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Øe ‘kks/k i=] ys[kd Ik`”B la- 1 Anglo-Indian Community in India: Dwindling Socio-political 1-15 Spaces- from an Influential Group to Survival Mode Hriday Narayan 2 {ks=h; bfrgklys[ku vkSj Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh;rk 16-26 MkW-vatuk jk; 3 vkSifuosf’kd bfrgkl ys[ku esa Hkkjr jk”Vª dh vo/kkj.kk 27-35 MkW- lfpu jk; 4 f'k{kk esa lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh dh çHkko'khyrk 36-45 MkW- vuqie flag 5 Constitutional Tort’s: An Evaluation 46-56 Dr. T.N. Mishra 6 Nath -Panth in Nepal 57-65 Padmaja Singh 7 ;qok lUr Lokeh v}SrkuUn th & orZeku lkaLd`frd iqu#RFkku dh ØkfUrdkjh psruk 66-78 MkW-lq’khy dqekj flag 8 efgyk,a % jk"Vªokn ds foe'kZ esa 79-88 MkW- vt; dqekj flag 9 Òkjr dk Lo'kklu ¼LojkT;½ 89-95 M‚- vfu#) dqekj frokjh 10 ge ^èkeZfujis{k* gSa ;k ^iaFkfujis{k*\ 96-103 MkW- d`".k dqekj 11 caxky ls fcgkj foHkktu 104-107 MkW- dqekjh fiz;adk 12 e/;dkyhu fcgkj dk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl % ,d fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u 108-116 MkW- jkfxuh nhi 13 n'kdqekjpfjr esa of.kZr tkfr O;oLFkk 117-123 MkW. (Jherh) vuqie flag

1 Anglo-Indian Community in India: Dwindling Socio-political Spaces- from an Influential Group to Survival Mode1 Hriday Narayan2

Abstract: Anglo-Indians are the only minority of European parentage to live to tell the tale in India and elsewhere in Asia. The transition period between colonial to the independent state was painful and stressful for the Community when trapped between two domains; hence politically, socially, and economically the group found itself in a no-escape scenario. During the colonial period of India, some exclusively Anglo- Indian settlements came up in cities like Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, and so on. But the perception of isolation has persisted throughout the historical journey before and after the independence period of India. Ignored at various levels of Government, these small clusters of the Anglo-Indian population have succumbed to deterioration, and ‘lessened to the ghost of a dream they once had.’ This article is an attempt to portray the journey of the Anglo-Indian Community from its inception to the recent Twenty-Sixth Constitutional Amendment Bill, related to Anglo- Indian reservation, passed by the Parliament on December 10, 2019.

Keywords: Anglo-Indian Community, Colonial policies, Socio-political space, Legal status, Constitutional amendments

1 This work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2017S1A6A3A03079318). ଝ˕ ˬܹ (Professor of History at Hankuk University ofی ˬଞ˲࠹˲߭оଝ 2 Foreign Studies, Seoul, Korea)

Introduction In India, the Anglo-Indian population, demographically small in numbers and financially not well off, portrays a series of very distinct socio-political spatial difficulties. Placing themselves between India and West, the two cultural ends shows a unique circumstance of their beginnings and socio-cultural growth. Anglo-Indians could never get to understand precisely the West to which they longed to conform, nor did they have deep socio-political links to India, where they already resided. The incredibly sudden and abrupt withdrawal of the British from India has raised a series of complicated issues concerning crucial choices for the group. It was apparent that the Anglo-Indians had to depend mostly on the colonial administration, and in a dire hope to get identified more with western counterparts, they strained to replicate their practices, behaviours, and living habits which further departed them away from ‘natives.’ This socio-cultural and political affiliation with the White ruling class, which of course never regarded them as equals, has given rise to psychology characterized as “the typical mentality of a hybrid population.”1 The Anglo-Indian Community’s journey between the periods from its inception to getting legal status in free India has truly been remarkable but ended in much less than what the group had expected. Anglo-Indian: What’s in a name? Before the year 2020, Anglo-Indians were identified as one of the many minority groups comprising the Indian subcontinent. Most ethnic groups trace their descent from ancient lineages before the arrival of Europeans in India when Indian Hindus, Armenians and Muslim merchants traded with Egypt, Arabia, Persia, and Tibet. But the history of Anglo-Indian Community started only at the end of the fifteenth century with settlement of the Portuguese on the Indian subcontinent.2 Surges of European engagement with India characterized the advent of the Anglo-Indian group after Portuguese in the fifteenth-century, Dutch in the mid- sixteenth century, and French in early seventeenth-century merchants began trading with India, primarily to gain a slice of the established market in the Bengal region.3 The British traders also came to India in the early seventeenth century, along with the

1 Louis Fernando Henriques, Family and colour in Jamaica, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1st Edition, 1953, p.44. 2 Vellinga, E., ‘Pride and prejudice: Anglo-Indians and racial attitudes in India 1857-1920’, 1994, M.A. Thesis, Department of History and Arts Erasmus University Rotterdam, viewed 12 May 2020, 3 Bose, N.K., Culture and society in India, Asia Publishing House, London, 1967, p.263.

French. Early European travellers report that the Eurasian groups lived in India as early as 1546, long before the British arrived in India. The presence of the Eurasian Community is indicated, labelled as “mestizo,” and later “mustees,” among the early entrants of Portuguese in India, about a person born in India of mixed descent. The expression “mestizo,” was also in use in India in 1588 to describe a person who was “half an Indian, and half a Portuguese.” This description underlines the awareness of hybridity and the need to explain its presence.1 Before the word Anglo-Indian was defined, different terms were in use in different times of history. Initially, the terms were not specific names for the Community. It was more than just common meanings. Generally, ‘Country-born’ was used to identify the group. There was no negativity, no disrespectful sense attached to the term. In the early days, members of the Community referred to in degrading terms such as “half-caste,” “half-breed,” or mixed blood, “Country-born,” “pure Asians,” “masqueraders” etc. The mixed descendants were called “Wallendaz” or “Oollandry” during the Dutch regime. They were labelled “mestizo” in Goa. In Kerala, they were dubbed as “caliker,” “chi-chi,” and “chattekar.” This group was also referred to as ‘quasi-Europeans.’2 “Indo-Briton” may have been the first Group classification to be used. Before that, the group was commonly referred to as “Eurasian.” A petition was sent by John Ricketts to the British Parliament in 1830 called for the approval of the word “East Indian.” Throughout the post-Mutiny period (after 1857), Anglo-Indians were a cohesive political group. They were granted concessions by the British, and they decided to remove the slander attached to the mixed parentage. They wanted to reinforce relations with the dominant cultural Community. They identified themselves as “East Asian,” “Indo-European,” “Indo-Briton,” and “Eurasian.” The Community accepted the Eurasian notion, but it was dismissed as it acquired a puerile meaning. The term was used roughly between 1823 and 1910. E.W. Chambers established an association in 1876 and adopted the term Anglo-Indian to classify the Community.

1 Carton, A., Beyond cotton Mary: Anglo-Indian categories and reclaiming the diverse past in The International Journal of Anglo-Indian Studies, vol. 5, no. 1, 2000, p.11. viewed 12 May 2020, 2 Caplan, L., Children of colonialism: Anglo-Indians in a postcolonial world, Berg, Oxford, New York, 2001.

The Anglo-Indian group thus formed as a result of European colonialism and explicitly “colonial desire” and subsequent “hybridity”1 involving both formal and informal relations between European colonial males and Indian native females. Such unions were facilitated, in particular by the official ban on European women to travel/migrate to the British Colonies.2 For the Anglo-Indians, this became the legacy of European business and political activity in India, culminating in an unavoidable, sometimes unconstitutional, grouping of European (white) men and Indian women.3 Over time, given their diverse origins, they came to be accepted (although not always or universally accepted) as an Anglo-Indian group.4 Thus, the Anglo-Indians came into existence due to the policies of the immediate imperial expansion of the Portuguese, Dutch, French and British merchants and colonizers.5 1600-1785: Optimistic Outset and Socio-political spatial expansion of the Anglo- Indian Community The Anglo-Indians population increased, and they seemed to had a very bright future. The days of prosperity for the Anglo-Indians roughly extended from 1600 to 1785. When the British wanted that their children should have better prospects and found that Anglo-Indians were increasing in number. In 1687, the birth of a child in marriage between a native female and a British soldier of Fort St. George (first English fortress in India, established in 1644) in Madras was paid a family allowance for a “pagola” or gold mohur (guinea coin).6 This allowance was a token of a small financial help for the Britishers who married native women, as the East India Company (Company onwards) needed to accelerate the development of an Anglo-Indian

1 Young, R.J.C., Colonial desire: hybridity in theory, culture and race, Routledge, London and New York, 1995. 2 Stoler, A.L., ‘Rethinking colonial categories: European communities and the boundaries of rule’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 1989, vol 31, no 1, Jan, pp. 134-161. 3 Varma, L.B., Anglo-Indians: a historical study of Anglo-Indian community in nineteenth century in India, Reena Roy, Bhasha Prakashan, New Delhi, 1979, p.1. 4 Caplan, L., ‘Colonial and contemporary transnationalism: traversing Anglo-Indian boundaries of the mind’, International Journal of Anglo-Indian Studies, vol. 3, no. 2, 1998, p.2, viewed 13 May 2020, 5 Moore, G., ‘A brief history of the Anglo-Indians’, International Journal of Anglo-Indian Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, 1992, p.2, viewed 13 May 2020, http://home.alphalink.com.au/~agilbert/jjean1.html 6 Moore, G., The Anglo-Indian vision, AE Press, Melbourne, 1986, p.4. Also, see Stark, H.A., Hostages to India: or the life story of the Anglo-Indian race, 2nd Edition, The Star Printing Works, Calcutta, 1936, p. 18.

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in community1 for smooth administration purposes. Such children’s existence led to another social issue of the social division between the Indian Community and Anglo- Indian groups.2 But sociability was not an underlying problem between the British and their subjects in India in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The Company supported Anglo-Indians and appointed them at the available positions. They were regarded and treated like the British, thus ensuring the development of a mixed culture. Furthermore, Anglo-Indian kids often were sent to England for further education until the middle of the eighteenth century.3 They did so without stigmatizing their roots in marital or non- marital relationships with Indian women. Schools were also founded in Calcutta, Madras, Bangalore, Lucknow, and other British outposts to facilitate English-speaking education for the public service departments. It made them feel like Europeans, both in culture and taste.4 Development of the Anglo-Indian group made possible when in 1661, the British Parliament gave authority to the Company to judge all persons living under their tutelage in their settlements according to the laws of England. The later Charters passed in 1683 and 1686 extended the authority to erect courts of justice for the trial of offenses committed by both land and sea. The rapid rise in the legal rights could see the success of the East India Company’s ventures of factories within the first one hundred years of its operations in India. By 1612 a factory was established at Surat, and in 1639 another was built at Madras. Bombay became a trading Centre in 1688, and in 1698 the Company extended its base in Bengal. Soon, Calcutta grew to be one of the most profitable trading centres. The British soon acquired certain territorial privileges and permission from the native rulers to erect fortifications for their protection. As the factories grew, so did the Anglo-Indian population.

1 Hedin, E.L., ‘The Anglo-Indian community’, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 40, 1934, p. 167. 2 Vellinga, E., ‘Pride and prejudice: Anglo-Indians and racial attitudes in India 1857-1920’, M.A. Thesis, Department of History and Arts Erasmus University Rotterdam, 1994. Viewed on 14 May 2020., 3 Moore, G., The Anglo-Indian vision, AE Press, Melbourne, 1986, p.146. Also, see Laurie, W.F.B., Sketches of some distinguished Anglo-Indians: (second series) including Lord Macaulay’s great minute on education in India: with Anglo-Indian anecdotes and incidents, WH Allen Publishers, London, 1988. 4 Gaikwad, V. R., The Anglo-Indians: a study in the problems and processes involved in emotional and cultural integration, 1967, p.24.

By about 1750, the number of Anglo-Indians surpassed the number of British in India. The Company welcomed this increase as it gave them the necessary, dependable workforce. The Anglo-Indians constituted a crucial power base of the Company as they were closely connected to the British by ties of blood, language, dress, and habits. The Anglo-Indians had now forged for themselves a position of respect in the administration. Many of them had fought their way by capacity, work, and character to the highest civil and military positions in the Country. The Indian population treated them not only with respect but even with deference. By this time, they had become perhaps the most wealthy and influential Community and occupied the highest positions in the civil and military offices. The first-ever school was set up in 1673 for children of British or Portuguese descent in Madras to learn English history and customs.1 It was in 1713 that the Company assumed responsibility for the cause of education in a Charter that stated that the Company would provide schoolmaster in all garrisons, factories, and wherever found necessary.2 As a result, three types of schools were started for Eurasian children –charity, military, and private schools.3 A charity school was opened in 1731 in Cossipore. The Kiernander’s Mission school was established in the late eighteenth century, for the poor Eurasian children.4 The military school that came up after the Charter was Lower Boy’s and Girl’s Orphanage after 1783. Generally, the orphans of the Upper Military Orphanage were sent to England to complete their education, after which they returned to good positions in the service of the Company. Orphans from the Lower House were given a practical elementary education and later employed in subordinate positions in the Company’s service.5 The third type of school was private educational institutions started by missionary and benevolent initiatives. Numerous such schools that were established were at Dharmatollah, Cossipore, Park Street, and Howrah. Until the early 1780s, members of the Anglo-Indian Community had been identified with the English and had suffered no social or political discriminations. If their British fathers could afford it, they sent their children to England for their further

1 R. Andrews, ‘Being Anglo-Indian: Practices and Stories from Calcutta’, Unpublished PhD dissertation, Social Anthropology, Massey University, New Zealand, 2005 2 E. Abel, The Anglo-Indian Community,1988, p. 53. 3 Ibid., p. 54 4 Ibid. 5 Ibid., p. 56

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in education and had mostly come back to India to work for the Company. Those who could not go to England had been educated locally and employed in the majority of the positions in uncovenanted civil service. In times of emergency, they were called up or volunteered for active service. They gallantly fought in different wars like the battle of Plassey (1757), the battle of Buxar (1764), the Rohilla War (1772), First Maratha War (1775) and others for the Company in India. When Lord Robert Clive set up the Dual System of the Government,1 they filled posts of respectability and responsibility on the Diwani side.2 1786-1797: Ultimate Betrayal and Exclusion from British Society and Industry The hardening of British attitudes towards the Anglo-Indians began when the size of the mixed-race populace started to overtake the British population and had become an indispensable part of the Company’s services. They had gathered around the merchant, the indigo planter, and the military or civil officer. They had reached many of the higher military and civil positions and had been fully trusted for their loyalty. But the respect and deference with which the Indian population bestowed them, and their unquestionable influence with them, they began to be looked upon as an element of potential danger. There was no knowledge or understanding what the Anglo-Indians might sooner or later do when as soon as they realized their strength and importance, and made demands for a greater share in the operations of the Company. A panic began by enlarging upon the danger-fraught probabilities of a crisis, when Indian soldiers, supported by using Anglo-Indians rank and file and led through Anglo-Indian officers, would be pushing the British out of India. The British issued three repressive orders against the Community. The first one was given in 1766 in which the upper orphanage school children at Calcutta were prohibited from going to

1 Robert Clive as the Governor of Bengal (1765), introduced the Dual System of Government of Bengal by signing the Treaty of Allahabad in August 1765 with Mughal Emperor Shah Alam and Nawab Shuja Ud-Daula of Awadh. Through this treaty, the East India Company received the right to collect revenue from Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa from the Emperor the Diwani. But the company did not assume the responsibility of administration directly. The ruling authority in Bengal was divided into two heads. One authority with the English company and the authority with the Nawab. This system of government of two authorities, one with power but without responsibility and other without power with responsibility is known Dual System of Governance. 2 Stark Herbert Alick, Hostages to India, Book Source: Digital Library of India Item 2015.526484, 1926, pp. 49-53. Viewed on 17 May 2020.

England to complete their education for the covenanted services. On March 14, 1786, an order was issued, disallowing them to move to England to finish their education and thereby meet the requirements for the covenanted services.1 A second-order was passed in 1791 stating that no person the court in the Civil and Military forces of the Company hereafter appoint the son of a native India. From 1791 the Anglo-Indians were debarred from the East India Company’s armies, and many trained the troops of the Indian princes. The Third order passed in 1795 stated that all persons not descended from European mother and father were ineligible for services in the army except as fifers, drummers, bandsmen, and farriers. The British feared an uprising such as the mestizo (mixed European and Native) led rebellion in Haiti against the French in 1791. Its impact could be seen in India, Anglo-Indians debarred from working in the Company’s armies,2 and most of them were relieved of duty from all ranks of the military since 1791. They were also barred from the Company’s civil, military, or marine services, appointments. They were thus no longer affiliated with the ruling colonial elites. The consequent imposition of restrictions closed a large area of employment for Anglo-Indians. Accounts of the situation at the time suggest that these measures reduced the Anglo-Indians to political impotence and social degradation.3 British colonial policies, in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, not only deliberately restricted and subdued Anglo-Indian ambitions, education, and job prospects but deprived of every honourable career. It led to the comprehensive limitation of social and political comfortable spaces enjoyed by the Community. Between 1786 and 1795, the Anglo-Indians were reduced to a discouraged and disheartened community through various directives of the Company.4 The discriminatory regulations by the British harmed the Anglo-Indians psychologically since they had always identified themselves with the British throughout their history. As noted earlier, in the years of British colonial expansion, intermarriage between

1 Ibid., pp. 49-53. 2 Moore, G., ‘A brief history of the Anglo-Indians’, International Journal of Anglo-Indian Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, 1996, p.2. Viewed on 18 May 2020, 3 Gilbert, A., ‘The Anglo-Indians in Australia, from unsuccessful caste members to attaining immigrants: an examination of Anglo-Indian labour force performance and their life perceptions’, PhD Thesis. Monash University, Melbourne, 1996, pp.22-25. Viewed on 18 May 2020, 4 Ibid., p. 62.

British men and native women was encouraged. However, soon after the assumption of rule by the British Crown was established in India, this trend was reversed. Around the start of the nineteenth century, it was taboo for all but British men of low status to associate with Anglo-Indians or Indians.1 The unanticipated restriction on the people with the same culture and inclinations reduced them to economic powerlessness and socially degraded.2 1798- 1942: Period of Ups and Downs and Loss of Hope In a bid to expand the power, the Company entered into war with the Marathas. The Company fought three battles with Marathas, in the first war, which started in 1775 continued until the signing of the Treaty of Salbai in 1782. But before the conclusion of the treaty, the British were defeated at Wadgaon in January 1779. The crisis necessitated the Company to reverse its policy of antipathy towards the Anglo- Indians. By 1798 Proclamation Eurasians were asked to re-join the Company’s armies. Already discharged from the British regiment, most of the Anglo-Indians were placed in the service of local kings and chieftains. Ignoring their early experience of oppressive attitudes and injustices shown to them, the Anglo Indians readily responded to the British appeal for assistance.3 Immediately after the Second Maratha war (1803-05), the British unscrupulously changed their mind. Disregarding the Anglo-Indians ferocious participation in the wars, their loss of life, hardships, and sufferings, the British discharged all of them from the British regiment in India.4 Unexpected eviction from services and consequent miseries made a change in the life and attitude of the Anglo- Indians. In desperation, many offered their services to the Indian royalties. After 1820 the British overturned their approach towards the Anglo Indians. They were offered low-level positions in Government and Company, which led to the improvement of the condition of the Anglo-Indians to a certain extent. The career prospects of the Anglo-Indians got better when English replaced Persian as the official language of the Government. The Anglo-French (1778-1783) war restricted the availability of British men in India, which in turn further enhanced the job

1 Younger, C., ‘Anglo-Indians from 1919-1983: images of a community in transition’, M.A. Thesis, University of Sydney, 1984, p.45. 2 Noel Pitts Gist & Roy Dean Wright, Marginality and Identity: Anglo-Indians as a Racially- mixed Minority in India, p. 38. 3 Evelyn Abel, The Anglo – Indian Community: Survival in India, p. 19. 4 Coralie Younger, Anglo-Indians, Neglected children of the Raj, p.12.

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in opportunities of the Anglo-Indians. Their dependence on government employment continued until the twentieth century.1 Years of political and economic depression and social suppression made it imperative for the Anglo-Indians to consider other avenues of life. Despite improved educational facilities and standards, the prospects of the Community during the first half of the nineteenth century were not too promising. The 1820s saw the rise of political activity under John Ricketts, Louis Derozio, and Captain John Doveton. Schools and colleges, training ships, and agricultural schemes were set up. A Charter was passed in 1833 (section 87) by the Company, opening all the ports to Indians and Anglo-Indians in India. Still, subordinate posts were given to Indians, but comparatively few Indians were well acquainted with English at that time, and so most of the vacancies for better posts. The Indians rapidly picked up and mastered the English language, and so competition for jobs started between Indian and Anglo-Indians. Fortunately, for Anglo-Indians, the British introduced modem means of communication. The Telegraphs, the Railways were introduced. Therefore, the Anglo Indians found sufficient employment in Railways and Telegraphs and Customs services. Their absolute loyalty to England was undisputed in 1857, during the First War of Independence in India, and again they got in the good books of the British. It can be said that the latter part of the nineteenth century and the last decade of the twentieth century constituted once again a period of comparative prosperity and contentment for Anglo-Indians. 1947-2019: Independence of India-from Legal Protection to No Protection Since 1942 it was clear that the British have to quit. By 1947 when the British were making preparations to pack from India, it was difficult for the Anglo-Indians to accept the hard reality of an India without British hegemony. A feeling of insecurity was widespread among the Anglo Indians at all levels, for they feel unprotected in the absence of their English masters. The imaginary fear spread across the Community lead to a conclusion of large-scale migration to England, Australia, and Canada. a) Constitutional Status and Representation of the Anglo-Indian Community in the Parliament and Legislative Assemblies

1 W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache and K. Kandasamy, Reservation for Other Backward Classes in Indian Central Government Institutions like IITs, IIMs and AIMMs: A Study of the Role of Media Using Fuzzy Super FRM Models, p.212.

After Independence, the constitution-makers of India provided much more protection and care than the Anglo-Indian expectations with constitutional safeguards.1They were given exceptional recognition and elevated status by incorporating them in the Constitution of India. Article 366(2) of the Indian Constitution provided legal status to the Anglo-Indian Community for the protection of their interests. The constitution- makers made a careful attempt by giving constitutional safeguards under Articles 331 and 333, which provides that the President or Governor of a State can nominate members of the Anglo-Indian Community to the Parliament and Legislative Assembly if they feel the Community is not adequately represented. The provision in the Constitution for ensuring adequate representation in the legislative assemblies marks an achievement for the Anglo Indians. It enabled them to have a say in the legislative bodies and keep their live presence in the mainstream of Indian politics. The representation specified to the Anglo Indians was initially for ten years. By Eighth Amendment (1959) of the Constitution, the period was extended for twenty years. It was again extended for ten years each by the twenty-third, forty fifth, sixty-second, seventy-ninth, and ninety-fifth constitution amendments. The constitutional makers foresee time-bound endeavour on the part of the Government mechanism and the general public for the improvement of the special category communities like Scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and Anglo Indians.2 But the most depressing fact is that the overall status, socio-economic condition, and political influence of the Community remained unchanged or even worsened than that of the pre-independent period.3 b) Constitutional Amendment Bill, 2019 and its Repercussions on Anglo- Indian Community Recently, One Hundred and Twenty-Sixth Constitutional Amendment Bill was passed by the Parliament on December 10, 2019. It extended the reservation for another ten years for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes communities but did not provide for the nomination of Anglo-Indians in legislatures. The legislation was ratified by the

1 Sumeet Jain, ‘Tightening India’s “Golden Straitjacket”: How pulling the straps of India’s job reservation scheme reflects prudent economic policy’, 8 Wash. U. Glob. Stud. L. Rev., 2009, p. 567. 2 National Committee for Xth International Congress of Anthropology and Ethnological Sciences, Xth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, India, December 10 to 21, 1978, Volume 1. 3 Clive Dewey, Anglo-Indian Attitudes: Mind of the Indian Civil Service, the Hambleden Press, 1993, p.153.

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in legislatures of more than half of the states. The Act came into function on January 25, 2020, after having received the President’s assent on January 21.1 The decision not to recommence the nomination was based on the view that the Community is doing well and does not need political reservations. Due to the small populace of the Community, it did not need a representation of two people in Parliament. As per the 2011 Census, the number of people who identified themselves as Anglo-Indian was 296. The All India Anglo-Indian Association rejected this finding and objected to Law Minister’s claim2 that the Community has just 296 members. On the situation of Anglo-Indians Ministry of Minority Affairs report (2013) has disclosed that Anglo-Indians are no longer recognized as a separate category in the Census survey. In several cities, the report documented poor economic and social conditions for too many. The main challenges faced by the people of the Community were lack of employment, educational backwardness, and lack of proper housing facilities. The document also unequivocally acclaimed the assistance Anglo-Indians received from their nominated members. But now the Community is divested of that nominal assistance. Conclusion Until December 2019, the Indian Constitution recognized Anglo-Indians as a citizen of mixed Indian and European parentage (paternal side). Between the eighteenth and twentieth centuries, the term described Britons in India. But the term was validated in the Census of 1911. Before Independence, both Indians and the British kept Anglo-Indians at arm’s length. The British treated them sometimes as natives and sometimes as British. Frank Anthony describes this behaviour as a case of ‘Britain’s betrayal in India. The Government of India Act, 1935, legally identified Anglo-Indians. After Independence, Article 366(2) of the Indian Constitution provided legal status to the Anglo-Indian Community for the protection of their interests. The Constitutional Assembly kept the operating part, and the Community was listed as a minority in the Indian Constitution until 2019.

1 The Hindu, Online edition, Accessed on 19 May 2020. https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/anglo-indian-members-no-more- nominations/article30269360.ece 2 The Telegraph, E-paper online edition, Tuesday, 19 May 2020. Accessed on 19 May 2020.

In post-independence India, a generation of Anglo-Indians left India mainly to English speaking and white populated countries like Canada, Australia, England, and New Zealand. Independent India was as new to Anglo-Indians as was to other citizens, but brought with it a difficult situation for the Community. Survival was the central task and response for the Anglo-Indians. The challenges started from the very inception by the mainstream of the European Community and later internally from the Indian counterparts. All India Anglo-Indian Association has sixty-two branches across twenty states and union territories. So cancelling reservations based on the reason for the small population is not correct. The All-India Anglo-Indian Association claims that there are still almost over one hundred thousand of Anglo-Indians in the Country who were not correctly recognized by the 2011 Census. It is a great loss to the nation by marginalizing this Community by hasty decisions premised on short-term political considerations. References - Bose, N.K., Culture and society in India, Asia Publishing House, London, 1967. - Carton, A., Beyond cotton Mary: Anglo-Indian categories and reclaiming the diverse past in The International Journal of Anglo-Indian Studies, vol. 5, no. 1, 2000 http://www.alphalink.com.au/~agilbert/carton.html - Caplan, L., Children of colonialism: Anglo-Indians in a postcolonial world, Berg, Oxford, New York, 2001. - Clive Dewey, Anglo-Indian Attitudes: Mind of the Indian Civil Service, the Hambleden Press, 1993. - Coralie Younger, Anglo-Indians, Neglected children of the Raj, B.R. Publishing, 1987. - Caplan, L., ‘Colonial and contemporary transnationalism: traversing Anglo- Indian boundaries of the mind,’ International Journal of Anglo-Indian Studies, vol. 3, no. 2, 1998. http://www.alphalink.com.au/~agilbert/cap0399.html - Evelyn Abel, The Anglo-Indian Community: Survival in India, Chanakya Publications, 1988. - Gaikwad, V. R., The Anglo-Indians: a study in the problems and processes involved in emotional and cultural integration, 1967. - Gilbert, A., ‘The Anglo-Indians in Australia, from unsuccessful caste members to attaining immigrants: an examination of Anglo-Indian labour force

performance and their life perceptions,’ Ph.D. Thesis. Monash University, Melbourne, 1996. - Hedin, E.L., ‘The Anglo-Indian community,’ American Journal of Sociology, vol. 40, 1934. - Laurie, W.F.B., Sketches of some distinguished Anglo-Indians: (second series) including Lord Macaulay’s great minute on education in India: with Anglo-Indian anecdotes and incidents, WH Allen Publishers, London, 1988. - Louis Fernando Henriques, Family and colour in Jamaica, Eyre & Spottiswoode; 1st Edition, 1953. - Moore, G., The Anglo-Indian vision, A.E. Press, Melbourne, 1986. - Moore, G., ‘A brief history of the Anglo-Indians’, International Journal of Anglo-Indian Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, 1996. http://home.alphalink.com.au/~agilbert/jjean1.html - Noel Pitts Gist & Roy Dean Wright, Marginality and Identity: Anglo-Indians as a Racially- mixed Minority in India, Brill, Leiden, Netherlands, 1973. - National Committee for Xth International Congress of Anthropology and Ethnological Sciences, Xth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, India, December 10 to 21, 1978, Volume 1. - R. Andrews, ‘Being Anglo-Indian: Practices and Stories from Calcutta’, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Social Anthropology, Massey University, New Zealand, 2005. - Stark Herbert Alick, Hostages to India, Book Source: Digital Library of India Item 2015.526484, 1926. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.526484/page/n14/mode/2up - Stoler, A.L., ‘Rethinking colonial categories: European communities and the boundaries of rule,’ Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 31, no 1, Jan. 1989. - Sumeet Jain, ‘Tightening India’s “Golden Straitjacket”: How pulling the straps of India’s job reservation scheme reflects prudent economic policy,’ Washington University Global Studies Law Review, Vol.8, 2009. - The Hindu, Online edition, Accessed on May 19, 2020. - The Telegraph, E-paper online edition, Tuesday, May 19, 2020. Accessed on May 19, 2020.

- Varma, L.B., Anglo-Indians: a historical study of Anglo-Indian Community in the nineteenth century in India, Reena Roy, Bhasha Prakashan, New Delhi, 1979. - Vellinga, E., ‘Pride and prejudice: Anglo-Indians and racial attitudes in India 1857-1920’, M.A. Thesis, Department of History and Arts Erasmus University Rotterdam, 1994. http://www.alphalink.com.au/~agilbert/cont~1.html - W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache and K. Kandasamy, Reservation for Other Backward Classes in Indian Central Government Institutions like IITs, IIMs and AIMMs: A Study of the Role of Media Using Fuzzy Super FRM Models, Editura CuArt, Romania, 2009. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2731539 - Young, R.J.C., Colonial desire: hybridity in theory, culture and race, Routledge, London, and New York, 1995. - Younger, C., ‘Anglo-Indians from 1919-1983: images of a community in transition’, M.A. Thesis, University of Sydney, 1984.

