/articles/blablacar-joins-ranks-of-billion-dollar-venture- toronto-vows-to-crack-down-on-uber-even-as-court-continues-to- e d m o b ili t i s shar 10 | w hat backed-startups-1442433577 drop-charges/article27744136/ can also help reduce congestion. time spent seekingparkingspaces, shared parking ride-sourcing tocompletetheirjourney). Byreducing drivers toparktheir cars outside a city core and use Rover’s “radius parking” concept, which enables combinations of modes of travel (e.g. Toronto firm promote itasameansofenablingmore efficient and increasing availability. Proponents also technologies, thereby loweringparkingprices use ofparkingresources enabled through new Both formsare linked by themore intensive helps create amore efficientparkingmarket. effectively market already-existing parking.This operating paidparkinglots,ofappstomore involves theuse,by organizations already in exchange forasmallfee. Thesecondform such asadriveway, through theuseofanapp renting outapersonally-ownedparkingspot, forms. Themore innovative ofthetwoinvolves space by many users.Shared parkingtakes two Shar aims-to-hook-you-up-with-a-parking-spot?__lsa=c355-dbfc financialpost.com/entrepreneur/fp-startups/startup-whereipark- you upwithaparking spot” 16 Owram,K.3October, WhereiPark aimsto 2014.“Startup hook ed parkingrefers totheuseofaparking Shared Parking The NationalPost . http://business. 16 transport-innovation-award ubigo-sweden-and-st-lawrence-seaway-canada-share-prestigious- Transport Innovation Award”. Media.http://www.itf-oecd.org/ (Sweden) andStLawrence Seaway (Canada)Share Prestigious vehicles. more attractive withthearrival ofautomated MaaS systemsare expectedtobecomeeven system inoperation. Gothenburg (Sweden)iscurrently theonlyMaaS telecommunications bundles.UbiGoin value,packages ofvarying similartocurrent Typically, are services bundledinto journey.particular most appropriate optionforany transportation MaaS providers are abletooffer subscribersthe access toassetsownedby otherproviders, mobility assetsthemselves or by purchasing on asubscriptionbasis.Eitherby maintaining throughmobility services asingleprovider, likely purchasing ofon-demand accesstoaportfolio assetslikeof personaltransportation carsby model wherein individualsreplace ownership (MaaS)isanemergingMobility asaservice 18 InternationalTransportation Forum. 20May, 2015. service.aspx International-innovation-award-awarded-to-a-new-urban-mobility- www.chalmers.se/en/areas-of-advance/Transport/news/Pages/ receivesservice internationalinnovation award”. News.https:// University ofTechnology. 22May, 2015.“Newurbanmobility https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IDEdu-Q94RI andChalmers UbiGo_May2015.pdf andUbiGo.21January, 2014.“UbiGo”. UbiGo UbiGo 17 UbiGo.24May, inreality”. 2015.“UbiGo–MobilityasaService point of payment for all transportation needs. point ofpayment foralltransportation sustainable travel patternsandoffer asingle satisfaction, create more environmentally- to becheaper, provide significantcustomer benefits ofMaaSsystemsare thatthey tend for travellers given theirlevel ofcoverage. The orchestrate theoptimalmulti-modaljourney MaaS alsoincludetrip-planningfunctionswhich . http://www.ubigo.se/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/About_ Mobility as a 17 More advanced formsof Service UbiGo

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11 | The Mowat Centre Optimally designed, Mobility Hubs mobility hubs make transferring between Mobility hubs are nodes that sit at the intersection of numerous transportation networks modes a seamless and provide access to multiple modes of mobility in one location. Policymakers have already experience. recognized the importance of mobility hubs for enabling easier multi-modal journeys and a more ______efficient transportation system. In the GTHA, mobility hubs have been identified as a priority in Well-sited mobility hubs can increase the uptake the region’s transportation planning documents.19 of shared modes while also providing customers with a better experience by ensuring good access Optimally designed, mobility hubs make by foot and shared mobility services such as transferring between modes a seamless bike-sharing, ride-sharing and ride-sourcing, as experience. Increasingly, GTHA transit agencies well as connections to a variety of transportation are recognizing that they can be key pieces of networks. In so doing, mobility hubs can also infrastructure from which additional sources of facilitate integration between public transit and revenue can be derived and around which retail, shared mobility options, thereby increasing the health care and social services can be located.20 value and efficiency of both sets of services. They can even form a core around which dense, liveable neighbourhoods can grow.21

19 Metrolinx. September, 2011. “Mobility Hub Guidelines for the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area”. Mobility Hub Guidelines. http:// www.metrolinx.com/en/regionalplanning/mobilityhubs/Mobility- HubGuidelines.pdf 20 Wickens, S. 25 February, 2015 “Toronto transit agency Metrolinx to take ‘modest first step’ into real estate”. The Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/toronto- transit-agency-metrolinx-to-take-modest-first-step-into-real-estate/ article23194119/ and Metrolinx. November 2008. “The Big Move: Transforming Transportation in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area”. The Big Move. http://www.metrolinx.com/thebigmove/Docs/ big_move/TheBigMove_020109.pdf. pg. 46. For example, the Mass Transit Railway – Hong Kong’s public transit agency – leverages the centrality of transportation to the functioning of dense urban y? centres by building large consumer destinations, such as shop- ping malls, in close proximity to its stations and collects rents from the businesses which are its tenants. See Padukone, N. 10 September, 2013 “The Unique Genius of Hong Kong’s Public Transportation System”. The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/ china/archive/2013/09/the-unique-genius-of-hong-kongs-public- transportation-system/279528/ 21 Attfield, P. 4 July, 2016. “How transit hubs can spur dense de- velopment”. The Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/ report-on-business/industry-news/property-report/why-transit- hubs-must-spur-dense-development/article30742577/ e d m o b ili t i s shar 12 | w hat 3 $2.7 billioninlosteconomicopportunities. at$3.3billionforcommutersand in theGTHA Metrolinx estimatedthecostsofroad congestion Howe Institute proach to Evaluating Government Infrastructure Investment”. 27 Dachis,B.July, 2013.“Cars, CongestionandCosts:ANewAp - port_1128081.pdf planning/costsofcongestion/ISP_08-015_Cost_of_Congestion_re- Plan”. CostsofCongestion Benefit AnalysisoftheMetrolinx DraftRegionalTransportation tion intheGreater Toronto andHamilton Area: ImpactandCost 26 HDRCorporation.1December, 2008.“CostsofRoadConges- docs/mmis/2015/ls/bgrd/backgroundfile-83494.pdf tive Research”. CityofToronto. pg.8.http://www.toronto.ca/leg 25 IpsosPublicAffairs.2015.“Taxi andUberConsultationQualita how-much-of-your-life-youre-wasting-on-your-commute/ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/02/25/ ing humanpotentialwastedincommutes”. 24 For example:Ingraham,C.25February, 2016.“Theastonish GTA commutingtimesare thenation’s longest”.TheToronto Star 23 Campion-Smith,B.26June,2013.“NationalHouseholdSurvey: OECD-toronto-review.pdf. pg.10. opment 2009. “OECDTerritorial Reviews: Toronto, Canada”. RegionalDevel- 22 Organisation forEconomic Co-operationandDevelopment. parking options. city, downtown,aswellreduced particularly increases intrafficandcongestionacross the Toronto, commutershave raisedconcernsabout are detrimentaltoproductivity In intheGTHA. Recent reports indicate that these long commutes about 32minutes–thelongestofCanada’s majorcities. According toStatisticsCanada,commutetimesintheregion across average all formsoftransportation poorly integratedandhave notaddedcapacityquicklyenoughtokeep upwithpopulationgrowth. Development andnetworksacross thattransitservices (OECD)hasobserved theregion are congested, challenges.TheOrganisation facessignificanttransportation forEconomicThe GTHA Co-operationand to theregion at$11billionayear. more comprehensive estimatesputthetotalcost 222324 . http://www.investtoronto.ca/InvestAssets/PDF/Reports/ . http://www.cdhowe.org/pdf/Commentary_385.pdf in theGTHA Shared mobilit 25 A2008studycommissionedby . http://www.metrolinx.com/en/regional The Washington Post 27 26 Other C.D. - - . . - - week. each municipal boundarieswithintheGTHA there are more than100,000Uberridesthatcross needs-uber-2/ Newsroom 30 Chang,B.29 February, 2016.“Mississauga NeedsUber”. Harnessing-the-Power-of-the-Sharing-Economy.pdf. pg.4. of Commerce. http://www.occ.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/ of theSharingEconomy: NextStepsforOntario”. OntarioChamber 29 OntarioChamberofCommerce. 2015.“HarnessingthePower article29194407/ dmail.com/news/torontos-grand-transit-plan-maybehopefully/ (Maybe, Hopefully)”.TheGlobeandMail 28 Moore, O. 14 March, 2016.“Toronto’s GrandTransit Plan Enterprise. Autoshare/members ofcar-sharingservice more than400,000Uberriders,aswell12,000 InToronto,the GTHA. forinstance,there are and growing interest inshared mobilityacross Overall, dataindicatesthatthere issignificant from completion. majority ofthoseprojects are stillyears away plandevelopedtransportation by Metrolinx –the and expansiontiedto the rateofpublictransitinfrastructure renewal While theregion hasseenawelcomeincrease in providers have emerged across theregion, such 23 30 Meanwhile,various othershared mobility . https://newsroom.uber.com/canada/en/mississauga- y 29 Additionally, Uberestimatesthat 28 The BigMove . http://www.theglobean –theregional 22 -

13 | The Mowat Centre 14 | shared mobility in the gtha ______opportunities. billion inlosteconomic for commuters and$2.7 at$3.3billion in theGTHA costs ofroad congestion Metrolinx estimated the commissioned by A 2008study an insufficientunderstandingoftheirbenefits. withmunicipalgovernmentspartnerships and in Canadahave beenconstrainedby theirlackof of shared mobility. Broadly, car-sharingservices limited citizens’ accesstothepotentialbenefits the publicsectorhastaken stepsthathave There have alsobeeninstances,however, when as microtransit provider RideCo. Survey_2014.pdf fileadmin/produkte/downloads/CarSharing_Operators_-_Global_ Operators GlobalSurvey 2014”. 33 Schwieger, B. andBrook, D. November, 2014.“Car-Sharing double-with-49-million-from-metrolinx.html com/news/gta/transportation/2015/07/06/bike-share-toronto-to- $4.9 millionfrom Metrolinx”. TheToronto Star 32 Kalinowski,T. 6July, 2015.“Bike Share Toronto to doublewith rideco-brings-relief-to-milton-commuters-1.3111736 www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kitchener-waterloo/waterloo-startup- relief to Milton commuters”.CBCNews:Kitchener-Waterloo RideCobrings 31 Delitalia,A.15June,2015.“Waterloo startup lawmakers. denied permissionforsuchactionby municipal April 2016–despitehaving beenpreviously their shared carsonresidential streets asof parking reform, beganallowinguserstoleave Car2Go, frustratedby theslowpaceofmunicipal For example,inToronto, car-sharingprovider Similar barriershave intheGTHA. beenobserved extend itsreach of thecity. intonewparts by adding1,000bikes and120stationsto from Metrolinx todoublethesize ofitsnetwork Share Toronto –whichreceived $4.9million growth includingBike ofsometheseservices, and otheragencieshave played akey role inthe Team Red http://ma.team-red.de/ 31 . https://www.thestar. Metrolinx 32 . http:// 33

Opportunity intheSharingEconomy Act. Opportunity economy, including the introduction in 2015 of the take amore active role inregulating thesharing however,opposition parties, tohave theprovince on shared mobility. There have by beenefforts August 2016,there hasbeenlittledirect action businesses togrow. an environment thatwouldenableinnovative thesharingeconomyby fostering to support commitments inits2015and2016budgets In Ontario,theprovincial government made Provincial the GTHA. fragmented approach toshared mobilityacross more detailedlookattheofteninconsistentand The infographiconpages16and17provides a the challengespresented by shared mobility. influence theirindividualapproaches totackling systemandfacesspecificcontextswhich tory these municipalitiespossessestheirownregula- and Oakville–posesitsownchallenges.Eachof erators inmunicipalitieslike Burlington,Hamilton, Toronto Transit Commission,GOTransit, andop- independent publictransitagencies,includingthe jurisdictional diversity–with10 withintheGTHA isnoexception.tion intheGTHA Thesignificant variety ofways andatdifferent paces.Thesitua challenges presented by shared mobilityina Across thecountry, citieshave responded tothe Municipal byEfforts eachlevel ofgovernment first-province-to-regulate-the-sharing-economy canadian-politics/its-like-uber-but-for-everything-ontario-could-be- The NationalPost Ontario couldbefirstprovince to regulate thesharingeconomy.” 35 Csanady, A.1October, 2015.“It’slike Uberbutforeverything: ment ofOntario ing amore innovative anddynamicbusinessenvironment”. ofFinance.26November,34 Ministry 2015.“Backgrounder: Foster - . . http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/ 34 Nonetheless,asof 35 Govern- - HST iftheirtaxablerevenues exceed $30,000. perception thatdrivers are onlyrequired toremit responsibility). Asaresult, there iswidespread collect orremit HSTclaimingthatitisthedrivers’ remitting HST(ride-sourcing firmUberdoesnot clarified ride-sourcing drivers’ responsibilities for however, theCanadaRevenue Agencyhasnotyet services suchasride-sourcing.services the challengesassociatedwithregulating implications ofthesharingeconomy, particularly five deputyministersisreportedly studyingthe emergence ofshared mobility. Acommitteeof steps toanalyze challengesinherent tothe Canada’s federal government iscurrently taking Fedral collect HST”. 37 Powell, B.21July, 2015.“Ubersays drivers are expectedto challenges-of-disruptive-expanding-sharing-economy.html www.thestar.com/news/canada/2016/02/01/ottawa-examines- ‘disruptive’ TheToronto expandingsharingeconomy”. Star 36 Boutilier, A.1February, 2016.“Ottawaexamineschallengesof hall/2015/07/21/uber-says-drivers-are-expected-to-collect-hst.html The Toronto Star . http://www.thestar.com/news/city_ 36 Critically, . http:// 37

