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Transcriptomic Analysis of Primate Placentas and Novel Rhesus Trophoblast Cell Lines Informs Investigations of Human Placentation Jimi L

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Transcriptomic Analysis of Primate Placentas and Novel Rhesus Trophoblast Cell Lines Informs Investigations of Human Placentation Jimi L Rosenkrantz et al. BMC Biology (2021) 19:127 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-021-01056-7 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Transcriptomic analysis of primate placentas and novel rhesus trophoblast cell lines informs investigations of human placentation Jimi L. Rosenkrantz1,2, Jessica E. Gaffney2, Victoria H. J. Roberts2, Lucia Carbone1,3,4,5* and Shawn L. Chavez1,2,6,7* Abstract Background: Proper placentation, including trophoblast differentiation and function, is essential for the health and well- being of both the mother and baby throughout pregnancy. Placental abnormalities that occur during the early stages of development are thought to contribute to preeclampsia and other placenta-related pregnancy complications. However, relatively little is known about these stages in humans due to obvious ethical and technical limitations. Rhesus macaques are considered an ideal surrogate for studying human placentation, but the unclear translatability of known human placental markers and lack of accessible rhesus trophoblast cell lines can impede the use of this animal model. Results: Here, we performed a cross-species transcriptomic comparison of human and rhesus placenta and determined that while the majority of human placental marker genes (HPGs) were similarly expressed, 952 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the two species. Functional enrichment analysis of the 447 human-upregulated DEGs, including ADAM12, ERVW-1, KISS1, LGALS13, PAPPA2, PGF,andSIGLEC6, revealed over-representation of genes implicated in preeclampsia and other pregnancy disorders. Additionally, to enable in vitro functional studies of early placentation, we generated and thoroughly characterized two highly pure first trimester telomerase (TERT) immortalized rhesus trophoblast cell lines (iRP-D26 and iRP-D28A) that retained crucial features of isolated primary trophoblasts. Conclusions: Overall, our findings help elucidate the molecular translatability between human and rhesus placenta and reveal notable expression differences in several HPGs and genes implicated in pregnancy complications that should be considered when using the rhesus animal model to study normal and pathological human placentation. Keywords: Cross-species transcriptomics, Placenta, Non-human primate, Rhesus macaque, Preeclampsia, Pregnancy complications, Trophoblast, Extravillous trophoblast, Reproduction, Evolution Background (1) proliferative cytotrophoblasts (CTBs), which can differen- The placenta is the physical link between the mother and tiate into (2) invasive extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs), or fetusaswellasacriticalsitefornutrientandwasteexchange fuse to form (3) multinucleated syncytiotrophoblasts (STBs). during pregnancy. Trophoblasts are the major functional cell Proper trophoblast differentiation and function are essential type of the placenta and can be divided into three subtypes: for normal placentation and fetal development throughout gestation. In humans, abnormal placentation is the primary defect associated with major pregnancy complications, such * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] as preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, recurrent miscar- 1Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA riage, and still-birth [1]. Investigation of early placentation is Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2021 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Rosenkrantz et al. BMC Biology (2021) 19:127 Page 2 of 22 particularly important for combating these diseases since and requires the laborious isolation and use of primary many of the associated defects are thought to arise early to term rhesus trophoblasts for in vitro investigations. mid-gestation. However, the ethical and technical limitations Although the human and rhesus placenta appear to be of studying early human development have confined many morphologically and functionally similar, previous studies human placentation investigations to late gestational stages have revealed some notable differences in the expression closer to term. Thus, early human placental development, in- level and/or protein-coding potential of well-known hu- cluding the origin and cause(s) of the placental abnormalities man placental markers, including CGA, HLA-G, ERVW- underlying major pregnancy complications, are poorly 1, and SIGLEC6 [17–20]. Differences in placental invasion understood. have also been noted, as the extent and depth of intersti- To overcome the limitations of studying early human tial EVT invasion is greater in human compared to rhesus placentation, numerous human first trimester tropho- placentation [12]. Further, while a few cases of preeclamp- blast cell lines have been isolated and immortalized sia have been documented in rhesus and other non- using various methods for in vitro investigations [2–4]. human primates, this disease predominantly occurs in Unlike primary trophoblasts, immortalized trophoblast humans [21–25]. Thus, the identification of the molecular cell lines are readily available, can be grown in culture differences between human and rhesus placenta will not indefinitely, and are relatively easy to transfect for func- only help elucidate the translatability between primate pla- tional studies. However, recent studies suggest that these cental studies, but it may also provide valuable insight into cell lines are not necessarily a pure population of tro- the molecular origin of human-specific placental features phoblasts and/or have acquired karyotypic and pheno- and pregnancy-related diseases. typic aberrations with continued passaging [5–7]. The Here, we performed a cross-species transcriptomic human choriocarcinoma cell lines, BeWo, JEG-3 and comparison of human and rhesus placenta to identify JAR, have also been used to study trophoblast differenti- differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and determined ation and syncytialization [8], but these cells are highly that even though the majority of human placental malignant and exhibit considerably different transcrip- marker genes (HPGs) are similarly expressed across the tomic profiles than primary trophoblasts [5], questioning two species, there are gene expression differences that whether findings using these lines are truly representa- likely underlie the distinct features of human placenta- tive of normal CTBs or EVTs. tion. Additionally, we generated and thoroughly charac- While some of the limitations of performing human terized two highly pure TERT-immortalized rhesus in vitro and in vivo placental studies are overcome trophoblast cell lines for in vitro functional studies that using animal models, most mammalian species poorly retained features of primary rhesus trophoblasts. Overall, recapitulate human placentation. This is due, in large this work provides a comprehensive list of genes differ- part, to inherent genetic differences and variations in entially expressed between human and rhesus placenta the placental structure, steroidogenic synthesis, and that enhances the translatability of primate placental in- the intracellular signaling pathways mediating lineage- vestigations and helps delineate the molecular differ- specific trophoblast differentiation amongst mammals ences underlying human susceptibility to preeclampsia [9, 10]. However, non-human primate animal models, and other pregnancy-related diseases. It also offers previ- particularly rhesus macaques, are genetically similar ously unavailable first trimester immortalized rhesus to humans and share many key features of human trophoblast cell lines for further functional investigation placentation. Besides being comparable in placental and understanding of early primate placentation. morphogenesis, the overall structure and nature of both the STB interface layer and intervillous space, as Results well as endocrine functions and extracellular matrix Identification of genes differentially expressed between changes, are similar between rhesus and human pla- human and rhesus placenta centa [11–14]. Further, there is a strong resemblance Despite the structural and functional similarities be- between human and rhesus placental endovascular tween human and rhesus placentas, differences in the EVT invasion and spiral artery transformation [15], level and route of invasion, as well as the increased pro- processes known to play a central role in the patho- pensity to develop pregnancy-related diseases in genesis of several pregnancy
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