2 {ks=h; bfrgklys[ku vkSj Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh;rk MkW0 vatuk jk; Lora= ‘kks/k v/;srk] xksj[kiqj

‘kks/k lkjka’k {ks=h; ;k LFkkuh; bfrgkl] bfrgklys[ku dh og /kkjk gS tks y?kq HkkSxksfyd {ks= ij dsfUnzr j[kdj fy[kk tkrk gSA orZeku le; esa {ks=h; bfrgklys[ku ij vR;f/kd tksj fn;k tk jgk gSA gekjs vkl&ikl ds {ks= esa ?kfVr ?kVuk;sa ;fn jk’Vªh; egRo dh gSa rks jk’Vªh; bfrgkl dk rkjrE; muls LFkkfir fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA jk’Vªh; bfrgkl ds fodkl esa LFkkuh; bfrgkl dh fof”k’V Hkwfedk gksrh gSA Hkkjr ds {ks= fo”ks’k esa ?kVh fofHkUu dkyksa dh ?kVukvksa dk tuinh; Lrj ij v/;;u fofHkUu u;s igyqvksa dks lkeus yk;sxkA {ks= fo”ks’k dh LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr dSls fdlh vf[ky Hkkjrh; ?kVuk dks vius fglkc ls izHkkfor dj ysrh gS vkSj fdl rjg mlds ifj.kke Hkh cny tkrs gSa lkFk gh u;h ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks tUe nsrs gSa bl rjg ds fofHkUu u;s rF; lkeus vk;saxsA Ckht ‘kCn LFkkuh; bfrgkl] jk’Vªh; bfrgkl] bfrgkl ds v/;;u] vk/kqfud bfrgkl ys[ku “kSyh] tuinh; bfrgklys[ku] yksdHkk’kk] yksd lkfgR;] yksd&laLd`fr

‘kks/k foLrkj LFkkuh; bfrgkl ds eq[; /kkjk esa tqM+us ij gh jk’Vªh; bfrgkl fufeZr gksrk gSA1 jk’Vªh; bfrgkl ds fuekZ.k esa LFkkuh; bfrgkl dh fof”k’V Hkwfedk gSA blls jk’Vªh; bfrgkl dks o`gr ifjizs{; esa le>k tk ldrk gSA jk’Vªh; bfrgkl dh dbZ foyqIr dfM+;k LFkkuh; bfrgkl }kjk vklkuh ds lkFk tksM+h tk ldrh gSaA LFkkuh; bfrgkl ds egRo dks js[kkafdr djrs gq;s bZ0,y gLdy egksn;2 us mfpr gh fy[kk gS fd bfrgkl ds v/;;u ds rgr LFkkuh; bfrgkl ds dqN ikBksa dk lekos”k vo”; gksuk pkfg;s ftlls ge ml LFkku fo”ks’k dh foLr`r tkudkjh izkIr dj ldsaA ;fn

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in gekjk dLck] xk¡o ;k uxj fdlh fof”k’V ,sfrgkfld Lekjdksa vFkok oLrqvksa ds fy;s izfl) gS rks gesa mldh lkaxksikax tkudkjh gksuh gh pkfg;sA jk’Vªh; bfrgkl dh dbZ foyqIr dfM+;ksa dh [kkst {ks=h; bfrgkl esa dh tk ldrh gSA3 Hkkjr fofHkUu dbZ izkUrksa esa foHkkftr gSA Hkkjr ds fofHkUu izkUrksa dh laLd`fr] os”k&Hkw’kk ,oa Hkk’kk i`Fkd&i`Fkd gSA jk’Vªh; bfrgklys[ku esa ge {ks=h; bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr ds lkFk U;k; ugha dj ikrsA4 blhfy;s {ks=h; bfrgklys[ku ij cy fn;k tk jgk gSA {ks=h; bfrgkl fy[kdj gh ge izR;sd {ks= dh laLd`fr] jhfr&fjokt] vFkZO;oLFkk] vkfn dks lkeus yk ldrs gSaA5 {ks=h; bfrgkl esa {ks= fo”ks’k dh jktuhfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa /kkfeZd fLFkfr lkeus vkrh gSA {ks=h; bfrgkl fy[kdj gh ge jk’Vªh; bfrgkl dks le`) dj ldrs gSaA vk/kqfud Hkkjr esa {ks=h; ;k LFkkuh; bfrgkl dk izkjEHk ik”pkR; Kkuh duZy VkWM dh iqLrd esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA blds ckn {ks=h; bfrgklys[ku ij /;ku nsus okys ik”pkR; Kkfu;ksa esa ts0,Q0 ¶yhV]8 bZ0lh0csys9] ,p0fofy;e10 dk mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu bu ik”pkR;Kkfu;ksa dh uh;r Hkkjrh;ksa dks bZlkb;r fl[kkus dh FkhA11 bfrgklys[ku ds ik”pkR; n`f’Vdks.k us Hkkjrh;ksa dh Hkh vk¡[k [kksyhA 19oha lnh ds vafre n”kdksa esa Hkxoku yky bUnz th12] vkj0th0 HkaMkjdj13] jktsUnz yky fe=14 vkSj cky xaxk/kj fryd15 us lkezkT;oknh rdksZa dks xyr lkfcr djus dk iz;kl fd;kA ;g og le; Fkk tc Hkkjr eas vk/kqfud jk’Vªokn dk mn; gks pqdk Fkk vkSj Hkkjr dk Lora=rk la?k’kZ izkjEHk gks pqdk Fkk] Hkkjrh; bfrgkldkj Hkh blesa “kkfey Fks vkSj mUgksaus izkphu Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk] lekt] vFkZO;oLFkk] dyk] /keZ] lkfgR; vkfn fofo/k igyqvksa ij v/;;u izLrqr dj ;g fl) dj fn;k fd bldk izkphu dky Lof.kZe FkkA Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh;rk vkSj mlds QyLo:i Hkkjrh; bfrgkldkjksa }kjk fd;s tkus okys bfrgklys[ku ds fodkl Øe esa fofHkUu {ks=h; jktoa”kksa dk bfrgkl ys[ku Hkh izkjEHk gqvkA bldh “kq:vkr ,u0lh0js016 ds }kjk gq;hA blds ckn xqtZj&izfrgkjksa] ikyksa] jk’VªdwVkas] pUnsyksa] dY;k.kh ds pkyqD;ksa] okjaxy ds dkdrh;ksa] pksyksa17] nsofxfj ds ;knoksa] jktLFkku ds pkSgkuksa vkfn vusd {ks=h; jktoa”kksa ij vyx&vyx “kks/k xzUFk ys[ku dh ijEijk py iM+hA bl ys[ku ls {ks=h; vapyksa ds ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa dk mn~?kkVu gqvkA blh {ks=h; bfrgklys[ku ls izsfjr gks ftyksa ,oa uxjksa ds bfrgklys[ku dh ijEijk Hkh “kq: gq;hA vk/kqfud bfrgkl ys[ku “kSyh ds dfri;

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in bfrgkldkjksa us v”kksd] g’kZ] vdcj] “kkgtgk¡] tgk¡xhj] f”kokth18] jk.kk izrki vkfn bfrgkl iq:’kksa dk thouh ijd bfrgklys[ku fd;kA {ks=h; jktoa”kksa] ftyksa ,oa uxjksa rFkk bfrgkliq#’kksa ij thouhijd bfrgklys[ku ds vfrfjDr Hkh {ks=h; ;k tuinh; Lrj ij bfrgkl ys[ku dh vko”;drk eglwl dh x;hA bl izkjfEHkd fnypLih dk tUe jk’Vªoknh bfrgklys[ku ls gqvk tks ,d lhek rd u;h lzksr lkexzh dh ryk”k ls vuqizsfjr FkkA bl ryk”k dk ifj.kke Hkjiwj lzksrksa ds :i esa lkeus vk;k ftuesa iqjkrkfRod vkSj iqjkys[kh; lzksrksa] ,sfrgkfld lkfgR;] /kkfeZd lkfgR;] vfHkys[kkxkjh; izys[k] ikfjokfjd dkxt&i{k lcdk lekos”k gS vkSj bl lcus bl egk}hi ds vusd {ks=ksa ds lEcU/k esa miyC/k lwpuk ds HkaMkj dh vfHko`f) dh gSaA19 jksfeyk Fkkij vkSj lrh”k pUnz20 Li’Vr% bl ckr dh rjQ ladsr djrs gSa fd {ks=h; vFkok LFkkuh; bfrgkl ds mn; ds dsUnz esa jk’Vªokn dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gS ¼mi;qZDr nksuksa bfrgkldkj {ks=h; bfrgkl dks fuEu oxhZ; bfrgkl ekudj py jgs gSa½A ;g jk’Vªokn gh gS tks LFkkuh; yksxksa vkSj rFkkdfFkr cqf)thfo;ksa21 dks viuh tUeHkwfe ls lEcfU/kr ?kVukvksa] vkUnksyuksa ,oa vfLerkoknh izrhd fpg~uksa dk bfrgkl fy[kus ds fy;s mRizsfjr djrk gS vkSj blh ekgkSy esa LFkkuh; bfrgkl dh ,d /kkjk lkeus vk;h ^lckYVuZ*aA izkjEHk esa lckYVuZ dk vFkZ {ks=h; ;k LFkkuh; bfrgkl gh yxk;k x;k ysfdu dkykUrj esa bl izdkj ds bfrgkl dks ^fuEuoxhZ; bfrgkl* ds :i esa Lohdkj dj fy;k x;kA fuEu oxhZ; bfrgkl ds ys[kdksa us ,slh ?kVukvksa] vkUnksyuksa ,oa vfLerkoknh izrhd fpUgksa dks bfrgkl ys[ku dk fo’k; cuk;k22 ijUrq mudk mn~ns”; mu lUnHkksZa ij xoZ djuk ugha] cfYd Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa ml misf{kr lUnHkZ dks tksM+uk vkSj mls mfpr egRo fnykuk gS] tSlkfd ^pkSjhpkSjk* ds izlax esa “kkfgn vehu djrs gSa rFkk mlds ^okd;s* ,oa ^”kghnksa* dks jk’Vªh; c[kku esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk iznku djrs gq;s 1920&22 ds vlg;ksx vkUnksyu vkSj mlds cgkus egkRek xka/kh dks le>uk pkgrs gSaA23 orZeku esa bl fuEuoxhZ; bfrgkl ls vkxs c<+dj ,sls {ks=h; bfrgklys[ku ij dk;Z djus dh vko”;drk gS ftlesa u dsoy lekt dk izR;sd oxZ “kkfey gksxk cfYd ogk¡ dh HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr m|ksx&/kU/ks] i;kZoj.k] dyk] f”kYi] mRlo] R;kSgkj] esys] ekU;rk;sa] jhfr&fjokt vkSj og izR;sd rF; tks ekuo thou ds vfHkUu vax gSaA blls u dsoy Hkkjr dh lkaLd`frd fojklr vkSj Hkkjr dk bfrgkl etcwr gksxk

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in cfYd {ks= fo”ks’k ds m|ksx&/kU/kksa] i;kZoj.k dks laj{k.k feysxk ftlls Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks lacy feysxk lkFk gh Hkkjr dk izR;sd ukxfjd izR;sd vapy ds jhfr&fjoktksa] R;kSgkjksa] mRloksa vkfn dk bfrgkl tkusxk tks Hkkjr dh jk’Vªh;rk dks “kfDr”kkyh cuk;sxk vkSj Hkkjr vkSj vf/kd lqlaxfBr jk’Vª ds :i esa lkeus vk;sxkA izkphu Hkkjr ds bfrgklys[ku esa tuinh; ;k {ks=h; bfrgklys[ku dh ckr dh tk;s rks orZeku vQxkfuLrku] ikfdLrku vkSj Hkkjr ds if”peksRrj lhek izkUr dk ;fn tuinh; v/;;u fd;k tk;s rks rhuksa ns”kksa dk izkphu bfrgkl ,d gh feysxk tks u dsoy Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh;rk dks etcwr djsxk cfYd bldk foLrkjhdj.k Hkh djsxkA izkphu Hkkjr ds xka/kkj] dackst vkSj dq: egktuin24 orZeku vQxkfuLrku ds iwohZ vkSj ikfdLrku ds if”peh fgLls esa LFkkfir Fks tgk¡ fgUnw jkT; FkkA25 vkt ftUgsa ge vQxkuh] ikfdLrkuh vkSj cywfpLrkuh ds uke ls tkurs gSa os lHkh rqoZlq] vuq vkSj iq: ds oa”kt gSaA26 bu oa”kksa ds izHkko {ks=ksa dk tuinh; v/;;u D;k Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh;rk dks etcwrh ugha iznku djsxk\ vQxkfuLrku ds fgUnw”kkgh ;k dkcqy”kkg jktkvksa27 dk tuinh; v/;;u vkSj Li’V djsxk fd dSls yxHkx 350 o’kksZa rd bu jktkvksa us vjc vkrrkf;;ksa vkSj yqVsjksa dks tcnZLr VDdj nh vkSj mUgsa flU/kq unh ikj djds Hkkjr ds eq[; eSnku esa ugha ?kqlus fn;k] ysfdu 7oha lnh ds ckn ;gk¡ ij vjc vkSj rqdZ ds eqlyekuksa us vkØe.k djuk “kq: fd;k vkSj 870 bZ0 esa vjc lsukifr ;kdwc ,ysl us vQxkfuLrku dks vius vf/kdkj esa dj fy;kA blds ckn ;gk¡ ds fgUnw vkSj ckS)ksa dk tcju /kekZarj.k vfHk;ku “kq: gqvkA lSdM+ksa lkyksa rd yM+kb;k¡ pyha vkSj var esa 1019 esa egewn xtuh ls f=ykspuiky dh gkj ds lkFk vQxkfuLrku dk bfrgkl iyVh [kk x;kA ^dkfQfjLrku28 dks NksM+dj lkjs vQxkuh yksx eqlyeku cu x;sA vjcksa dk fla/k ij vkØe.k ds lkFk e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk izkjEHk gksrk gS ftlds v/;;u esa ;g crk;k tkrk gS fd dSls fla/k ¼orZeku ikfdLrku½ ij eqgEen dkfle us fot; gkfly dh vkSj eqlyekuksa ds fy;s Hkkjr fot; dk }kj [kqykA ;gk¡ ;fn fla/k dk tuinh; ;k {ks=h; vk/kkj ij v/;;u fd;k tk;s vkSj vjcksa ds ctk; fla/k dks dsUnz eas j[kdj ml ij vjc vkØe.k vkSj flaf/k;ksa ds la?k’kZ dk v/;;u fd;k tk;s rks jk’Vªh;rk ds u;s vk;ke lkeus vk;saxsA29 ftl {ks= esa efgykvksa ds fy;s dBksj Qros tkjh fd;s tkrs gSa mlh {ks= dh efgykvksa us jktk nkfgj ds ejus ds ckn u dsoy ;q) Hkwfe esa ;q) fd;k] lrhRo dh j{kk ds fy, tkSgj

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in fd;k] nks jktdqekfj;ksa lwjtnsoh vkSj ijeky us ;q) {ks= esa ?kk;y lSfudksa dh lsok dh] idM+s tkus ij eqgEen dkfle dks prqjkbZ ls [kyhQk ls ltk fnyok;k vkSj Hksn [kqyus ij isV esa [katj ?kksai fy;kA bl lkjs ?kVukØe esa jk’Vªh;rk dk dksbZ jax “ks’k ugha fn[kk;h nsrk30 vkSj blds xaHkhj v/;;u dh vko”;drk gSA ckcj dh Hkkjr fot; ds LFkku ij Hkkjr ij ckcj ds vf/kdkj ds Øe esa ?kVukvksa dk v/;;u u;h ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mRiUu djsxkA31 gqek;w¡ dh izoklu vof/k ds nkSjku mldk vejdksV ds jk.kk ohjlky ds egy esa fuokl dh vof/k dk v/;;u ;fn vejdksV dks dsUnz esa j[kdj fd;k tk;s rks vdcj dh lfg’.kqrk vkSj egkurk ds u;s rF; lkeus vk;saxsA32 vdcj dh mnkj jktiwr uhfr dk ewY;kadu ;fn vdcj dks dsUnz esa j[kdj djus ds ctk; fofHkUu jktiwr oa”kka ds fofHkUu jktkvksa dks dsUnz esa j[kdj tuinh; bfrgklys[ku dh fo/kk ds rgr fd;k tk;s rks cgqr laHko gS fd ,d u;k igyw fudydj lkeu vk;sxkA33 vdcj dh jktiwr uhfr esa fgUnw jktdqekfj;k¡ rks eqxy gje esa yk;h x;h ysfdu eqxy dU;kvksa ds jktiwr oa”k esa tkus dk dksbZ mYys[k ughaA Hkkjr ds {ks= fo”ks’k esa ?kVh fofHkUu dkyksa dh ?kVukvksa dk tuinh; Lrj ij v/;;u fofHkUu u;s igyqvksa dks lkeus yk;sxkA {ks= fo”ks’k dh LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr dSls fdlh vf[ky Hkkjrh; ?kVuk dks vius fglkc ls izHkkfor dj ysrh gS vkSj fdl rjg mlds ifj.kke Hkh cny tkrs gSa vkSj u;h ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks tUe nsrs gSaA vk/kqfud Hkkjr ds bfrgklys[ku ds vUrxZr Hkkjrh; jk’Vªokn dh fofHkUu fopkj/kkjkvksa tSls mnkjokn] mxzokn] ØkfUrdkjh vkfn ds fodkl dk v/;;u ;fn Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh; dkaxzsl ds ctk;34 tuinksa vkSj {ks=ksa dks dsUnz esa j[kdj fd;k tk;sxk rks Hkkjrh; jk’Vªokn ds dgha vf/kd le`f)”kkyh gksus dh tkudkjh lkeus vk;sxhA Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh; vkUnksyu ds nkSjku ?kVh reke egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk;sa tSls 1857 dk izFke Lora=rk laxzke]35 fcgkj esa redqghjkt ,oa gFkqvk ds jktk ds }kjk vaxzstksa dk fojks/k36] tfy;kWokyk ckx gR;kdk.M36A] dkdksjh dk.M] pkSjhpkSjk dh ?kVuk36B] Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu ds nkSjku ftu LFkkuksa ij Lora= ljdkjsa LFkkfir gq;h36C bl rjg dh ?kVukvksa dk tuinh; Lrj ij v/;;u fuf”pr :i ls Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh;rk dks izHkkfor djsxk vkSj ,sls xqeuke jk’Vªoknh “kghn lkeus vk;saxs tks vkt rd ifjp; ds eksgrkt gaaSA37

O;fDr fo”ks’k ds uke ij Hkkjr tSls cM+s ns”k ds brus egku jk’Vªh; vkUnksyu ds egRoiw.kZ vof/k dk ukedj.k bls ,d /kqjh ls ck¡/k nsrk gS vkSj blds lesfdr v/;;u dks izHkkfor djrk gSaA Hkkjr dks Lora= djkus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus okys vusd O;fDr;ksa] mudh fopkj/kkjkvksa vkSj mudh laLFkkvksa dk v/;;u izHkkfor gksrk gS vkSj Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh; vkUnksyu dk lgh Lo:i vke tuekul ds lkeus ugha vk ikrkA tuinh; bfrgkl bl deh dks nwj dj ldrk gS vkSj {ks=h; ;k tuinh; bfrgkl ys[ku ds ek/;e ls Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh; vkUnksyu esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus okys ml izR;sd O;fDr dh Hkwfedk dks lkeus yk;k tk ldrk gS tks vkt Hkh uhao ds iRFkj ds :i esa vKkr gSaA bfrgkl dh eq[; /kkjk ls gVdj fy[kk x;k tuinh; bfrgkl ;g Li’V djsxk fd eq[; /kkjk dk bfrgkl ftls tuekul Hkkjr dk bfrgkl le>rk gS vkSj i<+rk gS] dsoy ftls dsUnz esa j[kdj Hkkjr dk bfrgkl fy[kk x;k og Åij dh ,d gYdh ijr ek= gS mls gVkdj xgjkbZ esa tkus dk ,dek= lk/ku tuinh; vkSj {ks=h; bfrgklys[ku gS tks {ks=h; bfrgkldkjksa ds }kjk fy[ks tkus ij Li’V :i esa lkeus vk;sxkA38 tuinh; bfrgklys[ku dh vfuok;Z “krZ gS bfrgkldkj ds ikl ml tuin fo”ks’k dh Hkk’kk ¼yksdHkk’kk½ yksd lkfgR;] jgu&lgu] laLd`fr ¼yksd&laLd`fr dh Li’V le> vkSj lEiw.kZ tkudkjh39 dk gksukA ckgj ls vkdj bfrgkl fy[kus okys bfrgkldkj dh vis{kkA fdlh Hkh LFkkuh; bfrgkldkj ds fy;s ;g ,d vf/kd vklku dk;Z gksxkA40 Hkkjr fofo/krk dk ns”k gS tuinh; bfrgkl ys[ku esa ;g fofo/krk [kqydj lkeus vk;sxh ftlls Hkkjr dk lkaLd`frd bfrgklys[ku le`) gksxkA ,d gh ?kVuk] ,d gh dkuwu dk vyx&vyx {ks= ij vyx&vyx izHkko iM+k vksj mlds D;k ifj.kke lkeus vk;s mls ogha dk bfrgkldkj dgha csgrj rjhds ls lkeus yk ldsxk D;ksafd ^^vrhr ds ckjs esa gekjs fopkj vkSj gekjh Hkkouk;sa psruk ds ftl xgjs Lrj dks Nwrh gS mldh vfHkO;fDr dsoy ekr`Hkk’kk esa gh gks ldrh gSA41 bfrgkl dks foKku dgus ds fy;s mlesa dk;Zdkj.k lEcU/kksa dk gksuk vko”;d ekuk tkrk gSA tuinh; bfrgklys[ku dh fo/kk ds fodflr gksus ls bfrgkl esa dk;Zdkj.k lEcU/kksa dh O;k[;k Hkh ifjiDo :i esa lkeus vk;sxhA fdlh Hkh ?kVuk vkSj mldh i`’BHkwfe dh tuinh; Lrj ij tkdj tc O;k[;k dh tk;sxh vkSj mlds ckn mls jk’Vªh; Lrj ls tksM+k tk;sxkA rks ,d u;k ifjos”k lkeus vk;sxkA42

nks ?kVukvksa ds ,d mnkgj.k ds ek/;e ls bls Li’V fd;k tk ldrk gSA igyh ?kVuk tfy;kaokyk ckx gR;kdk.M vkSj nwljh pkSjhpkSjk dh ?kVukA ,d us 100 o’kZ iwjs dj fy;s vkSj nwljh 100 o’kZ iwjs djus okyh gSA 100 o’kksZa ls nksuksa ?kVukvksa dk v/;;u ge vlg;ksx vkUnksyu dks dsUnz esa j[kdj dj jgs gSaA igyh ?kVuk dks vlg;ksx vkUnksyu dks izkjEHk djus okys dkj.kksa esa ls ,d dkj.k ds :i esa vkSj nwljh ?kVuk dk vlg;ksx vkUnksyu dks cUn fd;s tkus dh ,dek= ?kVuk ds :i esaA D;k bu nksuksa ?kVukvksa dk lgh egRo bl rjg ds v/;;u ls lkeus vkrk gSA D;k tfy;kaokyk ckx esa ?kVh ?kVuk dh yEch i`’BHkwfe iatkc esa vaxzstksa }kjk fd;s tk jgs yxkrkj vR;kpkj43 vlg;ksx vkUnksyu izkjEHk fd;s tkus okys dkj.kksa esa ls ,d dkj.k ds :i esa tfy;kaokyk ckx gR;kdk.M dks i<+k nsus ls ;k fy[k nsus ls Li’V gks tkrs gSa\ blh rjg pkSjhpkSjk dh ?kVuk esa mxz HkhM+ }kjk Fkkuk tyk nsus ls nq%[kh gksdj xk¡/khth }kjk pjeksRd’kZ ij py jgs vlg;ksx vkUnksyu dks vpkud ls LFkfxr dj fn;s tkus] i<+k nsus ;k fy[k nsus ls pkSjhpkSjk dh ?kVuk dh ifjfLFkfr ;k ogk¡ dh turk dh eu%fLFkfr lkeus vk tkrh gSA44 ;g dsoy ,d NksVk lk mnkgj.k gSA iwjs Hkkjr esa bl rjg dh reke NksVh cM+h ?kVuk;sa gSa ftudk ;fn {ks=h; bfrgklys[ku gksxk rks u dsoy Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh;rk etcwr gksxh cfYd Hkkjr esa jk’Vªokn dh tM+sa fdl :i esa vkSj dgk¡ rd fo|eku Fkha ;g Hkh lkeus vk;sxkA vko”;drk gS Hkkjr ds bfrgkl ds iquewZY;kadu esa {ks=h; Lrj ls bfrgklys[ku ij dk;Z fd;s tkus dhA izR;sd izkUr vkSj ftys dk LFkkuh; Lrj ij xaHkhjrk ls bfrgklys[ku fd;k tk;s vkSj mlds ckn ml ?kVuk dk jk’Vªh; Lrj ij ewY;kadu djrs gq;s jk’Vªh; bfrgklys[ku fd;k tk;sA Hkkjr ds bfrgkl dks lgh djus esa {ks=h; bfrgkl dh vge~ Hkwfedk gS t:jr gS {ks=h; bfrgkl dks le`) cukus dhA {ks=h; ;k LFkkuh; Lrj ij fy[kk x;k bfrgkl ,d u;s Hkkjr dks lkeus yk;sxk ftldh jk’Vªh;rk orZeku Hkkjr ls dgha vf/kd etcwr gksxhA lkFk gh ns”k ds dqN ,sls uk;d lkeus vk;saxs tks bfrgkl dh orZeku O;k[;k dh dfe;ksa ds dkj.k eq[; /kkjk esa “kkfey gksus ls oafpr jg x;sA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl tks O;fDr vkSj oa”k dh dhy ls c¡/kk jg x;k mls vyxdj mlds foLrkj dh vko”;drk gS vkSj orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa LFkkuh; bfrgkl dh fo/kk bl fn”kk esa mEehn dh fdj.k dk lapkj dj jgh gSA fudV Hkfo’; esa blls vuNq;s igyqvksa ij izdk”k iM+sxk ftlls Hkkjr vkSj vf/kd etcwr jk’Vª ds :i esa lkeus vk ldsxk ftlds ukxfjdksa dks vius ns”k ij xoZ gksxk vkSj tgk¡ dk izR;sd

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in ukxfjd blds izkphu xkSjo ls ifjfpr gksxkA Hkkjr ij eqxy “kklu dky vkSj vaxzsth “kklu dky dh vof/k ns”k ds izR;sd ukxfjd dks vius ns”k ds izfr HkfDr esa ys”kek= ,drk dh deh vkSj n`<+ ladYi dk vHkko ds nks’k ds ifj.kkeLo:i “krkfCn;ksa dh nklrk ds na”k dh ;kn djkrs jgsaxs vkSj Hkkjr dks ,d etcwr jk’Vª cuk;s j[kus ds izfr mls ladfYir j[ksaxsA izR;sd O;fDr ns”kfgr esa viuh ftEesnkjh dk vuqHko djsxk vkSj vius vrhr ls izsj.kk ysxk lkFk gh vc rd Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ij fy[kus okys lkezkT;oknh] ekDlZoknh] lckYVuZ] dSfEczt] uoijEijkoknh bfrgkldkjksa dk lp lkeus vk;sxk ftUgksaus u dsoy Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dks fod`r fd;k cfYd bldh xyr O;k[;k Hkh izLrqr dhA lanHkZ lwph 1- dkyZ ghxy % n vksfjftu ,.M xksy vkWQ fgLVªh 2- bZ0,y0 gLdy % FkhEl bu :jy fgLVªh vkWQ n osLVuZ oYMZ 3- ykycgknqj oekZ % bfrgkl ds ckjs esa] bfrgkl cks/k izdk”ku] bykgkckn 2000- 4- ch0ds0 JhokLro] bfrgkl ys[ku % vo/kkj.kk] fo/kk;sa ,oa lk/ku] SBPD, vkxjk 2005- 5- vkj0th0 dfyaxoqM % n vkbfM;k vkWQ fgLVªh] vkDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl] yanu] 1978- 6- MsfoM FkkElu % n ,El vkWQ fgLVªh] 1972 7- duZy VkWM % vUuYl ,.M ,sUVhfDVht vkWQ jktLFkku [k.M 1] 2 1820- 8- ts0,Q0 ¶yhV % MkbusLVht vkWQ dukfjt fMfLVªDV 9- bZ0lh0 csys % yksdy eksgEeMu Mk;usLVht vkWQ xqtjkr 10- ,p0fofy;e % dkfB;kokM+ dk bfrgkl 11- fofy;e tksUl us euqLe`fr ds vuqokn ¼1794½ ds vkeq[k esa i`0 19 ij viuh vkSifuosf”kd uhfr dks Li’V djrs gq;s dgk gS fd ^^;fn bl uhfr ij pyk tk;s rks yk[kksa&djksM+ksa fgUnw iztk }kjk lqfu;ksftr m|ksx /kU/ks dkQh gn rd fczVsu dh /ku o lEifRr esa gh o`f) djsaxsA 12- Hkxoku yky bUnz % Hkkjr ds izFke Hkkjrh; iqjkrRoosRrk FksA 13- vkj0th0 HkaMkjdj % dysDVsM oDlZ vkWQ HkaMkjdj 4 Hkkx] iwuk&1927&33 14- jktsUnz yky fe= % b.Mks&vk;ZUl % dkUVªhC;w”kUl VwoMZl n ,yqlhMs”ku vkWQ ns;j ,uf”k,UV ,.M esfMoy fgLVªh- 15- cky xaxk/kj fryd % n vkdZfVd gkse vkWQ n osnkt 16- ,u0lh0js % Mk;usLVhd fgLVªh vkWQ ukFkZ bafM;k

17- uhyd.B “kkL=h % n pksykt ¼f}rh; laLdj.k] enzkl] Hkkjr½ 18- gky gh esa iznf”kZr flusek ^rkUgkth* ¼tks egkjk’Vª esa ,d ukV~; eaMyh }kjk jaxeap ij izLrqr dh tkus okyh ,sfrgkfld ukV~; dFkk ij vk/kkfjr Fkh½ esa f”kokth vkSj muds ,d lwcsnkj dh jk’Vªizse dh Hkkouk dks n”kkZ;k x;k gS tks ;g iznf”kZr djrk gS fd ,d lwcsnkj ds vanj bruk jk’Vªizse dk Hkko gS rks f”kokth ds iwjs lkezkT; vkSj izR;sd lwcsnkj dk jk’Vªizse fdruk vf/kd gksxkA 19- jksfeyk Fkkij % izkphu Hkkjr dk lkekftd bfrgkl i`0 310&311- 20- lrh”kpUnz % e/;dkyhu Hkkjr eas bfrgkl ys[ku] /keZ vkSj jkT; dk Lo:i] i`0 54- 21- mnkgj.k ds fy;s “ks[kj ikBd rFkk jkepUnz xqgk ds ^igkM+*&4 esa izdkf”kr ys[k ^LFkkuh; bfrgkl] tu&bfrgkl ;k jk’Vªh; bfrgkl esa mn~/k`r nsosUnz izlkn tks”kh dh fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gS& ^^dqek;w¡ ds ftrus Hkh bfrgkl vkt rd fy[ks x;s gSa] os izfrfØ;kokn ds Qros gSaA fdlh bfrgkl esa tulk/kkj.k ds ,sfrgkfld thou ij izdk”k ugha Mkyk x;k gS---- dqek;w¡ ds dkaxzsl laxBu dh d<+kbZ dh dkfyek nsgkfr;ksa dks feyh gS rks eykbZ dk gdnkj ;gh “kgjh ts.VyeSu oxZ gSA ;g oxZ tkurk gS fd ;fn tu lk/kkj.k us mRd’kZ iFk idM+ fy;k rks fo”ks’kkf/kdkjh oxZ ds yksx dsoy vtk;c?kjksa dh “kksHkk cusaxs u fd turkfU=d laLFkkvksa dh ------]** i`0 200 22- cnzhukjk;.k % yksd&laLd`fr vkSj bfrgkl] yksd Hkkjrh] bykgkckn] 1994 i`0 71- 23- “kkfgn vehu] KkusUnz ik.Ms; % fuEuoxhZ; izlax] Hkkx&2] i`0 181- 24- vaxqÙkj fudk; 1] 213] 4] 252] 256] 260 25- fgUnw flfoykbts”ku] i`’B 198 26- ikftZVj % Mk;usLVht vkWQ n dfy ,t] i`’B 5 27- fgUnw”kkgh oa”k Hkkjr dk igyk egRoiw.kZ fgUnw jkT; Fkk ftldh jkt/kkuh mn~HkkaMiqj FkhA ;g jkT; eqfLye vkØe.k dk izFke f”kdkj gqvk FkkA 28- dkfQfjLrku dk izkphu uke dfi”kk Hkh gSA 29- ,0,y0 JhokLro % n lYrur vkWQ nsygh i`0 12&13 30- vkj0lh0 etwenkj % n Dykfldy ,t i`0 175 31- pksiM+k] iqjh] nkl % ^, dfEizgsaflo fgLVªh vkWQ esfMoy bafM;k] okY;we 2- 32- lS¸;n vrgj vCckl fjtoh % eqxydkyhu Hkkjr ¼gqek;w¡½ 33- vk”khokZnh yky JhokLro % eqxydkyhu Hkkjr 34- -Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh; vkUnksyu dks 1885 esa Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk ls izkjEHk ekudj mldk dky foHkktu fd;k x;k % 1885&1905& mnkjokn dk ;qx] 1905&1919& mxzokn dk ;qx vkSj bl dky ds iwjs bfrgkl dks blh dkyØe esa

lkeus yk;k x;kA Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh; dkaxzsl esa ftl Hkh fopkj/kkjk dk izHkqRo jgk mlds lkekukUrj Hkh leku egRo dh ?kVuk;sa pyrh jgha tks Hkkjr dh Lora=rk ds fy;s leku egRo j[krh gSaA mnkjokn ds ;qx ds nkSjku gh 1895&1905 ds chp nf{k.k fcgkj esa fcjlk eqaMk ds usr`Ro esa eqaMk fonzksg gqvk ftuds la?k’kZ us fczfV”k ljdkj dks dkQh gn rd ijs”kku dj fn;k ysfdu ;g ?kVuk eq[; /kkjk esa i;kZIr LFkku u ik ldh blh rjg blh vof/k esa reke ØkfUrdkjh ?kVuk;sa Hkh gq;ha ysfdu bfrgkl dk fo|kFkhZ Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh; dkaxzsl esa fopkj/kkjk ds dky foHkktu ds lkFk my>k jg tkrk gS mlh dks og Hkkjr dk bfrgkl le>rk gS vkSj vU; egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk;sa fdukjs jg tkrh gSa u og mls iwjh rjg i<+ ikrk gS u mlds lgh egRo ls ifjfpr gks ikrk gSA 35- fo”okfe= mik/;k;] lu~ lÙkkou ds Hkwys&fcljs “kghn] Hkkx&2] izdk”ku foHkkx] lwpuk ,oa izlkj.k ea=ky; dks fy[kdj gh ge jk’Vªh; bfrgkl dks le`) dj ldrs gSaA 36- dkyh fdadj nÙk % fcgkj esa Lora=rk vkUnksyu dk bfrgkl] fcgkj fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] iVuk] 1974- 36- MkW0 lfpu jk; % ^redqghjkt dk vaxzstksa ls la?k’kZ* “kks/ki=&vf[ky Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ladyu lfefr }kjk vk;ksftr laxks’Bh esa izLrqrA 36¼A½- MkW0 vatuk jk; % ^tfy;kaokyk ckx ujlagkj* ¼vktknh dk izLFkku fcUnq½ 'kks/ki=A 36¼B½- MkW0 vatuk jk; % ^pkSjhpkSjk dh ?kVuk vkSj bfrgklys[ku ds fofo/k Loj* “kks/ki=&vf[ky Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ladyu lfefr }kjk vk;ksftr laxks’Bh esa izLrqrA 36¼C½- lrkjk] esjB] cfy;k 37- gnsZdj eatIik ¼dukZVd ds xk¡/kh½] MkW0 ,u0,l0 gkMhZdj ¼1958 esa i|~e foHkw’k.k ls lEekfur½] jkeLo:i nsoh ¼fcgkj dh y{ehckbZ½] >ydkjh ckbZ ¼jkuh y{ehckbZ dh lg;ksxh½] vDdDlk psfj;u ¼=ko.kdksj dh >kalh dh jkuh½] dudyrk c:vk ¼iwoksZRrj dh ohj½] fVdsanz thr flag ¼ef.kij dk flag½] raxqrqjh izdk”ke ikaVqyq ¼vka/kz ds “ksj½] oh0vks0 fpnEcje fiYyS ¼izFke Lons”kh f”kfiax dEiuh ds laLFkkid½] yfpr cjQwdu ¼iwoksZRrj Hkkjr ds f”kokth½ tSls vufxur uke gSa tks vius okLrfod egRo dks ugha ik lds gSaA 38- uhyd.B “kkL=h % , fgLVªh vkWQ lkmFk bafM;k ÝkWe izhfgLVkfjd VkbEl Vw n Qky vkWQ fot; uxj] f}rh; laLdj.k] ubZ fnYyhA 39- cnzhukjk;.k % yksd&laLd`fr esa jk’VªoknA 40- “kkfgn vehu] KkusUnz ik.Ms; % fuEuoxhZ; izlax] Hkkx&1] i`0 13-