15 | The Mowat Centre Data by Region A snapshot of some of the shared mobility options available in the Durham Region Transit GTHA as of August 2016. York Region Transit located at Pickering GO station YORK DURHAM Brock Georgina

Brampton Transit, MiWay

Suspended by city council in in February 2016 Previously banned in Mississauga with a pilot project East Gwillimbury provisionally slated to begin in September 2016i Uxbridge

Scugog Zipcars located at Brampton, Bramalea, and Cooksville GO stations Newmarket Autoshare/Enterprise is available in Mississauga Whitechurch- Aurora Stoufville King Oshawa Clarington PEEL Pickering Whitby Richmond Hill Markham Ajax Caledon Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) Vaughan

30% of residents have taken an Uber rideii

In May 2016, city council passed a vehicle for hire by-law that set regulations for ride-sourcing Brampton TORONTO In July 2016, Bike Share Toronto doubled in size to reach 2,000 bikes at 200 stationsiii

Bike Share Toronto has approximately 4,000 members Halton Hills and 35,000 casual usersiv Mississauga PRESTO card holders get 50% off their first-year Bike Share Toronto membership fee of $90v

Car2Go, and Autoshare/Enterprise are available in Milton Toronto

Oakville Burlington Transit, Oakville Transit, Milton Transit

Burlington HALTON Regulations currently under review in Oakville

Zipcars located at Oakville and Burlington GO stations LEGEND HAMILTON Hamilton Street Railway (HSR) Transit Provider

Regulations currently under review; ride-sourcing drivers still subject to ticketing Ride-sourcing

vi SoBi has 750 bikes, 110 stations, and approximately 8,000 users Bike-sharing y in th e gtha

Zipcar and two smaller car-sharing services (Community CarShare and Student CarShare) are available in Hamilton Car-sharing

Trans-cab, an HSR initiative, offers riders innovative first mile/last mile connections to and from public transit in certain low-density areas Microtransit 16 | shar e d m o b ili t get-carpooling-to-catch-on-in-the-amercias?__lsa=cfe7-8d86 x Brownell, C.18February, 2016.“BlancRide hopesitsappwillgetcarpoolingto catchonintheAmericas”. TheNational Post . http://business.financialpost.com/entrepreneur/fp-startups/blancride-hopes-its-app-will- Reports/Item_4_Joint_TTC-MX_Fare_Integration.pdf (slide 2) ix Woo, Fare L.andUpfold, C.27April, 2016.“GTHA Integration”. TTC/Metrolinx JointBoard Meeting. viii Metrolinx. November 2008.“The BigMove: Transforming Transportation inthe Greater Toronto andHamilton Area”.http://www.metrolinx.com/thebigmove/en/strategies/strategy2.aspx TheBig Move. vii Chang,B.29February, Newsroom 2016.“MississaugaNeedsUber”. . https://newsroom.uber.com/canada/en/mississauganeeds-uber-2/ http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/news/sobi-hamilton-the-city-s-popular-bike-share-turns-1-1.3499753 vi Bennett,K.20March, 2016.“SoBiHamilton, popularbike thecity’s share, turns1”.CBC Hamilton. v CBCNews.28June,2016.“Bike Share Toronto’s majorexpansionunderway”. iv CBCNews.28June,2016.“Bike Share Toronto’s CBC News Toronto majorexpansionunderway”. . http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/bike-share-expansion-1.3655927 iii Fox, C.27June,2016.“Installation of120newBike Share Torontohttp://www.cp24.com/installation-of-120-new-bike-share-toronto-stations-begins-today-1.2963282 stationsbeginstoday”. CP24.com. ii Peat, D. 25February, 2016.“More Toronto residents ridingUber:Poll”. TheToronto Sun.http://www.torontosun.com/2016/02/25/more-toronto-residents-riding-uber-poll ends-without-compromise-in-place/ pilotproject“Uber andtaxiindustry in Mississaugaendswithoutcompromise inplace”. MississaugaNews.http://www.mississauga.com/news-story/6742934-uber-and-taxi-industry-pilot-project-inmississauga- A. 18July,and Newport, 2016.“Will Uber Surging Forward inToronto Affect Mississauga?”insauga.http://www.insauga.com/will-uber-surging-forward-in-toronto-affect-mississauga andColpitts,I. 27June,2016. i Grewal, S.11May, TheToronto 2016.“Mississauga bansUberXandotherride-sharingservices”. https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2016/05/11/mississauga-bans-uberx-andother-ride-sharing-services.html Star. Milton GO Connect Microtransit Pilot Project Union Station Mobility Hub within the GTHA each week within the GTHA cross municipal boundaries 1 More than 00,000 UBER RIDES 00,000 25% of customers used service daily 25% of customers used service more for the service Surveys indicated that customers would have paid significantly $1.95 per ride their vehicles in real-time and pay digitally via the app at a cost of Customers could order their ride ahead of time or on-demand, track Provided by local firm RideCo residents travelling to Milton GO station Dynamically-routed app-based microtransit for Milton service April 2015 to April 2016 Offers the following transport options BIKE-SHARING AIRPORT EXPRESS RAIL REGIONAL BUS COMMUTER RAIL NATIONAL &INTERNATIONAL RAIL SUBWAY vii CAR-SHARING 1 has BLANCRIDE FIRM RIDE-SHARING Local app-based 2,000 users in the GTHA http://ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Commission_reports_and_information/Commission_meetings/2016/April_27_Joint/ x MUNICIPALITIES TRIPS IN THEGTHA THAT: ESTIMATED NUMBEROF WALKABLE ARE 3 THE GTHA INCLUDES: launched in Ontario FIRM CAR-SHARING peer-to-peer (P2P) In April 2016, 40 BIKEABLE ARE 0 % 42 1 EVERY YEAR BOUNDARIESGTHA TRANSIT RIDES CROSS MUNICIPAL AGENCIES viii TRANSIT 7 9 % million ix REGIONAL TRANSIT AGENCY 1

17 | The Mowat Centre 18 | Impacts on Public Transit and Sustainability 4 provides-real-picture-of-annual-driving-costs/ picture ofannualdriving costs”. Automobile Association.25 February, 2013.“CAAprovides real cost ofowninga carinCanadaatabout$9,500ayear. Canadian 38 TheCanadianAutomobile Associationestimatestheaverage personal carownership. convenience, speedandcostrivaling thatof modetoanother–with one transportation that enablesuserstoseamlesslyconnectfrom will require system anintegratedtransportation mobility torealize itsgreatest potentialvalue, it more publictransituse.Therefore, forshared enable increased multi-modal travel, including of vehicles ontheroad, shared mobilitycan need toownacarandincreasing theefficiency single-occupancy automobiles.Byreducing the automobile ownershipandassociatedtravel by societal assumptionsaway from highpersonal mobility lieinitsabilitytopotentiallyshift Many ofthepossiblebenefitsshared agencies andshared mobilityproviders. proactive, flexible,innovative ininteractions betweenpublictransit andcollaborative –particularly to accesspotentialbenefitsandavoid detrimentalimpacts,governments musttake stepsthatare increases tocongestionandrisksfortheenvironment associatedwithshared mobility. Therefore, options.However,sustainable transportation inactionorflawedimplementation couldresult in Shared mobilityoffers significantpotentialbenefits,includingreduced congestionandincreased and Sustainabilit Impac CAA News 38 . http://www.caa.ca/caa- ts onPublicTransit in reduced America. netemissions inNorth sharing, forexample,hasbeenfoundtoresult liketransportation bikingandwalking.Car- transit andincreased useofactive modesof ownership andusage,increased useof by encouragingdecreased personalautomobile Shared mobilitycanhelpreduce GHGemissions sustainable andfriendlytotheenvironment. travel behaviour andincentivize optionsthatare potential forshared mobilitymodelstochange require government actionthatanticipatesthe more efficientlanduse.Suchanoutcomewill its greenhouse gas(GHG)emissionsandenabling systemby reducingimpacts ofourtransportation significantly mitigatethenegative environmental In anidealsystem,shared mobilitywould environment andlanduse Impacts onthe on Intelligent Transportation Systems.12(4) 1074-1086. pg.1084. America”.Emission Impacts ofCarsharinginNorth IEEETransactions E.and Shaheen,S.December2011.“Greenhouse Gas 39 Martin, and theiremissionsby anaverage of51per were abletoreduce theirdriving by 27 percent fact, onestudyfoundthat car-sharingmembers y 39 In health benefits. thereby providing additionalenvironmental and enabled more useoftransitindenseareas – encouraged more walking,decreased drivingand impacts drivinghabits. to whatextenttheavailability oftheseservices and emissionsisnotyet knownasitisunclear The direct impactofride-sourcing oncongestion transportation. to other, more environmentally-friendly formsof cent –aresult largely duetomembersshifting Proceedings AmericanEconomic Review:Business: TheCase ofUber”. Papers & 44 Cramer, J.andKrueger, A.2016.“Disruptive ChangeintheTaxi tion-at-ted-conference/article28781165/?cmpid=rss1&click=sf_globe andmail.com/news/british-columbia/uber-founder-decries-regula tion atTEDconference”. TheGlobeandMail 43 Lederman,M.17February, 2016.“Uberfounderdecriesregula- NRDC-Berkeley-study com/2015/11/13/9730458/uber-lyft-environment-impact-cost- of anenvironmental TheVerge impactstudy”. . http://www.theverge. 42 Hawkins,A.13November, 2015.“UberandLyft willbesubjects Rapid Expansion” pg.16. AmericaDuringaPeriod2014. “PublicBikesharing of inNorth E.Chan,N.Cohen,AandPogodzinski, M. 41 Shaheen,S.Martin, America”.of CarsharinginNorth pg.1080. Shaheen, S.December2011.“Greenhouse GasEmissionImpacts virginia.edu/tdonnachen/research/research/ E.and andMartin, publication in on Energy UseandGreenhouse GasEmissions.” Underreview for 40 Chen,DandKockelman, K. “’sLife-Cycle Impacts than dotaxis. a passenger–andlesstimecruisingforfare they spendmore drivingtime,onaverage, with a higher“capacityutilization” rate–meaning efficient thantaxisinthisrespect asthey have to indicatethatride-sourcing drivers are more emissions. Recentresearch, however, seems ride-sourcing canaddtocongestionand GHG more drivers todrive around looking forfares, Conversely, somesuggestthatby encouraging transportation options,therebytransportation addingto trips incarsplaceofmore sustainable may actuallyinducebothnewandadditional concerns thattheconvenience ofride-sourcing to 1,400metrictonnesofCO has resulted inemissionsreductions equivalent passengers tosplitanUberride,inLosAngeles introduction whichallows ofUberPool, aservice . 106(5)177–182. pg.177 Transportation D Research Part 44 40 Equally, though,there are also 41 Similarly, bike-sharing hasalso

42 Ubercontendsthatthe 2 in eightmonths. . http://www.theglobe . 1-16.pg.9.http://cee. 43

- - congestion andenvironmental impact. stories/q-a-ucla-s-parking-guru-donald-249859 ald Shoup”. Nation,World +Society 48 Hurst,M.15January, 2014.“Q&A:UCLA’s parking guruDon parking-is-bad-for-everyone everyone”. Vox 47 Stromberg, J.27June,2014.“Whyfree parkingisbadfor nities forAutomotive OEMs”.McKinsey & Company Zerlin, B.Hein,A-P. February, 2012.“MobilityoftheFuture:- Opportu ing-policy-and-pilot-project/ seealso Cornet,A.Mohr, D. Weig, F. Transportation Agency “Car SharingPolicy andPilotProject”. SanFrancisco Municipal 46 SanFrancisco MunicipalTransportation Agency. July2013. per_nov2014.pdf 13. http://www.its.dot.gov/itspac/dec2014/ridesourcingwhitepa University ofCaliforniaTransportation CenterWorking Paper. pg. Ridesourcing Trips andUserCharacteristicsinSanFrancisco”. ComparingTaxi2014. “App-Based,On-DemandRideServices: and 45 Rayle, L.Shaheen,S.Chan,N.Dai,D. Cervero, R.November congestion andenvironmental impact. automobile travel, thereby creating anegative easier parkingmay alsoinduceadditional number ofcarsontheroad. negative environmental impactsby limitingthe which canindirectly reduce congestionand Shared mobilitymay alsoeaseparkingpressures, congestion andemissionsisknown. the fullaggregate impactofride-sourcing on more research inthisarea isneededbefore for parkingcouldbefreed upforotheruses, needed doing, landthatwouldbeotherwise supply through more intensive landuse.Inso offerservices thepossibilityofincreased parking congestion. has beenfoundtobeasignificantcontributor to drive insearch ofparking–apracticewhich technology couldreduce oreliminatetheneed sprawl. Additionally, more efficientparking reducing someofthepressures drivingurban . http://www.vox.com/2014/6/27/5849280/why-free- 48 Similartoride-sourcing, however, . pg.2.http://sfpark.org/resources/car-shar- . http://newsroom.ucla.edu/ 46 Shared parking . pg.7. 45 Clearly, 47