41- j.kthrxqgk ls cnzhukjk;.k dh ckrphr] ij[k] i`0 9- 42- bZ0,p0dkj % bfrgkl D;k gSA 43- lqHkk’k pUnz cksl % fn bafM;u LVªxy 44- “kkfgn vehu % bosaV] esVkQj] eseksjh] pkSjhpkSjk 1922&1992] i`0 30&35

3 vkSifuosf’kd bfrgkl ys[ku esa Hkkjr jk”Vª dh vo/kkj.kk MkW0 lfpu jk; iwoZ vkbZ-lh-,p-vkj- Qsyks bfrgkl foHkkx] nhun;ky mik/;k; xksj[kiqj fo’ofo|ky;] xksj[kiqj

‘kks/k lkjka’k bfrgkl vrhr dh ?kVukvksa dk v/;;u gS] ogha bfrgkl ys[ku vrhr dh O;k[;k ds v/;;u ls lEcfU/kr gSA tc ge fdlh Hkh ?kVuk tks gekjs ckr djrs gh chr tkrh gS mls dqN le; ckn v/;;u ds fy, pqurs gSa] rks bfrgkl dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA gj lekt vkSj ns”k dk viuk bfrgkl gS] mldh ml ns”k vkSj lekt ds yksx ftrus vPNs

‘kks/k foLrkj lkekU;r% ;g ekuk tkrk jgk gS fd lkezkT;oknh bfrgkl ys[ku dh “kq:vkr 1813 bZ0 ds pkVZj ,DV ds vk/kkj Lo:i LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA ij lR; rks ;g gS fd lkezkT;oknh bfrgkl ys[ku bl ,DV ds cuus ls iwoZ gh izpfyr gks pqdk FkkA mldh tM+sa rks ml le; ls ns[kh tk ldrh gS] tc ;wjksih; yksxksa dk Hkkjr esa vkxeu izkjEHk gqvk FkkA ysfdu ;g Hkh lR; gS fd izkjEHk esa mUgksaus u dksbZ bfrgkl fy[kk vkSj u gh mUgksaus Hkkjr lEcU/kh dksbZ fo”ks’k o`rkUr fn;kA ;g Li’V gS fd mUgksaus Hkkjr lEcU/kh fopkj ,oa /kkj.kk izLrqr dh vkSj mlh ds vk/kkj ij ,d dYiuk mHkjuh “kq: gqbZ ftlus ;wjksiokfl;ksa dks Hkkjr ls lEcfU/kr dYiuk dks ,dLo:i iznku djuk izkjEHk dj fn;k FkkA fuf”pr rkSj ij Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks le>us dk xEHkhj iz;kl 18oha “krkCnh ds vUr ls “kq: gqvkA bl le; rhu izdkj ds ys[ku dk;Z vkus izkjEHk gq,A izFke og ys[ku dk;Z Fks tks bZLV bafM;k dEiuh ls lEcfU/kr vf/kdkfj;ksa us vkjEHk fd;s FksA bUgksaus Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ds vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ij tkdj mldh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr] ;gk¡ ds fuokfl;ksa esa izpfyr /kkfeZd&lkekftd O;oLFkkvksa ds ckjs esa lwpuk;sa izkIr dhaA Hkkjr ls lEcfU/kr bl izFke ys[k dk;Z dks ljdkjh ys[ku Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA1 nwljk ys[ku&dk;Z fe”kufj;ksa us izkjEHk fd;kA bu fe”kufj;ksa ds lkeus xEHkhj leL;k 18oha “krkCnh ds vfUre n”kd esa vkbZA ljdkj us fe”kufj;ksa dks /keZ ifjorZu ds dk;Z esa lg;ksx nsuk vLohdkj dj fn;k FkkA vc bZlkbZ fe”kufj;ksa us ;g dguk “kq: fd;k fd Hkkjr ds yksx u dsoy foKku dh n`f’V ls fiNM+s gq, Fks cfYd ;s yksx vk/;kfRed rkSj ij Hkh fiNM+s gSaA mUgsa fiNM+kiu nwj djus ds fy, bZlkbZ /keZ dks viukuk iM+sxkA ,d ubZ fopkj/kkjk dk fodkl gqvk ftlesa Hkkjr esa okl djus okys yksx fgUnw o eqlyeku dks Øwj ,oa fujadq”k ekuk x;k FkkA blesa ;g vo/kkj.kk fgUnw gR;k djus ls ?kcjkrs gSa xyr gSA2 rhljh fopkj/kkjk dh “kq:vkr 1784 esa lj fofy;e tksUl ds okWjsu gsfLVaXl ls vkKk izkIr djus ds mijkUr ,f”k;kfVd lkslk;Vh vkWQ caxky* dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk gksrh gSA okjsu gsfLVXl dks caxky dk xouZj tujy bl vk/kkj ij fu;qDr fd;k x;k fd mldh tkudkjh Hkkjr ds lEcU/k esa lcls vf/kd FkhA blh dkj.k ml le; ;g ckr rsth ls izpfyr gksus yxh dh Hkkjr esa mPp LFkku izkIr djus ds fy, Hkkjr ls lEcfU/kr lwpukvksa ls voxr gksuk vko”;d gSA

dqN vU; izek.k Hkh feyrs gSa tks gsfLVaXl ds n`f’Vdks.k ij izdk”k Mkyrs gSaA 4 vDVwcj] 1784 bZ0 dks ,e- fLeFk dks fy[ks ,d i= esa okjsu gsfLVaXl us fy[kk& ^^gj izdkj ds Kku ds laxzg] fo”ks’kdj mu yksxksa ds lkekftd laidZ vkSj laizs’k.k ls izkIr Kku ftu ij fot; izkIr djus ds vf/kdkj ls gesa “kklu djuk gS] gekjs jkT; ds fy, mi;ksxh jgsxkA**3 gsfLVaXl ds i= ls tkfgj gksrk gS fd og Hkkjr esa daiuh ds jkt vkSj iz”kklu dh cqfu;knsa etcwr djus ds fy, ;gk¡ dh laLd`fr vkSj bfrgkl dks le>us dh vfuok;Zrk dk vuqHko dj jgk FkkA blh Øe esa bZLV bafM;k dEiuh ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dks iz”kklfud lqfo/kk ,oa izpkj ds fy, ,sfrgkfld xzaFkksa dh vko”;drk eglwl gqbZA budk ekuuk Fkk fd ;q) ds eSnku esa ryokj ds cy ij mifuos”kksa dks thr ysus ls gh ogk¡ “kklu yacs le; rd ugha pyk;k tk ldrk gS] gesa thrs x, yksxksa ds /keZ] laLd`fr] bfrgkl laca/kh oSpkfjd v/;;uksa dks izHkkfor djuk iM+sxkA mudks le>kuk iM+sxk] rFkk buds fnekx dks cnyuk iM+sxk rHkh lkezkT; nh?kZthoh cusxkA blh vk/kkj ij lkezkT;oknh bfrgkl ys[ku dh “kq#vkr ekuh tk ldrh gSA bl bfrgkl ys[ku esa “kfDr dks Kku ds vk/kkj ij Fkksius dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA4 lkezkT;oknh bfrgkl ys[ku ds }kjk izkjaHk esa Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dks lH;rk rFkk laLd`fr dks tkuus ds ek/;e ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k x;k] fQj vkxs pydj iwjcokn dh vo/kkj.kk dk fodkl fd;k x;kA ge ^ge* gSa] os ôs* gSaA ;kfu ge xksjs gSa os dkys gSa( ge fodflr gSa] os vfodflr gSa( ge lH; gSa] os vlH; gSa( bR;kfnA bl rjg lkezkT;okn dks tk;t Bgjkus ds fy,] if”pe dks vius foijhr ^vU;* dh fufeZfr djuh iM+hA blh dks ,MoMZ lbZn us îwjfc;k* foe”kZ vFkok iwjcokn ¼vksfj,aVfyTe½ dgk gS]5 ftlds rgr if”pe us iwoZ dks u dsoy lSU; rFkk jktuhfrd :i ls ifjHkkf’kr&”kkflr fd;k] oju~ HkkSxkskfyd] lkekftd rFkk lkaLd`frd :i ls Hkh iwoZ ds yksxksa dks mudh okLrfod vfLerk ds LFkku ij vyx îwjfc;k* igpku nhA ;gha ls iwjc ds yksxksa ds ckjs esa ^:f<+xr vU;* ¼LVhfjvksVkbIM½ dk vk[;ku vykik tkus yxk] tks vkt HkweaMyhdj.k ds ;qx esa Hkh cnLrwj tkjh gSA6 bl rjg vxj ge mifuos”kokn vkSj HkweaMyhdj.k dks vk/kqfud ;qx ds iwokZ/kZ vkSj mÙkjk/kZ ds :i esa ns[ksa rks] reke ,sfrgkfld fcanq Li’V gks tkrs gSaA lkezkT;oknh bfrgkl&ys[ku dh izo`fÙk dk ewy bl loZfofnr vfHk/kkj.kk esa n`f’Vxkspj gksrk gSA ;g vfHk/kkj.kk ;wjksih; yksxksa dks ,f”k;kbZ yksxksa dh vis{kk Js’B ,oa mPprj mn~ns”;ksa ls dke djus okyk Bgjkrh gS rFkk ,f”k;kbZ yksxksa dks fufgr

LokFkZ ls dke djus okyk fl) djrh gSA Hkkjr esa bfrgkl ys[ku dh izfØ;k bfrgkl fuekZ.k ds lkFk&lkFk vkxs c<+hA tks lSfud] iz”kkld ,oa O;kikjh Hkkjr vk, os lHkh bfrgklcks/k ls lai`Dr Fks vkSj mUgksaus mins”kkRed jktuhfrd xzaFk izdkf”kr djds fczfV”k ljdkj dh uhfr fu/kkZfjr djus okyksa dks izHkkfor djus dk iz;kl fd;kA7 baXySaM] Ýkal ,oa gkySaM esa nks izdkj dh fopkj ”kSfy;ksa dk izknqHkkZo gqvkA mlesa ls ,d iqjkruiaFkh Fkh rFkk nwljh mnkjA bu nksuksa dk er ;wjksih; yksxksa dk vkf/kiR; cuk, j[kus ds fo’k; esa ,d FkkA fdUrq mifuos”koknh ds lkFk fd;kA9 rhljs] ”kksj ,oa xzkaV tSls /keZxq#vksa us tks /keZ izpkjdksa }kjk lefiZr Fks] Hkkjr esa vaxzsth “kklu dks mfpr Bgjk;kA muds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa fczfV”k “kklu vfHk”kIr ekuork ds m)kj ds fy, ,d iwoZ fu;ksftr bZ”ojh; ?kVuk FkhA mUgksaus Hkkjrh; lekt dks /kekZarj.k ,oa f”k{kk ds }kjk cnyus dk iz;kl fd;kA10 pkSFks vYÝsM yk;y] gsujh esu ,oa fofy;e gUVj tSls fo}kuksa us fczfV”k “kklu dks if”pe ,oa iwoZ ds ijLij esy ds :i esa ns[kk ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa laLFkkvksa ds v/;;u esa #fp fn[kkbZA11 ikaposa] ih- bZ- jkcV~Zl] Vh-th-ih- Lih;j] izksQslj lh-,p- fQfyIl] izksQslj gksYMsu QoZj] izksQslj ckygspsV rFkk dqN vU; fo}kuksa us jkds dh bfrgkl ys[ku “kSyh dks viuk;kA bu yksxksa us lzksrksa dh lko/kkuh ls vkykspukRed rjhds ls lwpuk,a izLrqr dhaA12 Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa ;g n`f’Vdks.k lcls igys ykMZ MQfju] dtZu] vkSj feaVks tSls ok;ljk;ksa vkSj Hkkjr lfpo tktZ gSfeYVu dh jktdh; ?kks’k.kkvksa ds :i esa gekjs lkeus vkrs gSaA oh- fpjksy] jkSyV ¼jktnzksg½ lfefr dh fjiksVZ] ouhZ yksosV vkSj ekaVsX;w psElQksMZ us bldks vf/kd rdZlaxr cukdj is”k fd;k gSA13 igyh ckj lu~ 1940 esa ,d vejhdh fo}ku czwl Vh- eSdqyh us bldks lS)kafrd tkek iguk;kA bl

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in fl)kar ds mnkjoknh i{k dks jsftukWYM dksiySaM us vkSj lu~ 1947 ds ckn ds bfrgkl ys[ku esa iflZoy fLi;j us viuk;k FkkA14 lkezkT;oknh bfrgkldkj ugha ekurs gSa fd Hkkjr jk’Vª cuus dh izfØ;k esa FkkA mudk ekuuk gS fd ftls Hkkjr dgk tkrk gS okLro esa og /keksZa] tkfr;ksa] leqnk;ksa vkSj vyx&vyx fgrksa dk leqPp; Hkj FkkA bl rjg Hkkjrh; jkT; O;oLFkkvksa ds oxhZdj.k dks ;s bfrgkldkj ^Hkkjrh; jk’Vª* vFkok ^Hkkjrh; tkfr* ;k lkekftd oxksZa dh vo/kkj.kkvksa ds :i esa Lohdkj ugha djrsA mudk ekuuk gS fd bu dksfV;ksa dh txg ;gk¡ ij igys ls yksxksa dh igpku fgUnw&eqlyeku] czkã.k&xSj czkã.k] vk;Z] Hknzyksd ¼lqlaLd`r tu½ vkSj blh izdkj ds nwljs lewgksa ds :i esa dh tkrh FkhA mudk dguk gS fd tkfr vkSj /keZ ds vk/kkj ij cus lfn;ksa ls pys vk jgs lewg jktuhfrd laxBu ds eq[; vk/kkj FksA blfy, tkfr vkSj /keZ ij vk/kkfjr jktuhfr gh ;gk¡ ij eq[; gSA jk’Vªokn rks bldk Åijh vkoj.k ek= gSA15 ;fn Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh; vkanksyu lkezkT;okn ds fo:) Hkkjrh; turk ds fgrksa dk izfrfuf/kRo ugha djrk] rks iz”u mBrk gS fd ;g fdlds fgr dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gS\ ,d ckj iqu% 19oha “krkCnh ds mÙkjk/kZ ,oa 20oha “krkCnh ds iwokZ/kZ esa fczfV”k vf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj lkezkT;okn ds izoDrkvksa us blds rdZ vkSj mÙkj izLrqr fd,A lkezkT;oknh bfrgkldkjksa us bl ckr ij tksj fn;k fd Hkkjr dk jk’Vªh; vkanksyu tu&vkanksyu ugha Fkk cfYd ;g vfHktu ¼byhV~l½ lewgksa dh t:jrksa vkSj fgrksa dh mit FkkA bu lewgksa us xqV dh LokFkZflf) ds fy, bldk iz;ksx fd;kA bl izdkj jk’Vªoknh fopkj] fopkj/kkjk vkSj vkanksyu ds vkfoHkkZo vkSj izsj.kk ds ihNs eq[; “kfDr vfHktu lewg rFkk mldh t:jrsa vkSj fgr FkhA bu lewgksa dk xBu dHkh&dHkh /kkfeZd vkSj tkfrxr igpku ds vk/kkj ij vkSj dHkh&dHkh laj{k.k ds bnZfxnZ cus jktuhfrd laidksZa ds vk/kkj ij gksrk FkkA ysfdu nksuksa gh ekeyksa esa] pkgs fczfV”k gqdwer ds fojks/k dk ekeyk Fkk ;k vkil esa ,d&nwljs dk fojks/k gks] bl fojks/k ds ihNs mudk ladh.kZ futh LokFkZ gh dke djrk FkkA16 ;gk¡ ij jk’Vªokn dks ewyr% ,d ,slh fopkj/kkjk ekuk x;k gS] ftldk bLrseky os vfHktu lewg viuh ladh.kZ egRokdka{kkvksa dks U;k;ksfpr Bgjkus vkSj tuleFkZu tqVkus ds fy, djrs FksA jk’Vªh; vkanksyu rks flQZ ,d midj.k Fkk ftldk mi;ksx vfHktu lewg turk dks ykecan djus vkSj vius LokFkZ dks iwjk djus ds fy, fd;k djrk FkkA tks ijksidkjh fczfV”k jkt ds fo:) yM+us ds fy, jk’Vªokn dk bLrseky dj jgk Fkk] ogk¡ bl n`f’Vdks.k

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in ds lekukarj ,d n`f’Vdks.k fodflr fd;k ftlds lw= fpjksy vkSj jkSyV desVh dh fjiksVZ esa fo|eku FksA17 bl n`f’Vdks.k ds eqrkfcd fczfV”k jkt dh d`ik n`f’V ikus ds fy, jk’Vªh; vkanksyu ,d vfHktkr xqV ds fo:) nwljs vfHktkr xqV ds la?k’kZ dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA os viuh ckr bl izdkj j[krs gSa] ^^;g ekuuk dkQh Hkzked gksxk fd ns”k dh turk dh ;g ykecanh eq[; :i ls fons”kh “kklu ds fo:) lapkfyr FkhA lkezkT;okn vkSj jk’Vªokn ds chp Åij ls fn[kus okys la?k’kZ ij cgqr vf/kd /;ku fn;k x;k gS] ysfdu muds chp vkilh Hkkxhnkjh o v/;;u Hkh mruk gh ykHknk;d gksxkA** rks fQj jk’Vªh; vkanksyu ds mn~Hko vkSj fodkl esa fczfV”k jkt dk eq[; ;ksxnku ;g jgk fd mlus Hkkjrh; yksxksa ds chp bZ’;kZ vkSj la?k’kZ dks rst fd;k vkSj vkilh “k=qrk ds fy, u, {ks= vkSj ubZ laLFkkvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA18 jk’Vªoknh vkanksyu dh c<+rh “kfDr ds lkeus iqjkus er ds lkezkT;okfn;ksa }kjk fn, x, tokc us muds l”kafdr lgt vkRefo”okl dks Qhdk dj fn;k FkkA 1888 esa ^lu tkWu LVªsph* us dM+s “kCnksa esa ?kks’k.kk dh Fkh fd ^Hkkjr tSlh dksbZ pht u rks gS vkSj u dHkh gksxh*A ;g ?kks’k.kk djrs le; mudh eqnzk dqN oSlh gh Fkh tSlh fdlh ftjkQ dk cgknqjh ds lkFk eqdkcyk djrs le; fpfM+;k?kj ds fdlku dh gksrh gSA Hkkjr ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, igyh vkSj vko”;d ckr gS ;g tkuuk fd Hkkjr tSlh dksbZ pht ;k dksbZ ns”k u rks gS vkSj u dHkh gksxk ftlesa ;wjksih; fopkjksa ds vuqlkj HkkSfrd] jktuhfrd] lkekftd ;k /kkfeZd ,drk tSlh dksbZ ,drk gksA ftlds ckjs esa ge bruk dqN lqurs vk, gSa oSlk u rks dksbZ Hkkjrh; jk’Vª gS vkSj u dgha Hkkjr dh turk gSA19 Hkkjr dks ,d jk’Vª ekuus dh /kkj.kk ml Hkn~nh Hkwy ij vk/kkfjr gS ftldks jktuhfr”kkL= eq[;r;k nwj djuk pkgrk gSA Hkkjr dksbZ jktuhfrd uke ugha gS cfYd ;g ;wjksi ;k vÝhdk dh rjg ek= ,d HkkSxksfyd vfHkO;fDr gSA ;g fdlh ,d jk’Vª ;k ,d Hkk’kk dh lhek js[kk dks ugha cfYd vusd jk’Vªksa vkSj mudh Hkk’kkvksa dh lhek dk vadu djrk gSA20 ^lEeku D;k gS\* lj tku QyLVkQ us loky fd;k vkSj [kqn gh tokc fn;k& ^,d “kCnA* bl “kCn lEeku esa D;k gS] og lEeku D;k gS\ ,d fn[kkokA blh xgu ;FkkFkZokn dh Hkkouk esa gekjs vk/kqfud ^lj tku* tSls egk”k;ksa us fons”kh “kklu ls eqfDr ds fy, djksM+ksa Hkkjrh;ksa ds la?k’kZ dks ,d ^Hkn~nh Hkwy* lkfcr fd;k gSA blh izdkj vkfLVª;kbZ lkezkT; ds fl)kardkjksa us vius larks’k ds fy, ;g lkfcr dj fn;k Fkk fd bVyh ,d ^HkkSxksfyd vfHkO;fDr* gSA21

mYys[kuh; gS fd mUuhloha “krkCnh ds var ls lkezkT;oknh bfrgkl ys[ku dk okLrfod Lo:i vkSj vf/kd Li’Vrk ls gekjs lkeus mHkj dj vkrk gSA tSlk fd geus ns[kk fd nks izdkj dh izo`fÙk;ka FkhaA nksuksa esa lkezkT;okn ds ewy vkSfpR; dks ysdj ,d:irk Fkh ysfdu Hkkjrh; jk’Vªokn ds laca/k esa bu nksuksa fopkjksa esa varj ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ,d vksj tgk¡ tkWu LVªSph] osysUVkbu fpjksy rFkk ykWosV tSls bfrgkldkjksa us dV~Vj fopkj rFkk vkykspukRed utfj;k Hkkjrh; jk’Vª rFkk jk’Vªokn ds izfr viuk;k ogha nwljh vksj gsujheSu] ,YÝsM ykW;y rFkk ,MoMZ VkWelu tSls bfrgkldkjksa ds n`f’Vdks.k dqN mnkjoknh FksA lkezkT;oknh bfrgkldkjksa dh ewy vo/kkj.kkvksa dks fuEuor~ ns[kk tk ldrk gS& ¼1½ Hkkjr vk/kqfud ifjHkk’kk okyk jk’Vª gksus ds ctk; ek= vyx&vyx tkfr;ksa] /keksZa vkSj dchyksa dk ns”k gS] ¼2½ ,slh gkyr esa og Lo;a viuk “kklu laHkkyus ds dkfcy ugha gS] ¼3½ nSo;ksx ls vaxzst fgUnqLrku esa vk, vkSj mUgksaus viuh tkrh; Js’Brk ds vk/kkj ij ;g ns”k thrk vkSj ;gk¡ vk/kqfud iz”kklfud O;oLFkk LFkkfir dhA blls Hkkjrh;ksa dks iz”kklu pykus dk /khjs&/khjs Kku gqvkA VkWelu dk ekuuk gS fd vaxzsth lkezkT;okn vius fufgr LokFkksZa ls cuk;k x;k Fkk ysfdu mUgksaus lkFk gh ;g Hkh tksM+ fn;k fd blls Hkkjr esa prqeqZ[kh fodkl gqvk gS] ¼4½ nksuksa gh izdkj ds bfrgkldkj ;g ekudj pys fd Hkkjr esa “kkafr cuk, j[kus] laiznk;ksa ds chp balkQ djus] vk/kqfud Kku&foKku ls f”kf{kr djus] Hkkjrh; fdlkuksa ds eka&cki ds crkSj dke djus ds fy, vaxzstksa dk “kklu t:jh gSA ,YÝsM ykW;y tSls ys[kdksa us ;g Hkh izekf.kr djus dk iz;kl fd;k fd vaxzsth “kklu /khjs&/khjs fgUnqLrkfu;ksa dks viuk [kqn dk jkT; pykus ds fy, rS;kj dj jgk gSA VkWelu vkSj xSjV us blh izfØ;k dks vaxzsth O;oLFkk esa ^QqyfQyesaV* ;k ^ifjrks’k* dk uke fn;k rFkk vizR;{k :i ls Lok/khurk ds mn~ns”;ksa dks Lohd`fr iznku dhA22 nwljh vksj] vaxzsth ljdkj ds iz”kklfud n`f’Vdks.k dks ns[kus ls Li’V gksrk gS fd dkQh le; rd mudk ;gh ekuuk jgk fd Hkkjr dk rFkkdfFkr jk’Vªokn o jk’Vªh; vkanksyu okLro esa ^^ekbØksLdksfid ekbukWfjVh** ;k i<+s&fy[ks vYila[;dksa dk LokFkhZ ,oa xSj ftEesnkjkuk te?kV gS ftlus vaxzstksa }kjk nh xbZ fj;k;rksa dk vuSfrd ykHk mBkus ,oa turk dks fczVsu ds lq”kklu ds fo:) HkM+dkus dk ckj&ckj iz;kl fd;k gSA bl izdkj lkezkT;oknh bfrgkl ys[ku ds iwokZxzgiw.kZ ,oa LokFkZiw.kZ n`f’Vdks.k dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

lektoknh bfrgkl ys[ku dk iw.kZ iz;kl ^bZLV bt bZLV ,.M osLV bt osLV* ds fopkj dks Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa lgh lkfcr djuk FkkA vktknh ds ckn Hkkjrh; bfrgkldkjksa us cnLrwj vkSifuosf”kd ekufldrk dks tkjh j[kk gS buesa dSfEczt bfrgkldkj] uo ijEijkoknh bfrgkldkj] ekDlZoknh bfrgkldkj eq[; :i ls dk;Z dj jgs gSaA ;s vius fufgr LokFkZ ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds izfr lgh n`f’Vdks.k ugha viuk ldsA vktknh ds ckn Hkh Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk bu bfrgkldkjksa }kjk xyr

7- “ks[kvyh] ch-] fgLVªh] bV~l F;ksjh ,aM esFkM] eSdfeyu izdk”ku] lsdsaM ,Mh”ku 1981] fjfizaV 1991] i`- 332 8- ogh] i`- 332 9- ogh] i`- 333 10- ogh] i`- 333 11- ogh] i`- 333 12- ogh] i`- 334 13- fpjksy] osysaVkbu] bafM;k vujsLV] yanu 1910 14- eSdqyh] ch-Vh-] bafXy”k ,twds”ku ,aM n vksfjftUl vkWQ bafM;u us”kufyTe ¼U;w;kdZ] 1940½A lkFk gh ih- fLi;j] , fgLVªh vkWQ bafM;k] Vol. III, isafXou] 1987 15- panz] fcfiu] Hkkjr dk Lok/khurk la?k’kZ] fganh ek/;e dk;kZUo;u funs”kky;] fnYyh fo”ofo|ky;] iqueqZnz.k 2001] Hkwfedk XIX, XX 16- ogha] i`- 20 17- jkSysV desVh dh fjiksVZ] osysaVkbu fpjksy dks vk/kkj cukdj vfuy lhy us bl lw= dk fodkl fd;k gSA mn~/k`r] fcfiu panz] oghA 18- panz] fcfiu] ogh] i`- XXI. 19- lj tku LVªsph] bafM;k] bV~l ,sMfefuLVªs”ku ,saM izksxzsl] 1888] i`- 5 20- lj tku lhys] fn ,Dlisa”ku vkQ baXySaM] 1883] i`- 254&57 21- lj tku QyLVkQ ds bl iz”u vkSj mRrj dk mYys[k jtuh ike nÙk] vkt dk Hkkjr] ogh] esa mYys[k fd;k gSA 22- VkWelu vkSj xSjsV] fn jkbt ,aM QqyfQyesaV vkWQ fczfV”k :y bu bafM;k] i`- 10&20

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4 f'k{kk esa lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh dh çHkko'khyrk MkW- vuqie flag lgk;d vkpk;Z] f’k{kk’kkL= foHkkx nhun;ky mik/;k;] xksj[kiqj fo’ofo|ky;] xksj[kiqj

‘kks/k lkjka’k f'k{kk O;oLFkk dks vf/kd lqpk#] lqyHk] vkd"kZd] euksjatd rFkk çHkko'kkyh cukus esa lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh dh fo'ks"k Hkwfedk gSA Kku dk fuekZ.k] lap;u] LFkkukarj.k ,oa fodkl esa lwpuk ,oa lapkj rduhdh ds fofHkUu lk/kuksa dh egRoiw.kZ mi;ksfxrk gSA lwpuk ,oa lapkj rduhdh dk vFkZ le>uk] lwpuk ,oa lapkj rduhdh lk/kuksa dk Kku çkIr djuk] f'k{kd] ;kstukdkj] 'kks/kdrkZ vkfn lHkh yksx O;kid iSekus ij bl ckr ls lger fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa fd lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh esa f'k{kk ij ldkjkRed vkSj egRoiw.kZ çHkko Mkyus dh {kerk,a ekStwn gSaA ftl ckr ij vc rd cgl py jgh gS] oks ;g gS fd f'k{kk lq/kkj esa lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh dh lVhd Hkwfedk D;k gks vkSj bldh {kerkvksa ds csgrjhu nksgu ds fy, lcls csgrjhu rjhds D;k gks ldrs gSaA vktdy f'k{kk {ks= esa] fo'ks"k :i ls 'kS{kf.kd xfrfof/k;ksa esa çkS|ksfxdh dks l'kä djus dh çfØ;k esa lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh ds udkjkRed çHkkoksa dk iwokZuqeku yxkus vkSj nwj djus ds fy, f'k{kk {ks= lcls çHkko'kkyh {ks= gks ldrk gSA nwljh rjQ çkS|ksfxdh] Nk= ds Kku dks c<+kus dk lcls çHkko'kkyh rjhdk gks ldrh gSA f'k{kk esa lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx] f'k{kk dh çHkko'khyrk dks c<+krs gq, v/;kiu vkSj v/;;u dh xq.koÙkk c<+krk gSA blus v/;;u esa ,d vk;ke tksM+k gS] tks igys miyC/k ugha FkkA fo|ky;ksa esa lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh dh 'kq:vkr ds ckn ls Nk=ksa dks ikjaifjd d{kk ds okrkoj.k dh rqyuk esa çkS|ksfxdh of/kZr okrkoj.k esa i<+uk T;knk LQwfrZnk;d vkSj :fpdj gSA cht ‘kCn lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh] f'k{kk O;oLFkk] 'kSf{kd dk;ZØe] mPp f'k{kk] o;Ld çf'k{k.k] lk{kjrk vkanksyu] lekos'kh f'k{kk

‘kks/k foLrkj ^lwpuk ;qx^ ds 'kSf{kd mís';ksa dks lkdkj djus ds fy, f'k{kk esa lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh ds vk/kqfud :iksa dks 'kkfey djus dh vko';drk gSA bls çHkkoh rkSj ij djus ds fy, f'k{kk ;kstukdkjksa] ç/kkuk/;kidksa] f'k{kdksa vkSj çkS|ksfxdh fo'ks"kKksa dks çkS|ksfxdh] çf'k{k.k] foRrh;] 'kS{kf.kd vkSj cqfu;knh

6. de voLFkk esa fodkl] de tula[;k ?kuRo] çkS<+ lk{kjrk] efgyk f'k{kk vkSj dk;Zcy esa o`f) tSls {ks=ksa esa çkS|ksfxdh dk yf{kr bLrsekyA 7. f'k{kdksa dks rS;kj djus vkSj dSfj;j ls tqM+s çf'k{k.k ds fy, çkS|ksfxdh 8. uhfr&fuekZ.k] fMtkbu vkSj MsVk çca/ku ds fy, çkS|ksfxdh 9. Ldwy çca/ku ds fy, çkS|ksfxdh çkS|ksfxdh ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa v/;;u ds fy, rduhfd x funsZ'kkRed lkexzh x v‚fM;ks] fotqvy vkSj fMftVy mRikn x l‚¶Vos;j vkSj daVsaVos;j x laidZ ds ek/;e x ehfM;k x 'kS{kf.kd osclkbV jsfM;ks vkSj Vhoh 20oha 'krkCnh dh 'kq#vkr ls gh jsfM;ks vkSj Vhoh dk f'k{kk esa bLrseky fd;k tk jgk gSA vkbZlhVh ds ;s :i rhu eq[; rjhdksa ls bLrseky fd;s tkrs gSa& 1- laoknkRed jsfM;ks fn'kk&funsZ'k ¼vkbZvkjvkbZ½ vkSj Vhoh ij ikB lesr lh/ks d{kk esa i<+kukA 2- Ldwy çlkj.k] tgka çlkfjr dk;ZØe v/;;u vkSj f'k{k.k ds iwjd lalk/ku eqgS;k djkrk gS tks vkerkSj ij miyC/k ugha gksrsA 3- lkekU; 'kSf{kd dk;ZØe tks lkekU; vkSj vukSipkfjd f'k{kk ds volj miyC/k djkrs gSaA laoknkRed jsfM;ks fn'kk&funsZ'k esa jkstkuk ds vk/kkj ij d{kkvksa ds fy, çlkj.k ikB 'kkfey gSaA fo'ks"k eqíksa vkSj fof'k"V Lrj ij jsfM;ks ikB lh[kus vkSj i<+kus dh xq.koRrk lq/kkjus ds fy, f'k{kdksa dks