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19 | The Mowat Centre to a car-sharing service, an estimated nine to 13 The rise of multi-modality privately-owned cars are removed from the road.52 and connections to public transit Ride-sourcing also has the potential to complement transit in certain situations. For Policymakers will need to particularly consider instance, Uber’s UberHop transit-like service connections between shared mobility options provides greater mobility options to areas where and public transit to seize the opportunity that existing services do not meet high demand, shared mobility offers to improve environmental thereby addressing limits in the capacity of public and sustainable outcomes. At the moment, transit. Similarly, the Toronto Transit Commission shared mobility has the potential to be both a (TTC) has stated that services like UberPool are 49 complement and a competitor to public transit. not expected to have a major impact on TTC operations and ridership levels due to the size of Shared mobility as a their operations and differing business models.53 complement to transit More transportation options can reduce car Furthermore, a major role of ride-sourcing, bike- ownership and trips and, in some cases, create sharing and other shared mobility services is to more transit riders by easing access to public provide F/L mile connections to public transit, transit.50 More options can also increase walking, especially outside of dense urban cores, which cycling and other alternative modes of travel. enables the substitution of more sustainable transit for personal vehicle trips. Data from Lyft, a Reductions in car ownership occur because ride-sourcing company primarily operating in the shared mobility allows for more intensive use U.S., indicates that the most popular destinations of shared assets than would be possible when for riders using its service were public transit cars are individually owned and mostly sit idle. stops.54 Additionally, one study found that Such shared models are attractive because they both Uber and Lyft were most commonly used greatly reduce the cost of travel for many users when transit is unavailable, such as during late and reduce the hassle associated with owning nights, and were more of a substitute for trips by vehicles (maintenance, storage, etc.). These automobile than public transit.55 models are complementary to transit because, by encouraging alternatives to cars, they tend to y increase the proportion of trips for which users take transit.51 Indeed, for every shared car added

in ab ili t n d S usta 49 Johal, S. 16 December, 2015. “Uber ups the ante. So what’s the TTC going to do about it?” The Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobe- 52 Martin, E. Shaheen, S. Lidicker, J. 2010. “Impact of Carsharing andmail.com/opinion/uber-ups-the-ante-so-whats-the-ttc-going-to- on Household Vehicle Holdings”. Transportation Research Record: n s i t a do-about-it/article27779111 Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2143: 150-158. pg. 157. 50 Martin, E. and Shaheen, S. 2011. “The Impact of Carsharing 53 Municipal Licensing and Standards. September, 2015. “Ground on Public Transit and Non-Motorized Travel: An Exploration of North Transportation Review: Findings Report”. City of Toronto. pg. 34. American Carsharing Survey Data”. Energies. 4: 2094-2114. pg. 2102. http://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2015/ls/bgrd/background- 51 Shaheen, S. and Christensen, M. 2013. “Shared-use Mobility file-83503.pdf Summit: Retrospective from North America’s first gathering on 54 Kaufman, R. 9 November, 2015. “Why Lyft Is Making Friends on P ub lic T ra ts c shared-use mobility”. University of California (Berkley) Transportation With Transit Agencies”. Next City. https://nextcity.org/daily/entry/ Sustainability Research Centre. pg. 2. http://tsrc.berkeley.edu/sites/ lyft-transit-agency-partnership-first-mile-last-mile-goals default/files/Shared-Use%20Mobility%20Summit%20White%20 55 Parzen, J. and Frisbie, T. 2015. “Shared-Use Mobility Reference Paper%201.pdf Guide”. pg. 30. 20 | Impa public transitroutes through itsapp. Uber tripsintodataitalready provides touserson company TransLoc tointegrateinformationon public transit,recently withtechnology partnering and embrace theconnectionbetweenitsservices agencies. Similarly, Uberhastaken stepsto which isdesignedtoengagewithpublictransit launched aninitiative calledFriends WithTransit, users totransit. density areas canbeexpectedtoconnect more the Toronto Bike Share program tomore lower- this context,theMetrolinx-funded expansionof strengthening connectivity topublictransit. Bike-sharing offers similar benefits by Dallas Area RapidTransit (DART). withapublictransitagency–the partnership 2015 thatitwasengaginginitsfirstformal In lightofthesetrends, Lyft announcedinOctober with-major-expansion.html news/gta/2016/07/05/bike-share-toronto-rolls-into-the-big-time- with majorexpansion”. TheToronto Star. 61 Spurr, B.5July, 2016.“Toronto Bike Share rolls into thebigtime Modal ShiftBehavior”. pg.52. E.Cohen, A.2013.“PublicBikesharing and 60 Shaheen,S.Martin, Modal ShiftBehavior”. pg.46. E.Cohen,A.2013. “PublicBikesharing and 59 Shaheen,S.Martin, 1(1) 35-54.pg.36. America”.Systems inNorth InternationalJournalofTransportation Modal ShiftBehavior: AComparative StudyofEarlyBikesharing E.Cohen,A.2013.“PublicBikesharing and 58 Shaheen,S.Martin, ticle/us-uber-partnership-idUSKCN0UP18L20160111 with newapppartnership”. Reuters H.11January,57 Somerville, 2016“Uberpushesinto publictransit lyft-transit-agency-partnership-first-mile-last-mile-goals With Transit Agencies”.NextCity 56 Kaufman,R.9November, 2015. “WhyLyft IsMakingFriends using crowded downtowntransitnetworks. distancescomparedbicycle tripsforshorter to potentially duetothegreater convenience of decreased itsuseindenseurbancores – in suburbanareas outsideofcities,it has also bike-sharing may increase useofpublictransit Nevertheless, thesamestudyfoundthatwhile enhanced public transportation inthecity.enhanced publictransportation on bike-sharing reported thattheplatform Toronto, 97percentofrespondents toasurvey 61 . https://nextcity.org/daily/entry/ . http://www.reuters.com/ar- https://www.thestar.com/ 56 Lyft hasalso 57 59 60

58 In In . cost andconvenience perspective.” replacement from topublictransportation a or “specificallyasasupport such services sourcing inToronto indicatedthatthey use involvedParticipants inconsultationsonride- UberHop andLyft Line. increasingly similartopublictransit,suchas recently introduced thatare services becoming asthesefirmshavetransit –particularly between shared mobilityplatformsand concerns have beenraisedaboutcompetition complement toexistingtransitservices, asa mobility platformsseetheirservices While ride-sourcing firmsandothershared compe Shared mobilit Modal ShiftBehavior”. pg.47. E.Cohen, A.2013.“PublicBikesharing and 64 Shaheen,S.Martin, Spring-2015.pdf uploads/2015/07/Innovative-Mobility-Industry-Outlook_SM- and Impacts Sharing Economy: ImpactsSynopsis”,Shared MobilityDefinitions 63 Shaheen,S.andChan,N.Spring 2015.“Mobilityandthe tive Research”. pg.9. 62 IpsosPublicAffairs.2015.“Taxi andUberConsultationQualita with bike-sharing. use transittosomedegree, likely incombination However, results indicatethatrespondents still less overall asaresult ofbike-sharing options. reported thatthey usebusesandrailtransit Similarly, bike-sharing membersinToronto transit thatcouldbeproblematic ifgeneralized. efficient andsustainableride-sourcing ridesfor This suggestsalevel ofsubstitutionless transit ifride-sourcing hadnotbeenavailable. sourcing tripswouldhave beenmadeviapublic study foundthatasmany33percentofride- with othersanddistanceofdestination.Another sourcing: weather, traffic/transitdelays, travelling usepublictransitride- who wouldotherwise found thatthere are fourkey reasons people . pg.3.http://innovativemobility.org/wp-content/ ti or t 64 o transit y asa 62 Thissurvey 63

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21 | The Mowat Centre Next steps: ensuring to other forms of transportation. Especially at complementarity peak periods, a lack of designated waiting areas – similar to taxi stands – for ride-sourcing and Greater integration between shared mobility and ride-sharing vehicles inhibits the realization of public transit is a key next step in harnessing the many of the benefits these services offer. Lack of complementary value of shared mobility. Indeed, compatibility in coordinating with other modes integration among shared services run by private of transport through trip-planning and payment operators and public transit agencies has been systems also represent obstacles. described as “one of the next frontiers in urban transportation.”65 Some of the greatest potential Finally, the potential for some competition associated with shared mobility – such as greater between public transit and shared mobility efficiency, accessibility and sustainability – will platforms should not necessarily be viewed as only emerge in the context of a more collaborative problematic. Competition could induce innovation approach. and service improvements – potentially resulting in improved customer experiences on issues such One of the benefits offered by shared mobility as fares, quality and safety. Such outcomes have is that its services can help fill gaps in existing already occurred due to competition between transit services, particularly for F/L mile ride-sourcing services and taxis.66 Managing connections. Improving these connections could the tension between this competition and strengthen the overall performance and efficiency maintaining a viable public monopoly over certain of transportation across the region and provide services required to protect the public interest will a better experience for users. For instance, the be difficult. Nevertheless, this challenge should quality of transportation services available in not preclude exploring opportunities to introduce suburban and rural areas, as well as in low- some competitive pressures. income neighbourhoods, varies considerably in the GTHA, as do connections to existing higher- order transit services such as subways and GO trains. These inconsistencies, coupled with challenges such as parking availability at mobility hubs, have provided an opportunity for shared mobility services to meet unmet demands and y improve travellers’ experiences.

Several other connectivity problems are also currently limiting complementarity between in ab ili t n d S usta public transit and shared mobility services in

n s i t a the GTHA. For instance, limitations on use of space and parking in and around transit stations are barriers to such services’ abilities to provide connections to transit users aiming to transfer on P ub lic T ra ts c 66 “Taxi Competition,” IGM Economic Experts Panel. September 29, 65 Shaheen, S. and Christensen, M. 2013. “Shared-use Mobility 2014. http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/ Summit”. pg. 21. poll- results?SurveyID=SV_eyDrhnya7vAPrX7 22 | Impa 5 gta/2016/07/07/ontario-approves-insurance-plan-aimed-at-uber.html aimed atUber,” TheToronto Star.https://www.thestar.com/news/ 67 Reynolds, C.7July, 2016.“Ontarioapproves insuranceplan pressing. the followingissueswere identifiedasthemost shared mobilitylandscapefaceissuesaswell, ofthe in 2015and2016.Whileotherparts have taken stepstoregulate itaround theworld controversialbeen particularly asgovernments connected totheriseofride-sourcing –whichhas A significantproportion ofthesekey issuesare insurance. automobile insuranceandexpensive commercial gap thathadpreviously existedbetweenpersonal cover ride-sourcing drivers, thereby removing the of Ontariohadapproved insurancethatwould Commission July 2016thattheFinancialServices identified asakey issuebefore itwasannouncedin Indeed, ride-sourcing insurancehadpreviously been asnewonesemerge.no doubtfadeinimportance rapidly-shifting landscape,someofthese issues will critical atthemoment,given shared mobility’s While wehave identifiedtheseseven issuesas effectively harnessesthebenefitsofshared mobility. them willrequire policymakers torespond innewways toensure achangefrom thestatusquothat concern toonesthatwillfigure prominently inbroader policydiscussionswellintothefuture. Eachof foreseeable implicationsoftheriseshared mobility. They alsorangefrom issuesofimmediate obstacles tothegrowth ofshared mobility, actionswhichcouldenhanceanddirect itsevolution, or systemgrows. ofshared transportation Theseissuesrepresentthe importance mobilityfortheGTHA’s Seven key issueshave beenidentifiedinthisreport, allofwhichmustbeconfronted by policymakers as 67 Key issues » Inequalityandinclusion » Road-andland-usepricing » Bigdata,anonymityandprivacy » App-basedtrip-planningandfare » Transit-like restrictions service » Shared mobilityandprecarious » Ride-sourcing andaccessibility Key Issues payment employment services

23 | The Mowat Centre a different approach, offering incentives to Ride-sourcing and encourage ride-sourcing companies to expand accessibility their stock of wheelchair-accessible vehicles.70 Shared mobility offers opportunities for individuals with disabilities to access a greater A second concern is that shared mobility number of transportation options. Additionally, threatens to undermine existing accessibility shared mobility is positioned to revolutionize systems. For example, by threatening the viability paratransit by reducing its inflexibility and costs of the taxi industry, TNCs threaten existing – a critical development given the GTHA’s aging regulatory regimes through which accessible taxi 71 population. By injecting competition and adding rides are cross-subsidized by standard fares. new features – including on-demand dispatch Similarly, the accessible taxicabs required by and dynamic routing – shared mobility could many existing regimes are only useful if there are also improve customer experiences and spark trained drivers available. In some jurisdictions, an increase in both the supply of and demand for drivers are leaving their accessible taxis to drive 72 these services.68 non-accessible vehicles for TNCs.

Nonetheless, shared mobility will not Finally, there are concerns that the passenger automatically result in positive outcomes and rating systems used by TNCs enable tacit has already raised some accessibility concerns. discrimination against passengers with First, many new services are not yet subject to disabilities. Since they can be less lucrative to mode-specific accessibility requirements. TNCs serve because they take longer to embark and have attracted complaints alleging poor training, disembark – drivers can rate these passengers insufficient equipment and other inadequacies. In poorly thereby making it difficult for them to 73 response, TNCs have taken some steps to improve access rides in the future. Moreover, because their services, for example, designing their apps of the recent emergence of shared mobility, to ensure accessibility for blind and hearing- there are few industry-specific complaints impaired individuals. In Toronto, Uber has recently processes for individuals with disabilities to re-launched an improved wheelchair-accessible use to seek remedies for this and other forms of 74 service with local partners.69 mistreatment.

70 Ngo, V. October 2015. “Transportation Network Companies Nevertheless, governments are increasingly and the Ridesourcing Industry: A Review of Impacts and Emerging Regulatory Frameworks for Uber”. City of Vancouver / School of Com- seeing fit to regulate in this area. For example, munity and Regional Planning, University of British Columbia. https:// Toronto’s new ride-sourcing bylaw requires that sustain.ubc.ca/sites/sustain.ubc.ca/files/GCS/2015%20Project%20 Reports/Transportation%20Network%20Companies%20and%20 all ride-sourcing firms operating more than 500 the%20Ridesourcing%20Industry%20-%20Victor%20Ngo%20-%20 vehicles provide wheelchair-accessible services Public.pdf 71 Kay, J. 24 August, 2015. “Uber v. Taxi: One must die for the other at similar wait times and prices to basic non- to live”. The Walrus. http://thewalrus.ca/uber-v-taxi/ 72 Committee for Review of Innovative Urban Mobility Services. accessible services. Other cities have tried 2015. “Between Public and Private Mobility: Examining the Rise of Technology-Enabled Transportation Services”. Transportation Re- 68 Kane, J. Tomer, A. Puentes, R. 8 March, 2016. “How Lyft and search Board. Special Report 319. pg. 86. and Trautman, T. 30 June, Uber can improve transit agency budgets”. The Brookings Institute. 2014. “Will Uber Serve Customers With Disabilities?” Next City. https:// http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2016/03/08-lyft-uber- nextcity.org/daily/entry/wheelchair-users-ride-share-uber-lyft transit-agency-budgets-kane-tomer-puentes 73 One solution attempted in Chicago is to allow disabled passengers ssu e s 69 Smith Cross, J. 17 January, 2016. “Accessibility advocates wel- to opt out of this system, though this too presents challenges. Traut- ey i come UberWAV service in Toronto”. Metro. http://www.metronews. man, T. 30 June, 2014. “Will Uber Serve Customers With Disabilities?”. ca/news/toronto/2016/01/17/uberwav-service-applauded-by-toron- 74 Trautman, T. 30 June, 2014. “Will Uber Serve Customers With

24 | k to-accessibility-advocates.html Disabilities?”. 2015. 10 hoursaweekonaverage between2014and majority ofitsdrivers inToronto worked lessthan claimsthatthe by Uber’s seemingly supported flexibility offered by TNCemployment, aclaim On onehand,manydrivers are pleasedwiththe will reverberate inthiswiderpolicydiscussion. cited asexemplars oftheselarger problems. mobility isnoexception, withTNCdrivers often criticized foritslabourpracticesandshared Increasingly, thesharingeconomyisbeing precarious employment Shared mobilityand source=twitter&utm_medium=socialflow collapse_of_silicon_valleys_dream_of_destroying_your_job/?utm_ good_riddance_gig_economy_uber_ayn_rand_and_the_awesome_ destroying your job”. Salon Ayn RandandtheawesomecollapseofSiliconValley’s dream of 78 Hill,S.27March, 2016.“Goodriddance, gigeconomy:Uber, toronto_n_8140444.html www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/09/15/uber-driver-earnings-canada- age Made$3,125InFirstYear”. TheHuffington Post Canada 77 Tencer, D. 15September, 2015. “Toronto UberDrivers OnAver- labour-climate/article26968204/ jobs/rise-of-sharing-services-uber-airbnb-points-to-a-precarious- http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/ Airbnb pointsto aprecarious labourclimate”. TheGlobeandMail 76 Younglai, R.25October, Uber, 2015.“Riseof‘sharing’services gig-economy-take-a-stand.html?smid=tw-share&_r=0 nytimes.com/2016/02/03/business/uber-drivers-and-others-in-the- Gig Economy Take aStand”. 75 Scheiber, N.2February, 2016.“UberDrivers andOthersinthe independent contractorsisdesignedtofree these from TNCsthattheir driver-partners are Similarly, someare concernedthattheinsistence growth ofthesecompanies,notworkwiththem. contend thatthegovernment shouldcurbthe general, claiming alarger share ofthejobmarket in In acontextwhere precarious employment is system. the widertransportation impact ontheintegrationofshared mobility into these more generaltrends inemployment andits –bothbecauseof This critiqueisimportant growth oftheso-called“gigeconomy.” on casuallabouriscontributingtotheworrying 77 Othersworry, however, thatTNC’sreliance 76 decisionsonhowtoregulate TNCs . http://www.salon.com/2016/03/27/ The NewYork Times . http://www. 78 They . http:// 75

. mini-buses. unionized transitagencyemployees todrive the the transitagencyembarked onwithBridjuses City, theon-demandmicrotransit partnership private For partnerships. instance,inKansas endorsing, shouldthey enterintoanypublic- employment thatthey are withtacitly comfortable public agencieswillneedtodeterminethetypeof employment insurance. providing workers withbenefitsorcontributingto responsibilitiescompanies ofimportant suchas city agenciesto usetaxicabs when they require hired vehicles. 80 Interestingly, Toronto’s new ride-sourcing by-law requires all economy-1.3414206 Business need to gobeyond thefactitoffers acheaper ride”. CBCNews: 79 Haavardsrud, P. 24January, 2016.“Analysis:Uberdiscussions contractors. with firmsthatengageonlyindependent willlikelyunions inparticular resist cooperation influenced by thisdebate.Publictransitlabour that suchcooperationwouldentail,willbeheavily cooperate withTNCs,andtheimplicitapproval Public agencies’decisionsonwhetherto ______use. and, by extension, transit multi-modal transportation disincentive thatinhibits modes isamajor orchanging boundary time when crossing a Having to pay asecond . http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/uber-canada-gig- 80 More generally, governments and 79

25 | The Mowat Centre Transit-like service Integration of trip-planning restrictions and fare payment services

The arrival of microtransit has highlighted the Ensuring that users are able to easily plan trips is potential for friction between new innovations essential to any transportation system’s success. in shared mobility and existing monopolies Doing so means providing dynamic, intuitive and held by public transit agencies.81 Part of this reliable trip-planning capabilities. Increasingly, this tension derives from how public agencies aim to means delivering information through apps on ensure equitable service across their networks smartphones. Numerous companies and transit by cross-subsidizing less popular routes with agencies are already pursuing app-based trip- revenues from more popular ones. By cherry- planning functionality. These range from Google picking riders from the most profitable routes, Maps, to more transit-specific apps like Rocket private microtransit could threaten this model.82 Man, to agency-affiliated apps like Metrolinx’s Moreover, by shifting travellers into a greater own Triplinx. Basic trip planning is only the first number of lower-capacity vehicles, microtransit step though. As the integration of car-sharing and services may actually add vehicles to already ride-sourcing booking capabilities into some trip- congested city streets and increase GHG planning apps suggests, other functions will likely emissions. Nevertheless, microtransit also has follow. the potential to increase ridership on higher-order transit corridors through the improved F/L mile After the integration of trip planning, the next connections it offers.83 logical step is for fares to follow the same path. Having to pay a second time when Rethinking these monopolies to better enable crossing a boundary or changing modes is a partnerships between public agencies and private major disincentive that inhibits multi-modal providers could allow microtransit services to transportation and, by extension, transit use. Early be employed more strategically as a means of estimates suggest that a discounted or free cross- addressing gaps in existing transit services, boundary fare may result in a 9.5 to 16.5 per cent such as poor F/L mile connections. Moreover, by increase in cross-boundary transit trips yearly.84 providing these connections, microtransit might To unlock the full potential of shared mobility, even increase ridership on higher-order transit however, fare structures also need to integrate corridors. Similarly, by replacing underused buses different modes and services offered by multiple with mini-buses and vans, on-demand microtransit providers. Some, albeit quite limited, examples could offer improved local service in low-density of this already exist – such as “emergency ride areas at a lower cost and environmental impact, home” (ERH) programs that provide transit especially at off-peak times when conventional pass holders with occasional taxi rides for transit is expensive to provide and uncompetitive. emergencies.85

81 This friction has already been blamed for the demise of at least one GTHA transportation start-up. Simcoe, L. 6 May, 2015. “Liberty Village shuttle service Line Six officially shuts down”. Metro. http:// 84 Woo, L. 28 June, 2016. “GTHA Fare Integration”. Metrolinx Board www.metronews.ca/news/toronto/2015/05/06/liberty-village-shut- of Directors Presentation. slide 16. http://www.metrolinx.com/en/ tle-service-line-six-officially-shuts-down.html docs/pdf/board_agenda/20160628/20160628_BoardMtg_Fare_Inte-

ssu e s 82 Kane, J. Tomer, A. Puentes, R. 8 March, 2016. “How Lyft and gration_Update_EN.pdf Uber can improve transit agency budgets”. 85 Victoria Transport Policy Institute. 11 June, 2014. “Guaranteed ey i 83 Shared-Use Mobility Center. March, 2016. “Shared Mobility and the Ride Home: A Backup for Commuters Who Use Alternative Modes”. Transformation of Public Transit.” http://sharedusemobilitycenter.org/ Transport Demand Management Encyclopedia. http://www.vtpi.org/

26 | k wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Final_TOPT_DigitalPagesNL.pdf. pg. 31. tdm/tdm18.htm foundations forfuture MaaS initiatives in theGTHA. systems are built and thus present potential already containthecriticalideaonwhichMaaS modes withinasingleprogram, suchprograms Nevertheless, by providing accesstomultiple available tothegeneral publicnorisitapp-based. new ones. intensively torefine anddevelop theirservices will onlygrow inthefuture. TNCsalready usedata ofdatatotransportation The importance privacy Big data,anonymity, and already offers anERHprogram by car. Commute,aMetrolinx Smart initiative, greatest concernswithalternatives tocommuting subway outage),they address manytravellers’ emergency systemfailure ortransportation (e.g. providing someflexibilityincasesofpersonal The ideabehindERHprograms isthatby digits/2015/01/13/uber-offers-trip-data-to-cities-starting-in-boston/ WithBoston”Starting TheWall Street Journal 88 Macmillan,D. 13January, 2015.“UberOffers Trip Data to Cities, analytics-competitive-advantage/ georgianpartners.com/data-science-disruptors-uber-uses-applied- Analytics For Competitive Advantage”. https:// Georgian Partners 3 February, 2015.“DataScienceDisruptors: HowUberUsesApplied files/blogs/the-amazing-ways-uber-is-using-big-data andMatys,C. Data”. DataScienceCentral 87 Marr, B.7May, 2015.“TheAmazing Ways UberIsUsingBig emergency-ride-home/ Home” Your Travel Options Commute:Emergency Ride Commute.2016.“Smart 86 Smart them inexchange forpermission tooperate. requiring TNCstoshare someoftheirdatawith however, municipal governments are increasingly ofthisdata, data. Recognizingtheimportance provides them,TNCsare reluctant toshare their protect thecompetitive advantages thattheirdata significant datagatheringcapabilities.Eagerto and Metrolinx’s PRESTO card –alsopossess payment systems–suchasLondon’s Oystercard transportation companies(PTCs,transportation thetermused such data-sharingrequirements forprivate Toronto’s newvehicle-for-hire bylaw includes 87 Transit card agenciesthatusesmart . http://smartcommute.ca/more-options/ . http://www.datasciencecentral.com/pro- 86 butitisnot . http://blogs.wsj.com/ planning 88

travel histories. over practiceofindefinitelyretaining Uber’s users’ increased levels ofcongestion. if thegrowth ofride-sourcing wascontributing to type wasusedby themayor’s officetodetermine remains tobeseen.InNewYork City, dataofthis this reporting relationship willtake inpractice in Toronto forTNCs)–thoughtheexactshape why_uber_has_a_canadian_privacy_problem.html The Toronto Star 21 November, 2014. “WhyUberhasaCanadianprivacy problem”. cized fornothaving aprivacy policyspecific to Canada. Geist,M. com/2015/06/23/uber-privacy-epic-ftc/ Uberhasalsobeencriti- overblown—except foronething”. J.23June,2015.“Uberprivacy charges are92 Roberts, flD88OVqDl http://www.buzzfeed.com/johanabhuiyan/uber-settles-godview#. Attorney GeneralOver “GodView”Tracking Program”. Buzzfeed. 91 Bhuiyan, J.6January, 2016.“UberSettlesWithNewYork program com/management-operations/news/712001/kcata-expands-bridj- “KCATA expandsBridjprogram” News.http://www.metro-magazine. 90 Metro: For Transit andMotorcoach Business.29April,2016. operations/downloads/pdf/For-Hire-Vehicle-Transportation-Study.pdf tation Study.” CityofNewYork. pg.5.http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/ 89 OfficeoftheMayor. January, 2016.“For-Hire Vehicle Transpor information, anddatabreaches need tobe discrimination, inappropriate useofpersonal anddisguised analysis, includinginadvertent benefits, therisksinvolved indatacollectionand iceberg. Whiledata analyticsoffer significant These concernsare potentiallyjustthetipof January 2016. January New York Attorney Generalanda$20,000finein tracking systemresulted inaninvestigation by the area sofar. For example,inappropriate useofits has beensubjectedtothemostcriticisminthis and privacy ofindividuals’movements. Uber naturally raisesconcernsabouttheanonymity The expansionofmobilitydatacollection optimize connectionsbetweendifferent modes. improve route planningby transitagenciesand be hadwhenthisdatacouldleveraged tohelp service. Bridj resulted intheadditionofnewroutes tothe microtransit with the transitagency’s partnership ofdatafromanalysis ofonlytwomonths’worth 90 There are even greater potentialgainsto . http://www.thestar.com/business/2014/11/21/ 91 92 Concernshave alsobeenraised Fortune . http://fortune. 89 InKansasCity, -

27 | The Mowat Centre recognized and addressed. Given many GTHA Nevertheless, increased parking availability could transit agencies’ limited experience leveraging also induce additional private automobile trips by the sort of personalized data involved, building making it less difficult to find parking spaces.95 the data analysis capacity while still protecting Similarly, minimum parking requirements, travellers’ privacy represents an important which require that new developments include a challenge. certain number of parking spaces, result in cars occupying valuable urban real estate thereby likely Road- and land-use pricing raising housing costs. In an attempt to encourage more efficient land use that is more aligned with The lack of a rationalized approach to road- and their transportation objectives, some cities, such land-use pricing has greatly encouraged single- as Minneapolis, have begun to ease parking occupancy automobile use and discouraged requirements for new developments that offer more significant uptake of shared mobility and options to park bicycles.96 other more efficient and sustainable forms of transportation like transit.93 By reforming this Crucially, the gains offered by better pricing of approach, policymakers can shift incentive parking pale in comparison to the gains that could structures to more accurately reflect the real costs be realized by pricing road use.97 Road-use pricing of driving – thereby encouraging greater adoption – for example, in the form of high-occupancy of shared mobility. toll (HOT) lanes the use of which is reserved for vehicles carrying multiple individuals or vehicles The most obvious opportunities for immediate paying a toll – complements shared mobility by change involve parking. Metrolinx owns helping to better reveal the true costs of various approximately 73,000 parking spaces around modes of mobility. In doing so, it gives travellers numerous GO stations in the GTHA. The majority stronger incentives to use more efficient shared of these spaces are currently not priced.94 Many modes like ride-sharing or transit.98 Significantly, peer agencies price more of the parking they own however, given the disproportionate impact that which allows them to encourage the use of shared road-use pricing would have on low-income mobility through discounted parking fees or individuals, any move to increased road-use prioritized station access. Critically, however, any pricing without compensatory improvement in decrease in the availability of parking at mobility public transit and other affordable transportation hubs that is not complemented by improved F/L options risks significantly harming the equity of mile connections risks pushing commuters into our transportation system.99 personal automobiles for their entire commutes. 95 Jaffe, E. 12 January, 2016. “The Strongest Case Yet That Exces- sive Parking Causes More Driving”. CITYLAB. http://www.citylab. Shared parking also offers new solutions to com/commute/2016/01/the-strongest-case-yet-that-excessive- parking-causes-more-driving/423663/ parking scarcity, as it could decrease congestion 96 Parzen, J. and Frisbie, T. 2015. “Shared-Use Mobility Reference by reducing reliance on on-street parking. Guide”. pg. 4. 97 Srivastava, L. and Burda, C. December, 2015. “Fare Driving: Ex- ploring the benefits of traffic pricing in Toronto and the GTA”. Pembina Institute. https://www.pembina.org/pub/fare-driving pg. 1-2. 93 Globe Editorial. 16 March, 2016. “Why give drivers a free ride? 98 Coyne, A. 16 June, 2014. “Andrew Coyne: Vancouver’s road Bring on the road tolls”. The Globe and Mail. pricing proposal a revolutionary fix for gridlock”. The National Post. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/editorials/why-give-driv- http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/andrew-coyne-vancou-

ssu e s ers-a-free-ride-bring-on-the-road-tolls/article29266448/ vers-road-pricing-proposal-a-revolutionary-fix-for-gridlock 94 Metrolinx has reserved spaces for car-sharing service zipcar 99 Blatchford, A. 6 July, 2016. “Poorer Canadians rely heavily on ey i at 13 GO stations and a variable number for its “carpool to GO” cars, says analysis as Ottawa considers more road tolls”. The To- initiative. zipcar. 2 April, 2015. “zipcar and metrolinx bring more car ronto Star. https://www.thestar.com/business/2016/07/06/poorer-