Vhoh ds ikB vU; dkslZ lkexzh ds iwjd ds rkSj ij Hkh bLrseky fd, tk ldrs gSa ;k mUgsa vdsys Hkh i<+k;k tk ldrk gSA fy[kh gqbZ lkexzh vkSj vU; lalk/ku 'kSf{kd Vhoh dk;ZØeksa ds lkFk vDlj lh[kus vkSj funsZ'k xzg.k dh {kerk dks c<+krs gSaA ,f'k;k&ç'kkar {ks= esa 'kSf{kd çlkj.k dkQh foLrkfjr gSA Hkkjr esa mnkgj.k ds fy, bafnjk xka/kh us'kuy vksiu ;wfuoflZVh Vhoh vkSj ohfM;ks d‚UÝsaflax dkslZ dk çlkj.k djrh gSA fof'k"V ikBksa ds çlkj.k ds fy, bLrseky ds vfrfjDr jsfM;ks vkSj Vhoh dk bLrseky lkekU; 'kSf{kd dk;ZØeksa ds çlkj.k ds fy, Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA okLro esa] 'kSf{kd ewY; ds lkFk fdlh Hkh jsfM;ks ;k Vhoh ds fdlh Hkh dk;ZØe dks ^lkekU; 'kSf{kd dk;ZØe^ ekuk tk ldrk gSA vesfjdk ls cPpksa ds fy, çlkfjr fd;k tkuk okyk ,d 'kSf{kd Vhoh dk;ZØe ^lhlse LVªhV^ bldk ,d mnkgj.k gSA nwljk mnkgj.k] dukMk dk 'kSf{kd jsfM;ks ppkZ dk;ZØe ^QkeZ jsfM;ks Qksje^ gSA3 jsfM;ks vkSj Vhoh çlkj.k dk f'k{kk esa bLrseky jsfM;ks vkSj Vhoh dk bLrseky f'k{kk ds ,d ek/;e ds rkSj ij Øe'k% 1920 vkSj 1950 ds n'kd ls cM+s iSekus ij fd;k tk jgk gSA f'k{kk esa jsfM;ks vkSj Vhoh çlkj.k ds bLrseky ds rhu lkekU; rjhds gSa&lh/ks d{kk esa i<+kuk] tgka vLFkk;h :i ls çlkj.k dk;ZØe f'k{kd dk LFkku ys ysrs gSaA Ldwy çlkj.k] tgka çlkfjr dk;ZØe f'k{k.k vkSj v/;;u ds fy, iwjd lalk/ku eqgS;k djkrs gSa] tks vU;Fkk ugha gksrsA lkeqnkf;d] jk"Vªh; vkSj varjjk"Vªh; LVs'kuksa ij lkekU; 'kSf{kd dk;ZØe tks lkekU; vkSj vukSipkfjd 'kSf{kd volj çnku djrs gSaA lh/ks d{kk esa i<+kus dk lcls egRoiw.kZ vkSj loksZRre nLrkosth mnkgj.k laoknkRed jsfM;ks fn'kk&funsZ'k gSA ^blesa jkstkuk ds vk/kkj ij d{kk ds fy, 20&30 feuV çR;{k f'k{k.k ¼Mk;jsDV Vhfpax½ vkSj 'kSf{kd çf'k{k.k 'kkfey gksrk gSA xf.kr] foKku] LokLF; vkSj Hkk"kkvksa ds fo'ks"k Lrj ij fof'k"V f'k{k.k ds mís'; ls cuk, x, jsfM;ks ds ikB d{kk esa i<+kus dh xq.koRrk dks lq/kkjus vkSj lhfer lalk/kuksa okys Ldwyksa esa [kjkc rjhds ls çf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa dks fu;fer lg;ksx ds mís'; dks iwjk djrs gSaA^ laoknkRed jsfM;ks fn'kk&funsZ'k ifj;kstuk dks Hkkjr vkSj vU; nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa esa ykxw fd;k x;k gSA ,f'k;k esa laoknkRed jsfM;ks fn'kk&funsZ'k lcls igys 1980 esa FkkbZySaM esa fØ;kfUor gqvk Fkk; 1990 esa ;g ifj;kstuk baMksusf'k;k] ikfdLrku] ckaXykns'k vkSj usiky esa 'kq: gqbZA laoknkRed jsfM;ks fn'kk&funsZ'k vU; nwjLFk f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa ls bl ekeys esa vyx gS fd çkFkfed rkSj ij bldk mís'; f'k{kk dh

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in xq.koRrk dks c<+kuk gS& flQZ f'k{kk rd igqap dks gh ugha& vkSj vkSipkfjd o vukSipkfjd nksuksa gh O;oLFkkvksa esa blus [kwc lQyrk gkfly dh gSA nqfu;k Hkj esa gq, l?ku 'kks/k fn[kkrs gS fd vf/kdrj laoknkRed jsfM;ks fn'kk&funsZ'k ifj;kstukvksa dk ifj.kke lh[kus ds ifj.kkeksa vkSj 'kS{kf.kd lekurk ij ldkjkRed jgkA vU; dneksa ds eqdkcys ;g ç.kkyh viuh de ykxr okyh vkfFkZdh ds pyrs dkQh fdQk;rh vkSj dkjxj lkfcr gqbZ gSA4 dsUæ }kjk pyk;k tkus okyk Vhoh dk;ZØe lSVsykbV ds tfj, ns'k Hkj esa ,d fuf'pr le; ij çlkfjr fd;k tkrk gS] mlesa ogh lc dqN i<+k;k tkrk gS tks fdlh lkekU; ek/;fed Ldwy esa i<+k;k tkrk gSA gjsd ?kaVs fdlh ,d u;s fo"k; ij çlkj.k 'kq: fd;k tkrk gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Hkh Vhoh ij vyx&vyx f'k{kdksa ls i<+us dk ekSdk feyrk gS] ysfdu Ldwy esa lHkh Lrj ds lHkh fo"k;ksa ds fy, dsoy ,d f'k{kd gksrk gSA bl dk;ZØe ds Lo:i esa fiNys dqN lkyksa esa dbZ cnyko ns[kus dks feys gSa ftlesa f'k{k.k dh ç.kkyh O;fä dsfUær ls gV dj T;knk laoknkRed çfØ;k esa ifjofrZr gks xbZ tks leqnk; dks f'k{k.k dh çfof/k ds bnZ&fxnZ cqus x, ,d dk;ZØe ls tksM+rh gSA bl j.kuhfr dk mís'; lkeqnkf;d eqíksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa ds chp laca/k cukuk Fkk ftlls cPpksa dks lexz f'k{kk nh tk lds] leqnk; dks Ldwyksa ds çca/ku vkSj laxBu esa 'kkfey fd;k tk lds rFkk lkeqnkf;d xfrfof/k;ksa dks vatke nsus ds fy, Nk=ksa dks mRçsfjr fd;k tk ldsA Vhoh dk;ZØeksa dk vkdyu dkQh mRlkgtud jgk gSA5 vke lsdaMjh Ldwyksa ds eqdkcys Mª‚ivkmV dh la[;k esa deh jgh vkSj rduhdh Ldwyksa ls Hkh ;g ekewyh :i ls csgrj jgk gSA ,f'k;k esa phu dh 44 jsfM;ks vkSj Vhoh ;qfuoflZVh ¼ftuesa pkbuk lsaVªy jsfM;ks vkSj Vsyhfotu ;qfuoflZVh Hkh 'kkfey gS½] baMksusf'k;k dh ;qfuoflZVh VcqZdk vkSj bafnjk xka/kh jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky; us çR;{k Ldwyh f'k{k.k vkSj Ldwyh çlkj.k esa jsfM;ks vkSj Vhoh dk i;kZIr ç;ksx fd;k gS rkfd os viuh T;knk ls T;knk yksxksa rd igqapus esa dke;kc gks ldsA ;s laLFkku vDlj çlkj.k ds lkFk eqfær lkexzh vkSj v‚fM;ks dSlsV Hkh eqgS;k djkrs gSaA tkiku ;qfuoflZVh o"kZ 2000 ls 160 Vhoh vkSj 160 jsfM;ks dkslZ pyk jgh gSA gjsd dkslZ 15&45 feuV dk gksrk gS vkSj 15 lIrkg rd yxkrkj çfr lIrkg ,d ckj ,sls O;k[;ku dk çlkj.k gksrk gSA lqcg Ng cts ls ysdj nksigj 12 cts ds chp ;s çlkj.k fd;s tkrs gSaA

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in blds vykok Nk=ksa dks iwjd lkexzh ds rkSj ij eqfær f'k{k.k lkexzh nh tkrh gS vkSj vkeus&lkeus f'k{k.k ds vykok v‚uykbu lqfo/kk Hkh nh tkrh gSA vDlj eqfær lkexzh] dSlsV vkSj lhMh&jkse ds ek/;e ls pyk;k tkus okyk Ldwyh çlkj.k çR;{k d{kk f'k{k.k dh gh rjg jk"Vªh; ikBîØe ls tqM+k gksrk gS vkSj reke fdLe ds fo"k;ksa ds fy, bls fodflr fd;k tkrk gSA d{kk f'k{k.k ds foijhr] Ldwyh çlkj.k dk mís'; f'k{kd dk LFkku ysuk ugha gksrk cfYd flQZ ikjaifjd d{kk f'k{k.k dh ç.kkyh esa ewY; lao/kZu djuk gksrk gSA Ldwy çlkj.k laoknkRed jsfM;ks fn'kk&funsZ'k ¼vkbZvkjvkbZ½ ls dgha T;knk yphyk gksrk gS D;ksafd blesa f'k{kdksa dks r; djuk iM+rk gS fd os dSls çlkj.k lkexzh dk vius d{kkvksa esa ,dhdj.k dj ldsaA tks cM+s çlkj.k laLFkku Ldwyh çlkj.k dk dke djrs gSa] muesa fczVsu dk fczfV'k cz‚MdkfLVax d‚jiksjs'ku ,tqds'ku jsfM;ks] Vhoh vkSj ,u,pds tSiuht cz‚MdkfLVax LVs'ku 'kkfey gSaA fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa vkerkSj ij bl fdLe ds Ldwyh çlkj.k ogka ds f'k{kk ea=ky; vkSj lwpuk o çlkj.k ea=ky; ds la;qDr lg;ksx ls pyk, tkrs gSaA6 vkerkSj ij 'kS{kf.kd çlkj.kksa esa dbZ fdLe ds dk;ZØe 'kkfey gksrs gSa& [kcjksa ds dk;ZØe] o`Rrfp=] fDot dk;ZØe vkSj 'kS{kf.kd dkVwZu] ftuesa lHkh fdLe ds lh[kus okyksa ds fy, vukSipkfjd 'kS{kf.kd volj ekStwn gksrs gSaA ,d vFkZ esa ns[ksa rks bl fdLe ds varxZr lwpuk vkSj f'k{kk ds ewY;ksa ds fygkt ls dksbZ Hkh jsfM;ks ;k Vhoh dk;ZØe bldk fgLlk gks ldrk gSA dqN ,sls mnkgj.k gSa ftudh igqap nqfu;kHkj esa gSA ;s gSa& vesfjdk dk Vhoh dk;ZØe lhlse LVªhV] gj fdLe dh lwpuk,a nsus okyk pkSuy us'kuy T;‚xzkfQd vkSj fMLdojh vkSj jsfM;ks dk;ZØe o‚;l v‚Q vesfjdkA dukMk esa pkyhl ds n'kd esa 'kq: fd;k x;k QkeZ jsfM;ks Qksje nqfu;k Hkj esa jsfM;ks ifjppkZvksa ds fy, e‚My cu pqdk gSA ;g vukSipkfjd 'kS{kf.kd dk;ZØeksa dk ,d uk;kc mnkgj.k gSA fo|kFkhZ dsafær 'kS{kf.kd ekgkSy cukus esa Hkwfedk 'kks/k fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj lwpuk o lapkj çkS|ksfxdh ¼vkbZlhVh½ ds lgh bLrseky ls fo"k;&oLrq vkSj 'kS{kf.kd çfof/k nksuksa esa cqfu;knh cnyko fd, tk ldrs gSa vkSj ;gh 21oha lnh esa 'kS{kf.kd lq/kkjksa ds dsaæ esa Hkh jgk gSA ;fn dk;ns ls bls fodflr fd;k x;k vkSj ykxw fd;k tk,] rks lwpuk o lapkj çkS|ksfxdh ¼vkbZlhVh½ lefFkZr f'k{k.k Kku vkSj n{krk ds çlkj esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gS tks vkthou

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in v/;;u ds fy, Nk=ksa dks mRçsfjr djrk jgsxkA ;fn dk;ns ls bLrseky fd;k tk,] rks lwpuk o lapkj çkS|ksfxdh ¼vkbZlhVh½ vkSj baVjusV çkS|ksfxdh ls v/;;u vkSj v/;kiu ds u, rjhds [kksts tk ldrs gSa] ctk; blds fd f'k{kd vkSj fo|kFkhZ ogh djrs jgsa tks igys djrs jgs FksA f'k{k.k vkSj v/;;u ds ;s u, rjhds njvly v/;;u dh mu jpukRed 'kSfy;ksa ls mitrs gSa tks f'k{k.k ç.kkyh esa v/;kid dks dsaæ ls gVk dj fo|kFkhZ dks dsaæ esa ykrk gSA7 lwpuk o lapkj çkS|ksfxdh ¼vkbZlhVh½ lefFkZr f'k{k.k vkSj v/;;u ijh{kk] x.kuk vkSj lwpukvksa ds fo'ys"k.k ds vkStkjksa dks çsfjr djrs gSa ftlls Nk=ksa ds ikl loky mBkus dks eap feyrk gS vkSj os lwpuk dk fo'ys"k.k dj ldrs gSa vkSj ubZ lwpuk,a x<+ ldrs gSaA dke djrs oDr bl rjg Nk= lh[k ikrs gSaA tc cPps thou dh okLrfod leL;kvksa ls lh[krs gSa ftlls f'k{k.k dh çfØ;k de vewrZ cu tkrh gS vkSj thou fLFkfr;ksa ds T;knk çklafxd gksrh gSA bl rjg ls ;kn djus ;k jVus ij vk/kkfjr f'k{k.k ds foijhr vkbZlhVh lefFkZr v/;;u fcYdqy le; ij f'k{k.k dk jkLrk nsrk gS ftlesa lh[kus okyk t:jr iM+us ij mifLFkr fodYi esa ls ;g pqu ldrk gS fd mls D;k lh[kuk gSA lwpuk o lapkj çkS|ksfxdh lefFkZr v/;;u Nk=ksa] f'k{kdksa vkSj fo'ks"kKksa ds chp laokn vksj lg;ksx dks c<+kok nsrk gS] bl ckr ls fcYdqy tqnk jgrs gq, fd os dgka ekStwn gSaA okLrfod nqfu;k ds laoknksa dh e‚Mfyax ds vykok vkbZlhVh lefFkZr v/;;u lh[kus okyksa dks ekSdk nsrk gS fd os fofHkUu laL—fr;ksa ds yksxksa ds lkFk dke djuk lh[k ldsa ftlls mldh lapkj vkSj lewg dh {kerk esa lao/kZu gksrk gS rFkk nqfu;k ds ckjs esa mudh tkx:drk c<+rh gSA ;g vkthou lh[kus dk ,d e‚My gS tks lh[kus ds nk;js dks c<+krk gS ftlesa u flQZ laxh&lkFkh] cfYd fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds laj{kd vkSj fo'ks"kK Hkh fleV vkrs gSaA8 lwpuk o lapkj çkS|ksfxdh ¼vkbZlhVh½ lefFkZr f'k{k.k dh çHkkodkfjrk lwpuk o lapkj çkS|ksfxdh dh 'kS{kf.kd {kerk,a muds bLrseky ij fuHkZj djrh gS vkSj bl ckr ij fd mudk bLrseky fdl mís'; ds fy, fd;k tk jgk gSA fdlh vU; 'kS{kf.kd midj.k ds foijhr lwpuk o lapkj çkS|ksfxdh lHkh ds fy, leku :i ls dke ugha djrk vkSj gj txg ,d rjhds ls ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Nk= tYnh lh[k Hkh tkrs gSa] T;knk vkdf"kZr gksrs gSa vkSj daI;wVj ds lkFk dke djrs oDr os dgha T;knk mRlkgh gksrs gSaA nwljh vksj dqN yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd ;s lc ekewyh ykHk gSa vkSj ftu reke 'kks/kksa ij ;s nkos vk/kkfjr gSa] mudh ç.kkyh esa gh cqfu;knh fnDdr gSA ,sls gh 'kks/k crkrs gSa fd i;kZIr f'k{k.k lg;ksx ds lkFk daI;wVj] baVjusV vkSj lac) çkS|ksfxdh dk bLrseky okLro esa lh[kus ds okrkoj.k dks lh[kus okys ij dsafær dj nsrk gSA bu v/;;uksa dh ;g dg dj vkykspuk dh tkrh gS fd ;s fooj.kkRed T;knk gSa vkSj buesa O;kogkfjdrk de gSA mudk dguk gS fd vc rd dksbZ lk{; ugha gSa fd csgrj okrkoj.k csgrj v/;;u vkSj urhtksa dks tUe ns ldrk gSA vxj dqN gS] rks og xq.kkRed vkadM+s gSa tks Nk=ksa vkSj v/;kidksa ds ldkjkRed utfj;s dks /;ku esa j[kdj cuk, x, gSa tks dqy feyk dj lh[kus dh çfØ;k ij ldkjkRed vlj dks js[kkafdr djrs gSaA ,d cM+h fnDdr bl loky ds ewY;kadu esa ;g vkrh gS fd ekud ijh{kk,a mu ykHkksa dks NksM+ nsrh gSa tks lh[kus okys ij dsafær okrkoj.k ls visf{kr gSaA bruk gh ugha] pwafd çkS|ksfxdh dk bLrseky iwjh rjg lh[kus ds ,d O;kid ra= esa lekfgr gS] blfy, ;g dkQh eqf'dy gS fd çkS|ksfxdh dks Lora= j[k dj ;g r; fd;k tk lds fd D;k mlds dkj.k dksbZ Qk;nk gqvk gS ;k blesa fdlh ,d dkjd ;k dkjdksa ds feJ.k dk gkFk gSA11 f'k{kk esa lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh dh ekStwnxh ds fo"k; esa ckr djrs gq, LekVZ Dykl ,tqds'kuy lfoZlst çk- fy- ds funs'kd ¼lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh vkSj dkS'ky½ v'kksd esgrk dk dguk gS fd] ^eSa fo'ks"k :i ls lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh dks ,dh—r djrs gq, çklafxd lek/kkuksa ij dke djus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gw¡A* ^f'k{k.k esa pqukSfr;ksa ij çdk'k Mkyrh ^çFke laxBu^ dh fjiksVZ dks ns[krs gq, f'k{kdksa dh xq.koÙkk vkSj xq.koÙkkiw.kZ lkexzh ds eqís dks gy djus esa lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh dh vR;ar egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA oSf'od Lrj ij lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh dh Hkwfedk dks Lohdkjk vkSj ljkgk x;k gSA ,d ckj f'k{kdksa }kjk ljkgs tkus ij ;g lQy gks tkrk gSA ,e-,p-vkj-Mh- us igys gh f'k{kk esa lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh ds egRo ij tksj fn;k gS vkSj ljdkj }kjk igys gh dbZ ;kstuk,a pykbZ tk jgh gS] tgk¡ LekVZDykl tSlh daifu;ksa us cgqr cM+k ;ksxnku fn;k gSA ^d{kk esa vkSj mlds vfrfjä i<+kbZ esa lq/kkj ykus ds fy, lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh mRçsjd dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA ,d lkexzh çnkrk dk p;u djus ls igys O;fä dks vPNh rjg ls lkspuk&le>uk pkfg,] D;ksafd lkexzh gh çeq[k gksrh gSA*

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in fdokeh dh laLFkkid lqJh feRL;wvks rekbZ us f'k{kk esa lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh dh çHkko'khyrk ^f'k{kk ds orZeku ifj–'; dks ns[krs gq, cgqr ls cnyko gq, gSa] fo'ks"k :i ls i<+kus&i<+us ls ysdj vkadyu&ewY;kadu rdA lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh] f'k{kk lfgr gj {ks= dks vR;ar çHkkfor dj jgh gSA ;g i<+kus&i<+us ls ysdj vkadyu&ewY;kadu rd f'k{kk ds gj igyw dks çHkkfor dj jgh gSA ;g f'k{kk dh çHkko'khyrk c<+krh gSA ;g lk{kjrk vkanksyu esa enn djrh gSA ;g eksckby ls i<+us vkSj lekos'kh f'k{kk dks lqfo/kktud cukdj f'k{kk dk nk;jk c<+krh gSA ;g vuqla/kku vkSj fo}oÙkkiw.kZ lapkj dks lqxe cukrh gSA f'k{kk {ks= ds fy, lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh dk çHkko vkSj {kerk dbZ xquk gSA f'k{kk dfeZ;ksa dh ubZ Hkwfedk vkSj dk;ksaZ ds lkFk lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh dk foosd'khy ç;ksx djus ls] T;knk dq'ky vkSj çHkkoh f'k{k.k çfØ;k ykbZ tk ldrh gSA*12 lanHkZ lwph 1. ts-lh- vxzoky ^Ldwy çca/ku lwpuk rFkk laçs"k.k rduhdh^] vxzoky ifCyds'ku] vkxjk] 2010 2. fdaMjLys MkfyaZx ^'kSf{kd rduhdh ,oa çca/k ç.kkyh ds ewy rRo^ fdaMjLys MkfyaZx bafM;k çkbosV fyfeVsM] ubZ fnYyh 2013 3. larks"k xks;y ^lax.kd ,d ljy v/;;u^ uVjkt çdk'ku] fnYyh] 2005 4. 'kksHkk prqosZnh ^f'k{kk rduhdh dk 'kk'or ,oa çca/ku^ fodkl çdk'ku] dkuiqj 2006 5. iadt pkS/kjh ^Hkkjr esa lwpuk rduhdh dk fodkl^] lapkj lkfgR; çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh 2008 6. jkexksiky flag tkSMku ^lax.kd ds fofo/k vk;ke^] vkdka{kk ifCy'klZ ,aM fMLVªhC;wVj] xkft;kckn] 2009 7. vkj-Mh- ikBd ^'kSf{kd rduhdh^ fdaMjLys MkfyaZx bafM;k çkbosV fyfeVsM] ubZ fnYyh] 2011 8. ih Mh ikBd ^f'k{kk euksfoKku^ vxzoky ifCyds'ku] vkxjk] 2013&14 9. vkj- ,- 'kekZ ^f'k{kk ds rduhdh vk/kkj^ vkj yky cqd fMiks esjB 2007 10. vkj- ,- 'kekZ ^f'k{k.k vfHklwpuk ,oa laçs"k.k rduhdh^ vkj ,y cqd fMiks] esjB 2008 11. lrh'k dqekj ^fo|ky; ç'kklu ,oa laxBu^ viksyks çdk'ku] t;iqj] 2008 12. ,u- vkj- ds lDlsuk ,oa ,l-lh vkscj‚; ^f'k{kk rduhd ds rRo ,oa çca/ku^ vkj ,y- cqd fMiks] esjB] 2007

5 CONSTITUTIONAL TORT’S: AN EVALUATION Dr. T.N. Mishra Assistant Professor, Department of Law, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur (U.P), 273009

Abstract- The basic nature of tort is compensatory. In this branch the law of tort award damages to the victims whose civil right is violated by a person. When state violate the individual rights of a citizen there is no any law in India. However, in recent time supreme court awarded compensation to the victim whose rights has been violated by state .But there is need for a settled law in this regards.

Key words- Tortious liability, Constitution, compensation, Damages, state liability

The nature of torts is Civil. In this branch of law, the law imposes a duty to respect the legal rights vested in the members of the society and the person making a breach of that duty is said to have done wrongful act.1i.e. in law of torts there is a breach of duty according to winified “tortious liability arises from the breach of duty primarily fixed by the law this duty towards person generally and its breach is redressable by an action for unliquidated damages.” If we examine this definition, we can find that law of tort is a law of obligation i.e. refrain from harm to another and if you harm anyone then give him damages in form of compensation. It is an ever-growing breach of law. The law of tort constantly developed and its area is continuously increasing. One of the area in which this research paper focused is Constitutional tort. The development of this tort began in early

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in eighties is now established. Constitutional tort is generally a concept of various liabilities of the State. Hear the question is“whether the State liable for the wrongful act of its servant during the course of employment”. Tortious liability of the State for the wrongful act done by its servant is known as tortious liability of State. This branch of law has travelled in this country through the British India and now stands and Constitutional provision and certain local laws. Position in England The English maxim “King can do no wrong” was earlier prevailed in the common law by which the crown enjoys absolute immunity. But, after sometime this absolute immunity doctrine became highly incompatible with the demand of justice. The position has been totally changed after the passing of Crown Proceedings act 1947. Section 2(1) of this act made Crown liable for a tort committed by its servant just like a private individual. Position in India Crown’s absolute immunity was not accepted in India even during the East India company rule the reason behind this company initially came to India to perform trade but gradually became the ruler of the great part of country. It was not a sovereign body but it was delegates of the crown. The British crown in 1858 led the direct control of Indian subcontinent in form of the new British raj, after the rebellion of 1857. In pre- independence period, the extent of tortious liability of the State and its immunity was a subject matter of dispute before existing courts. In case of Moodlay Vs The East-India company5, (this case was the first case of State liability during the East India company period) the Privy council head that doctrine of sovereign immunity was not applicable to India and governor general in council had no immunity from court’s jurisdiction in cases involving dismissal of government servant. To know the present position as regards the State liability, we have to go back to the pre Constitution days. The firstenactment regarding the administration of country was known as Government of India act 1858 the Article 65 of this act provides as under-

“The secretary of State in council shall and may sue and be sued as well as India as in England by the name of the secretary of State in council as a body corporate and all persons and bodies politic shall, and may have and take the same suits, remedies and proceedings, legal and equitable against the secretary of State in council of India as they could have done against the East India company” 6. After later enactment we find a similar position only section is changed.7 As there is no specific legislation, which specifies the vicarious liability of the State for torts committed by its servant, it is under Article 294(b) and Article 300 of the Constitution of India 1950 by which enumeration of the right to file a suit comes from. According to Article 294(b) “All rights, liabilities and obligation of the Government of the dominion of India and the Government of each governor’s province whether arising out of any contract or otherwise 8, shall be the right liabilities and obligations respectively of the Government of India and the Government of each corresponding States. Subject to any adjustment made or to be made byreason of the creation before the commencement of this Constitution of the dominion of Pakistan or of the province of West Bengal, East Bengal, West Punjab and East Punjab. Article 300, thus provides that the Union of India and the State are juristic person for the purpose of suit or proceedings. Although the Union of India and State government can sue and be sued but the circumstances under which that can be done have not been mentioned. According to Article 300, the Union of India and the State government can sue or be sued in the like cases as the dominion of India and the corresponding Indian State might have sue or been sued if the Constitution had not been enacted 9. Therefore, to know whether the State is liable for particular act or not we have to find the position at the East India Company prior to 1858. In this connection, P&O steam Navigation Company vs. Secretary of State of India is the leading case. This was the first case in which the sovereign immunity of the State was debated. There was a piece of iron rod was being carried by some worker of government dockyard company. The Plaintiff’s servant was travelling in a horse driven carriage. Due to negligence on the part of different

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in servant the iron rod fell down. The horse was injured. Plaintiff sued the government for damage due to negligence on the part of the servant employed by the government. According to peacock C.J.” The government cannot be held liable when the injuries are caused while carrying out sovereign functions but is liable when the acts of the servant are non-sovereign functions. Madras High court did not agree with the view, which is expressed by Calcutta High court in case of secretary of State Vs Hari Bhanji11 held that immunity of East India Company extended only to 'acts of the State”. This defence is not available against a citizen. Act of State are directed against another Sovereign State or its over in personality for its subject and being based on policy consideration and not on law administered by municipal Courts they are not justiciable. The first law commission in its report express the view that,”The law was correctly laid down in Hari Bhanji’s case12.” The first notable case after the commencement of Constitution was State of Rajasthan vs Vidyawati13. This case remove the doubt, that the scope of Article 300 was limited and held that scope of Article 300 is not limited and the expression used in Article 300 i.e. in the like cases back for the determination of such cases to the legal position before the enactment of the Constitution and Article 300 has saved the right of parliament or legislature of a State to enact such law as it may think fit and proper in this behalf and so long as legislature has not expressed its intention to the contrary, law must be held to be the same which has been continuing from the day at East India company14. In the case of Vidyawati, a vehicle owned by the State of Rajasthan hit a pedestrian who eventually died of an accident. The State was held liable, as the said accident could not be associated with the sovereign power. The Supreme Court in this case observed that “……,it has to be remembered that under the Constitution, we have established a welfare State, whose functions are not confined only to maintain law and order but extend to engaging in all other activities including industry public transport, State trading to name only a few of them……………it is too much to claim that the State should be immune from

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in the consequences of tortious acts of its employees committed in the course of their employment as such15”. The decision of Supreme Court in above case was not very certain and satisfactory. The Supreme Court in the case of Katuri Lal Ralia Ram vs State of UP16 has again stated that if the act of the government was one which could be considered to be in delegation of sovereign power, the State would be exempt from liability otherwise not. In this case the police constable seized the gold which belong to the plaintiff. The seized gold had been kept in malkhana under the charge of then head constable Mohammad Amir. The constable letter misappropriated the gold and flew with it to Pakistan. The court in this case upheld the defence of sovereign immunity. It was held that this happened because of the negligence of police officer who acted in the violation of provision of U.P. Police regulation and power, which was exercised by them, could be properly characterized as sovereign power. The court further said the power of police official in keeping the property in the police malkhana was a sovereign power. Kasturi Lal case decision of Supreme Court still held good, for practical purpose its force has been considerably reduced by a number of decision of the Supreme Court17without overruling the decision of Kasturi Lal case the court diluted the emphasis laid on the sovereign immunity of the State and the court took this regulation to have special characteristics of sovereign function of State. Sovereign immunity is subject to fundamental rights (Constitutional rights)- The Constitution of India is a pious document, which protects the fundamental rights. The importance of fundamental right is mentioned in Article 13 of the Constitution. This right put a limitation on the legislature and exclusive in relation to the interest of the individual. If these Constitutional limits exceeds, the Constitution provides remedy18. Though if we see the original notion of writs, they were concerned only with the validity of the decision making process and not with the merits of a violation by a State agency, now a day the court in India started giving some compensation in

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in addition to declaring the action of the State invalid, ‘Constitutional torts’ can be added in this category. In the Constitution of India part III, i.e. Fundamental rights guaranteed the human rights jurisprudence.Part IV of the Constitution put an obligation on the State to promote these human rights approaches the fundamental rights act as a restriction on the State. If we see the Constitution of India imposed State liability on the State by two ways firstly, the State has a legal duty to protect the guaranteed rights and pay compensation to the victims if it act contrary to it. Secondly writ powers are given to the superior courts to ensure that the State does protect these fundamental and legal rights. Development of Article 21 in the human right perspective Article 21 of the Constitution provides that “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.” since the Constitution came into force this Article has been interpreted by the court in different ways. The Indian judiciary took several steps19 to include the human rights in the Constitution through this Article. In case of A.K Gopalan Vs State of Madras. In this, case an order challenged under Article 19(1) (d). The court answered the issue in negative and held that the purpose of this Article was not to protect the generalized right.As for as the scope of Article 21 was concerned, the court classified the words ‘procedure established by law ‘word used in Article 21 is to be given a wide and fluid meaning and the expression” due process of law” used in U.S.Constitution could only mean State made law. It was held that Article 19 and Article 21 are mutually exclusive and hence the responsibility test as applied in Article 19 is not to be applied in Article 21. The other important case in in R.C. Cooper vs. Union of India21 in this case the court said ‘the extent of protection against the infringement of a fundamental right is considered not by the object of legislature or forms of action but its direct operation upon the individual’s right. While deciding this case the court made clear that while interpreting the Constitutional provisions the main thrust must be in the promoting the rights of the people. The Constitutional courts are entrusted with power and duty to interpret law for the protection of basic and fundamental rights are dealt with in the Constitution.

Where there is chance of abuse of State action, there must be restraint required on that action. Again in the most famous case Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of India.22The court while interpreting the section 10 of Passport Act classified that the expression ‘procedure established by law’ in Article 21 means that the law should be prescribed with some procedure and if arbitrary and fanciful, it may lead to depriving a person’s Liberty. The procedure must be just, fair and reasonable. The court held that Article 14 19 and 21 are not mutually exclusive but they are interrelated. Thereafter in a series of cases23, the Supreme Court has widened the scope of Article 21. With the development of human rights jurisprudence, the judges begin to think, that the Constitution is an organic instrument, which must be interpreted creatively with a view to, protect the Constitutional values and must strengthen human values. The liberty and the right guaranteed in the Constitution are not to be misused and it should be ensured that it carries with it duties and responsibilities.24 Indeed Courts used the interpretation given the Maneka Gandhi case25 as a tool to improve the present legal system the key of the judicial activism was that the phrase used “the procedure established by law” in Article 21 does not mean any procedure but it must be just fair reasonable and not arbitrary and fanciful. In exercise of writ jurisdiction, the apex court used Article 21 of the Constitution to promote compensatory jurisprudence in those cases26 where State violates the rights guaranteed under Article 14, 19 and 21. In case of Khatri vs State of Bihar27 (Bhagalpur blinding case) in this case first time where the compensation for the police excesses was raised. In this case, court got an opportunity to think as to what relief could be given for the violation of Constitutional right (Article 21). Can the court grant relief for the violation of Article 21? Or what relief can the court grant for the enforcement of the Constitutional rights? By considering the police action inhuman, the court said it was not a legal problem but a human. The court directed the State of Bihar to provide them the best treatment at State cost for the violation of prisoner’s fundamental rights given under Article 21 of the Constitution. In this case Bhagwati J. Observed “why should the court not be

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in prepared to forge new tools and devise new remedies for the purpose of vindicating the most precious of the precious fundamental rights to life and personal liberty”.28 In Sant Bir vs State of Bihar29 the question of compensating the victim of the lawlessness of the State was left open. The court said that there is a need of compensating the victim for the unlawful act of enforcement agency but left the issue unanswered. In Veena Sethi vs State of Bihar30 case the court observed that the question would remain to be considered whether the petitioner are entitled to compensation from State Government for the contravention of the right guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution. The seed of compensatory jurisprudence as emerged in above three cases, Supreme Court take a dynamic move, which resulted in the emergence of compensatory jurisprudence for the violation of right to personal liberty through the case of Rudal Sah vs. State of Bihar31. This is a landmark decision by which Supreme Court recognised the liability of the State to pay compensation when the rights to life and personal liberty as enshrined in Article 21 had been violated by the officials of the State. This was a path breaking decision by the Supreme Court. This case is a shift from the traditional tort law and with the decision Constitutional tort was recognised by the judiciary. After the decision of Rudal Shah case in a series of cases the courts begin to award compensation for the violation of Constitutional rights guaranteed under Article 21 of the the Constitution. In Sebastian M. Hongrary vs Union of India, 32 two persons were taken by army in Manipur. These two persons met unnatural death in army custody the court award 1 lac compensationeach tothe wife of two missing persons. In Bhim Singh vs. State of Jammu and Kashmir, 33 the petitioner who was an M.L.A. wrongfully detained by the police and prevented from attending the assembly session. The Supreme Court ordered the payment of Rs. 50000 by way of compensation to the petitioner. In Nilabati Behera vs State of Orissa34 the Supreme Court observed” it may be mentioned straight away that award of compensation is a proceeding under Article 32 by this court or by the high court under Article 226

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in of the Constitution is a remedy available in public law based on strict liability for contravention of fundamental rights to which the principal of sovereign immunity does not apply even though it may be available as a defence in private law in an action based on test” Act of police officials35, police firing36, negligence of military servant37, failure of the police to perform its duties38, death or injuries to persons39 are the some areas in which compensation were awarded. In Saheli Vs commissioner of police Delhi,40 The death of a 9-year-old boy was caused by beating and assault by a police officer. In the writ petition filed by an NGO the Supreme Court allowed damages to the boy’s mother. In case of C. RamKonda Reddy vs State of Andhra Pradesh41 it was considered that negligence on the part of police officials is termed as violation of right guaranteed by Article 21 and the claim for compensation was allowed. It was observed that Article 300(1) does not constitute an exception to Article 21. The fundamental right under Article 21 available to foreign national’s too42. In case of N.Nagendra Rao vs State of Andhra Pradesh43 the court observed that in welfare State functions of the State now change and the democratic Live between sovereign and non-sovereign function have no rational basis. The court said distinction is not good in in modern jurisprudential thinking. In view of complete ouster of sovereign immunity in regard to fundamental rights particularly Article 21, right to award money compensation for violation of the law is justified. The Union and State Government would be liable for tortious act committed by their employees in the course of employment for violation of Article 21. It hoped that State without further delay make the act regarding State liability. If no other practical mode of redress is available, the court would award monetary compensation for breach of fundamental rights by State or its employees based on the principle of strict liability. The Apex court must evolve a scientific criterion for future cases. The “voting right model” of the U.S. may be adopted for measuring the damages in Constitutional tort action to prevent the victim from a legal injury to their rights.

It is desired that without it to the discretion of judiciary an express enforceable right to compensation for violation of fundamental rights beincorporated in the Constitution. Award of compensation at the hands of court for Constitutional violation is a creative jurisprudence evolved by our court. However, the criteria adopted by the court is quantifying the compensation has been subjected to varied criticism. Even the much famous case D.K. Basu vs .State of West Bengal failed to lay down a definite criterion in determining the compensation. The court went on to say that it in the assessment of compensation, the emphasis has to be on compensatory not the punitive element comma and the quantum of compensation will depend upon the peculiar fact of each case and no straight jacket formula can be evolved in that behalf.

REFRENCES 1. Bangia, Dr.R.K, Allahabad law agency 2008, page 3 2. Ibid, page 4 3. Nilabati Behra vs State of Orissa (1993 ) 2 SCC 373- this was the case in which judicial president was commented the foundation of Constitutional task. 4. The time when crown became one of the largest emperor of the labour in country. 5. 1775(I Bro-CC469) privacy council. 6. Supra 1, page 120. 7. Government of India act 1975 (Article 32) , Government of India act 1935 (Article 176) 8. Otherwise would include vicarious liability including liability also. 9. Supra 1 page 120 10. (1861) 5 Bombay High court reports appendix I volume V 11. I.LR. (1882) 5 Madras 273 12. First law commission 1956 its first report (liability of the State in tort) page 6 13. A.I.R 1962 S.C. 933 14. Tortoise liability of State under the Constitution, justice u c Srivastava published in J.T.R.I Lucknow journal March (1997) 15. Supra 13, page 938 16. A.I.R 1965. SC PAGE 1039

17. State of Gujarat vs Memon Mohammed (A.I.R, 1967 ,SC, 1885) Smt.Basava vs State of Mysore ((A.I.R,1977, SC, 1749) 18. Art 32,and Article 226 19. While interpreting Article 21 the court referred ICPR 20. A.I.R. 1950 SC, 27 21. A.I.R. 1970 SC 564 22. A.I.R. 1978, SC, 597 23. Some of these case are Unni Krishnan Vs State of A.P. and P. Rathinam Vs Union of India A.I.R. 1993 SC 2175 A.I.R 1994 SC 1852 24. Justice H.R. Khanna “Human Right Dimension and Challenges” A.I.R., 1998, Journal 49 25. Supra 22 26. In case of custodial death, torture, illegal detention, arrest, handcuffing and case atrocities of against women and children. 27. A.I.R 1981 SC 928 28. (1981), ISSC, P. 630 29. A.I.R . 1982 SC 1470 30. (1982) 2 SCC 583 31. A.I.R. 1983 SC 1086 32. A.I.R. 1977 SC 1749 33. A.I.R. 1986 SC 404 34. (1993) 2 SCC 746 35. States of Orrisa Vs Padmalochan A.I.R 1975 Orissa 41 36. Kalpana Mandal and others vs State of Orissa, A.I.R 2000, Orissa 94 37. Baxi Amrik Singh Vs The Union of India (1973) 75 P.L.R I (Fs) 38. Shyan Baran Saha Vs State of West Bengal A.I.R 1998, Cal 203 39. P.U.D.R. Vs State of Bihar A.I.R.1987 SC 355 40. A.I.R. 1990 SC 513 41. A.I.R. 1989 A.P 235 42. Chairman Railway Board Vs Chandrima Das A.I.R 2000 SC 988 43. A.I.R 1994 SC 2663

6 NATH -PANTH IN NEPAL Padmaja Singh Assistant Professor, Department of Ancient History, Archeology and Culture Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur

Abstract- Nepal situated in the Himalayas on the Northern border of India has special significance in reference to Srinath (Nath Sect) pilgrim centers. The natural beauty, peace and solitude of Nepal which is imbedded in nature itself could attract any hermit. The wide expanse of nature in Nepal has constantly attracted itinerant Yogi Matsyendra Nath and great Yogi Gorakhnath. Much prior to the Yogis of Nath sect, rather from the very origin and development of human civilization Bharat and Nepal have been closely related. For thousands of years both the countries have shared the cultural traditions together. Peoples of the two countries have always felt as one. Bharat- Nepal are not only neighbor, they are like one family and real brothers. Both are historically, culturally and socially linked. Nepal inhabited on the south slant of the Himalayas is 147181 Sq. Km. in area with a population of three crores. Administratively divided in 75 districts and 75 Anchal the country was the only Hindu nation of the world till 2006 A.D.

Key words- Pilgrim centers, Yoga tradition, Meditation, social and spiritual life of Nepal, Nepali Society, Religious and Spiritual life of Nepal.

Bharat- Nepal unity is traced from the Vedic period. Mythically it is said; a Manishi (Sage) named Nimi established this region which was later called ‘Nimina Palit Rashtra Nepalam’. During the Ramayan period, the king

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in of Janakpuri Shriradwaj (Janak) married his daughter Sita to Prince Sri Ram of Ayodhya. This relation between Ayodhya and Janakpur was indeed Indo- Nepal relationship. During Maha Bharat period the people of Nepal had taken part in battle fought by Pandavas. Buddha was born in Lumbani, a place situated in Nepal. It is found mentioned in 5th century B.C. that Gopal, Kirat, Lichhavi and some other kingdom existed in the valley of Kathmandu which is capital of present Nepal. Chanakya has also mentioned about Nepal. The daughter of emperor Ashoka of Maurya dynasty was married in a kingdom in hill region of Nepal. The presence of Lichhavis and Mallas is found in the pedigree and records of Nepal in the beginning centuries. The record of Pashupati Nath temple of eight century mentions that Supushp had established a kingdom of LIchhavis. Mahadeo was the twentieth king according to the ancestry. It may therefore be inferred that Lichhavi State would have been established in Nepal in first or second century. The LIchhavis as a political might in Nepal are known from matrimony of a Lichhavi princess to Chandragupt I. Thus marriage relations between India and Nepal are traced in Gupta period as well. According to R.C. Majumdar after the fall of Gupta empire Lichhavis availed the opportunity to prosper as important power in Nepal and they founded an exalted and efficacious dynasty there. It is gathered from Harshcharit that Harsh collected taxes from a hill state named Tusardhwaj (Lukhardhwaj). It is belived that king of Nepal developed cordial relations with Harsh and accepted as gift ample riches from him. Renowned Historian K.M. Pannikar says that Nepal was a constituent part of the Harsh Empire while Radha Kumud Mukherji opines it was under the effective influence. It is known from the Chinese sources that China’s Thang ruler Taisung who was a contemporary of Hrash Vardhan sent out two emissary groups in the court of Harsh after his death near 643 to 647 A.D. This also imparts that the army of Harsh had rendered assistance to the ruler of Nepal. Nepal was divided into small states by 9th century for reasons of vagaries of nature, and copious political and social hardships. It emerged as independent country after confrontation with Tibet in 878 A.D. It prospered economically as it was the chief way for Indo- China trade and in 11th century A.D. Guna Kamdeo who

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in was a ruler, built the cities of Kathmandu, Patan and Shanku. He occupied the western region of Hill state Kathmandu of the Gorakhas and his descendants took over the mid area of Nepal. At this time Nepal was divided in twenty four states and it is belived in Nepal that Prithavi Narain Shah unified Nepal and built it a powerful state with the blessing of great Yogi Gorakhnath. Matsyendra Nath and his yoga tradition had great influence in Nepal even prior to the propagation of Nath sect by Maha Yogi Gorakhnath. Matsyendra procession is great festival in folk life of Nepal. Yogeshwar Matsyendra Nath was first to impart yoga to the people of Nepal. Traditionally it is said in Nepal that king of Nepal who was contemporary to Matsyendra Nath perpetrated oppressions upon the followers of Matsyendra Nath. Displeased with such distress, his disciple Gorakhnath having wrapped Nav Nagas (nine clouds) sat in Kathmandu and went in Meditation for twelve years. This resulted in dearth of rains causing great famine. It was the grace of Guru Matsyendra Nath that cloud clusters were set free and rains commenced. Thus Nepal could be emancipated from drought. “Matsyendra procession” is organized and celebrated as festival by the people of Nepal for the said gracious act of the Yogi. This popular hearsay in the social life of Nepal about Matsyendra Nath is gathered from other sources also. Nepali Buddha literature also mentions such story. Matsyendra Nath has been called Avalokiteshwar in this tale. It is said that Matsyendra Nath lived at Kapottak Mountains. Gorakhnath went to see him but could not do so. Then Gorakhnath wrapped the clouds around and sat in meditation posture with the result that there were no rains in Nepal for twelve years. Buddhdutt, the Guru of King Narendra Deo of Nepal perceived the mystery of drought and he planned a meeting of both Mahayogis Matsyendra and Gorakhnath. He determined to go to Kapotak Mountains to take Avalokiteshwar (Matsyendra Nath) near to Gorakhnath. Buddhdutt rendered his services to Matsyendra Nath and pleased him. Matsyendra Nath came to Gorakhnath and the clouds were set free. There was affluent rains in Nepal and famine ended. This benevolence of Matsyendra Nath is acknowledged in Nepal by the people by celebrating procession festival in his memory every year. There is yet another reference in this context. It has

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in been said that Gorakhnath Ji overpowered Karkotak Nag, the god of rains on a mountain and there was thus a drought in Nepal. Buddhdutt, the Guru of Nepal king came with Yogi Matsyendra Nath to Mahayogi Gorakhnath. Gorakhnath sprang up to honour his Guru Matsyendra Nath and the clouds got free. It rained in Nepal and the country was rid of famine. An exalted glimpse of shiv Gorakha is reflected in the worship of cloud clustered form of Gorakhnath. Diverse expressions such as above are proof that the dignity of Matsyendra Nath and Gorakhnath is well accepted in Nepal Society. The real expounder of Nath sect Maha Yogi Gorakhnath is worshiped in Nepal. He is worshiped as Shiv- Goraksha. His meditation and penance influenced extensively the life of common people of Nepal. A wide effect of his personality may be seen in the spiritual, cultural and social traditions of Nepal and to great extent on foke life as well. Gorakhnath is known as Buddha Anangvajra or Ramam Vajra amongst the people of Nepal. It appears that Buddha yoga had an effect on the society of Nepal. Nepal society, in general, accepts Gorakhnath as incarnation of Lord Shiva. The available descriptions about Gorakhnath mention that Prince Ratan Prikshak of Dang division of Nepal was trained in Nath Yoga by Goraknath.It is also mentioned that Ratan Prikshak went, one day in forest for hunt and he met Mahayogi Gorajhnath there. The Yogi preached him and said that each living being is a creation of the great soul (God) and he alone had control over the life. He also preached that killing is a sin and non- violence is a religion. He advised the prince to kill his deer like mind which is unstable and vibrant and has no breast, muscle, beak or legs. It is further mentioned that Prince Ratan Prikshak was very much impressed and took lesson from Gorakhnath Ji who gave the prince a nectar pot at the time. The said pot given by Maha Yogi Gorakhnath is present even today in big temple of Dang. The most important folk- tales regarding relations between Mahayogi Gorakhnath and Nepal are about divine favour invoked upon Shah Dynasty of Nepal by Gorakhnath. It is a common saying in Nepal that famous king Yashvarma had three sons- Narain Shah, Narpati Shah and Dravya Shah. Darvya Shah was given the task of services to cows. Gorakhnath being pleased

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in with his duty and care of cows presented himself before Shah in guise of a young yogi and blessed that kings of Shah Dynasty will continue to rule the entire Nepal with Excellence. Later on the descendants adopted cow service as their principle religion. With a lapse of period, once Prathvi Narain Shah at the age of 6 years was playing in the forest with his companion and entered in cave to hide himself. There he found Mahayogi Gorakhnath sitting on a Tiger’s hide. The Yogi with long hair had worn earrings, garland of ‘Rudraksha’ and had wrapped a snake round the neck. Gorakhnath ji perceived from his insight that the child was from the family of Shah Dynasty. He asked him to go to his mother and fetch curd. Prithavi Narain Shah was entranced at the astonishing sight of the Yogi. He went home and reached the cave with curd. Gorakhnath ji drank the curd and asked Prithvai Narain to join palms of both hands. He poured the curd on the palms and told the child to drink but he could not dare and his hands got separated. The curd splashed on his legs. Maha Yogi Gorakhnath unravelled the significance of Prasad (curd) and told that the Shah descendants could have been emperor of the entire earth if the curd had been taken. He further stated that the Prasad had dropped on legs and that would enable him to conquer any region of land and the same would be under his domination. Prithavi Narain Shah was declared king of Shah Dynasty. Gorakhnath ji met him again and gifted a sword. In fact it was the grace of Mahayogi Gorakhnath that under the leadership of Prithavi Narain Shah the rule of Shah Dynasty over entire Nepal was established. Having been blessed by Gorakhnath Prithavi Narain Shah founded, with assistance of people and army, Goraksha nation that is Gorakha State over the entire hill region of Nepal. It included Tistha, Ganga, Trigat, Digarcha. The State was known for its observance and care of cows and religious character. Gorakha nation, race, language, culture and civilization attained a dignified place and from that time to the end (2006 A.D.) Shah dynasty ruled in Nepal. All the rulers of Shah Dynasty accepted Gorakhnath as their diety and in a way he (Gorakhnath) became god of the country. The devotion and fidelity of Shah Dynasty to Gorakhnath ji is obvious from the fact that the kings of this dynasty were crowned to the throne by the monk (Mahanth) of Mrigasthali which is place of worship of Gorakhnath ji in

Nepal. The coins during the Shah rule bore facsimile of foot prints of Gorakhnath and were engraved with words “Sri Sri Gorakhnath”. It is worth mentioning that the coin of a country is indicant of sovereignty, and traditionally a mark of the nation, king or god as accepted by the people is engraved on it. The influence of Gorakhnath, exponent of Nath sect, can be seen on Nepal society even today. After the end of kingship, during the democratic rule of the present, the paper notes of Nepal are replicated with the sabre (Katar) given to the king Prithavi Narain Shah of Nepal and bear the Inscription as “Sri Bhavani” and “Sri Gorakhnath”. It is evident that Gorakhnath is treated by the people of Nepal as Guru of the nation. People of Nepal and descendants of Shah come to Gorakhpur to offer “Khichadi” (a mixture of rice and pulse) in Gorakhnath Temple every year. It is mentionable that the Supreme spiritual centre of Nath sect is Gorakhnath Temple in Gorakhpur (Uttar Pradesh, Bharat). It is believed that Mahayogi Gorakhnath had performed penance and meditation here in Treta- Yug (one of the Hindu ages of the world). He presents his appearance (Darshan) before the monk of the temple who is recognized as representative of the Mahayogi. Yogis (ascetics) of Nath sect and devotees from different regions offer Khichadi in this temple during the festival of “Makar Sankranti”. The first Khichadi, after monk of the temple, is one from king’s family of Nepal. Monastery and Tamples of Nath sect in Nepal It is important to mention about monasteries and temple of Nath sect related to Mahayogi Gorakhnath, his Guru Mahayogi Matsyendranath and other elevated personalities. Pashupati Nath of Kathamandu- Kantipur was known as Kasthmandap for the reason that Kasthmandap was the seat of Shiv Goraksha ans was later called Kathmandu, the Capital of Nepal. It has been said that Malay Varma constructed a grand Kasthmandap (wooden enclosure) for god Sri Gorakhnath and this place became famous by the name of Kasthmandap. Some scholars are of the opinion that Pashupatinath Temple in Kathmandu, The Capital of Nepal, is a temple of Shri Gorakhnath. This is also said that sixteen hundred years ago

Luxmi ji got the temple constructed to honour Gorakhnath ji although in the present Lord Shiva as Pashupatinath is established there. Probably the temple of Pashupatinath might have been called the temple of Gorakhnath as he was recognized the incarnation of Lord Shiva. At another place in Kathmandu a temple of Gorakhnath is present where his idol is established in the image of a child. It is said that this idol was set up by an elevated ascetic Loipad. Temple of Machhendranath is also found on the bank of Bagmati Ganga. The upper hilly part of Pashupatinath temple has been the place of meditation of exalted ascetics and for this reason this hill is called Siddhachal. The lower region was inhabited by the stags and hence called Mrigasthali. At temple of Gorakhnath exists in the upper part of Siddhachal. In the vast precincts of this temple a dozen of other temples of lofty Yogis of Nath sect are found. At this holy place Gorakhnath ji had wrapped the clusters of cloud with power of his yoga and immersed in meditation. The importance of the temple and this place of meditation may be understood from the fact that it is settled at the bank of Bagmati and situated in mid of God Pashupatinath and Guheshwari devi temples at the upper hill. The way to Guheshwari devi temple from that of Pashupatinath passed through the precincts of the temple of Maha Yogi Gorakhnath. The permises of Gorakhnath temple are now in ruins although its past grandeur indicates the honour given to Maha Yogi Gorakhnath in Nepal. Yogis of Nath sect say that on the holy site of worship one white stag is seen in the herd of wandering stags for some moments and then disappears. The Yogis believe that this white stag is the image of Maha Yogi Gorakhnath. There is a great centre of Nath Yogis at Thapa Patheli in Kathmandu. Kal Bhairav temple of Kathmandu and Ratan Nath temple of Saravari Kot are holy places of Nath sect Yogis. Ganesh place near Mrigsthali is also a Monastery of Nath sect where Yogis live and worship. Tulaja Temple of Kantipur- An ornate idol of Shri Matsyendra Nath is present in Kantipur Tulja temple. At this place one Loipad meditated and setup a temple where four pieces of an amazing pillar from Kailash Mountain have been used and the temple is triangled. At a distance of 6 K.m. there is Pharfing cave where foot

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in prints of Gorakhnath are found. Here is a pond from which water in the breast size of Kamdhenu (a cow) runs. In Kantipur Mountain Kailash with pleasant hills is present at the congregation of Neelwati, Sheelwati and Puranwati. At the top, feet of Shri Matsyendra Nath, Shri Gorakhnath and Shri Dandpani are present. Goraksh Kumbh fair is held at every twelve years at this place. Gorakhnath ji had performed penance in a cave situated in south of Sri Goraksh and Kiran mound. Here is the tomb of Kaynath, an elevated Nath sectarian. Nath sect believes that Sri Bhartrihari Nath with his Yogic Power enlivened a dead infant and named him Kaynath. He also trained Kaynath in Yoga. At a distance of 90 K.m. from here at the congregation of Sindhu five rivers a city in the name of Sri Siddhkaran is situated. Here Bhartrihari Nath had lived for twelve years in the Siddha community with contact and deliberations with the people. Sri Gorakhnath set up sites for eighty four exalted hermits. In this area at Siddh Gau, Gorakhnath had served and taken care of cows for twelve years. Near this place in village Jakhwa foot prints of Gorakhnath are Present. Sri Bhramar Nath ji was a great hermit of his place. Thus the area near Kantipur appears to be a noted center of Mahayogi Gorakhnath, Matsyandra Nath and other ascetics of Nath sect. Dang- A famous monastery of Ratan Nath ji is there in Dang where Sri Gorakhnath and Bhairav Nath are specifically worshiped. Sri Ratan Nath was a prince and was so impressed by Mahayogi Gorakhnath that he received teachings of Nath sect and became a renowned ascetic. He propagated the tenets of Nath sect in Nepal, Bhart, Afghanistan, Khurasam, Multan and other places. A good number of Muslims were his disciples. It is belived that he toured Mecca and Madina. His temple in Dang is a big center of Yogis of western Nepal. Symbolic pot of Ratan Nath is brought to the Devipatan temple in Tulsipur of Balrampur district in India every year during Navratan in Chatra (A Hindu month). Muktinath- On the western Nepal and Tibet- China Border at a height of about 13000 ft. there is a holy place at Muktinath. It is situated on mountains of

Dhaulagiri. This place is always covered with snow and it is open for travel only for four months. The idol present here has four hands and is popularly known as ‘Narain’ but yogis worship the idol in the name of Gorakhnathji. Tibetans also worship at this site. Ahead of this place there is Damodor pond which is frequented by Nath Yogis. Other Monasteries and temple of Nath Sect- A famous monastery of yogi Sansar Nath of Nath sect is in Pinthana. Foot mark of Gorakhnath is worshiped here. A beautiful temple of Gorakhnath is found in a place known as Ashtpushkar. Bageshwari temple is also a center of great respect for yogis of Nath sect. Mahadeo temple of Doti District is held in reverence by the yogis. A very renowed holy place of Jwala Mai is in Dailekha. Three sites- ‘Sir’ (Head) ‘Navi’ (Navel) and ‘Paduka’ (foot) are here. At all the three places flames come out of earth. This place is managed by Dhamanthi yogis. Nearby there is a well (Store) of grains where grains are offered every year. It is evident from the facts mentioned above that Nath ascetics especially Matsyendra Nath, Goraknath and Ratannath are well dignified in Nepal. The sites of their worship are holy places of Nepal. These yogis are accepted and adored as deities and have extensive influence on social and spiritual life of Nepal. This is reflected in political life of the country as well. It is clear that yogis of the Nath sect travelled throughout the nation including villages, paths and caves and propounded yoga for the uplift of Nepali society. There has been great influence of yoga traditions and philosophy of Nath sect in the religious and spiritual life of Nepal. Work Cited: x Adityanath (2005). Gorakhnath. Retrieved 7 March 2006. x Banerjea, Akshaya. The Philosophy of Gorakhnath. Gorakhnath Temple x Briggs, G.W. (1938), Gorakhnath and the Kanphata Yogis, 6th Edition (2009 Reprint), Motilal Banarsidass. x Gerald James Larson; Ram Shankar Bhattacharya; Karl H. Potter (2008). Yoga: India's Philosophy of Meditation. Motilal Banarsidass. . x James Mallinson (2011). Knut Jacobsen (ed.). Siddhi and Mahasiddhi in Early Haṭhayoga in Yoga Powers: Extraordinary Capacities Attained Through Meditation and Concentration. Brill Academic. pp. 327–344.

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ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in izLrkouk& J`.oUrs fo”oss rL;iq=ks;s /khefu fnO;kfurLrq osnkgesra iq:"ka egkUrevkfnR;o.kZ rel% ijLrkr~A reso fofnRokfr e`R;qHksfr ukU;% iUFkk fo|rss;ukeAA1 ^^gs fo”ookfl;ksa! lquksa rqe ve`r ds iq= gksA ;g fnO; Kku esjh cqf) esa vk x;k gSA eSus vius Hkhrj ds egku iq:"k dks tku fy;k gS vkSj vU/kdkj ds ikj vk x;k gw¡A ;g tkudj eS e`R;q ls fudy vk;k gw¡A blds flok nwljk jkLrk ugha gSA** gtkjksa o"kksZ ls Hkkjr Hkys gh xqykeh dk f’kdkj Fkk ysfdu vk/;kfRedrk dh tkUâoh dk izokg vuojr izokfgr gks jgh FkhA lp esa dgk tk, rks Hkkjr dh Hkwfe ’kq"d /kkfeZdrk ds ctk, izsee;h vk/;kfRedrk dh gSA dchj] jfonkl] ukud] jked`".k ijegal o jk/kk Lokeh laEiznk; ds laLFkkid f’kon;ky th tSls egku vk/;kfRed oSKkfudks dk izknqHkkZo gks pqdk FkkA blh J`[kyk esa Lokeh v}SrkuUn th dk thou o`Rr :gkfu;r dh cqyfUn;ksa dks Nqus okyk rFkk lgt gh ykssxksa ds izsj.kk dk dsUnz cukA orZeku le; esa ekuo psruk dks lokZf/kd izokfgr djus okys bu egku lUr ds ns’k&fons’k esa djksM+ksa vuq;k;h gSA O;fDr fo’ks"k esa izdkf’kr gksdj vk/;kfRed psruk us dksfV&dksfV euq";ksa dk m)kj fd;k gSA vk/kqfud le; esa vk/;kfRed psruk ds izdk’k dk izdh.kZu Hkkjr ds lwck fcgkj ds ftyk lkju ds Nijk esa gqvkA ;g thoUr ’kgj viuh izkphurk ,oa ifo=rk dk izek.k ikSjkf.kd ;qx ls gh lesVs gq, gSA ;gkW rhu ufn;kas ¼xaxk] lj;w o lksu½ dk laxe LFky gSA Nijk viuh HkkSxksfyd fof’k"Vrk ds lkFk&lkFk fgUnw /keZ ds ekuus okyksa ds fy, rhFkZLFky ds :i esa vkLFkk dk dsUnz Hkh gSaA ;gkW ds d.k&d.k esa vk/kqfud v/;kfRed uk;d ds d`R;ksa dks eglwl fd;k tk ldrk gSA HkfDr ,oa lwQ+h n’kZu ds nk’kZfud igywvksa dk v/;;u dj mldh rkfRod foospuk dj ds osnkUr dh fopkj/kkjk ls iw.kZr;k izHkkfor ekuus okys] tulk/kkj.k ds chp fcuk fdlh Hksn&Hkko ds ekuork dk mins’k nsus okys v}SrkuUn lgh vFkksZ esa lkekftd leUo; ds lPps iqjks/kk FksA bfrgkl esa bu egkekuoksa dk vfoHkkZo dsoy ekuo dY;k.k ds fy, gh gqvk gSA bl le; Hkkjr dh fLFkrh vR;Ur fodV FkhA Hkkjr ij vaxzstksa dk ’kklu fnu&izfrfnu ekuoh; laosnukvksa dks rkj&rkj dj vR;kpkjh gksrk tk jgk FkkA fczfV’k gqdqer us viuh jktuSfrd egRokdka{kk lk/kus ds fy, lkEiznkf;d lkSgknzZ dks Hkh

1 bZ’kkfn ukS mifu"kn] izdk’ku& xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj] ’osrk’orj mifu"kn~] i`0 450

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in uqdlku ig¡qpk;kA bl le; Hkkjr dh lkekftd] /kkfeZd fLFkrh vR;Ur ’kkspuh; gks xbZ FkhA vaxzstksa us viuh lkezkT;oknh ekufldrk ds dkj.k fgUnqLrku esa O;kIr etgcksa dh vkykspuk dhA Hkkjrh;ksa dh ekufld n’kk ml le; volknxzLr gks xbZ FkhA izse ds fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr lqfQ+;ksa dh /kkj Hkh dqUn gks xbZ FkhA HkfDr lUrksa ds vkUnksyuksa ds ckn Hkh fgUnw lekt mlh ladh.kZ tkfroknh O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr gh vR;Ur fUkEure fLFkfr dks izkIr gks pqdk FkkA vxzstksa us bu detksfj;ksa dk Qk;nk mBk;k rFkk QwV Mkyks vkSj jkt djks dh uhfr ds QyLo:Ik fofHkUu izdkj ds oknksa ¼tkfrokn] Hkk"kkokn] {ks=okn] laEiznk;okn½ dks ysdj lkekftd leUo; ij izgkj fd;kA v[k.M Hkkjr us fQj ls viuh v/;kfRed ’kfDr dk lapkj fd;k rFkk Lokeh v}SrkuUn ds :i esa :gkuh;r ls ifjiw.kZ izdk’kiqat dk mn~Hko gqvkA ;s fdlh [k+kl et+gc ds ugha cfYd iwjh ekuork ds jguqek FksA ekuo ,drk ds ck/kd tkfrokn] Hkk"kkokn] lEiznk;okn rFkk {ks=okn dh lhekvksa dk vfrØe.k buds thou esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA budk tUe Nijk esa jkeuoeh ds fnu lu~ 1846 bZ0 esa gqvkA jkeuoeh ds fnu tUe ysus ds dkj.k vkidk uke jke:i1 j[kk x;kA buds firk rqylh jke ikBd ,d laHkzkUr] /keZfu"B ,oa izfrf"Br O;fDr FksA lalkj ds fu;Urk dks tc ekuo dY;k.k dk dk;Z djuk gksrk gS rks lkekU; yksxksa dks yxus okyk Øwj dk;Z Hkh ojnku fl) gksrk gS fygktk buds ekrk&firk dk LoXkZokl cpiu esa gh gks x;kA dkYkkUrj esa bl ckr dksa ;kn djus ij vki dgrs Fks fd& [kqnk tgk¡W ,s’k nsrk gS] ogkW¡¡ ij xe Hkh gksrk gSA tgkW¡ uDdkjs ctrs gSa ogkW¡ ekre Hkh gksrk gSAA2 budh ijofj’k Nijk fuoklh ujgjh izlkn JhokLro3 ,oa mudh /keZiRuh us dhA ckã.k ifjokj esa tUes rFkk ijofj’k dk;LFk ifjokj esa gqvkA tkfr O;oLFkk dk fojks/k buds tUe ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bUgksus cpiu esa gh laLd`r] fgUnh] vjch]

1 dkykUrj esa bUgs jke;kn] jkeujk;u] gkiwckck] Lokeh v}SrkuUn tSls fofHkUu ukeksa ls tkuk x;kA 2Jh lfPpnkuUn izdk’k] Hkkx&1]jktsUnz izlkn rk;y]Jh Lokeh ijegal n;ky v}SrkuUn th egkjkt ds izopuksa ij vk/kkfjr i`0 5&7 3 ;gh ij budks ckY;koLFkk esa xq: ds :i esa dsnkj?kkV okys ijegal ckck dk lkfu?; feykA ek= 6 o"kZ dh vOkLFkk esa xq: ds lykg ,oa izk.kk;ke ds ek/;e ls gok esa mM+us dh rkdr vk xbZ FkhA

Qkjlh rFkk mnwZ esa f’k{kk izkIr dhA l=g o"kZ ds gksrs&gksrs rd vkids HkkSfrd ’kjhj dh ijofj’k djus okys dk;LFk ifjokj dk bUrdky gks x;kA1 Nijk esa gh mudks xq: ds :Ik esa dsnkj?kkV ds ijegal th dk lkfu?; feykA mUgh ds vkKk ls vk/;kfRed fodkl ds }kjk vkfRed Kku dh tqtqR"kk fy, vkpk;Z ’kadj dh rjg bUgksus us Hkh yksd dY;k.kkFkZ ek= l=g o"kZ eh vOkLFkk esa oSjkX; /kkj.k fd;kA bZlkiwoZ pkSFkh ’krkCnh esa pkSchlos rhFkZadj egkohj dh rjg fnxEcj voLFkk esa jgrs gq, vdcjiqj] frykSFkw ¼jksgrklx<+ fcgkj½ ds ?ku?kksj taxyksa esa djhc N% o"kZ rd lekf/k esa jgsA fnxEcj voLFkk ij vkius dgk fd & rus mj;kuh ls csgrj ugha nqfu;k esa fycklA ;s oks tkek gS ftldk ugha lh/kk mYVkAA2 Hkze.k ds nkSjku bUgksus dHkh fdlh ls dqN ekaxk ugha] izse ls vxj dksbZ O;fDr dqN ns nsrk Fkk rks os ogha [kk ysrs FksA budk bZ’oj ij vVqV fo’okl FkkA Pkuka igu [+okus dje xqLrjn] fd lheqxZ njdkQ+ fdLeu [kqjnA3 ¼mlus viuh d`ik dk nLrj[oku bl dnj QSyk j[kk gS fd lh eqxZ ¼,d iaNh½ ,d igkM+ ij jg dj Hkh viuh jksth jksVh ik ysrk gSA½ ftl izdkj Hkxor~xhrk esa HkfDr ekxZ dks loZJs"B crk;k x;k gS rFkk HkfDr lUrksa us Hkh izse esa rYyhu gksdj HkfDr inksa dh jpuk dhA oSls gh HkfDr ds vkuUn esa yhu Lokeh v}SrkuUn th us eFkqjk dh xfy;ksa esa ?kwers gq, Lo fufeZr ;g in x;k djrs Fks& djgw¡ eS Hkxfr flaxkj ukFk egkjkuh gks ;kaS] lr ds lsanqj bZxqj lqqd`r eqnzk dkty nSgkSaA ek¡xfVdk f=dwVh yo ykxs n’kZu gfj th ds iSgkSa] djgw¡ eS Hkxfr&& ckt+wcUn Kku n`< ryjh ufFk;k cq/k pedSgksa] eu dj c¡/kh larks"k dh pwM+h fiz;&fg; fcu u jfg;ksaA