28 | k sharing options to go transit stations”. Press Releases. http://www. canadians-rely-heavily-on-cars-says-analysis-as-ottawa-considers- zipcar.com/press/releases/metrolinx2015 more-road-tolls.html and employment opportunities. alternatives, atriskofexclusion from services low-income riders,whooftenlacktransportation subsidization fundingmodel.Sucherosion places to theerosion oftransit’scurrent cross- areas. are Theseservices themostvulnerable inlower-demand,oftensuburban, transit services and theirdisproportionate dependenceonlocal Another concerncentres onlow-incomecitizens fare-capping. accountsandthrough transportation smarter need through subsidiesaddeddirectly intotheir providers. PRESTO citizens couldalsosupport in accepted by publicandprivate transportation a debitcard andbank account–thatcouldbe by providing away ofstoringvalue –similarto toaddressopportunities manyoftheseissues Metrolinx’s PRESTO card systemoffers increasingly rely onboth. insystemsthat or accesstosmartphones include individualswithoutbankaccounts technologies have created concernshowto problemsmost important thatshared mobility lower socio-economicbackgrounds. Oneofthe possess limitedtechnologicalcapabilitiesand challenges,however,particular foruserswho help toadvance. Shared mobilityalsopresents system, andonewhichshared mobilitycan objective transportation fortheGTHA’s important Ensuring equitableaccesstomobilityisan Inequality andinclusion news/996589/map-carless-in-the-burbs/ from GlobalNews transit,withoutacar”. 101 Cain,P. 2 December, 2013. “Map:Torontonians living far Guide”. pg.21. 100 Parzen, J.andFrisbie, T. 2015.“Shared-Use MobilityReference 100 . http://globalnews.ca/ 101 offer potentiallygreat benefits. as SanJose’s dynamically-routed Flexmini-bus Whilestillintheirinfancy,service. such services withmoreservice responsive microtransit also offers toreplace opportunities localtransit Additionally, thetechnologybehindride-sourcing type, albeitusinglegacytechnology. employing flexiblelocaltransitsolutions ofthis represents agencyalready anexampleofaGTHA lessdenseareas,mile connectionincertain Street Railway whichoffers ataxirideasF/L in thesystem.Trans-Cab, oftheHamilton apart thereby enablingadditionalinvestment elsewhere by transitagencies’operationoflocalservices, could significantlyreduce thelossesincurred non-downtown areas thantaxicompanies. are suburbanor doingabetterjobofservicing cities have foundthatride-sourcing companies positive effects inthisregard. For example,some Conversely, shared mobilityisalsohaving some routes-maps/trans-cab Maps 104 Hamilton Street Railway. “Trans-Cab”. SchedulesRoutes and Around Santa ClaraValley103 Transportation Authority. “VTA Flex”.Getting Taxis Are”. New York’s10, 2015.“UberIsServing OuterBoroughs More Than 102 Bialik,C.Flowers,A.Fischer-Baum, R.andMehta,D. August . https://www.hamilton.ca/hsr-bus-schedules-fares/schedule- . http://www.vta.org/getting-around/vta-flex 103 Such services Suchservices 104 102

29 | The Mowat Centre In the GTHA, the affordability of transportation outside the downtown core has become particularly important for the region’s growing low-income t ion s populations. th e r jur i sd ic 30 | le ss on s f r o m 6 own long-term transportation objectives. own long-termtransportation policymakers engaged inadvancing theGTHA’s key lessonsthey illustrateshouldbeusefulto section are perfectly replicable the inthe GTHA, While notalloftheexamplesdiscussedinthis shared systems. mobilityintotheirtransportation that otherjurisdictionshave foundinintegrating Four demonstratethevalue casesinparticular its relationship withthecompany. each firmtojurisdictionand,consequently, UberPool). Thisvariety of impactstheimportance 2016, Toronto istheonlyCanadiancitywith offerings indifferent cities(e.g.asofAugust city (KansasCity).Similarly, Uberhasvarying withthelocalgovernmenta partnership inone active inthree U.S.citiesanditisengagedin instance, microtransit companyBridjisonly penetration dependingonthelocation.For platforms have achieved levels varying ofmarket of shared mobilityinitsownway, asdifferent Each jurisdictionisresponding tothegrowth integrate shared systems. mobilityintotheirwidertransportation those thathave beenmostsuccessfulhave actedproactively toadvance theirgoalsandworked to approaches andare operatingondifferent timelinesinresponding totheemergence ofshared mobility, raised, othershave beenslowertorespond. Thoughdifferent jurisdictionshave taken avariety of of shared mobility. Whilesomeare andaddress actingquicklytoembraceopportunities challenges Cities andregions around theworldare nowgrapplingwithavariety ofissuesraisedby theemergence jurisdic Lessons from tions http://www.dart.org/news/news.asp?ID=1172 to BringConveniencePartner ofCarSharing.” DART News Release 106 DallasArea Rapid Transit. 4February, 2015.“ZipcarandDART fill-in-riders-first-mile-last-mile-gap.html/ com/2015/04/dallas-area-rapid-transit-uber-partner-in-an-effort-to- The DallasMorningNews to fillinriders’‘firstmile-lastmile’ inaneffort gap”. Uber partner 105 Wilonsky, R.14April,2015. “DallasArea RapidTransit, similar arrangementsatotherstations. largest transitstations,anditisconsidering it withdedicatedparkingspotsnearoneofits DART hasalsoworked withzipcar, providing private –through itsGoPass app. –bothpublicand for allmodesoftransportation topurchasepassengers theopportunity tickets platforms. DART isnowworking onproviding offered discountsontheirfirstridesthese DART ofthepartnership, As part passengersare their journeys tolocationsbeyond transitstops. is tomake iteasierforpassengersto connect through itsGoPass mobileticketing app.Theaim Lyft by connectingpassengerstobothservices partnered withride-sourcing firmsUberand Dallas Area RapidTransit (DART) recently Engaging inpartnerships ther . http://transportationblog.dallasnews. 105 106 Indeed, .

31 | The Mowat Centre DART’s approach hinges on knowing the region are accessible through a trip via public transit of well and allocating resources where they are most less than 90 minutes.110 needed. In the case of Dallas, DART identified a key gap – limitations in mobility and connectivity More broadly, other cities including Portland, to public transit from certain areas outside the New York City, Boston, Seattle and, as of May core of the city – which these partnerships aim 2016, Toronto, have incorporated data-sharing to address. The initiative is considered a success, provisions into the regulations they have adopted as DART’s target for app downloads has already to govern shared mobility providers operating been surpassed by a large margin. within their boundaries.111 Overall, data generated by shared mobility providers have been identified Obtaining insight about as supporting innovative transportation solutions that should ultimately help build a “platform with customer needs integrated real-time data showing all available Customer behaviour data provides an important transportation connections.”112 opportunity for governments and transit agencies to gain better insight into how customers use Incentivizing consumer their services. Data-sharing is a key component of behaviour a trilateral partnership in Kansas City between its transit authority, mictrotransit company Bridj, and Several cities and regions have taken steps automaker Ford. The partnership, which launched to influence consumer behaviour in ways in February 2016, involves use of the Bridj app to that support specific policy goals, including obtain a seat on one of 10 Ford vans driven by decreased congestion and/or increased land- employees of the city’s public transit authority.107 use opportunities. As part of these efforts, the Kansas City’s local government proactively San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency initiated the project by approaching Bridj and is (SFMTA) set a specific “mode share goal” in 2012, spending US$1.3 million to support the project. aiming to reduce trips via automobile to half of all transportation within the city by 2018113 – a goal As part of this effort, Bridj and the city have that it may have achieved early.114 agreed to share data, enabling local policymakers to use the pilot project to learn about how users 110 Krok, A. 10 February, 2016. “Ford and Bridj team up to bring a new type of mobility to Kansas City”. Roadshow. http://www.cnet. connect with bus and routes compared com/roadshow/news/ford-ride-kc-bridj/ to a Bridj-like platform.108 The context in Kansas 111 Konz. P, 23 October, 2015. “How Cities Can Harness the Ben- efits of Shared Mobility”. CitiesSpeak: The Official Blog of the National City is quite different from most cities in that, League of Cities. http://citiesspeak.org/2015/10/23/how-cities-can- harness-the-benefits-of-shared-mobility/ currently, only one per cent of residents use 112 Hirschon, L. Jones, M. Levin, D. McCarthy, K. Morano, B. t ion s public transit to travel to work.109 Additionally, Simon, S. 2015. “Cities, the Sharing Economy and What’s Next”. Na- tional League of Cities: Centre for City Solutions and Applied Research. only an estimated 18 per cent of jobs in the city http://www.nlc.org/Documents/Find%20City%20Solutions/City- Solutions-and-Applied-Research/Report%20-%20%20Cities%20 the%20Sharing%20Economy%20and%20Whats%20Next%20final.

th e r jur i sd ic 107 Marshall, A. 17 February, 2016. “Kansas City Is Embarking pdf. pg. 9. on a Great Microtransit Experiment”. CITYLAB. http://www.citylab. 113 San Francisco Municipal Tranportation Agency. “SFMTA com/cityfixer/2016/02/kansas-city-bridj-microtransit/462615/ Strategic Plan P Fiscal Year 2013 - Fiscal Year 2018”. San Francisco 108 Marshall, A. 17 February, 2016. “Kansas City Is Embarking on Municipal Tranportation Agency. https://www.sfmta.com/about- a Great Microtransit Experiment”. sfmta/reports/sfmta-strategic-plan-fy-2013-fy-2018. pg. 9. 109 Cronkleton, R. 25 January, 2016. “Kansas City area’s com- 114 Bialick, A. 3 February, 2015. “New Data Shows Most Trips in mutes are among the quickest in the nation”. The Kansas City SF Are Made Without a Private Automobile”. StreetsblogSF. http:// Star. http://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/ar- sf.streetsblog.org/2015/02/03/new-data-shows-most-trips-in-sf-

32 | le ss on s f r o m ticle56498968.html are-made-without-a-private-automobile/ purposes. spaces reserved forcar-sharingandride-sharing including zipcar, toprovide someparking workingwithcar-sharingproviders,also started city. to parkinregulated parkingspacesacross the program thatwouldallowcar-share vehicles SFMTA ofitsefforts, As part launchedapilot connections totransitstations. walking, cycling andusinglocaltransittosupport ofprovidingthe importance incentives for MetrolinxIn theGTHA, hassimilarlyidentified mobility policesandpartnerships. of Innovation, designedtodevelop newshared initiatives. Divvy, which ispublicly-ownedand and incorporatetheminshared mobility sought toreach outtolow-incomepopulations Divvy, provides anexampleofhowthatcityhas populations. Chicago’s bike-sharing program, greater fortargeted accesstotransportation leverage shared mobility platforms toprovide Governments have to take started stepsto populations Ensuring accessfortarget ride-sharing –ashighprioritiesfortheagency. transit, walking,biking,taxis,car-sharingand –including automobile formsoftransportation positionsallnon-personal to transportation More broadly, SFMTA’s “transitfirst” approach draft_v6.pdf. slide 29. UploadedImages/2016-02-26%20CoreNetGlobal%20final%20 CORENETGLOBAL/41f4cc56-31f0-41d1-9ed4-791e7a970c09/ Chapter. https://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/ We Move”. Metrolinx Presentation to CoreNet GlobalCanadian 118 Woo, L.1 March, 2016.“Metrolinx: Transforming theWay Summit”. pg.10. 117 Shaheen,S.andChristensen, M.2013.“Shared-use Mobility Guide”. pg.26 116 Parzen, J.and Frisbie, T. 2015.“Shared-Use MobilityReference tegic PlanPFiscalYear 2013-FiscalYear 2018”.pg.4. 115 SanFrancisco MunicipalTranportation Agency. “SFMTA Stra- spaces. land-use development toencouragecar-sharing 116 Thecityalsoupdateditspolicieson 117 In2015,theagencycreated anOffice 118 Metrolinx has 115