1ek= 14 o"kZ dh voLFkk gksus ij vki us vius eqf”kZn ls lU;kl vkxzg dh bPNk j[kh FkhA bl lUnHkZ esas ns[ks& Jh lfPpnkuUn izdk’k] Hkkx&1]jktsUnz izlkn rk;y]Jh Lokeh ijegal n;ky v}SrkuUn th egkjkt ds izopuksa ij vk/kkfjr i`0 10&14 2 ogh] i`019 3 Okgh] i`021

djgw¡ eS Hkxfr&& n;k ds daxu vØks/k iNsyh /keZ dh g¡lyh iafgU;ksa] duuQwy vugn lkcr cslj fo"k; >qyS;ksaA djgw¡ eS Hkxfr&& lkj&lqjr dh vafx;k lkt ds lqefr dh lkM+h vkS<~;ksa] lgt lekf/k cqf) fpr yg¡xk iyfg esa fi; ds fj>S;ksaA djgw¡ eS Hkxfr&& ^jke;kn* I;kjh fi;k gksds lksrh ek;k redSgksa] lqgkfxu gksbds fiz;k ds fj>kbZ jt&re esy nqjS;ksaA djgw¡ eS Hkxfr flaxkj egkjkuh gks ;kSaAA1 t;iqj izokl ds nkSjku ogkW ds izfl) lUr Lokeh vkuUniwjh th dk lkfu/; feykA dkykUrj esa vkuUniwjh th us bUgs viuk :gkuh mRrjkf/kdkjh /kksf"kr fd;kA buds le; esa lHkh et+gcksa ds igqps gq, egku lUr egkiq:"kksa ls vkidh HksV gksrh jgrh FkhA rRdkyhu iwohZ Hkkjr esa v/;kRe ds f’k[kj iqjks/kk jked`".k ijegal fcuk fdlh Hksn&Hkko ds v/;kRe dh f’k{kk leLr ekuo dks ns jgs FksA oSls gh if’peh mRrj Hkkjr vkSj vk/kqfud ikfdLrku ¼[kScj i[rwu[okg izkUr ds djkd ftyk½ esa] bUgksus euq"; ’kjhj esa O;kIr ml psru dh igpku dj fcuk fdlh /kkfeZd rFkk tkfrxr HksnHkko ds vk/;kfRed Kku fn;kA dchj dh rjg vkids f’k";ksa esa gj etgc rFkk tkfr ds yksx FksA vkpk;Z ’kadj ds }kjk izfrikfnr v}Sr fl)kUr dh vkius iqf"V dh rFkk vius vUr%dj.k ds v}Sr Kku dh vk/;kfRed vuqHkwfr;ksaa dks ’kCn:Ik Hkh fn;k& tgW ns[kksa rg ;gh vkRek] firk&iq= vkSj ukrhA czkã.k oS’; ’kwnz lc ,gh] uke ek= fcyxkrhAA ;gh nsork ;gh nsoky;] iq"Ik /kwi ;gh ckrhA Ikwtu okyh ;gh vkRek] ;gh vki iwtkrhAA v.Mu fi.Mu Lonst mn~Hkt] ldyksa ,gh tkfrA ;gh dkj.k] dkjt Hkh ,gh] ,gh nwljh v[;krhAA ^^jke;kn^^ fopkj fuHkZ; gks] dkls d:a la?kkrhA

1 lfPpnkuUn izdk’k] Hkkx&1]jktsUnz izlkn rk;y]Jh Lokeh ijegal n;ky v}SrkuUn th egkjkt ds izopuksa ij vk/kkfjr i`0 37&38

lfPpnkuUn izdk’k gq, tc] rc gS Hkje ulkrhAA1 v}SrkuUn th dks dsoy v}Sroknh dguk muds O;fDrRo vkSj vonku dks derj djuk gSaA mudk thou v}Sr] fof’k"Vk}Sr] }Srokn ,oa lwQh er ¼[kkunkus fpf’r;kW] [kkunkus lqgkjkonhZ] [kkunkus uDlcUnh bR;kfn½ dh laxe LFkyh gSA muds vUnj ,dns’kh;rk] ladh.kZrk] nqcZyrk vFkok vlEiw.kZrk ys’kek= Hkh u FkkA os ekuo /keZ dh fo’kky] foiqy] fo’oIykoh egkurk ds mnkj ,oa mTToyre izfrfuf/k FksA bUgksus fL=;ksa dks fdlh Hkh izdkj iq:"kksa ls de ugha ekukA vkius dBeqYyksa] iksaxkiafFk;ksa dh rhoz fUkUnk dh rFkk fL=;ksa dks Hkh vk/;kfRed Kku ds ;ksX; ekukA ;g rRdkyhu le; ds fy, ØkafUrdkjh dne FkkA Lokeh v}SrkuUn us izkphu Hkkjr esa O;kIr nk’kZfud rRoksa ls e/;dky esa vk, lwQ+h er ds nk’kZfud rRoksa dks izHkkfor ekukA mUgksus dgk fd gj ,d eqYd dh tyok;q ds fglkc ls ogkWa ds oS| vyx&vyx rjhds ls jksxksa dk bykt djrs gaSa ysfdu y{; mudk ejht dk bykt djuk gh gksrk gSaA oSls gh :gkuh gdhe Hkh eq[+rfyQ ¼fofHkUu½ rjhdksa ls bUlku ds dY+o dk bykt djrs gSa rkfd muds vUnj izse dh Hkkouk dk lapkj gksA mUgksus dgk fd ftl izdkj ls ,d gh vkS"kf/k dks fofHkUu eqYdksa esa fOkfHkUu uke ls tkuk tkrk gS oSls gh lkjs lUrksa ds mins’k ,d gh gS flQZ cksyh dk QdZ gS2A mUgksus vkxs dgk fd Jhd`".k egkjkt us xhrk esa dgk gS fd ^lc /keksZa dks NksM+dj esjh ’kj.k esa vkvks*] dqjku ’kjhQ esa ,d vk;r gS ftlesa dgk x;k gS fd ^Å rCry vYykg rCry vYykg* ;kfu lcdks NksM+dj mlh dk gks jgksA dekscs’k ;gh ckr ckS+) er esa Hkh dgk x;k gS fd ^cq)a ’kj.kae~ xPNkfe*A mifu’knksa esa vkrk gS fd ^,desaof}rh;e~ ukfLr* ;k ^,dksa nso% loZHkwrs’kqxw<+%* blh rjg dqjku esa ckj&ckj vkrk gS fd& ^ykbYykgbYykgw* vFkkZr flok, ml ,d ds nwljk vYykg ugha gSA fgUnqvksa esa euq"; ds eu dh ikW¡p voLFkk dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS&tkxzr] LoIuor] lq"kqfIr] rqfj;k] rqjh;krhrA blh dks lwQ+h larks us uklwr] eydwr] tc:r] ykgqr ¼Quk½] cd+k dgk gSA blh rjg mifu"knksa esa vk;k gS fd igys vkRek ,d FkhA mlus lkspk fd eaS cgqr gks tkÅ¡ vkSj og gks x;kA bLyke esa dgk x;k gSa fd ^dqu ¶+;dqu^ vFkkZr [kqnk

1 ogh] i`0]01 2 Jh lfPpnkuUn izdk”k] Hkkx&2] Bkdqj Hkwjs flag] vuqokn xqy”ku jk; ikjrh] “kkjnk izdk”ku] fnYyh] 1971 Jh Lokeh ijegal n;ky v}SrkuUn th egkjkt ds izopuksa ij vk/kkfjr] i`0& 234

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in us gqDe fn;k fd nqfu;k gks tk, vkSj og gks xbZA bZlkbZ dgrs gS fd [kqnk us dgk fd ^jks’kuh gks tk,* vkSj jks’kuh gks xbZA osnkUr esa Kkfu;ksa ds rhu ntsZ gksrs gSa& czá loZK] czáfu"B ,oa czá larq"VA bls lwQ+h lUrksa us bYey;d+hu] ,suqy;d+hu ,oa gd+my;d+hu dgk gSaA bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd lkjs etgcksa esa ,d gh ckr dh xbZ gS ijUrq loZizFke blizdkj ds fopkj osnksa vksj mifu"knksa esa gh vk, gSA QyLo:i ;g lgt gh le{kk tk ldrk gS fd lwQh foPkkj/kkjk osnkUr ls izHkkfor gSA fdrkcks ds elykas ij v}SrkuUn th us dgk fd] ^^gj ,d etgc o feYyr fd fdrkcsa mlh ns’k o Hkk"kk esa fy[kh gqbZ gSa ftl ns’k o Hkk"kk esa og etgc tkjh gqvk ftlls ogka ds yksx mls vPNh rjg ls le> ldsa o Qk;nk mBk ldsa] tSls ckbfcy ySfVu esa] dqjku vjch eas] xhrk laLd`r esaA blds vykok vxj bu etgcksa dk fodkl fnxj ns’kksa es gksrk gS rks ogk¡ dh LFkkuh; Hkk"kk es bu fdrkcks dk rtqZek fd;k tkrk gaSA rkfd ogka ds yksx QSt ¼ykHk½ mBk;sA oLrqr% lkjh fdrkcs osn vkSj mifu"knks dk vuqokn gSA mu fdrkcksa esa dksbZ Hksn ugha gS tks Hksn fn[krk gS og fdrkcksa ds vuqokn djus esa xyrh gks xbZ gSA vc dksbZ dgs fd gekjk [kqnk ;k fdrkc rqEgkjs [kqnk ;k fdrkc ls vyx o Js"B gS] rks muds ,sls [;kykr nq:Lr ughsa dgs tk;asxs cfYd lkjs fdrkcksa es mlh ,d [kqnk fd efgek dgh x;h gS1A bl LkUnHkZ esa bl mnkgj.k dks ns[k ldrs gSA lukru bLyke vius dks fujkdkj bZ”oj dk mikld ekurk gSA Hkkjrh; fpUru ijEijk esa fujkdkj bZ”oj ls lEcfU/kr fopkj bLyke ds vkxkt ls gtkjksa o’kZ igys gh dg nh xbZ gSA mngkj.k Lo:Ik dsu mifu’kn~ ds bl ea= esa dgk x;k gS fd& u ra= p{kqxZPNfr u okXxPNfr uks euks u fon~;ksa u fotkfueksa ;FkSrnuqf”k’;knU;nso rf}fnrknFkks vfofnrknf/kA bfr “kqJqe iwosZ’kka ;s uLrn~ O;kppf{kjsAA2 ogka u vka[ksa igaqprh gS] u okd] u eu igqaprk gS vkSj u ge mls tkurs gSA ge ugha le> ikrs gS fd f”k’;ksa dks mldk mins”k dSls djsa] D;ksfd og Kkr rFkk vKkr ls ijs gSaA cl] ;gha dg ldrs gS fd ge vius iwoZtksa ls ,slk gh lqurs vk;s gSaA ,slk gh mUgksaus gesa crk;k gSA

1 Jh lfPpnkuUn izdk”k] Hkkx&2] Bkdqj Hkwjs flag] vuqokn xqy”ku jk; ikjrh] “kkjnk izdk”ku] fnYyh] 1971 Jh Lokeh ijegal n;ky v}SrkuUn th egkjkt ds izopuksa ij vk/kkfjr] i`0& 233 2 dsu mifu’kn~] 1@3 izdk”kd& xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj”

;L;kera rL; era era ;L; u osn l%A vfoKkra fotkurkZ foKkrefrtkurke~AA1 czã dks tks ugha tkurk ogh mls tkurk gS rFkk tks mls tkurk gS og ugha tkurk( D;ksfd og tkuus okyksa ds fy, vKkr gS vkSj ugha tkuus okyksa ds fy, Kkr gSA bUgha fopkjksa ls izHkkfor gksdj e/;dky esa mifu"kn~ksa dk Qkjlh esa vuqokn nkjkf’kdksg us ^fljZ&,&vdcj* uke ls djok;k rFkk dgk fd vgys fdRkkc dk ntkZ fgUnqvksa dks gkfly gSaA rFkk bZ’oj ds fujkdkj dh vo/kkj.kk fgUnqvksa esa igys ls gh O;kIr gSA v}Sr n’kZu ij ys[ku dk;Z dh ,d lrr ijaijk gesa izkphu dky ls ysdj orZeku le; rd n`f"Vxr gksrh gSaA ogha bLyke ds nk’kZfud rRoksa dh foospuk gesa lwQh lkfgR; esa Li"V :Ik ls izkIr gksrh gSA lkEiznkf;drk fgUnqLrku es fofHkUu etgcks ds chp yxkrkj pyrs jgrs gS ysfdu lcls yEch lkEiznkf;drk vgys gquqn ¼fgUnq /keZ½ o vgys bLyke dks ekuus okyks ds chp gksrk gSA bues lcls izeq[k leL;k [kku&iku] bcknr dh i)rh bR;kfn dkj.kksa ls gksrk gSaA blesa Hkh cqr ijLrh tgkW vgys gquqn bldks tk;t Bgjkrs gS ogh bLyke ds ekuus okys bls cMh gh fgdkjr dh utj ls ns[krs gS rFkk bls dkQhj djkj nsrs gSA ,sls yksxks ij iUnzgoh ’krkCnh esa gh dchj lkgc us viuh utjs Vsqdkrs gS rks eqlyeku laxs&vlon ¼dkyk iRFkj½ dks cks>k ¼pqEcu½ nsrs gSA fgUnw xaxk ty Hkj dj ykrs gS rks eqlyeku vkcs&tete Hkj dj ykrs gSA fgUnw dukxrksa esa Jk) djrs gS rks eqlyeku HkkbZ&eqgjZe esa rkft;k nkjh djrs gS vkSj U;kt fnyokrs gSA ;s efUnjksa esa fn;k tykrs gS oks efLtnksa esa fpjkx tykrs gSA ;s lekf/k ij jks’kuh djrs gS os edcjksa es fpjkx djrs gS cfYd ljgnh eqdkekrksa esa ns[kk x;k gS fd ftl rjg fgUnw Qkxwu esa gksyh tykrk

1 dsu mifu’kn~] 2@3 izdk”kd& xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in gS mlh rjg eqlyeku Hkh ’ks[k&cjkr ds fnu dwM+k&djdV tek dj ds vkx yxkrs gS xjt dksbZ ckr ,slh ugh gS ftlls fgUnqvksa dks cqrijLr dgk tk, vkSj eqlyeku cqrijLr u gksA vxj bu jlekr ¼jLeksa½ dks NksM+dj vkSj T;knk xkSj djs rks ckt ¼dqN½ vkSfy;k,&vYykg us rlOoqjs&’kS[k cxSjg dk rjhdk tkjh j[kk gSA ckt jlwyuqek dksbZ gtjrs&vyh ij fQnk gS] dksbZ gqlSu ds fnynkn gSA vxj bl lc ckrksa ls xqtj dj [kqnk dk [;ky fd;k tk; rks mldh Hkh tekyh ;k tykyh dksbZ u dksbZ lqjr t:j dkbe djuh gksxhA fQj og Hkh cqrijLrh u gqbZ rks D;k gqbZ\ gkW] QdZ bruk t:j gks ldrk gS fd fdlh dk oqr tekyh ¼lkdkj½ gS rks fdlh dk [;kyh gS] exj gS lc cqrijLrA blds cxSj xqtkjk Hkh ugh gks ldrkA cfYd] gekjk rks ,slk [;ky gS fd cqr ijLrh gh lh/kk jkLrk gSA ysfdu viuk&viuk rjhdk lcdks vPNk ekywe gksrk gSA eqlyeku laxs&vlokn dks rks ikd vkSj fgUnqvksa dh ewfrZ;ksa dks cqr dgrs gSA blh rjg fgUnw vius ewfrZ;ksa dks ikd vkSj eqylekuksa ds iRFkj dks ukikd dgrs gSA exj gS nksuksa gh cqr ijLrA ;s nksuksa gh ugh cfYd reke nqfu;k gh cqr ijLr gSA fdlh us vkSjr dk cqr cuk j[kk gS] fdlh us nkSyr dk fdlh us bTtr dhA cqr ijLrh ls cjh dksbZ ugh gS1A** Lokeh v}SrkuUn th us Hkkjrh; lk/kuk i)fr ,oa lwQ+h lk/kuk i)fr dk rqyukRed v/;;u~ dj ;g fl) dj fn;k fd bLyke dh jgL;oknh /kkjk Hkkjrh; jgL;okn~ ls izHkkfor gSA Hkkjrh; fpUru ijEijk dk vlj ekSykuk :e ds bl eLuoha ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS ftlesa mUgksus :gkuh rjDdh ds lHkh ik;nkuksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA mldh ,d egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd] ^eqYds ykgwr is’k vtk ;kch] lqu esxks;Un vkSj vkSj fgUnhA* ¼blls iwoZ rw>s e`R;qyksd feysxk] tgka fgUnh Hkk’kk esa rq>s vkSj lqu vkSj lqu dh vkoktsa vk;sxh½ blls lkfcr gksrk gS fd lwQ+h fpUru ijEijk ij Hkkjrh; fpUru ijEijk dk izHkko Li’V FkkA

1 Jh lfPpnkuUn izdk”k] Hkkx&3] Bkdqj Hkwjs flag] vuqokn xqy”ku jk; ikjrh] “kkjnk izdk”ku]fnYyh] 1971 Jh Lokeh ijegal n;ky v}SrkuUn th egkjkt ds izopuksa ij vk/kkfjr] i`0& 69 74

1 Xkqnk&pdz ;k ewyk/kkj Pkkj ny dk 1] 2 o 3 ;gkW x.ks”k th dk fuokl gSA izkphu le; esa dWoy vkyes ;ksxkH;kl ;gh ls “kq: gksrk Fkk] blfy, ;ksfx;ksa dh uklwr esa ns[kk ns[kh tulkekU; yksx Hkh gjsd dke “kq: djus nkf[ky gS ds igys x.ks”k iwtk djrs gSA 2 bfUnz;pdz ;k Lokf/k’Bku N% ny dk Ckzã d¡oy 3 ukfHk pdz ;k ef.kiwjd nl ny dk fo’.kq d¡oy 4 ân;&pdz ;k vugn Ckkjg ny 4]5 vkSj 6 egs”k dk d¡oy vkyes eydwr esa “kkfey gSA 5 d.B&pdz ;k fo”kq) Lkksyg ny nqxkZ dk d¡oy 6 Rkhljk fry ;k us= ftls nks ny dk lqjr] ;kfu ijekRek dk okl f”ko&us=] “;ke&”osr d¡oy vkKk&pdz Hkh dgrs gS 7 lgL= ny d¡oy gtkj&ny tc:r Tkksr fujatu dk fuokl gSA ;gk¡ nks vkokts vklekuh d¡oy fudyrh gS ;kfu “kCn izxV gksrk gSA budks idM+dkj lwjr Åij dks p<+rh gSA 8 f=dqVh Rkhu ny dk ykgwr vkse~ dk fuokl gSA 1ls 8 d¡oy rd dks fi.M dgrs gSA 9 “kwU; ;kfu nlok¡ }kj ,d ny dk gkgwr Ikjczã dk fuokl gSA ;gk¡ LFkku bYoh [kRe gq,A d¡oy 10 egklqUu eSnku Pkkj “kCn vkSj pkjksa eqdke xqIr gSA 11 Hk¡oj xqQk gwRk&vygw Lkks·ga iq:’k dk fuokl gSA ;g lks ga “oklksa dk ugha 9ls11 r gSA ;s nks LFkku] ;kfu egklqUu vkSj Hk¡oj xqQk O;ky dks ns”k dh gn esa gSA czã.M dgrs gSA 12 lR;yksd gwr lR; iq:’k dk fuokl gSA blds Åij rhu LFkku vkSj gSA 13 vy[k yksd 14 vxe yksd

15 vyko yksd 13] 14] o 15 dk uke LkUrksa us fn;k gS ysfdu bldh 12 ls 15 O;k[;k ugh dh gSA dks O;ky ns”k dgrs gSA1

v/;kfRed iq:’kksa dh :gkfu;r rjDdh ds vk/kkj ij fgUnqvksa esa fofHkUu oxksZ esa fOkHkkftr fd;k x;k gS tks dze”k% ;ksxh] lk/kq] eqfu] _f’k] egf’kZ] egkRek] czkâe.k bUkdksa bLyke /keZ esa lwQ+h] vkSrkn] vCnky] xkSl] f[kzt] dYkUnj] dqrqc dgk x;k gSA v/;kfRed rjDdh ds fofHkUUk Jsf.k;ksa ds vk/kkj ij ge ns[k ldrs gS fd nksuksa /keksZ esa leku ckrs fy[kh x;h gS cl Hkk’kk dk QdZ gSA bu lc nk”kZfud fopkjksa ls lkQ tkfgj gksrk gS fd Hkkjrh; fpUru ijEijk dk izHkko lukru bLYkke vkSj lwQ+h vkUnksyu ij Hkh i<+k gSA lalkj ds lHkh vkyk /keksZ esa dbZ ckrksa esa le:irk gksrh gSaA dbZ ckj ;g le:irk bruh gSjrvaxst gksrh gS fd eu esa ;g fopkj vkus yxrk gS fd lHkh /keZ ,d leku gSa vkSj gks Hkh D;ksa Uk D;ksfd vkRek dh Hkk"kk ,d gSA /keZ vkRek dh OkLrq gSA vkius izkphu Hkkjr ds vU;kU; /keZerksa ,oa iUFkksa esa O;kIr nk’kZfud rRoksa ,oa e/;dky esa vk, lwQ+h er ds nk’kZfud rRoksa dks ,d gh ekukA muds }kjk jfpr lkfgR; lkekftd Hkk"kk’kkL= dh n`f"V ls mi;ksxh gSA muds xzUFkksa ls izkIr Hkk"kk ds uewus vk/kqfud fgUnh ,oa mnwZ Hkk"kk ds rRdkyhu tulkekU; esa izpfyr Hkk"kk iz;ksxksa dks fu:fir djrs gSaA buds inksa esa ,d lkFk fgUnh] mnwZ] laLd`r vkSj Qkjlh Hkk"kk ds ’kCn iz;qDr gq, gSa] tks rRdkyhu le; esa yksdxká FkhA v}SrkuUn th dk thou lknxh ,oa lnkpkjiw.kZ FkkA nk’kZfud fopkj ds rgr lcdks ,d le>uk rFkk lwQ+h lUrksa dh rjg leLr izk.kh ek= ds izfr vius fny esa izse j[kuk mudk eq[; ’kxy FkkA mudh thouh lfPpnkuUn izdk’k uke ls fy[kh xbZ gSaA bles le;≤ ij fn, x, muds izopuksa dks laxzfgr fd;k x;k gSaA ;g iqLrd muds thou ds fofo/k igyqvksa ij izdk’k Mkyrh gSA mUgkasus e/;dkyhu vk/;kfRed n’kZu fo’ks"kdj HkfDr] lwQh] blkbZ ,oa bLykfed fopkj/kkjk esa O;kIr nk’kZfud rRoksa dh O;k[;k djds mudks v}Sr osnkUr ls izHkkfor ekukA buds f’k";ksa esa tulk/kkj.k ds lkFk&lkFk rRdkyhu

1Jh lfPpnkuUn izdk”k] Hkkx&2] Bkdqj Hkwjs flag] vuqokn xqy”ku jk; ikjrh] “kkjnk izdk”ku] fnYyh] 1971 Jh Lokeh ijegal n;ky v}SrkuUn th egkjkt ds izopuksa ij vk/kkfjr] i`0& 174&178 76

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in t;iqj egkjkt] Vsjh ds uckc tSls egRoiw.kZ O;fDr FksA budh e`R;q Vsjh esa gqbZ ¼orZeku le; esa ikfdLrku ds [kScj i[rwu[okg izkUr ds djkd ftys ds Vsjh dLcs esa ijegal th dh lekf/k gSA egku lUr dchj dh rjg budh Hkh lekf/k ij fookn dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA lu~ 1997 bZ0 esa ikfdLrku ds dqN yksxksa us bUgs eqfLye lUr ?kksf"kr dj ds budh lekf/k ij dCtk dj fy;k] tcfd ;s leLr ekuo tkfr ds izfrfuf/k gSA fiNys 15 o"kksZ esa ;g ikfdLrku dk lcls Toyar eqn~nk jgk gSA vkf[kjdkj 17 vizSy 2015 dks ikfdLrku dh vknj.kh; lqizhe dksVZ us vius ,sfrgkfld QSlys esa lekf/k efUnj ds iquZfuekZ.k dk vkns’k fn;kA ogk ds izfl) v[kckj ^Mku* esa 27 tuojh 2014 dks e’kgwj i=dkj ^vkSjaxtsc [kku* us fy[kk fd]^^dqN yksx ijegal th dh lekf/k dks rks u"V dj ldrs gS exj yksxksa ds fnyksa esa tks J)k muds izfr gS mls dSls u"V djsaxsA**tUe vkSj lekf/k nks ,sls LFkkuksa ij gqvk gS ftlls {ks=okn tSls lhekvksa dk fuLrkj.k ns[kk tk ldrk gSA½A ftl izdkj ls cq) ds vo’ks"kksa ij Lrqiksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk mlh izdkj ijegal th ds nk¡r dh ,d lekf/k t;iqj ds yky MqWxjh ds x.ks’k efUnj esa Hkh fLFkr gS tks yksxksa ds fy, J)k dk dsUnz gSA bu lekf/k ij vkt Hkh yksxksa dh euksdkeuk,a iwjh gksrh gSA ftl O;fDr esa leqnz tSlh xaHkhjrk] gok tSlh fujis{krk] fgeky; tSlh fo’kkyrk] lw;Z tSlk rst] xaxk tSlh ifo+=rk] pUnzek tSlh ’khryrk] vkdk’k tSlh O;kidrk tSls fo’ks"k.kksa ls ;qDr gksrk gS og O;fDr] O;fDr u gksdj ,d O;fDrRo gks tkrk gSA tks leLr ekuork ds iqtkfj;ksa ds fy, lgt gh Lohdk;Z gksrk gSA ikWp gtkj lky igys Hkxoku Jhd`".k us ftl Kku dk mins’k nsdj vtqZu ls HkfDr ;ksx dks lEiUu djok;kA le; ds izokg ds lkFk og Kku yqIr izk; gks x;kA ml Kku dks iqu% izdkf’kr fd;kA vius Lo;a Hkxoku Jh d`".k dh Hkwfedk esa rFkk Lokeh Lo:ikuUn dks vtZqu dh Hkwfedk esa j[kdj bl dy;qx esa HkfDr ;ksx dks iqu% LFkkfir fd;kA }kij dk Kku Jh d`".k ,oa vtqZu rd gh lhfer jgk ijUrq Lokeh th us bl Kku dks lgt o ljy dj ds tulkekU; ds fy, Hkh lqyHk dj fn;kA ledkyhu [;krhyC/k lUrksa esa dsoy bUgksus gh lEiw.kZ thou lU;klh dk O;rhrdj d`".k ds Kku dks /kkj.k fd;kA bl Kku dks buds vuq;kf;;ksa ds chp vkt Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ,d ’kks/kkFkhZ ds :i esa czá fo|ky; ,oa vkJe NksVdk jktiqj] ¼cDlj fcgkj]½ esa tkuk gqvkA ogkW ds lUr Jh Jh 108 Jh Lokeh lR;kuUn th egkjkt djhc nks lkS lU;kfl;ksa ds lkFk fcuk fdlh vkMEcj ds tulkekU; vkfRed mRFkku ds fy,

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in yxkrkj iz;kljr gSA ;gk ls izdkf’kr iqLrd ^lR;e f’koe lqUnje~* esa Lokeh v}SrkUkUn th dks izFke xq: ekuk x;k gSA vk/kqfud le; esa Kkr Lokeh v}SrkuUn th ds vuq;kb;ksa esa xM+ok?kkV ¼okjk.klh½] ukaxyh ¼esjB]½ vkuUniqj ¼e/;izns’k½ tSls izeq[k LFkkuksa ij vkJe gSA bUkdh ’kk[kk,W ns’k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa es aQSyh gqbZ gSA ;gk gtkjksa lU;klh rFkk yk[kksa HkDr gSA ;s fcuk fdlh et+gch Hksn&Hkko ds ekuo ek= ds dY;k.k ds fy, fujUrj rRij gSA

7 efgyk,a % jk"Vªokn ds foe'kZ esa MkW- vt; dqekj flag iksLV MkWDVksjy Qsyks] bfrgkl foHkkx nhun;ky mik/;k; xksj[kiqj fo’ofo|ky;] xksj[kiqj

‘kks/k Lkkjka’k orZeku le; esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn ij cgl vius vrhr ds cglksa ds rjg gh dbZ [kseksa esa caVh gqbZ fn[krh gSA ekStwnk lkekftd] jktuhfrd ifjn`'; esa jk"Vªokn ,d rjg ds lkekftd fl)kar ds :i esa LFkkfir fn[krk gS] ftlds O;kogkfjd :i esa fojks/kkHkkl Hkh ekStwn gSA jk"Vªokn ,d ,sls lejl jk"Vª ds vfLrRo dh ekU;rk dks LFkkfir djrk gS tks jk"Vªokn dh cgqvk;keh i{k dks utjvankt djrk gSA ftlds dkj.k vlgefr ds Lojksa tSls fL=;ksa] nfyrksa ;k oafpr rcdksa ds nkos gkf'k;s ij fleV x;s] tcfd og ekStwn FksA jk"Vªoknh cglksa us lekt ds ftu lokyksa dks gkf'k;s ij j[kus dk dke fd;k mldk laca/k efgykvksa ds lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa ;k futh@lkoZtfud thou ls Hkh tqM+rk gSA vkSifuosf'kd lÙkk ds fojks/k esa efgyk,a fdl çdkj jk"Vªoknh la?k"kZ esa 'kkfey Fkh vkSj jk"Vª@jkT; ds lkFk vius laca/k dks ns[k jgh Fkh\ vkSj jk"Vªoknh vkanksyuksa esa lgHkkxh efgyk,a fdu efgykvksa ds Lojksa dk çfrfuf/kRo dj jgh Fkh\ efgykvksa o muls lacaf/kr eqíksa ds laca/k esa jk"Vªoknh fopkj dh –f"V vkSj lekt lq/kkj ds çfr muds jktuhfrd mís';ksa dh leh{kk bl 'kks/k vkys[k dk eq[; mís'; gSA cht ‘kCn jk"Vªokn] fir`lÙkkRed] vkSifuosf'kd lÙkk] jk"Vªh; vkanksyuk] çfrfuf/kRo] ijaijkxr] L=h psruk] ukjhokn] Hkkjr ekrk

Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; eqfä vkanksyuksa esa jk"Vªokn us fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk vnk dhA ijarq] jk"Vªoknh cglksa us vius lekt esa ekStwn HksnHkko] 'kks"k.k vkSj vU;k; dks dHkh foe'kZ dk fo"k; Hkh ugha cuk;kA Þjk"Vªokn dks vxj ÅapkbZ gkfly djuh gS rks Lojkt ds lkFk lqjkt dks Hkh tksM+uk gksxkA lqjkt ds vk/kkj ij lerk ls laiUu vkSj lHkh fdLe dh 'kks"k.keqä balkfu;r ls ifjiw.kZ lekt&O;oLFkk gksxhAß1 jk"Vªoknh vkanksyuksa ds nkSj esa Hkkjrh; lekt esa ekStwn tkfr vkSj fyax vk/kkfjr O;oLFkk esa] efgyk,a f'k{kk vkSj vkfFkZd Lora=rk ds vHkko esa] iq#"k ds bPNk] opZLo o vkdka{kkvksa ds tdM+u esa v/khuLFkr@'kksf"kr fLFkfr esa jgus ds fy, fu;frc) FkhA ftlds dkj.k efgykvksa ds fy, jk"Vª@jk"Vªokn og Hkkocks/k iSnk ugha dj ldk tSlk dh iq#"kksa ds lanHkZ esa gksrk gSA rekj es;j fy[krh gS fd Þjk"Vªh; vga iq#"k vga vkSj L=h vga nksuksa ds lkFk xqaFkk gksrk gS vkSj bls tsaMj ls vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSAß2 jk"Vªokn dh vk/kqfud O;k[;k jk"Vªokn dks uSlfxZd u ekudj] ledkyhu bfrgkl dh ifj.kfr ds :i esa ns[krh gSA ijarq] mUuloh vkSj chloh lnh ds çkjaHk esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn og cgqvk;keh foe'kZ gS ftlesa Hkkjrh; lekt ds e/; cSpsuh ls Hkjk gqvk ían Hkh gSA Hkkjrh; jk"Vªoknh foe'kZ esa eq[; fcanq ;g gS fd ;g mifuos'kokn ds fojks/kh la?k"kZ esa ,d ,slh lk>h tuHkkouk ds :i esa fodflr ;k ykecan gqbZ] ftlus tu leqnk; dks Hkwxksy] Hkk"kk] lH;rk] tkrh;rk] /keZ vkSj leku jktlÙkk ds vk/kkj ij laxfBr fd;kA jk"Vªokn us ,d jk"Vª dh bl vo/kkj.kk ds :i esa otwn esa vk;k tks viuh vkdka{kkvksa dh iwfrZ ds ekxZ esa vkus okyh lHkh vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] lkekftd vkSj lkaL—frd ck/kkvksa dks nwj djus dh dksf'k'k fd;kA jkstk yXtecxZ dgrh gS fd Þjk"Vªh; jkT; vkSj jk"Vªokn [kkyh crZu gSa ftlesa gj ;qx vkSj gj ns'k ds oxZ&laca/k vius fof'k"V lkjrRo mM+sy nsrs gSAß3 Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa jk"Vª ds bl Hkkouk esa ijjk"Vªksa ds ijkHkko dk Hkko Hkh 'kkfey FkkA blds lkFk&lkFk tkrh; jk"Vªokn us tkfr ds opZLo dks jk"Vªokn ds :i esa fodflr fd;k rks /kkfeZd jk"Vªokn us /keZ dks jk"Vªh; xoZ dk fo"k; cuk;kA blh rjg Hkk"kk] lkaL—fr] bfrgkl ds vk/kkj ij Hkh jk"Vªokn dk fodkl fn[krk gSA bl Øe esa jk"Vªokn dks l'kä djus ds fy, jk"Vªh; fpUg] jk"Vªxku] jk"Vªh; feFkdksa] jk"Vªh; >aMk] jk"Vªh; lEeku vkSj jk"Vª ds ewfrZ tSls midj.k ds :i tqM+rs pyrs x;sA jkT;lÙkk us jk"Vªh; lEeku dks jk"Vªokn ds foe'kZ ls tksM+ fn;kA

jk"Vªokn dh cglksa dks vkSifuosf'kd@lkezkT;oknh] jk"Vªoknh] ekDlZoknh vkSj mikfJr ¼subalitem½ ifjis{; esa ns[kk vkSj le>k tkrk jgk gS ftlds vius lkekftd vkSj ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ gSA bu utfj;ksa us jk"Vªh; vkanksyuksa dks vyx&vyx rjhdksa ls igpkuk vkSj fo'ys"k.k fd;kA jk"Vªoknh foe'kksaZ esa vkSifuosf'kd@lkezkT;oknh bfrgkldkjksa us Hkkjr esa jk"Vªokn dks tu vkanksyu ds :i esa Lohdkj ugha fd;kA mudk fo'okl Fkk fd lkezkT;okn] lH;rk rFkk lkekftd lq/kkjksa ds lkFk Hkkjr vk;kA bl vk/kkj ij vkSifuosf'kd@lkezkT;oknh bfrgkldkj bl rF; dks [kkfjt djrs gSa fd vkSifuosf'kd 'kfä ds lkekftd] jktuhfrd] lkaL—frd rFkk vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k ds fo#) Hkkjr esa jk"Vªokn dk çknqHkkZo gqvkA bfrgkl ys[ku ijaijk esa jk"Vªoknh ys[kdksa us Hkkjr esa jk"Vªokn dh igpku ,d çeq[k lÙkk ds :i esa dh ftlus Lora=rk vkSj Lok/khurk ds fopkj dks xfr'khyrk çnku dhA Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn dh O;k[;k esa jk"Vªoknh ys[kdksa us vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ds 'kks"k.k dks vk/kkj cukdj] Hkkjrh; Lok/khurk vkanksyu dks ,d tu vkanksyu ds :i esa ns[kus dk ç;kl fd;kA jk"Vªokn dh bl fopkj/kkjk us Hkkjrh; jk"Vª dks ,d :i esa tksM+us vkSj Hkkjrh; turk ds :i esa mudh igpku cukus dh çfØ;k dks vkxs c<+kus dk ç;kl fd;kA ;g ,glkl fd ns'k dh vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ka ns'k ds yksxksa dks ,d nwljs ds djhc yk jgh gS] ysfdu jk"Vªh; y{; ikus ds fy, yksxksa esa jktuhfrd psruk dk fodkl djuk gksxkA blfy, t:jh gS fd yksxksa esa jk"Vªh; ,drk vkSj jk"Vªokn dh Hkkouk dks c<+kok fn;k tk,Aß4 ,-vkj-nslkbZ fy[krs gS fd Þjk"Vª ,sfrgkfld rkSj ij fodflr gksrh gS] ;g Hkk"kk] Hkw&{ks=] vkfFkZd thou vkSj lkaL—frd ,drk esa ifjyf{kr euksoSKkfud vfLrRo dk fLFkr] fuf'pr la;ksx gSAß5 bfrgkl ys[ku esa ekDlZoknh bfrgkldkjksa us Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn ds oxhZ; pfj= dk fo'ys"k.k djus esa dkyZekDlZ ds ewyHkwr fopkjksa dks viuk vk/kkj cuk;kA ekDlZoknh bfrgkldkjksa us jk"Vªokn ds ml ifjdYiuk ç'ukafdr tks Hkkf"kd] HkkSxksfyd] lkekftd] oxhZ;] tkrh;] lkaL—frd] ,sfrgkfld vFkok iwathoknh fgrksa ds vk/kkj ykecan gksrs gSA bl fopkj/kkjk ds vuqlkj jk"Vªokn] lkezkT;oknh rFkk mifuos'kokn ds ml iwathokn dk ifj.kke gS] tks vkS/kksfxd Økafr ds dkj.k fodflr gqbZ vkSj ftlus 'kks"k.kdkjh O;oLFkk dks tUe fn;kA jk"Vªoknh vkanyksu ds oxhZ; pfj= dh vkykspuk djrs gq, bl fopkj/kkjk us fdlkuksa rFkk vU; oxksaZ ds 'kks"k.k ds loky dks gkf'k;s ls dsaæ esa

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in ykus dk ç;kl fd;kA ijarq ekDlZoknh jk"Vªokn dh eq[; vkykspuk mifuos'k fojks/kh eq[; varfoZjks/k vkSj Hkkjrh; lekt ds Hkhrj ds xkS.k varfoZjks/kksa ds fo'ys"k.k esa ,d nwljs ls rkyesy ugha cSBk ikus ds dkj.k gSA vU; jk"Vªoknh fopkj/kkjksa ds rjg ekDlZoknh jk"Vªokn dk utfj;k oxZ dh vo/kkj.kk vkSj mlds vuqlkj O;ogkj ds pyrs eqfä dh vU; çHkko'kkyh vo/kkj.kkvksa dks gkf'k;s ij j[kkA lckYVuZZ fopkj/kkjk us bfrgkl esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn ds bfrgkl ys[ku esa lckYVuZ fopkj/kkjk us gkf'k;s ij Mky fn, x;s yksxksa ds foe'kZ dks dsaæ esa ykus dk ç;kl fd;kA bfrgkl dks uhps ls ns[kus dk ;g utfj;k 'kks"k.k ds vk/kkj vkSj ç—fr dks ysdj ekDlZoknh O;k[;k ls fHkUu FkkA lckYVuZ bfrgkldkjksa us vius ,sfrgkfld foospuk esa ^psruk* dks dsaæh; LFkku fn;kA ftlds vk/kkj ij bfrgkl ys[ku esa vlgefr ntZ dhA lckYVuZZ fopkj/kkjk vkSifuosf'kd lÙkk ds v/khuLFk fdlku foæksfg;ksa dh ,sfrgkfld iM+rky bfrgkl ys[ku esa vfHktu vkSj fuEuoxZ ds nksgjs foHkktu dks foe'kZ ds lrg ij ykus dk ç;kl djrk gSA Þbfrgkl ds bl Ldwy us iqutkZxj.k] rdZokn vkSj bfrgklokn dh lokZf/kd vkykspuk ds lkFk tksM+ fn;kAß6 Li"V 'kCnksa esa lckYVuZ fopkj/kkjk bfrgkldkjksa ,d ,slk eap jgk ftldh ifjf/k fuEu tkfr] vkfnoklh] fdlku foæksg ls e/;oxhZ; fopkj/kkjk esa jk"Vªokn] jktuhfrd feFkdksa ds egRo] tkfr vkSj tsaMj dh vfLerk dh O;k[;kvksa dk foLrkj djrk gSA jk"Vªokn ij ekStwn vo/kkj.kk,a bl rF; dks çekf.kr djrh gS fd jk"Vªokn ,d rukoxzLr fLFkfr jgh gSA jk"Vªokn dks ifjHkkf"kr djus ds dksf'k'k esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd jk"Vªokn og fopkj ;k Hkkouk gS tks Lo;a ds tfj;s viuk [kqn dk bfrgkl cukrh gSA ge jk"Vª dks dSls ns[krs gS\ dgka ls ns[krs gS vkSj fdl rjg ls ns[krs gS\ ;g T;knk egRoiw.kZ gSA Hkkjrh; jk"Vªoknh foe'kZ esa] jk"Vªh; laL—fr dh vk—fr] Lo:i rFkk igpku dh O;k[;k dh dksf'k'k esa efgykvksa ds ç'u us dsaæh; egRo çkIr gqvkA ijarq] mifuos'kh 'kkldksa vkSj jk"Vªoknh oxksaZ ds chp efgykvksa ds ç'u dkQh my>k gqvk Hkh FkkA vk/kqfudrk o çxfr dk fo"k; cu tkus ds dkj.k ubZ L=h dh Nfo ds ryk'k esa mifuos'kh 'kkldksa vkSj jk"Vªoknh oxZ ds lekt lq/kkjd lkekftd dqjfr;ksa dks feVkuk pkgrs Fks ysfdu lekt ds ekStwn

lekt&lq/kkjdksa us lkekftd lq/kkj ds fy, L=h f'k{kk dks egRoiw.kZ ekuk vkSj L=h f'k{kk ds fy, vkanksyu Hkh fd;kA vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dky esa Hkkjrh; lekt lq/kkjdksa dh ekufldrk Li"V djrs gq, 'ks[kj ca/kksik/;k; crkrs gS fd ÞHkkjr ds e/;oxhZ; iq:"k foDVksfj;kbZ vkn'kZ okyh lgpjh ds lius ns[krs FksA caxky esa f'kf{kr Hkæefgyk çcq) fganw iRuh cukuk rks nwj] bl f'k{kk us fL=;ksa dks lqiRuh vkSj lqekrk dh vkn'kZeafMr ?kjsyw Hkwfedkvksa ls lhekc) dj fn;kAß7 jk"Vªoknh lekt lq/kkjdksa us ubZ f'kf{kr L=h dks lkoZtfud thou dh xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkx ysus dh NwV vo'; nhA ijarq] ?kjsyw dkedkt vc Hkh mldk çeq[k dk;Z {ks= FkkA jk"Vªoknh jktuhfr us efgykvksa ds jk"Vªh; igpku ds fuekZ.k esa efgyk dh Nfo dks lkaL—frd ijaijkvksa esa [kkstk vkSj mUgha ds vk/kkj ij fufeZr fd;kA viuh LokHkkfod t:jr ds fy, jk"Vªokn us L=hRo ds ijaijkxr vkn'kZ Nfo dks dsaæh; egRo fn;kA jk"Vªoknh psruk ds rgr L=h psruk dk fodkl vkjaHk ls gh fir`lÙkk ds fyaxh; vuq'kklu ds v/khu jgk vkSj lkoZtfud {ks= esa fL=;ksa dh Hkwfedk lkoZtfud vuq'kklu ds uke ij igys ls r; FkhA lekt lq/kkjdksa us f'k{kk ds egRo ij tksj fn;k] ij mldh lhekcanh Hkh Hkjiwj rjhdksa ls dhA efgykvksa ds fy, feFkdh; pfj= ds p;u ds vk/kkj vkSj mlds çLrqrhdj.k dks bfrgkl dh vk/kh&v/kwjh le> ds rdZ dks mek pØorhZ ç'ukfdar djrs gq, fy[krh gS fd ÞoSfnd ;qx esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr mPp Fkh] tcfd ,slk djrs gq, og flQZ vk;Z efgykvksa ¼mPp tkfr dh vfHktuoknh efgykvksa½ dh ckr dj jgs gksrs gSa D;ksafd oSfnd dky esa gh xSj vk;Z efgyk,a ¼oSfnd nklh½ ml le; Hkh 'kksf"kr dh tkrh FkhA flQZ xkxhZ vkSj eS=s;h tSlh dqN mPp tkfr dh efgykvksa ds çLrqrhdj.k ls lHkh efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dk lgh vanktk yxkuk fujFkZd gSaA ;g bfrgkl dks xyr :i esa çLrqr djus dk rjhdk ek= gS] ftlls ;g rF; fNik;k tk lds fd ml le; Hkh efgyk,a lekt ls xk;c FkhAß8 jk"Vªoknh vkanksyuksa esa jk"Vªh; igpku dks LFkkfir djus ds bl rjg ds ç;kl ;g fl) djrk gS fd jk"Vªoknh foe'kZ us efgykvksa ds ç'u dks ladqfpr {ks=ksa rd lhfer j[kus dk ç;kl fd;kA blds vfrfjä jk"Vªoknh vkanksyuksa ds nkSj esa efgykvksa ds ç'u vkSj ubZ L=h ds :i esa mldk lek/kku eksVs rkSj ij ,d oxZ vk/kkfjr Hkh çrhr gksrh gSA vusd efgyk,a bl ns'kdky esa vkS/kksfxd Jfed tekr dk fgLlk Fkh tks vius osru vkSj dke ds gkykr ds flyflys esa mifuos'kokn ds rgr iui jgs iwathokn vkSj fir`lÙkk

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in ls la?k"kZ dj jgh FkhA pk# xqIrk fy[krh gS fd ÞvkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr ds [kkl lanHkZ esa tkfr] nfyr igpku] ySafxd fopkj/kkjk vkSj ikS#"k ds vkRefoospu ugha fn[krh gSaAß9 Li"V gS fd jk"Vªoknh cglksa esa bu efgykvksa ds ç'u dh vuns[kh Li"V :i ls ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA Þ,d rjQ efgykvksa us jk"Vªokn dh mifuos'kokn fojks/kh jktuhfrd nkosokjh esa viuk Loj feykuk Lohdkj fd;k] D;ksafd mlds ek/;e ls muds fy, ,d u;k njoktk [kqy jgk FkkA nwljh rjQ] mUgksaus jk"Vªokn dh enZoknh lkaL—frd vfHkO;fä;ksa vkSj tdM+cafn;ksa dks pqukSfr;ka nsrs gq, jk"Vªoknh ,ts.Ms esa ukjhoknh ,stsalh ds tfj;s fir`lÙkk fojks/kh igyqvksa dk lekos'k djus dk ;Ru fd;kAÞ10 okLro esa jk"Vªoknh vkanksyu ds nkSj esa efgyk,a ml mRihM+d lajpukvksa ds fo#) yM+ jgh Fkh& mu uSfrd lafgrkvksa ds nk;js esa tks cqtqZvk jk"Vªokfn;ksa vkSj lekt&lq/kkjdksa íkjk fu/kkZfjr fd, x;s FksA ijarq] bu fu/kkZfjr lhekvksa us Hkkjrh; L=h dks eqfä ds jkLrs ij pyus dh çsj.kk,a Hkh miyC/k djkbZA jk/kk dqekj ^L=h la?k"kZ ds bfrgkl esa* fy[krh gS fd Þ1890 ds n'kd ds nkSjku fL=;ksa us jk"Vªoknh vkanksyuksa ,ao laxBuksa esa Hkkx ysuk 'kq: fd;kA gkykafd dkQh gn rd fL=;ksa dks vius vklikl eaMjkrs iq#"kksa ds fojks/k dk lkeuk Hkh djuk iM+kA dkaxzsl ds vf/kos'ku esa efgyk çfrfuf/k;ksa dks Hkkx ysus dh vuqefr feyhA ijarq] mUgsa cksyus ;k çLrkoksa ij oksV Mkyus dk vf/kdkj ugha fn;k x;kA dkaxzsl vf/kos'ku esa efgyk,a viuh ftu leL;kvksa dks mBkuk pkgrh Fkh mlesa os';ko`fÙk igyk çeq[k eqík FkkAß11 20oha lnh ds vkjaHk esa jk"Vªokn ds c<+rs mHkkj us] L=hRo ds ekr`Ro :i dks jk"Vªh; jktuhfr esa yksxksa dks laxfBr djus ds ,d l'kä ek/;e ds :i esa LFkkfir djuk vkjaHk dj fn;kA tkudh uS;j crkrh gS fd Þjk"Vªokn ds varxZr L=h ds ekr`Ro :i dks loksZPp egRo fn;s tkus ls] u dsoy L=h dh ikfjokfjd iks"kd dh Hkwfedk dks –<+rk feyh] oju L=hRo dk lkj ds :i esa vkReR;kx] fu:LokFkZ lsok] lfg".kqrk o vkRecfnyku ds xq.kksa dks loksZPp çfr"Bk nh xbZA ;g fopkj jk"Vªoknh fopkj/kkjk esa bruk çHkko'kkyh cudj mHkjk fd rkRdkyhu çeq[k jk"Vªoknh usrk lqjsUæukFk cuthZ us lHkh Hkkjrh;ksa ls vkºoku djrs gq, dgk fd& fe=ksa vki pkgs fdlh Hkh tkfr ;k o.kZ ds gksa vkb;s ge lc vius erHksnksa dks Hkqykdj ekr`Ro /keZ ds >aMs rys ,dtqV gks tk,Aß12

jk"Vªoknh vkanksyuksa esa ekr`dsafær okfXerk us efgykvksa dh lgHkkfxrk dks rst fd;kA bUæk.kh pVthZ fy[krh gS fd ÞdqN fL=;ksa us ;g fopkj O;ä djuk 'kq# dj fn;k fd fL=;ka vxj vktkn gksuk pkgrh gSa rks mUgsa iq#"kksa ds lkFk la?k"kZ ds fy, rS;kj jguk pkfg,A nksuksa fyxksa esa cjkcjh dh tgka rd ckr gS ;g Lo;a lekurk ds flíkar ij vk/kkfjr gS u fd fdlh dh n;k ijAß13 20oha lnh ds jk"Vªoknh vkanksyuksa esa efgyk lgHkkfxrk nks fHkUu fl)karksa ds lkFk la?k"kZjr fn[krk ;k çrhr gksrk gSA igyk] ;g fd pwafd fL=;ka eka ds rkSj ij vf/kd mi;ksxh gS blfy, muds vf/kdkjksa dks ekU;rk feyuh pkfg, vkSj nwljk ;g fd pwafd efgykvksa dh t:jrsa] bPNk,a rFkk {kerk,a iq#"kksa ds leku gSa blfy, os leku vf/kdkjksa dh gdnkj gSA jk"Vªoknh vkanksyu esa L=h lfØ;rk dh c<+rh jktuSfrd] lkekftd psruk dk çR;{k çek.k] jkT; ds fo:) fL=;ksa dks ,d lewg ds :i esa laxfBr gksuk Hkh gSA efgyk,a vius lkekftd] vkfFkZd] dkuwuh vkSj jktuhfrd v/khuhdj.k ls vktknh ikus ds fy, u dsoy jk"Vªh; eqfä cfYd lkekftd :ikarj.k ds ekspsZ ij Hkh lfØ; :i ls lgHkkxh FkhA jk"Vªoknh vkanksyuksa us efgyk lgHkkfxrk dk mi;ksx futh o lkoZtfud {ks= ds varj dks rksM+s fcuk gh fd;kA bu vkanksyuksa us Hkkjr dh efgykvksa esa igyh ckj çtkra=] lekurk vkSj Lora=rk ds ewY;ksa dks tkuk&le>kA ftlls efgykvksa ds vkRefo'okl esa o`f) gqbZ ijarq] bu vkanksyuksa us dHkh Hkh ySfxad leurk tSls eqís ugha mBk, vkSj uk gh fir`lÙkkRed O;oLFkk dks pqukSrh nhA efgykvksa dk jk"Vª&jkT; vkSj jk"Vªokn ds laca/kksa dh igpku ds Øe esa] ge ikrs gS fd O;fä ftl lekt ;k jkT; dk lnL; gS] ds lkFk laca/k vfuok;Z :i ls mldh lkekftd lajpuk íkjk fu/kkZfjr gksrk gSA nqxkZ nkl clq crkrs gS fd Þlkekftd lajpuk esa vlekurk dh fLFkfr esa fL=;ksa ds fy, jk"Vª@jk"Vªokn og cks/k iSnk ugha dj ldrk Fkk vkSj u ml rjg ls vfFkZr gks ldrk Fkk tSlk fd oks iq#"kksa ds lanHkZ esa FkkAß14 jk"Vª dks vDlj jktuhfrd 'kfä ds çLrqrhdj.k ls tksM+dj ns[kk tkrk jgk gS cfYd jk"Vªh; 'kfä dk çfrfuf/kRo Hkh tsaMj foHksn ij fuHkZj djrk gSA oftZfu;k oqYQ fy[krh gS fd Þefgyk,a vius fo"k; esa ns'kHkfä ds vFkZ dk fo'ys"k.k djsxh rks vius vrhr esa fyax vkSj oxZ dk ys[kk&tks[kk ysxhA og bl ckr ij fopkj djsaxh fd L=h vkt fdruh tehu] laifÙk vkSj /ku&/kkU; dh Lokfeuh gSA og dgsxh] bfrgkl ds T;knkrj dky esa eq>s flQZ nkl ekurk vk;k gS] blus eq>s f'k{kk ;k ekfydkus esa

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in fdl çdkj dh fgLlsnkjh ls csn[ky j[kk-----vly esa ,d vkSjr ds rkSj ij esjk dksbZ ns'k ughaA ,d vkSjr ds rkSj ij eSa dksbZ ns'k Hkh ugha pkgrhA ,d vkSjr ds :i esa iwjh nqfu;k esjk ns'k gSAß15 oqYQ efgykvksa vkSj jk"Vª ds laca/kksa ds ckjs esa efgykvksa dh lkekftd] jktuhfrd fLFkfr ds vk/kkj ij vfHkO;ä djrh gSA ftlds vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd efgyk,a jk"Vª vkSj ukxfjdrk ds chp isMqye okyh fLFkfr esa gSA uhjk ;qoky&Msfol vkSj ¶yksjk ,fUFk;kl jk"Vª vkSj efgykvksa ds laca/k dks ikap çeq[k fcanqvksa ls fpfUgr djrh gS& Þ¼1½ jk"Vªh; lewg ds lnL;ksa dh tSfod çtuudrkZ ds :i esa] ¼2½ jk"Vªh; lewgksa dh lhekvksa ds çtuudrkZ ds :i esa ¼;kSu ,ao oSokfgd laca/kksa ij çfrca/k ds tfj,½ ¼3½ jk"Vªh; laL—fr ds lfØ; çpkjd o mRiknd ds :i esa ¼4½ jk"Vªh; foHksn ds çrhdkRed ladsrd ds :i esa ¼5½ jk"Vªh; la?k"kksaZ esa lfØ; fgLlsnkjh ds :i esaA ;s lHkh ço`fÙk;ka fo'ks"k ,sfrgkfld {k.kksa esa L=h dks fo'ks"k çdkj ls fufeZr djrs gSaAß16 uhjk ;qoky&Msfol vkSj ¶yksjk ,fUFk;kl dk ;g fo'ys"k.k tsaMj] jk"Vª vkSj ;kSfudrk ds fo"k; /;ku dsafær djkrs gSA lkFk gh ;g b'kkjk djrs gS fd jk"Vª dks Qk;nk igqapkus] mUgsa çkIr djus ;k muij fu;a=.k djus dk loky ges'kk gh tsaMj ls çHkkfor gksrk gSA vkerkSj ij L=hRo dks jk"Vª ds fuek.kZ esa lg;ksx nsusokys ,d lk/ku ds :i esa is'k fd;k tkrk gS] ;g lg;ksx çrhdkRed] uSfrd vkSj tSfod iqu#Riknu ds :i esa lkeus vkrk gSA Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa tula[;k fu;a=.k ds ekeys esa^ge nks gekjs nks*] dk ukjk ;k Lyksxu *xHkZfujks/k LohdkjdrkZ* tSls ifj;kstukvksa dks mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij j[kk tk ldrk gSA tgka jk"Vª dks lgst dj j[kus dh ftEesnkjh efgykvksa ds Åij j[kh tkrh gS] dHkh&dHkh blds fy, /kkfeZd rdZ&foe'kZ Hkh is'k fd, tkrs gSA bl rjg efgykvksa dks vDlj jk"Vª ds çfr drZO;ksa dks iwjk djus ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA ,d jk"Vª dh efgyk,a mldh ljgn dk çrhd cu tkrh gSA Hkkjrh; miegkíhi ds caVokjs ds le; efgykvksa ds lkFk gq, fgald ?kVuk,a bldk mnkgj.k cu ldrh gSA Vdjko ds fLFkfr;ksa esa efgykvksa ds lkFk ;kSfud fgalk jk"Vª dh bTtr ywVus dk gfFk;kj cu tkrh gSA efgykvksa dk cykRdkj jk"Vªh; ljgnksa] jk"Vªh; Lok;Ùkk vkSj jk"Vªh; laçHkqrk ds mYya?kuksa ds :i esa jk"Vª ij geyk dk çrhd ds :i esa Hkh bLrseky

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in gksrs gSA bl rjg efgykvksa ds 'kjhjksa ij fd, tkus okys geys jk"Vª ds iq#"kksa ij geys dk çrhd cu tkrs gSA Li"V gS fd efgyk,a Lo;a O;kogkfjdrk ds /kjkyr ij jk"Vª@jkT; ds lkFk [kqn dks vfHkO;ä ugha dj ikrh gS ijarq] jk"Vª] tsaMj vkSj mldh tSfod fLFkfr ,d&nwljs dks bl rjg x<+us dk ç;kl djrh gS fd mldh Hkwfedk ifjHkkf"kr gksrh gSA Hkkjr esa ^Hkkjr ekrk* dk çrhd bLrseky fd;k x;k gSA blesa Hkkjr ds HkkSxksfyd uD'ks ij ,d vkSjr 'kjhj dks fn[kk;k tkrk gSA ,slk 'kjhj ftls pkgk tkrk gS] ftl ij dCtk cjdjkj j[kk tk ldrk gS vkSj ftldh j{kk djuk t:jh gSA jk"Vª bl rjg efgykvksa ds lkFk tqM+k gqvk gksrk gS vkSj jk"Vª ds dke ds :i esa tsaMj vk/kkfjr caVokjk Hkh gksrk gSA efgyk,a çrhd ds :i esa jk"Vª dks iqu#Rikfnr djrh gS vkSj iq#"k jk"Vª dh j{kk djrs gSa] mldk cpko djrs gSa vkSj mlds fy, cnyk Hkh ysrs gSA lanHkZ lwph 1- xksiky xq:] nfyr ckSf)drk vkSj lkaL—frd nhokjsa] la vHk; dqekj nqcs] vk/kqfudrk ds vkbus esa nfyr] ok.kh çdk'ku ubZ fnYyh]2014 ist uå&141 2- rekj es;j] tsaMj vk;juht vkaQ us'kufyTe: lsfVax n LVst dk fganh vuqokn] jathr] jk"Vªokn dh tsaMj foMacuk,a] fujarj çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh]2011] ist uå&172 3- ,-vkj-nslkbZ] Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn dh v/kqukru ço`fÙk;ka] xzaFkf'kYih çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh]2016] ist uå&80 4- foiu paæ] Hkkjr dk Lora=rk laxzke] fganh ek/;e dk;kZUo; funs'kky;] fnYyh fo'ofo/kky;] fnYyh]2000 ist uå& 38&41 5- ,-vkj-nslkbZ] Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn dh lkekftd i`"BHkwfe] ikiqyj çdk'ku] eqacbZ] 2000 ist uå& 309 6- vkykspuk lg'krkCnh vad 1 vçSy&twu 2000] ist uå& 89&90 7- 'ks[kj canksik/;k;] Iyklh Vw ikfVZlu] fganh laLdj.k] vksfj;,V yseSu ubZ fnYyh 2007 ist uå& 418 8- mek pØorh] okV ,Hkj gSIu Vw oSfnd nklh\ vksfj,Vfyte] us'kuyfyte ,aM LØhIV Qkj ikLV bu fjdkfLVx foeu----,slst bu dksyksfu;y fgLVªh laiknu] dqedqe laxkjh ,aM lqjs'k oS/;] dkyh Qkaj oqesu ubZ fnYyh] 1989] ist uå&28 9- pk# xqIrk] :i vkSj v:i] lhek vkSj vlhe] çfreku] la- vHk; dqekj nqcs] ubZ fnYyh] tuojh&twu 2013] ist uå& 100 10- vHk; dqekj nqcs] QqVikV ij dkelw=] iVjh ls mrjh gqbZ vkSjrksa dk ;wVksfi;k] jk"Vªokn ds çfr vk[;ku] ok.kh çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 2016] ist uå& 21

11- jk/kk dqekj] L=h la?k"kZ dk bfrgkl] ok.kh çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 2002]ist uå& 81&82 12- tkudh uS;j] oheu ,aM yk bu dkyksfu;y bafM;k] dkyh Qkj owesu] ubZ fnYyh 1996] ist uå&214&216 13- baæk.kh pVthZ dk vçdkf'kr 'kks/k çca/k] caxkyh Hkæ efgyk&1930&34] ts ,u ;w&1986 i`"B 91&94 14- nqxkZnkl clq] Hkkjr dk lafo/kku&,d ifjp;] ok/kok ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1994] ist uå& 25 15- lk/kuk vk;Z] fuosfnrk esuu] ftuh yksdfurk ¼laå½% ukjhoknh jktuhfr% la?k"kZ ,ao eqís] fganh ek/;e dk;kZUo; funs'kky;] fnYyh fo'ofo/kky;] fnYyh 2001] ist uå& 78 16- ogh] ist uå& 79-

8 Òkjr dk Lo'kklu ¼LojkT;½ M‚- vfu#) dqekj frokjh vfrfFk Áoäk] bfrgkl] egkRek xka/kh dk'kh fo|kihB] okjk.klh

‘kks/k Lkkjka’k méhloÈ lnh ds mÙkjk)Z v©j fo'¨"kdj 1857 ds foæ¨g ds dqpY¨ tkus ds ckn okY¨ dkYk d¨ Òkjr esa fczfV'k lkezkT;okn dk pje¨Rd"kZ ekuk tkrk gSA mifuos'kh 'kklu esa 'kkldä esa ,d vkRefo'okl ls Òjh laj{kd&Òkouk fujadq'krk dk :i Yüs Ykxh] t¨ Òkjrokfl;ä ds Lo'kklu ds fdlh Òh vf/kdkj d¨ ekuus ds fYk, rS;kj ugÈ FkhA bl lkezkfT;d fopkj dk ,d nk'kZfud vk/kkj Òh Fkk v©j O;ogkfjd vk/kkj ÒhA 18oÈ lnh ds iqutkZxj.k dkYk dk ;g vk'kkokn Òh fojklr esa feYkk Fkk fd leqfpr f'k{kk ds }kjk ekuo dh ÁÑfr d¨ cnYkk tk ldrk gSA blfYk, mUgäus lkezkfT;d Yk{; d¨ ,d '©f{kd /;s; ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;kA cht ‘kCn lkezkT;okn] jk"Vªokn] ÁkÑfrd U;k;] LojkT;] Lo'kklu] fjiu] gë:Yk vkUnŸku] ekaVsX;w&psElQ¨MZ] M¨fefu;u LVsV~l

Òkjrokfl;ä d¨ rc Lo'kklu dk vf/kdkj fn;k tk ldrk gS] tc mUgsa cqf)okn v©j ÁkÑfrd U;k; ds fl)karä ds vuqlkj Lo'kklu ds mÌs'; dh leqfpr f'k{kk ns nh tk,A1 foÙkh; ncko ,oa Á'kklfud dlko jktuhfrd :i ls [krjukd u g¨] blds fYk, vko';d Fkk fd buds lkFk&lkFk vf/kd Òkjrh; lg;¨fx;ä dh rYkk'k dh tkrhA tSlk fd vfuYk lhYk dk dguk gS] ^ûkekadu dh O;oLFkk] Áfrfuf/kRo v©j pquko] ;s lc Òkjrh;ä d¨ lkezkT;oknh Yk{;ä dh iwfrZ dh fn'kk esa tqVkus ds lk/ku FÄ** LFkkuh; Lok;Ùk 'kklu ds fodkl esa foÙkh; ,oa jktuhfrd i{kä d¨ cM+h

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in lQkbZ ls xwaFkk x;k FkkA oLrqr% ;g ÁfØ;k datosZfVo es;¨ ds dkYk esa vkjaÒ gqbZ Fkh] fYkcjYk fjiu ds dkYk esa ugÈA bldk eq[; Yk{; Fkk& LFkkuh; vko';drkvä dh LFkkuh; djä }kjk iwfrZ djds foÙkh; dfBukb;ä d¨ lqYk>kukA fdarq es;¨ us Òh vuqÒo fd;k Fkk fd ^^gesa bl ns'k ds 'kklu esa vius&vkils /khjs&/khjs nslh rRoä d¨ vf/kdkf/kd t¨M+uk pkfg,A** nwljk jktuhfrd isap fjiu ds ebZ 1882 ds Áfl) ÁLrko esa Li"Vr% mÒdj lkeus vk;k ftlesa LFkkuh; fudk;ä esa pquko }kjk cgqer ÁkIr djus ,oa v/;{k pquus dk vf/kdkj nsus dk oknk fd;k x;k FkkA ;g ,slk oknk Fkk t¨ /khjs&/khjs v©j viw.kZ :ils gh O;ogkj esa vk ldk D;äfd vf/kdka'k Ákarh; u©dj'kkgä us bldk Áfrj¨/k fd;kA2 LojkT; dk vFkZ nüä usrkvä ¼frYkd rFkk Jherh ,uh chlsaV½ dh fuxkgä esa djhc ,d tSlk gh Fkk& fczfV'k lkezkT; ds varxZr LFkkuh;] Ákarh; ,oa dsaæh; Lrj ij mÙkjnk;h 'kklu ,oa Á'kklu dh vf/kdkf/kd O;oLFkk dh tk,] tSlh x¨j¨ }kjk 'kkflr M¨fefu;u ntkZ ÁkIr vU; fczfV'k mifuos'kä esa Fkh ;Fkk dukMk ,oa vkLVªsfYk;k esaA3 eækl ljdkj us 15 twu 1917 esa ,uh chlsaV] tktZ v:aMsYk rFkk ch0ih0 okfM;k d¨ fxj¶rkj dj fYk;kA blds f[kYkkQ ns'kO;kih Án'kZu gq,A ,l0,u0 cutÊ] fnu'kkokpk ,oa 'kkL«kh tSls ujeiaFkh usrk Ykhx esa 'kkfeYk r¨ ugÈ gq,] Y¨fdu mUgäus Òh ljdkjh dneä dh rh[kh vkYk¨puk dhA dkaxzsl us Òh okbljk; ds ikl Áfrokn ÒstkA xka/kh th us] t¨ mu fnuä jkt d¨ fcuk&'krZ lg;¨x ,oa leFkZu nsus ds lcls cM+s iSjohdkj F¨] 7 tqYkkbZ d¨ okbljk; ds uke fYk[¨ ,d [kr esa bu utjcafn;ä d¨ Òkjh ÒwYk crkrs gq, oS/kkfud vkUnŸku pYkkus dh vuqefr nsus dh fouez ÁkFkZuk dhA ÒwriwoZ U;k;k/kh'k ,oa eækl gë:Yk Ykhx ds v/;{k lj ih0 lqczgefu;k v¸;j us Òh ljdkj dk foj¨/k fd;k v©j 24 twu 1917 d¨ vejhdh jk"Vªifr foYlu ds uke ,d [kr esa ljdkjh neu dk [kqYkklk djrs gq, Òkjr d¨ Lo'kklu fnYkokus dh vihYk dhA bl [kr d¨ Y¨dj fczVsu eas dkQh gaxkek gqvkA QYkr% v¸;j eg¨n; d¨ vkbank ,slh xYkrh u djus dh psrkouh nh xbZA mUgäus foj¨/k Lo:i ^lj* dk f[krkc okil dj fn;kA mikf/k okil djus dh ;g igYkh Òkjrh; ?kVuk FkhA4 28 tqYkkbZ 1917 d¨ dkaxzsl dh ,d cSBd esa frYkd us dgk fd ;fn ljdkj bu Yk¨xä d¨ rqjar fjgk ugÈ djrh gS] r¨ 'kkafriw.kZ vlg;¨x vkUnŸku pYkk;k tk,A bl ÁLrko d¨ lÒh Ákarh; dkaxzsl lfefr;ä ds ikl eatwjh ds fYk, Òstk x;kA5 cjkj rFkk eækl us lR;kxzg ds i{k esa rFkk cacbZ] iatkc] la;qä Ákar ,oa oekZ us Òkjrea«kh ekaVsX;w dh ÁLrkfor