customers. initially, amongmoderate-andhigh-income ride-sharing, tendtobemostpopular, atleast mobility platforms,includingcar-sharingand larger systems. transportation income usersifthey were betterconnectedto could offer significantpotentialbenefitstolow- by transit. by low-incomefamiliesand/orunder-served including somethatare predominantly populated the Divvynetworkintonewneighbourhoods, The initiative hasalsoinvolved expanding income residents. sharing memberships($5peryear) forlow- Everyone” offering discountedannualbike- launched aprogram in2015called“Divvyfor operated through apublic-private partnership, Shared MobilityHelpConnectLow-Income People to Opportunity?”. most-from-p2p-carsharing/ andArias, J.8December, 2014. “HowCan sharedusemobilitycenter.org/news/will-low-income-residents-benefit- Residents BenefitMostfrom P2PCarsharing?”News.http:// 124 Shared-Use MobilityCentre. 18June,2015.“WillLow-income low-income-people-to-opportunity livingcities.org/blog/740-how-can-shared-mobility-help-connect- Connect Low-IncomePeople Blog to Opportunity?” 123 Arias,J.8December, 2014.“HowCanShared Mobility Help poor-bike-the-rich-bike-share/413119/ Share”.. http://www.citylab.com/commute/2015/10/the- CITYLAB 122 Jaffe, E.30October, 2015.“ThePoor Bike, theRich Bike- wiedel-chicago-department-of-transportation/ http://sharedusemobilitycenter.org/news/innovator-profile-sean- ofTransportation”. News. file: SeanWiedel,ChicagoDepartmenrt 121 Shared-Use MobilityCentre. 10January, 2016.“Innovator Pro - chicago-bike-share theverge.com/2015/7/7/8908219/divvy-for-everyone-low-income- sharing program forlow-incomeresidents”. TheVerge. http://www. 120 Ziegler, C.7July, 2015.“Chicagorolls out$5-per-year bike to-popular-bike-s.html es/2015/july/mayor-emanuel-announces-divvy-expanding-access- cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/mayor/press_room/press_releas- Divvy forEveryone (D4e)Program”. CityofChicago es DivvyExpandingAccessto Popular Bike Share Systemthrough 119 Mayor’s Press Office,7July, 2015.“Mayor EmanuelAnnounc populations hasbeenlimited. To date,bike-sharing useamonglow-income integrating Divvyintoitstransitmobileapp. expanding andtheCityofChicagoisworkingon transit stops.Moreover, Divvyisintheprocess of in bothsuburbanareas andclosetomajorpublic America,withstations sharing systeminNorth 120 123 Divvynowoffers thelargest bike- Nevertheless, theseplatforms 119 122 124 Othershared Fortunately, . http://www. . https://www. 121 -

33 | The Mowat Centre some steps toward improving the Taking steps toward equity of these systems have already integrated transportation been taken – such as offering in Canada monthly instead of yearly passes for bike-sharing.125 Some cities have Société de transport de Montréal (STM), also started to provide incentives Montréal’s public transit agency, has for shared mobility providers to embraced the concept of “integrated serve more diverse locations and mobility” which involves combining neighbourhoods.126 multiple forms of transportation to support passengers’ mobility needs. Through this In the GTHA, the affordability of approach, STM made agreements with transportation outside the downtown bike-sharing and car-sharing firms, provided core has become particularly passengers with special offers to use those platforms, and worked closely with important for the region’s growing taxis. Indeed, efforts to integrate taxis into low-income populations. This is Montreal’s transportation system have because these populations are allowed the transit agency to expand its increasingly concentrated in the reach into low-density areas. Taxis have region’s outer suburbs, areas which also reaped benefits from the partnership, currently have limited access to as they are permitted to use dedicated bus transit.127 This all points to the lanes which expedites their trips and reduces increasing need for new modes operating costs.128 Furthermore, STM has to provide greater access to such also signed a partnership agreement with populations in the region. Montréal-based company Netlift, which facilitates carpooling for commuters aiming to connect with mass transit – an approach that encourages greater multi-modality. Despite this philosophy of integration, however, ride-sourcing companies such as Uber have not been incorporated into “integrated mobility.” Indeed, Uber has been declared “illegal” by leaders at both the municipal and provincial levels of government — though it is now in the process of being regulated.129 t ion s 125 National Association of City Transporta- tion Officials. 16 September, 2015 “Can Monthly Passes Improve Bike Share Equity?” News. http:// 128 Société de transport de Montréal. November 2010. “parte- nacto.org/2015/09/16/can-monthly-passes- th e r jur i sd ic naire incontournable du cocktail transport et du mouvement improve-bike-share-equity/ collectif”. Société de transport de Montréal. http://ville.montreal. 126 Parzen, J. and Frisbie, T. 2015. “Shared-Use qc.ca/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/COMMISSIONS_PERM_V2_FR/ Mobility Reference Guide”. pg. 35. MEDIA/DOCUMENTS/MEM_STM_20101130.PDF 127 Stapleton, J. with Kay, J. April 2015. “The 129 CBC News. 10 June, 2016. “Quebec passes law to Working Poor in the Toronto Region: Mapping regulate Uber.” CBC News Montreal. http://www.cbc.ca/news/ working poverty in Canada’s richest city”. The canada/montreal/uber-law-could-pass-today-1.3628992 Metcalf Foundation. http://metcalffoundation.com/ wp-content/uploads/2015/04/WorkingPoorToron-

34 | le ss on s f r o m to2015Final.pdf measures intoplace. have successfullyputsuch and theDistrictofColumbia of August2016,39states regulations forTNCs.As have enactedlegislationor A majorityofU.S.states the UnitedStates sourcing lawsin state-level ride- Jurisdictions with in Canada. particularly though they have generally been slower to react, challenges associatedwithshared mobility– also already taking stepstoaddress started the provincial andnationallevels ofgovernment have and publictransit.Nonetheless,somestate/ regulate systems and operate local transportation as they generallyhave jurisdictionalauthorityto have usuallytaken theleadonshared mobility in theshared mobilitylandscape.Sofar, cities needed tomake headway inaddressing issues collaboration by alllevels ofgovernment willbe Due tovaryingapproaches by citiesandregions, national governments Roles forregional and companies http://www.pciaa.net/industry-issues/transportationnetwork- Status Map.” Issues;Transportation Industry Network Companie CasualtyInsurers130 Property AssociationofAmerica.“TNC Issue 130 130 California Oregon Washington Alaska Nevada Idaho s. Arizona Utah Hawaii Montana New Mexico Wyoming are betterpositionedtoaccomplish. regional andstate/provincial levels of government for uniformityinregulatory structures, which taxis. Indeed,agreater needhasbeenidentified oversee TNCs,asthey have previously donewith Local governments may notbebest positionedto ning-formula/ org/2014/08/06/capital-bikeshares-regional-approach-is-a-win Approach isaWinning Formula”. MobilityLab. 133 Schade,M.6August, 2014.“CapitalBikeshare’s Regional es-in-iowa-city-20160428 http://www.thegazette.com/subject/news/business/uber-launch TheGazette132 Schmidt,M.28April, 2016.“UberlaunchesinIowa City”. . Technology-Enabled Transportation pg.60. Services”. 2015. “BetweenPublicandPrivate Mobility:ExaminingtheRiseof 131 CommitteeforReview ofInnovative UrbanMobilityServices. if itinvolves crossing stateboundaries. enabling peopletogettheirdestinations,even to increase thesuccess ofprograms by better demonstrating thatinterconnectedness islikely effective inandaround Washington, D.C. – regional approach tobike-sharing hasproven and workacross municipalboundaries. noting thatitmakes iteasierfordrivers totravel regional andstate-wideapproaches toregulation, sourcing companieshave alsotoutedthevalue of Colorado South Dakota North Dakota North Nebraska Texas Kansas Oklahoma Minnesota Iowa Missouri Arkansas Louisiana Wisconsin Mississippi Illinois Tennessee Indiana Alabama Michigan Kentucky http://mobilitylab. Ohio Georgia 131 New Hampshire Massachusetts South Carolina Ride- North CarolinaNorth Pennsylvania 133 132 Vermont Florida Virginia A New York LEGEND - NO LEGISLATION LEGISLATION HAVE - Washington, D.C. West Virginia West Virginia Rhode Island Rhode Island Maine Connecticut New Jersey New Jersey Maryland Maryland Delaware Delaware

35 | The Mowat Centre Conversely, there have also been challenges with that currently it can be difficult for cities to obtain some efforts to coordinate beyond a municipal funding to support shared mobility initiatives, level. In Texas, for example, coordination such as a car-sharing pilot or infrastructure between Dallas and Fort Worth on a ride-sourcing to encourage shared parking.138 Federal policy encountered barriers due to divergent governments can also play a key role in collecting views.134 It has also been suggested that state- performance data, specifically by ensuring wide regulation can unnecessarily limit the consistency in gathering and disseminating such freedom of municipalities to develop their own data.139 solutions to issues, as well as reduce the scope for innovation.135 Nevertheless, many states in Within Canada, challenges associated with a the United States have successfully enacted lack of coordination between governments have legislation designed to respond to the emergence already been observed amid efforts to regulate of ride-sourcing on a state-wide basis. ride-sourcing in Edmonton. While Edmonton was the first Canadian city to pass a bylaw that would Currently, most national level efforts involve enable ride-sourcing companies to operate in reviewing and studying the key issues raised by January 2016, Uber suspended its services in the the emergence of shared mobility. For instance, city soon after because the insurance required by the Ministry of Transport of New Zealand has the city’s bylaw had not yet been made available undertaken a review of licensing requirements by the provincial government.140 for taxis, ride-sourcing and other similar types of services on a national scale.136 In the United In the GTHA, the importance of action by the States, the Department of Transportation has provincial government was also recognized by convened an advisory committee on intelligent the City of Toronto in its May 2016 vehicle-for- transportation systems to examine topics such hire bylaw, in which city council voted by a wide as shared mobility, with the purpose of providing margin to request that the provincial government guidance on the subject.137 regulate private transportation companies.141

National and regional levels of governments could, and increasingly need to, play a larger role in furthering shared mobility objectives. In particular, they can do so by providing funding 138 Parzen, J. and Frisbie, T. 2015. “Shared-Use Mobility Reference and expertise, as well as by helping to coordinate Guide”. pg. 21. efforts at different levels of government. For 139 Intelligent Transportation Society of America. 19 Novem- ber, 2009. “Smart Cities and Communities, Performance-Based instance, municipal government staff have noted Transportation System Needed to Solve U.S. Congestion, Safety and Environmental Challenges”. Media. http://www.itsa.org/ t ion s index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=3:press- 134 Hirschon, L. Jones, M. Levin, D. McCarthy, K. Morano, B. Simon, S. release&id=830:smart_cities_and_communities,_performance- 2015. “Cities, the Sharing Economy and What’s Next”. pg. 30. based_transportation_system_needed_to_solve_u.s._congestion,_ 135 Light, S. Forthcoming. “Precautionary Federalism and the safety_and_environmental_challenges Sharing Economy”. Emory Law Journal. 66. Forthcoming. pg. 6. 140 Mertz, E. and Heidenreich, P. 29 February, 2016. “Uber tempo- th e r jur i sd ic 136 See Ministry of Transportation. “Small passenger services rarily suspends operations in Alberta’s capital.” Global News. http:// review”. Land. http://www.transport.govt.nz/land/small-passenger- globalnews.ca/news/2547528/government-to-announce-plan-for- services-review/ ride-sharing-services-in-alberta/ 137 See United States Department of Transportation. 5 October, 141 Toronto City Council. 3 May, 2016. “A New Vehicle-for-Hire 2015. “2015 Intelligent Transportation Systems Program Advisory Bylaw to Regulate Toronto’s Ground Transportation Industry”. City Committee”. 2015 Report to the US Secretary of Transportation. http:// of Toronto. http://app.toronto.ca/tmmis/viewAgendaItemHistory. www.its.dot.gov/itspac/pdf/2015_AdviceMemorandum.pdf do?item=2016.LS10.3 36 | le ss on s f r o m 7 between nowandtheendof2020. ofthechoicesfacingourregions’negative outcomesandhighlighttheimportance decision-makers policymakers. Inthissection,weoffer twostylized scenarioswhichcontrast possiblepositive and world impactofsuchadiverse array offactorsor tounderstandthetrade-offsthatthey imposeon reliability any further intoreliability the future. anyfurther rapidly changing landscape, itisdifficultto forecast withmuch 142 Thefive-year timeframe waschosenbecause,given the are usinglessandless. that manymedium-andhigh-income citizens the politicalwilltosubsidize transitservices flight toprivate alternatives hasbeguntosap transit system’s mostlucrative routes. This are increasingly skimmingriders from thepublic increased. Worryingly, theseprivate alternatives this growth isunclear, congestion hasclearly in popularity. Whilethespecificimpactof such asride-sourcing have grown significantly context, private alternatives transportation to thenetworkare stillnotcompleted.Inthis overburdened expansions asmanynecessary public transitsystemhasonlybecomemore crowdedBy theendof2020,GTHA’s meet theneedsofGTHA’sinhabitants. fragmentation anddwindlingcapacityunableto case scenarioofgrowingtransportation technological trendscouldresultinaworst- A sys Worst-Case Scenario 142 systemover transportation thenextfiveGTHA’s years. Current trends inshared forthe mobilitywillproduce opportunities seriouschallengesandimportant tem thatisslowtorespondgrowing Scenarios intheGTHA Future Stat e: Two 140 Toronto’s and Hamilton’s programs. the stagnation inmembershipgrowth in both remains asore pointthathascontributed to sharing programs intothe transitfare structure Similarly, thefailure tointegratethe region’s bike- advent ofimproved trip-planning capabilities. has, ironically, becomemore noticeablewiththe transit agencies’fare structures, aproblem that the ploddingpaceofintegrationamongthese Still ofeven greater concerntothepublicis this upgrade. structure haslimitedthepublic’s enthusiasmfor intotransit agencies’ fareof theseservices has impressed some,thelackofintegration Enterprise, andzipcarvehicles through Triplinx of theabilitytobookCar2Go,Autoshare/ frequent disruptions. Whiletheaddition service non-existent integrationwithprivate and services clunkyor derided fortheirpooruserinterfaces, Public transitagencies’proprietary appsare agencies, progress hasbeenpainfullyslow. integrate across various transit theGTHA’s and payment functionshave to finallystarted At anoperationallevel, whiletrip-planning Often,itcanbedifficulttoimaginethereal-

37 | The Mowat Centre One major development that has occurred is the service comparable in price and speed to basic haphazard and inconsistent regulation of ride- non-accessible service was a condition of the sourcing in several of the GTHA’s municipalities – regulation of ride-sourcing in many of the GTHA’s usually the result of hurried political compromises municipalities. Nevertheless, many accessibility rather than well-researched and thoroughly advocates allege that ride-sourcing companies consulted deliberative processes. Regardless, frequently fail to meet this standard. wherever it has occurred, regulation has further decreased the market share of taxicabs as more The upholding of ride-sourcing drivers’ drivers and customers have flocked to Uber classification as independent contractors has and its competitor Lyft, which arrived in the also resulted in significant labour strife. Drivers GTHA in early 2017. Unsurprisingly, the value have repeatedly disrupted service to protest their of taxi licenses in the GTHA has plummeted. treatment by these companies, particularly the Additionally, both ride-sourcing and taxi fares are unilateral cuts to their payment rates. rising, as is the frequency with which “surge” or “dynamic pricing” is being applied. Unfortunately, Toronto is also dealing with the fallout of its long- due to the limited and incompatible data-sharing gestating decision to convert a percentage of its requirements contained in many of the TNC on-street parking into spaces reserved for car- regulations that were passed throughout the sharing vehicles. This decision was controversial GTHA, city councils are finding it difficult to primarily because it meant a reduction in parking address these problems. for residential parking permit holders. Again, as with the regulation of ride-sourcing, city council’s Meanwhile, after a protracted legal battle, wait-and-see attitude allowed opposing groups UberHop and Lyft Line were found to be infringing to form on this issue. As the debate went on, on the TTC’s transit monopoly. This ruling lost both sides became increasingly entrenched in most of its force the day it was handed down, their positions. This created a situation where however, as both companies immediately shifted compromise became very difficult and the their services from fixed routes to dynamic regulation which resolved the situation suffered routing – thereby escaping legal categorization accordingly. as transit services. With such competition to public transit growing, it has started to significantly harm public agencies’ ridership levels. This has created the beginnings of a downward spiral of reduced service leading to reduced ridership leading to even more reduced

t ion s service and so on.

The rise of ride-sourcing has also resulted in

th e r jur i sd ic reduced quantity and quality of service for travellers with disabilities who have difficulty getting selected by drivers who avoid picking up more difficult passengers. Provision of accessible 38 | le ss on s f r o m of enhanced reliability andflexibility, transit of agenciesintheregion. asaresult Partially result ofsignificantcollaboration by anumber region-wide “emergency ridehome” program, the enabled thecreation ofapopularintegrated regional system.Ithasalso transportation a seamlesspayment experienceacross the capping, co-fares, multi-modaldiscountsand sector providers. Thishasfacilitatedfare- a payment platform toavariety ofprivate- leveraging PRESTO andexpandingitsuseas Much ofthisprogress hasbeenenabledby improving onhigh-demandroutes. service at anattractive cost,whilesimultaneously intolessdensesuburbanareasof theirservices able toexpandthescope,frequency andreliability demand mini-buses,transitagencieshave been Moreover, by relying ondynamically-routed, on- fare payment toolswhilemaintaininglowprices. microtransit optionsintousers’trip-planningand agencies have been abletoseamlesslyintegrate with companieslike BridjandRideCo,transit popular newmicrotransit options.Bycontracting agencies andavariety ofTNCsthathave yielded betweenseveralof public-private partnerships these hasbeentheimpressive rollout ofaseries residents across Foremost theGTHA. among accessandconvenience for transportation transit agencieshave significantlyimproved steps taken by theregion’s governments and andproactiveBy 2020,anumberofvisionary specific government policyobjectives. models thatmay emergewhilealsosupporting is abletoquicklyrespondnewsharedmobility systemthat for aflexibleanddynamicregulatory modesacrosstheregion,allowing transportation have enabledaseamlessintegrationofmultiple Early proactive stepsby alllevels ofgovernments Best-Case Scenario with whichsurge pricinghasbeenapplied. keeping fares low andminimizingthefrequency the region. Thiscompetitionhasbeenintegralin tobeginoffering in some localstart-ups, services encouraged ahostofcompetingTNCs,including these wastheregulatory predictability whichhas responding toemerging issues.Foremost among at regular provided intervals, significantvalue in reviews andupdatesmadetotheseregulations sourcing across andthesubsequent theGTHA, The careful andstagedregulation ofride- of tripstaken inshared vehicles. significant region-wide increase inthepercentage include regional coordination offares anda capacity recruited atMetrolinx. Othersuccesses dividends paidby theincreased dataanalytics requirements wasonlythefirstofmanymajor ride-sourcing. Thedesignofthesedata-sharing companies) quicklyfolloweditsapplicationto (such ascar-sharingandshared parking operators other newdata-intensive transportation providers. Theextensionofthisrequirement to withprivate transportation useful partnerships planning throughout theregion andtonegotiate entire plannerswere GTHA, abletooptimize route providing awealthofcomparabledataforthe framework by theGovernment ofOntario.By through thecreation ofaride-sourcing regulatory mobility firmsandgovernment institutedinitially requirement fordata-sharingbetweenshared Much ofthissuccessistheresult ofthe convenience forcustomers. popular by increasing affordability, flexibilityand pilot program –whichisproving extremely a more comprehensive PRESTO-enabled MaaS these programs, Metrolinx hasrecently launched ridership hasspiked. Buildingonthesuccessof

39 | The Mowat Centre The usefulness of these regulatory reviews has parking has reduced congestion by increasing the also been enhanced by the availability of the ease of finding a parking space. This has allowed data that ride-sourcing firms were required to municipalities to actually reduce the stock of on- share under the provincial regulatory framework. street parking without significant public backlash. Additionally, recognizing that users of many of these newer modes of transportation tended to Similarly, the significant expansion of bike-sharing be younger, more educated and wealthier than the systems in Toronto and Hamilton, particularly average citizen,143 regulators adopted a number of at mobility hubs throughout the region, has requirements aimed at increasing the inclusivity encouraged significant growth in bike-sharing of services, which TNCs were required to fulfill in as a means of completing F/L mile connections. order to operate in the GTHA. Bike-sharing also received a significant boost with the completion of Toronto’s “minimum grid” For ride-sourcing companies, these included the of bicycle lanes and the gradual expansion of a provision of accessible services with comparable network of protected long-distance bicycle routes wait times and prices, as well as enabling connecting key destinations throughout the disabled persons to opt out of passenger rating GTHA. systems. The meeting of these conditions has been closely monitored by municipalities through A downside of this increasing multi-modality the aforementioned data-sharing requirements. is that the main higher-order transit corridors Similarly, municipal governments acted quickly operated by Metrolinx and the TTC have become to allow on-street parking opportunities for significantly more crowded as more people – car-sharing companies across the region – but especially suburban residents – use the system simultaneously required these firms to provide more regularly. However, this increased crowding improved access in less dense neighbourhoods has also increased the public’s willingness to and in areas with lower socio-economic support greater investment into updating and indicators. Firms were also eventually required to building new transportation infrastructure. An integrate PRESTO as a payment option. example of this shift can be found in the public’s willingness to repurpose the levy on hired-vehicle The continued improvement of mobility hubs rides – originally put in place to buy back existing has also greatly increased the attractiveness taxi licences – into an additional revenue source of all forms of shared mobility. For example, for transit infrastructure and operations. Metrolinx’s expanded partnerships with car- sharing companies have significantly increased use of their parking spaces. The preferential

t ion s station access and increases in space set aside for ride-sourcing and microtransit pick-up and drop-off have also been critical in supporting

th e r jur i sd ic uptake of newer modes and reducing congestion at stations. More generally, the rise of shared

143 Fishman, E. 2016. “Bikeshare: A Review of Recent Literature”. Transport Reviews 36(1) 92-113. 99. 40 | le ss on s f r o m 8 by shared mobility. government andtransit agenciesthatwillbetterenablethemtotake advantage ofthebenefitsoffered the successfulpursuitof suchasystem.We offer aseries ofrecommendations tospecificlevels of This report hasemphasized thecentralityofproactivity, innovation, flexibilityandcollaborationin » maintainsaresolute focusonimproving theoverall userexperience. » fostersandleverages innovation, and betweenproviders,» encouragespartnerships » encompassestheuseofbothpublicandprivate this goalwillbethedevelopment ofanoverarching multi-modalecosystemthat: – oneinwhichensuringcitizens’transportation accesstomobilityistheultimategoal.Key toachieving Fundamentally, ouranalysisandrecommendations are centred ontheneedforabroader perspective on identified asintegraltoaneffective system. transportation presented by shared mobilityandusingit toadvance the10characteristicsthatthispaperhas to newtechnologies.Therecommendations inthisreport are aimedatharnessingthepossibilities their strategicpolicyobjectives andusethemtoguide their regulatory andpolicymakingapproaches To effectively thepublicinterest, serve itisimperative thatgovernments clearlyidentifyandupdate timely manner. planning approaches, asthesegovernance modelsare unabletorespond tonewdevelopments ina ofcurrentthe shortcomings approaches. Governments mustmove beyond transportation today’s Critically, newformsofgovernance andpolicymaking are needed,aschangingtechnologyhasrevealed foreshadows challengesandoffers togainexperiencewiththeseissuesaheadoftime. opportunities to develop requisite agile,responsive frameworks.Fortunately, theemergence ofshared mobility shared systemrepresents forpolicymakers mobilityintothetransportation opportunity animportant will heightenthisperiodofrapidchange.Forward-thinking, regulation smart andintegrationof emerging providers respond toafast-changingenvironment. Theemergence ofautomatedvehicles The comingyears willseeinnovation reshape system asexistingand allaspectsofthetransportation Recommendat ions tools andassets,

41 | The Mowat Centre 10 characteristics of an effective transportation system

Innovative Inclusive Sustainable Accessible Safe Accepts and Produces only Provides access Provides access encourages of Ensures the safety limited negative to citizens from all to citizens of all new technologies of the public environmental socio-economic levels of ability and ways of doing impacts backgrounds things

Efficient Non- Liveable Equitable Citizen-centric exploitative Enables citizens Ensures that all Supports vibrant, to get where users of the system Responds to the Supports healthy and they need to go pay an equitable needs of users decent work for active human in a reasonable share of transportation communities amount of time its cost sector employees

1] Expedite regulatory reform While technological advances have enabled significant innovation in shared mobility, society’s ability to benefit from these innovations is constrained by outdated regulatory approaches. Flexible regulatory approaches must be developed to ensure that the growth of shared mobility serves the public good and broader transportation objectives. In the first instance, these regulations should be enacted by municipal governments.

Municipal governments in »» Regular reviews to determine if key objectives the GTHA have been achieved, gauge impacts on the broader transportation system and identify » Adopt interim regulations for ride-sourcing as any potential reforms. soon as practicable. These interim regulations should include: While it is important to provide municipalities with »» Accessibility requirements at least as strong the ability to craft regulations appropriate to their as existing requirements for taxis, as well unique situations, given the interconnected nature as measures to prevent prohibited forms of of the region’s transportation system, it is vital discrimination from occurring through the use that these regulations are compatible and enable of passenger and driver rating systems. travellers to move easily across boundaries. Therefore, it is essential for the Government »» Requirements for adequate insurance of Ontario to exercise leadership, coordinate (specific to ride-sourcing or commercial local efforts and provide municipalities with the driving). support they need. »» Requirements for robust transportation data- sharing with governments. ion s 42 | r eco mm en dat proactive role. absent from thisdebate,mustalsoplay amore The Government ofCanada,whichhasbeen municipal » Clarifythenatureofmonopoliesheldby » Develop, asquicklypossible the Government ofOtario » Invest inresearchactivities » Clarifytheobligationsofride-sourcingdrivers the Governmen t ofCanada opportunity. on issuessuchasclimate changeandeconomic around theimpactsofshared mobilityplatforms file their income taxes. have this tax refunded if they are so entitled when they federal government, with ride-sourcing drivers able to of faresidentifiable part and remit this directly to the require ride-sourcing firmstocollect HSTas an around remittingHST sharing certain typesofdata. sharing certain should beoutlinedfortransit-like suchas services, insuchpartnerships Conditions forparticipation withotherproviders.can enterintopartnerships and makingitclearthatmunicipaltransitagencies transit agencies inRecommendation4). (discussed further underpinned by asectoralconsultative mechanism The development ofthisframeworkshouldbe employed –whichissubjecttorapidchange. spent drivingperweek,ratherthanonthetechnology policies differentiate onthebasisofaverage time is thecasewithdrivers’ insurancepolicies.These based onthedifferences intherisksinvolved, as needs. Ideally, requirements wouldbeprimarily variation atmunicipallevels according tospecific (ride-sourcing, taxis,etc.),whileleaving scopefor that ensures minimumstandards across formats framework provincial vehicle-for-hire regulatory by definingtransit-like services . Ideally, thisclarificationwould tofillgapsin , anoverarching knowledge largely

43 | The Mowat Centre 2] Prioritize partnerships

The public and private sectors will need to work closely to build a mobility ecosystem designed around customers and their needs. Governments should partner with various shared mobility firms to ensure better connections and integration across multiple modes of transportation, including the ability to pay fares once for a single trip using multiple modes. These partnerships should be dynamic and flexible so that they are capable of evolving as new technologies emerge.

all transportation public transit agencies in providers the GTHA

» Collaborate with other agencies and mobility » Explore partnerships with microtransit providers providers to enable a seamless and dynamic through pilot projects designed to offer more payment experience that allows travellers to pay efficient local services, especially in low-density once per journey regardless of the number of areas and at off-peak hours. If successful, these providers, jurisdictions and modes. pilot projects could be expanded to replace certain existing local transit routes and increase In order for the GTHA’s transportation system to service to currently under-served areas. benefit from the emergence of shared mobility, the region’s public transit agencies need to take » Explore partnerships with microtransit, ride- a number of steps to ensure that these new sourcing and taxi firms to provide a “emergency technologies are integrated into the system as ride home” program – providing transit pass fully as possible and in ways that are supportive holders with occasional taxi or TNC rides for of their transit systems. emergencies. Ideally, this program would be region-wide, involve all transit agencies in the GTHA and build upon Metrolinx’s already- existing program.

» Ensure that these partnerships are well placed to succeed by improving connections between various shared modes, for example, by improving pick-up and drop-off facilities at mobility hubs for microtransit, ride-sourcing and ride-sharing; and by providing priority/reserved parking for car-sharing and ride-sharing at mobility hubs. ion s 44 | r eco mm en dat their citizens’ interests. theywith thetechnicalsupport needtoprotect minimum standards andprovide all municipalities leadership inthisarea, consistent setcertain The provincial government willneedtoexercise of thedataprovided tothemby thesefirms. shared mobilityfirms,letalonetomake fulluse engage withandregulate large well-resourced with more limitedcapacity, willfinditdifficultto Many municipalities,especiallysmallerones » » the GTHA public transitagenciein municipal governments and productively by publicagencieswhilealsoaddressing private firmsconcerns. requirements. Policymakers mustputinplacesafeguards thatenablethisshared datatobeused must bemindfulofprivate firms’concernsover lossesofcompetitive advantage duetodata-sharing public andprivate providers. Intakingthesesteps,however, governments andpublictransitagencies ensure thatcitizens canmove seamlesslythrough afullyinteroperable systemoperatedby multiple – someofwhichdonotyet exist.Governments shouldtake to allthetechnologicalstepsnecessary system’s effectiveness. Interconnectedness betweenmunicipalsystemsand 3] Ensure opendata,technologicalneutrality, platforms forfuture innovators. systems andthattheircanactas reasonably interoperable are advancing policyobjectives. regulatory frameworks,policiesandoperations enable governments toevaluate whethertheir for shared mobilityproviders, to particularly sharing Ensure systemsthatgovernments procureare Require certain consistentformsofdata- Require certain and interoperability as part oftheregulations aspart developed This willincludeleveraging ofmanydifferent thetoolsandservices providers withprivate providers’ across isessentialfortheregional theGTHA » » the Government ofOtario » platforms forfuture innovators. systems andthattheircanactas reasonably interoperable data and operationsare advancing policyobjectives. whether theirregulatory frameworks,policies toenablegovernmentsparticularly toevaluate that are developed forshared mobilityproviders, sharing planning, policydecisionsandpublicoutreach. to enableevidence-based transportation Ensure systemsthatgovernments procureare Establish open standards for transportation Establish openstandardsfortransportation Require certain consistentformsofdata- Require certain

that incorporatestrong privacy protections as part oftheregulatory frameworks aspart withprivate providers’

45 | The Mowat Centre 4] Develop leadership and coordination mechanisms

As steps are being taken toward an integrated system of multi-modal transportation, coordination among government agencies, the private sector, not-for-profit companies and the public will become even more critical. The Government of Ontario is best positioned to provide leadership to create opportunities for developing shared objectives and to set out specific strategies for achieving these objectives. Additionally, it is in this context that many of the larger issues associated with shared mobility, such as precarious employment, can be best addressed.

the Government of Ontario Metrolinx

» Develop regulatory frameworks, in consultation » Ensure that the concept of shared mobility with municipalities and other stakeholders, is fully integrated into the GTHA’s critical for new forms of shared mobility that ensure planning documents – especially the regional a cohesive regulatory environment across transportation plan (The Big Move) – as these the region. Simultaneously, these frameworks documents continue to be updated. should still be sufficiently flexible to provide municipalities with some scope to vary policies to address local needs.

» Convene a series of ongoing regional forums among municipal governments to consider issues arising from shared mobility, such as precarious employment, and to coordinate government action in these areas.

» Develop new governance mechanisms to enable ongoing consultation with all stakeholders – particularly those who use the system, providers already operating within it and innovators trying to improve it – which should inform frequent reviews of the system and its operations by providing findings and recommendations that can be quickly acted upon by governments.

As the agency responsible for regional transportation planning in the GTHA, it is essential that Metrolinx provide all stakeholders in the GTHA with strategic guidance on how it envisages shared mobility integrating into the regional transportation plan. ion s 46 | r eco mm en dat » the GTHA public transitagenciein municipal governments and more directly provide thatmeetspecificgovernment services objectives. as thepublicsectorworksmore closelywithprivate firms,itcanincentivize firmsactive inthisarea to shared modelssuchaspersonalcarownership.Additionally, mobilityinlieuofexistingtransportation sustainability. Governments shouldtake by advantage incentivizingtheuseof ofthisopportunity Shared mobilityprovides to anopportunity 5] Re-alignincentives topromote shared mobility shared mobility Incentivize individualsandfamilies touse »» »» »» Exploring congestionchargesortolling Increasing thenumberandtransit- Enabling on-streetparkingforcar-sharing reinvested inpublictransit. Revenues from thesecharges mustbe use ofvehicles inand around urbancores. municipalities toencouragemore shared in highly-congestedcorridors use ofshared vehicles andpublictransit. efficient useoftheregion’s roads andgreater and HOV lanescapable ofencouragingmore ofaviableregion-widepart networkofHOT Government ofOntario,theselanesform with Metrolinx, othermunicipalitiesandthe urban expressways sothat,incooperation and high-occupancyvehicle lanes (HOV) connectedness ofhigh-occupancytoll(HOT) considered. access by lower-incomeusers)couldbe unevenly, thenadditionalrequirements (e.g. analyzed and,ifusagewasdistributed usage data.Ideally, thisdatacouldbe andrequirebe short-term thesharingof where possible.Thisinitialallowanceshould (and charge providers forthisprivilege) by: within support policyobjectives aroundsupport theenvironment and on

able tomake more informedmobility choices. is bothmore equitableandsothattravellers are sothat thesystem of allmodestransportation, regulatory frameworks better reveal the true costs has themandatetotake steps toensure that of Ontariomustbeinvolved. Onlytheprovince patterns,theGovernmentefficient transportation In order tore-orient incentives toward more » areas. with accessibilitychallengesorinlow-income specific typesofpopulations,suchasthose sourcing providers toprovide to services forride- could includepay-for-performance specificpolicygoals.Theseincentives support Develop incentives fortheprivate sectorto »» »» »» Modify minimumparkingrequirements Developing targetedprograms Prioritizing thecompletionofmorebike lanes spots. spots forpersonalautomobilesparking priority/reserved shared mobilityparking mobility pick-up/drop-off facilitiesand new buildingsby substituting someshared sharing andotherformsofshared mobility. income people destinations across theGTHA. network ofdedicatedbike routes linkingkey around mobility hubs)andthebuildingofa sharing programs inpriorityareas (suchas grid” inToronto), theexpansionofbike- in theGTHA (e.g.completethe“minimum toaccessshared bikes, car- for low- for

47 | The Mowat Centre the Government of Ontario

» Implement new incentive structures to prioritize overall mobility by developing outcomes-based funding models focused on improving system- wide mobility and user experience.

» Require that the planning of all new provincially- funded transportation projects include a comprehensive analysis of, and plan for, integrating both shared and automated modes of transportation, as appropriate.

» Incentivize individuals and families to use shared mobility by:

»» Increasing the number and transit- connectedness of HOT and HOV lanes on the region’s highways so that, in cooperation with Metrolinx and the region’s municipalities, these lanes form part of a viable region-wide network of HOT and HOV lanes capable of encouraging more efficient use of the region’s roads and greater use of shared vehicles and public transit.

»» Exploring, in partnership with the federal government, tax incentives to encourage individuals and families to reduce car usage.

»» Exploring small changes to the legal definition of ride-sharing (e.g. the level of compensation allowed) to provide greater incentives for individuals to carpool. ion s 48 | r eco mm en dat » » » » » » Me more effectively. leverage withtheprivate andpartner sectortoadopttechnologythathelpsthemachieve objectives technologies orapplicationsitself.However, itdoesrequire publicentitiestoimprove theircapacityto new technologiesintheirownoperations.Thisdoesnotrequire thepublicsectortodevelop new similarly findandembracenewinnovative ways tocitizens ofdelivering services by leveraging innovative providers businessmodelsenabledby thosetechnologies.Publictransportation should The riseofshared mobilityhasbeendriven by 6] Embraceemerging technologies study itsimpacts. transitagencyandprivateGTHA providers and (MaaS) program a Service across theregion. transitprovisionuse thiscapacitytosupport solutions. attractiveness oftheseprograms asF/Lmile programs sharing with theobjectives ofthepublictransit network. tobetteraligntheseservices firms intheGTHA with private andnot-for-profit shared mobility smartphone-enabled transportation options. transportation smartphone-enabled toengagewithanynew lack smartphones services goonlineandrequireservices credit cards. asmore services andmoretransportation tocontinueaccessing accounts orsmartphones a criticalmeansforcustomerswithoutbank infrastructure as them,serve that supports Develop andpilotaPRESTO-enabled Mobilityas Increase in-housedataanalysiscapacity Work toenablePRESTO useforallGTHAbike- Explore thepossibilityofenablingPRESTO use Develop programs Recognize thatPRESTO cards,andthephysical trolinx in order increase to further the toenablecustomerswho in partnership witha inpartnership and private-sector firmsdeveloping newtechnologiesand

49 | The Mowat Centre 50 | conclusoin to travellers. to travellers. journey available ofthe best a part become at least options and transportation these emerging firms providing to work with to find a way providers need relevant, transit In order to stay 9 a complement, ratherthanacompetitor, topublictransit. system. Indeed,ifhandledwell, shared transportation mobilityhas thepotentialtoserve as the GTHA’s than publictransit.Critically, however, there isnotonlyroom, butareal need,for bothtothrive within In agrowing numberofinstances,shared mobilityproviders are meetingusers’needsmore effectively recognize andtake actionbasedonthissimple insight. options–whichoftennowinvolvestransportation shared mobilityplatforms.Policymakers must When given theoption,individualswillgenerallychoosemostconvenient andcost-effective to ensure thatthey are well-positionedtoharnessinnovation thosegoals. tofurther amid theemergence ofshared mobilityandproactively engagewithinnovators onacontinuousbasis objectivesbureaucrats, plannersandtransitoperatorsneedtoclarifytheirownprimary transportation systemembodiesthesecharacteristics inasharedtransportation mobilitycontext.Politicians, system aswellaseriesofrecommendations aimedatimproving theextenttowhichGTHA’s This report haslaidoutbothasetofcharacteristicswhichweseedefininganeffective transportation policymakers flat-footed,create significantconflictandproduce sub-optimaloutcomes. chaos provoked by thelaunchofUberXhasdemonstrated,arrival ofnew innovations cancatch rural areas –eachwithvarying capacitiestorespond totheseemerging issues.Astheregulatory mobility andenhancestheriskofafragmentedresponse. Itismadeupofbothlarge citiesandsmaller isadiverse region,The GTHA afactthatcompoundsthechallengesposed by thearrival ofshared potential. optimizing howthoseassets(whethercars,busesorpeople’s skills)are deployed, carrieshuge families. Inaregion withmanyhumanandphysicalassets,anymeans ofbetterrebalancing and toimprove systemandthewell-beingofindividuals opportunities transportation theGTHA’s Shared mobility–and thevaried andevolving setofinnovations thatare ofit–offers part important creative solutionswillberequired letaloneenhanceit. tosimplymaintainservice, transit challenges,andwiththearea’s populationsettogrow by more thanathird inthenext15years, populated region. WiththeGreater Toronto andHamiltonArea already facingsignificantcongestionand An effective systemisessentialtothesuccessandprosperity transportation ofanylarge, densely Concl usion

51 | The Mowat Centre In order to stay relevant, transit providers need to find a way to work with firms providing these emerging transportation options and become at least a part of the best journey available to travellers. There are even opportunities for public transit agencies to improve their services by working more closely with shared mobility providers. These include using shared data to obtain better insight into how riders use the system and by better focusing limited resources on services that they are uniquely positioned or mandated to provide.

Most importantly, all key players in the system must ensure that the customer experience is at the heart of their considerations. This is in line with Metrolinx’s strategy, as outlined in The Big Move, which calls for the creation of a “customer-first transportation system.”144 This cannot be done without incorporating the shared mobility options, which have grown significantly in popularity among its customers.

This report has noted the importance of multi-modality in achieving this goal. While there is little question that public transit’s role in operating high-volume, higher-order transit corridors will remain for the foreseeable future, its continued relevance in other areas is much less certain. New services ranging from bike-sharing to ride-sourcing to microtransit are likely better positioned to provide many parts of travellers’ journeys due to their flexibility and timeliness. This is likely a positive outcome – or at least it can be, if governments and transit agencies provide the regulatory frameworks that allow for the integration of these new modes with existing ones while still protecting the public interest.

In many ways the advance of shared mobility presents government with a made-to-order opportunity to enact the ideal of “government-as-a-platform”.145 Leveraging this opportunity effectively – through smart but flexible regulation, innovative frameworks, collaborative partnerships and proactive policymaking – could create a model for governing in the digital era. Given that many of the challenges presented by shared mobility foreshadow the revolutionary changes that automated vehicles and other emerging technologies will likely bring, getting this new model right now must be a top priority.

144 Metrolinx. September 2013. “The Big Move: Baseline Monitoring Report”. http://www.metrolinx.com/en/regionalplanning/bigmove/ The_Big_Move_Baseline_Monitoring_Full_Report_EN.pdf 145 Government-as-a-platform is a concept patterned after the concept of Web 2.0. At its core, it refers to the idea that government’s func- tion is as a convenor or enabler of beneficial forms of collective action. Thus, it refers to the idea that one of government’s core functions is to enable private individuals and groups to engage in beneficial activities that it would be difficult or impossible to undertake without govern- us oin ment support – and which government itself is unlikely or poorly suited to do. For example, this often involves the creation of value through the leveraging of government data, as with citizen science initiatives or in building real-time transit tracking apps. See O’Reilly, T. “Chapter 2. Government as a platform”. Open Government. http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000000774/ch02.html 52 | concl 53 | The Mowat Centre