Òkjr&;k«kk d¨ eÌsutj j[krs gq, foi{k esa fopkj O;ä fd;k] tcfd fcgkj us ,d fuf'pr frfFk dk vYVhesVe nsus v©j ml frfFk ds ckn lR;kxzg vk;¨ftr djus dk lq>ko j[kkA pwafd cgqer lR;kxzg ds foif{k;ä dk Fkk] vr% lR;kxzg dk fopkj rRdkYk R;kx fn;k x;kA gë:Yk vkUnŸku ds Áfr ns'kh ujs'kä dk Òh lgkuqÒwfriw.kZ :[k jgk] ftUgsa 'kkld vius f[kYkkQ mBus okY¨] rwQkuä ds fo:) voj¨/k ekurs FÄ mudh v¨j ls chdkusj ds egkjkt us vius Òkjrh; Òkb;ä dh oS/k vkdka{kkvä ds Áfr lgkuqÒwfr O;ä djrs gq, dkQh fj;k;rsa nsus vU;Fkk xaÒhj urhts Òqxrus dh psrkouh x¨js 'kkldä d¨ nhA6 bu ?kVukvä ds ckn baXY©.M dh ljdkj us viuh uhfr;k¡ cnYkhA vc mudk :[k le>©rkoknh g¨ x;kA u, x`glfpo ekaVsX;w us gkml vkWQ dkeal esa ,sfrgkfld ?k¨"k.kk dh] ^^fczfV'k 'kklu dh uhfr gS fd Òkjr ds Á'kklu esa Òkjrh; turk d¨ Òkxhnkj cuk;k tk, v©j Lo'kklu ds fYk, fofÒé laLFkkuä dk Øfed fodkl fd;k tk, ftlls Òkjr esa fczfV'k lkezkT; ls tqM+h d¨bZ mÙkjnk;h ljdkj LFkkfir dh tk ldsA** ;g c;ku e‚jY¨ ds c;ku ls ,dne foijhr FkkA 1909 esa laoS/kkfud lq/kkjä d¨ ikfYkZ;kesaV esa j[krs le; e‚jY¨ us lkQ&lkQ dgk Fkk fd bu lq/kkjä dk mÌs'; ns'k esa ^Lojkt* dh LFkkiuk drbZ ugÈ gSA ekaVkX;w dh ?k¨"k.kk dk lcls cM+k Qk;nk ;g gqvk fd vc gë:Yk ;k Lojkt dh ek¡x d¨ ns'kæ¨gh ugÈ dgk tk ldrk FkkA Y¨fdu bldk vFkZ ;g Òh ugÈ Fkk fd fczfV'k gqdwer Lojkt dh ek¡x ekuus gh tk jgh FkhA ekaVsX;w dh ?k¨"k.kk esa ;g ckr Òh Fkh fd Lo'kklu dh LFkkiuk rÒh g¨xh] tc mldk mfpr le; vk,xk v©j le; vk;k gS ;k ugÈ bldk QSlYkk vaxzsth gqdwer djsxhA7 vxj ns[kk tk; r¨ gë:Yk vkUnŸku us lÙkk v©j vf/kdkjh&oxZ ls lh/¨ la?k"kZ ugÈ fd;k v©j viuk Yk{; ÁkIr fd, cxSj gh fc[kj x;kA Y¨fdu blls budkj ugÈ fd;k tk ldrk fd ekaVsX;w ?k¨"k.kk vkSj ml ij vk/kkfjr 1919 dk vf/kfu;e blh ls ÁÒkfor gqbZ FkhA Y¨fdu gë:Yk vkUnŸku dk okLrfod egRo jk"Vªh; vkUnŸku ij iM+us okY¨ mlds nwjxkeh ÁÒkoä esa fufgr gSA mlus igYkh ckj ,d jk"VªO;kih vkUnŸku d¨ tUe fn;k ftldk eq[; Js; Jherh chlsaV d¨ gSA blds iwoZ vkUnŸku dh jktuhfr flQZ iatkc] caxkYk v©j egkjk"Vª rd gh lhfer jgh FkhA gë:Yk vkUnŸku us buds vYkkok la;qä Ákar] fcgkj] mM+hlk] eækl] xqtjkr v©j fla/k tSls u, {¨«kä esa vkUnŸkudkjh jktuhfr dk Álkj dj u dsoYk vkanŸku d¨ vf[kYk Òkjrh; Lo:i gh Ánku fd;k oju~ Òkoh jk"Vªh; vkUnŸku d¨ dkQh etcwr

Òh cuk;kA ckn esa ;s u, {¨«k gh xka/khoknh jk"Vªokn ds eq[; vk/kkj&LrEÒ fl) gq,A fQjÒh] Øfed

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in dk Òh ÁkFkfed lnL; Fkk v©j mlds ÁfrLFkkiu ¼dousaV½ dk Lora«k :i ls gLrk{kjdrkZ FkkA blds ckn Òkjrh; Áfrfuf/k jk"Vªla?k dh egRoiw.kZ lfefr;ä v©j lEesYkuä esa Ykxkrkj Òkx Y¨rs jgsA lalkj ds vkB Áeq[k v©|¨fxd ns'kä esa ,d güs dh gSfl;r ls Òkjr varjjk"Vªh; laxBu dh dk;Zdkfj.kh dk lnL; Fkk v©j 1927 esa Je lEesYku dh v/;{krk ,d Òkjrh; lj vrqYk pVtÊ us dh FkhA9 1909 ds bafM;u dkmaflYk ,DV ¼e‚Y¨Z&feaV¨ fjQkElZ½ us lhfer Lo'kklu dk Áko/kku fd;k v©j blfYk, fdlh Òh Òkjrh; jktuhfrd lewg d¨ larq"V u dj ldkA fczfV'k Òkjr ds laoS/kkfud lq/kkjä esa ;g lcls vYithoh lkfcr gqvk v©j nl lkYk ds vUnj gh mls la'k¨f/kr djuk iM+kA10 1919 ds Òkjr ljdkj vf/kfu;e us dsUæ esa ,d n¨ lnuä okYkh fo/kkf;dk dk Áko/kku fd;k& dkmaflYk v‚Q LVsV v©j Y¨ftLY¨fVo vlsacYkh dkA bl Y¨ftLY¨fVo vlsacYkh esa cgqer fuokZfpr lnL;ä dk g¨rk ij eaf«k;ä ij bldk d¨bZ fu;a«k.k ugÈ g¨rkA jÌ fd, x, fo/¨;dä d¨ tcju Ykkxw djkus ds fYk, ok;lj‚; ds ikl lfVZfQdsV dh dk;Zi)fr ds :i esa ohV¨ dh 'kfä g¨rhA tc fuokZpd eaMYk dk foLrkj gqvk] r¨ Òkjrh; usrk Yk¨drkaf«kd ©rs dk ,d lw«k Lohdkj djokus esa lQYk jgs] ftlesa usg: fji¨VZ ds M¨fefu;e LVsV ds Yk{; d¨ bl 'krZ ij Lohdkj fd;k x;k Fkk fd fczfV'k ljdkj 1929 ds var rd ;g ntkZ Ánku dj ns] vU;Fkk dkaxzsl lfou; voKk vkanŸku djus ,oa iw.kZ LojkT; dh ekax djus ds fYk, Lora«k g¨xhA c¨l us iw.kZ Lok/khurk ds Yk{; dh rRdkYk iquj¨fä dk la'k¨/ku ÁLrqr fd;kA tokgjYkkYk usg:] rfeYkukMw ds lR;ewfrZ] caxkYk ds vusd Áfrfuf/k;ä ,oa cacbZ ds dE;qfuLVä ¼fuacdj v©j t¨xY¨dj½ us bldk leFkZu fd;k] fdarq ;g la'k¨/ku 973 ds eqdkcY¨ 1]350 erä ls ijkftr g¨ x;kA 31 vDVwcj 1929 ds bjfou ÁLrko us Fk¨M+s le; ds fYk, dfBukbZ mRié dj nhA bl ÁLrko esa

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in ok;lj‚; us ?k¨"k.kk dh Fkh fd M¨fefu;e LVsV~l r¨ Òkjr dh laoS/kkfud Áxfr dk LokÒkfod eqÌk gS v©j oknk fd;k fd lkbeu fji¨VZ ds Ádkf'kr g¨ tkus ij ,d xŸkest lEesYku cqYkk;k tk,xkA futh r©j ij] ok;lj‚; lkbeu vk;¨x ds ÁcYk foj¨/k d¨ ns[krs gq, fnlacj 1928 ls gh ,slh pkYk pY¨ tkus dh ekax dj jgk FkkA ubZ Y¨cj ljdkj ¼twu 1929½ us mlds ÁLrko dk leFkZu fd;k] fdarq vf/kdka'k V¨fj;ä v©j fYkcjYkä d¨ ;g ckr drbZ ilan ugÈ vkbZ] tSlk fd mUgäus ÁLrko ds ckn gkml v‚Q d‚eUl esa gqbZ cgl esa Li"V fd;kA bl cgl ls leLr ;¨tuk dh fo'oluh;rk gh de g¨ xbZA 2 uoacj d¨ xka/kh th] e¨rhYkkYk v©j ekYkoh; us fYkcjYkä ds lkFk bl ÁLrko d¨ Lohdkj dj fYk;k fdarq pkj 'kr¨± ds lkFk % xŸkest lEesYku esa Mksfefu;u LVsV~l ds C;©jä ij cgl g¨] u fd ewYk fl)karä ij ftUgsa fczfV'k ljdkj rqjar Lohdkj dj Y¨rh( dkaÝsal esa dkaxzsl ds Áfrfuf/k cgqla[; gä] v©j ,d vke ekQh rFkk lkekU;r% esYk&feYkki dh uhfr ?k¨f"kr dh tk,A c¨l us bl fnYYkh le>©rs ij gLrk{kj djus ls budkj dj fn;kA tokgjYkkYk us gLrk{kj r¨ dj fn, fdarq 'kh?kz gh mUgsa la'k; güs Ykxk v©j os R;kxi«k nsus dh bPNk ÁdV djus YkxsA t¨ Òh g¨] 23 fnlacj d¨ xka/kh&bjfou ÒsaV esa laf/k&okrkZ VwV xbZ D;äfd ok;lj‚; us 'krs± ekuus ls lkQ budkj dj fn;k FkkA12 dkaxzsl ds Ykkg©j vf/kos'ku ¼fnlacj 1929½ esa tokgjYkkYk us viuk igYkk Ásjd v/;{kh; Òk"k.k fn;kA mUgäus cM+h fnY¨jh ls Lora«krk vkUnŸku ds ,d u, varjkZ"Vªh; ,oa lkekftd :i ls tq>k: ifjÁs{; dh :ijs[kk ÁLrqr dhA ;g ifjÁs{; vc rd dsoYk Fk¨M+s ls okeiaFkh lewgä rd lhfer FkkA ^êSa Li"V :i ls Lohdkj djrk gw¡ fd eSa ,d lektoknh v©j x.kra«koknh gw¡] v©j jktkvä] ujs'kä esa ;k ml O;oLFkk esa esjh d¨bZ vkLFkk ugÈ gS t¨ vk/kqfud v©|¨fxd lezkV mRié djrh gS---A** mUgäus teÈnkj&fdlku&la?k"kZ v©j iwath&Je&la?k"kZ ds lek/kku ds fYk, xka/khth ds fÁ; ^^VªLVhf'ki* fl)kar dh vkYk¨puk dhA c¨l dk ;g oSdfYid ÁLrko fd djä dh vnk;xh rqjar j¨d nh tk,] tgk¡ v©j tc Òh laÒo g¨ vke&gM+rkYä dh tk,¡] v©j lekarj ljdkj cukbZ tk,] vLohdkj g¨ x;kA lcls c<+dj ;g fd ;|fi c¨l v©j tokgjYkkYk] nüä us gh ,sls lfou; voKk vkUnŸku dh dYiuk dh Fkh ftldh pje ifj.kfr vke&gM+rkYkä esa g¨rh] exj r; ;g gqvk fd vkxs mBk, tkus okY¨ dneä ds dk;ZØe dh ;¨tuk vf[kYk Òkjrh; dkaxzsl desVh cuk,xhA bldk vFkZ ;g Fkk fd ;g dk;ZØe xka/khth gh cuk,saxsA bu lc lhekvä ds g¨rs gq, Òh ;g ekuuk iM+sxk

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in fd lalkj ds lcls cM+s mifuos'k esa lkezkT;okn&foj¨/kh vkanŸku vc xq.kkRed :i ls ,d u, pj.k esa Áos'k dj jgk FkkA vkf[kjdkj u, o"kZ dh iwoZ&csYkk esa dkaxzsl us îw.kZ LojkT;* dk ukjk viuk gh fYk;k v©j u dsoYk ôansekrje~* cfYd ^badYkkc ftankckn* ds ukjä ds chp jk"Vªh; frjaxk Ykgjk;k x;kA lanÒZ % 1- '¨[kj ca/kïk/;k;& IYkklh ds foÒktu rd v©j mlds ckn ¼vk/kqfud Òkjr½] v¨fj;aV CY©dLo‚u] 2016] i`0 277 2- lqfer ljdkj& vk/kqfud Òkjr ¼1885&1947½] vuqokn& lq'khYkk M¨ÒkYk] jktdeYk Ádk'ku] u;h fnYYkh] 2010] i`0 36] 37 3- vkj0,Yk0 'kqDYkk& vk/kqfud Òkjr dk bfrgkl ¼Lora«krk ÁkfIr v©j ns'k&foÒktu rd½] fgUnh ek/;e dk;kZUo; funs'kkYk;] fnYYkh fo'ofo|kYk;] 2006] i`0 549 4- ogh] i`0 552] 553 5- fofiupUæ& Òkjr dk Lora«krk la?k"kZ& fganh ek/;e dk;kZUo; funs'kkYk;] fnYYkh fo'ofo|kYk;] 2000] i`0 121 6- vkj0,Yk0 'kqDYkk] mij¨ä] i`0 553 7- fofiupUæ] mij¨ä] i`0 121 8- '¨[kj ca/kïk/;k;] mij¨ä] i`0 278 9- vkj0,Yk0 'kqDYkk] mij¨ä] i`0 791 10- '¨[kj ca/kïk/;k;] mij¨ä] i`0 280 11- ogh] i`0 281] 282 12- lqfer ljdkj] mij¨ä] i`0 302] 303

9 ge ^èkeZfujis{k* gSa ;k ^iaFkfujis{k*\ MkW- d`".k dqekj vflLVsaV çksQslj] jktuhfr'kkL= egkjk.kk çrki ih-th- dkWyst] taxy èkwlM+] xksj[kiqj

‘kks/k Lkkjka’k iaFkfujis{k gksus esa jkT; dks lHkh èkeksZa ls nwj Hkkxus dh ctk; flQZ bruk djuk gS fd og lHkh èkeksZa dk lEeku djsA mls èkeZ&ek= ls fojDr ugha gksuk gS] flQZ bruk djuk gS fd og fdlh iaFk&fo'ks"k ds i{k ;k fojksèk esa u >qdk gksA vxj og fgUnqvksa ds R;ksgkjksa esa fgLlk ysrk gS fdUrq eqlyekuksa ;k bZlkb;ksa ds R;ksgkjksa ls nwj jgrk gS rks og iaFkfujis{k ugha gS] fdUrq vxj og lHkh etgcksa ;k iaFkksa ds R;ksgkjksa esa cjkcj fgLLsnkjh j[krk gS rks og èkeZ ls tqM+dj Hkh iaFkfujis{k cuk jgrk gSA cht ‘kCn /keZfujis{k] iUFkfujis{k] fjyhtu] lSdqyfjTe] vU/kdkj;qx] iqutkZxj.k] bgyksd] ikjykSfdd] dSFkksfyd] tSusfll] loZ/keZ leHkko] rq"Vhdj.k

dqN 'kCn viuh çd`fr esa papy gksrs gSaA pw¡fd mudk dksbZ fuf'pr vFkZ ugha gksrk] blfy, lHkh yksx viuh&viuh lqfoèkk ds vuqlkj muds vFkZ fudkyrs jgrs gSaA 19oha&20oha lnh dh oSf'od jktuhfr us ,sls dbZ 'kCnksa dks tUe fn;k] ftuesa lcls isphnk gS& lSdqyfjTeA vaxzstksa ds gkFkksa baXyS.M ls Hkkjr igq¡ps bl 'kCn dk bLrseky bruh cqjh rjg fd;k x;k gS fd vc bldk dksbZ oLrqfu"B vFkZ cpk gh ugha gSA gj jktuhfrd ny vius&vki dks lPpk lSdqyj ekurk gSA eTks dh ckr ;g gS fd bl lkjs >xM+s esa lSdqyfjT+e 'kCn Hkkjrh; lekt ds fy;s vtwck curk x;k gSA

xkSjryc gS fd ^èkeZfujis{k* vkSj ^iaFkfujis{k* nksuksa 'kCn lSdqyfjTe ds vuqokn gSa vkSj nksuksa ds leFkZdksa dk nkok gS fd mUgha dk vuqokn lgh gSA vuqokn dh çkekf.kdrk le>us dk lgh rjhdk ;gh gS fd igys ewy 'kCn dk vFkZ le> fy;k tk,A lSdqyfjTe dk fopkj loZçFke baXyS.M esa iuik ftldh ,d yEch i`"BHkwfe jgh gSA ogk¡ eè;dky esa èkeZ vR;Ur udkjkRed fdUrq rkdroj :i esa mifLFkr Fkk ftlds dkj.k ml lEiw.kZ nkSj dks ^vUèkdkj ;qx* (Dark Age) dgk tkrk gSA 14oha 'krkCnh esa 'kq: gq, iqutkZxj.k (Renaissance) ds ijorhZ pj.kksa ds :i esa çoapu] èkeZ lqèkkj] oSKkfUkd ØkfUr tSlh çfrfØ;k,¡ vfLrRo esa vkbZa vkSj bl iwjs nkSj esa ;wjksi ds yksxksa dks le> vk;k fd muds fiNM+siu dk ewy dkj.k èkeZ dk t:jr ls T;knk gkoh gksuk gSA vc mUgsa yxus yxk fd muds fy;s ijEijkxr dSFkksfyd èkeZ dh :f<+oknh ekufldrk vkSj ppZ ds opZLo ls eqDr gksuk t:jh gS rkfd os [kqyh gok esa lk¡l ys ldsa] dyk ls ysdj jktuhfr rd ds gj {ks= esa fodkl dh lhf<+;k¡ p<+ ldsaA blh dlelkgV us yEch çfØ;k esa lSdqyfjTe ds fopkj dks tUe fn;kA 16oha 'krkCnh ls ;wjksi ds fpUru esa bl fopkj dh i`"BHkwfe fn[kus yxrh gSA bl 'krkCnh esa bVyh ds fopkjd eSfd;kosyh us igyh ckj lhèks rkSj ij ?kksf"kr fd;k fd jktk dks ppZ ds vèkhu jgus dh t:jr ugha gS] ppZ dks gh jktk ds vèkhu jguk pkfg,A blh 'krkCnh esa Ýkal dk fopkjd thu cksnk¡ Hkh yxHkx ;gh ckr dg jgk FkkA vkxs dh 'krkfCn;ksa esa èkeZ ls eqfDr dk ;g Hkko c<+rk x;k] gkyk¡fd bl nkSj esa èkeZ rFkk ppZ us viuh iwjh rkdr >ksaddj vius

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in vkSj nwljk Fkk pkYlZ czSMykWQA bu nksuksa esa ,dkèk eqís ij erHksn Fkk fdUrq lkekU;r% lSdqyfjTe ds vFkZ dks ysdj lgefr FkhA1 bu fopkjdksa dh jk; esa lSdqyfjTe ds dqN [kkl y{k.k Fks ftudh mifLFkfr esa fdlh O;fDr dks lSdqyj ekuk tk ldrk FkkA igyk y{k.k Fkk fd O;fDr èkeZ ds çfr ;k rks mis{kk cjrs ;k mldk fojksèk djsA gksfyvksd dk ekuuk Fkk fd èkeZ ds çfr mis{kk cjrh tkuh pkfg, tcfd czsMykWQ dk fo'okl Fkk fd mis{kk i;kZIr ugha gS] èkeZ dk fojksèk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A mis{kk dk vFkZ gS fd O;fDr vius thou esa èkeZ ls lEcUèk lekIr dj ysA og u rks mlds çHkko esa jgs vkSj u gh mlds fojksèk esa viuh ÅtkZ [kpZ djsA og bl rjg ft;s fd ekuks èkeZ uke dh dksbZ pht gS gh ughaA bldk O;kogkfjd vFkZ ;g gqvk fd og fdlh Hkh èkkfeZd fo'okl esa vkLFkk j[kus ls cps vkSj dksbZ vuq"Bku ;k deZdk.M u djsA og bl ckr dks le>s fd O;fDr dh fu;fr bZ'oj ugha] Lo;a og r; djrk gSA lSdqyfjTe dk nwljk fo'okl ;g Fkk fd O;fDr dks flQZ bgyksd ;k bl txr~ ij gh viuk è;ku dsfUær djuk pkfg,] fdlh ijyksd ;k bZ'ojh; yksd dh fpUrk ugha djuh pkfg,A xkSjryc gS fd lSdqyfjTe 'kCn ewyr% ySfVu Hkk"kk ds 'kCn ^lSdqye* (Seculam) ls cuk gS ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS& bgyksd ls lEcfUèkrA ;g èkkj.kk ewyr% dSFkksfyd èkeZ ds ml fo'okl ds fo#) gS ftlds rgr bl nqfu;k dks ,d dkjkokl dh rjg ns[kk tkrk gSA ckbfcy dk 'kq#vkrh vè;k; ^tSusfll* dgrk gS fd tc LoxZ esa ,sMe vkSj bZo us bZ'oj dh vkKkvksa dk mYya?ku fd;k rks bZ'oj us n.MLo:i mUgsa i`Foh ij HkstkA gksfyvksd vkSj czSMykWQ dk ekuuk Fkk fd bl ,d vUèkfo'okl us bZlkbZ lekt dks bruk vfèkd uqdlku igq¡pk;k gS fd dbZ vU; ;q) Hkh mruk uqdlku ugha igq¡pk ldsA bl èkkj.kk ds my>u esa iM+dj dSFkksfyd bZlkbZ yxkrkj bgyksd dks [kkfjt djrs jgs vkSj ijyksd dh dYiukvksa esa Mwcs jgs ftldk ifj.kke vUèkdkj ;qx ds :i esa fn[kkA blfy,] lSdqyj gksus dh vfuok;Z 'krZ gS fd O;fDr bgyksd dks gh vfUre lR; ds :i esa Lohdkj djsA gekjk thoudky vkSj Kku lEcUèkh {kerk,¡ csgn lhfer gSa vkSj budh ifjfèk ds Hkhrj jgrs gq, ge dHkh tku gh ugha ldrs fd ijyksd gS ;k ugha\ ftl pht dks tkuk ugha tk ldrk] ml ij le; O;FkZ djuk csdkj gSA le>nkjh blh esa gS fd O;fDr bgyksd dks gh vfUre lR; ekudj ft;sA2

lSdqyfjTe ds leFkZdksa dk rhljk fo'okl ;g gS fd uSfrd fl)kUrksa dks èkeZ ls ugha tksM+k tkuk pkfg,A os èkeZfu"B uSfrdrk dh çfrLi)kZ esa èkeZfujis{k uSfrdrk dh èkkj.kk LFkkfir djrs gSaA lkekU;r% uSfrd&vuSfrd dk QSlyk èkeZ ds vkèkkj ij gksrk vk;k gS vkSj bldk ifj.kke ;g gS fd vyx&vyx èkeksZa dks ekuus okyksa ds chp leku uSfrd fl)kUrksa dh lEHkkouk ugha cu ikrhA eqlyekuksa ds fy, cdjhn eukuk uSfrd gks tkrk gS rks tSfu;ksa ds fy, ePNj dks ekjuk Hkh vuSfrd gSA nwljk uqdlku ;g gS fd èkkfeZd uSfrdrk dbZ ckj vius le; dh t:jrksa ls dVdj :f<+;ksa esas my> tkrh gS vkSj rdZcqf) ds vuqlkj [kqn dks cny ugha ikrhA blfy, vjc ds jsrhys bykds dh vk¡fèk;ksa ls cpus ds fy, cuk;k x;k cqdkZ mu ns'kksa esa Hkh uSfrd fu;e ds uke ij Fkksi fn;k tkrk gS tgk¡ dk Hkwxksy bldh t:jr iSnk ugha djrkA lSdqyfjTe ds leFkZd blds foijhr ,slh uSfrdrk esa fo'okl djrs gSa tks O;fDRk ds vuqHkoksa vkSj rdksZa ij fVdh gks vkSj lekt ds fy, vfèkdre mi;ksfxrk lkèkus esa l{ke gksA3 lSdqyfjTEk ds leFkZdksa dk vfUre fo'okl ;g gS fd euq"; dh fodkl ;k=k foKku ds gkFkksa gh lQy gks ldrh gS] u fd èkeZ ds gkFkksaA ;s fopkjd oSKkfudksa dks çksRlkfgr djrs gSa fd os jkr&fnu vuqlUèkku djds çd`fr ds jgL;ksa dks lqy>k,¡ vkSj ,sls jkLrs [kkstsa ftudh enn ls euq"; dk thou csgrj gks ldsA bu nksuksa 'kCnksa esa vUrj djus okys ^èkeZ* 'kCn ds fofHkUu vFkksZa dks js[kkafdr djrs gSaA mudk nkok gS fd ^èkeZ* 'kCn ^fjyhtu* dk vuqokn ek= u gksdj ,d i`Fkd thou&n`f"V dk ifjpk;d Hkh gS( bu nksuksa dks i;kZ;okph ekuuk ,d cM+h HkzkfUr gSA vaxzsth dk fjyhtu 'kCn nks ewy 'kCnksa Re rFkk ligare ls feydj cuk gS ftldk vFkZ gS euq"; vkSj bZ'oj dk iqu% ,d gks tkukA blds foijhr] èkeZ 'kCn dh dbZ vFkZ Nfo;k¡ gSaA ,d vFkZ esa ;g Hkh fdlh O;fDr ds lEçnk; dks lwfpr dj ldrk gS ¼tSls tSu èkeZ] bLyke èkeZ vkfn½ fdUrq blds ckdh vFkZ T;knk egÙoiw.kZ gSaA lcls egÙoiw.kZ vFkZ og gS ftlesa ;g uSfrdrk ;k LodrZO;ikyu dk lekukFkZd cu tkrk gSA4 èkeZfujis{k vkSj iaFkfujis{k esa vUrj ekuus okys viuk igyk rdZ ;gha ls tqVkrs gSaA mudk rdZ gS fd èkeZ 'kCn dk ewy vFkZ vxj uSfrdrk gS rks èkeZfujis{k gksus dk vFkZ uSfrdrk ls fujis{k gksuk gksxk vkSj dksbZ ew[kZ O;fDRk Hkh bl ckr dk leFkZu ugha djsxkA vr% èkeZfujis{k 'kCn gh xyr gSA lgh 'kCn iaFkfujis{k gS ftldk Hkko gS fd O;fDr dks fofHkUu iaFkksa vFkkZr~ lEçnk;ksa ls fujis{k jguk pkfg,A ljy 'kCnksa esa dgsa

ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in rks O;fDr dks bl ckr ls dksbZ QdZ ugha iM+uk pkfg, fd nwljk O;fDRk fdl etgc dk vuq;k;h gSA ;g çk;% ogh utfj;k gS ftls egkRek xk¡èkh ^loZèkeZ leHkko* dg x, gSaA ^èkeZfujis{k* vkSj ^iaFkfujis{k* esa vUrj dk ,d vkSj vkèkkj Hkh ç;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g vUrj ogh gS ftls dgha&dgha ^ldkjkRed èkeZfujis{krk* vkSj ^udkjkRed èkeZfujis{krk* ds vUrj ds :i esa Hkh le>k;k tkrk gS vkSj ftls Hkkjr ds lqçhe dksVZ us Hkh dqN ekeyksa ¼tSls ^,l-vkj-cksEebZ cuke Hkkjr la?k*] 1994½ esa Lohdkj fd;k gSA bl n`f"V ls ns[ksa rks èkeZfujis{k dk vFkZ gksxk fd jkT; èkeZ dh vksj ls ,dne vk¡[k Qsj ys vFkkZr~ fdlh Hkh èkkfeZd lewg ds lkFk vius lEcUèk u j[ksA nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks jkT; [kqn dks vèkkfeZd lajpuk ds :i esa fodflr djsA blds foijhr] iaFkfujis{k gksus esa jkT; dks lHkh èkeksZa ls nwj Hkkxus dh ctk; flQZ bruk djuk gS fd og lHkh èkeksZa dk lEeku djsA mls èkeZ&ek= ls fojDr ugha gksuk gS] flQZ bruk djuk gS fd og fdlh iaFk&fo'ks"k ds i{k ;k fojksèk esa u >qdk gksA vxj og fgUnqvksa ds R;ksgkjksa esa fgLlk ysrk gS fdUrq eqlyekuksa ;k bZlkb;ksa ds R;ksgkjksa ls nwj jgrk gS rks og iaFkfujis{k ugha gS] fdUrq vxj og lHkh etgcksa ;k iaFkksa ds R;ksgkjksa esa cjkcj fgLLsnkjh j[krk gS rks og èkeZ ls tqM+dj Hkh iaFkfujis{k cuk jgrk gSA xkSjryc gS fd ;gk¡ èkeZfujis{k gksus dk vFkZ gksxk fd jkT; fdlh Hkh èkeZ ;k etgc ds fdlh èkkfeZd d`R; ;k R;ksgkj vkfn esa lgHkkxh ugha gksxk cfYd muls nwj jgsxkA ;fn ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed èkeZfujis{krk dh 'kCnkoyh dks vkèkkj cuk,¡ rks Hkh ;gh lkj fudysxkA udkjkRed èkeZfujis{krk dk vFkZ gS fd jkT; lHkh èkeksZa ;k iaFkksa ls nwjh cukdj jgsxk tcfd ldkjkRed èkeZfujis{krk dk vFkZ gS fd jkT; lHkh èkeksZa dk cjkcj lEeku djsxk] muds mRloksa vkfn esa fcuk fdlh Hksn&Hkko ds cjkcj dh Hkkxhnkjh j[ksxkA5 ge èkeZfujis{k gSa ;k iaFkfujis{k] bl ç'u dk mÙkj O;fDRk] lekt rFkk jkT; ds Lrj ij vyx&vyx gks ldrk gSA ;g fcYdqy t:jh ugha gS fd fdlh ns'k esa rhuksa Lrjksa ij ,d gh mÙkj ykxw gksA O;fDr ds Lrj ij ns[ksa rks og èkeZfu"B Hkh gks ldrk gS vkSj vèkkfeZd HkhA vxj og vèkkfeZd gS ;kuh èkeZ dk çHkko vius thou ij ugha iM+us nsrk rks ge mls èkeZfujis{k dg ldrs gSaA blds foijhr] vxj og vius èkeZ dks ekurk gS fdUrq lkFk gh 'ks"k èkeksZa dks Hkh leku Hkko ls ns[krk gS rks og iaFkfujis{k ;k loZèkeZ leHkko ds utnhd ekuk tkuk pkfg,A rhljh fLFkfr ;g gks ldrh gS fd og vius èkeZ ;k etgc ds çfr xgjh çfrc)rk j[krk gks fdUrq nwljs èkeksZa ;k etgcksa

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ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in ds çfr uQjr ;k mis{kk dk Hkko j[krk gksA ,slh fLFkfr esa mls lkEçnkf;d ekuuk gksxkA ,slk O;fDr u èkeZfujis{k gksxk vkSj u gh iaFkfujis{kA tgk¡ rd Hkkjrh; lekt dh ckr gS] mldh çd`fr iaFkfujis{k ds utnhd gSA Hkkjr esa yEcs le; ls fofHkUu èkeksZa dk lg&vfLrRo dk;e jgk gS vkSj oSeuL; dh fNViqV ?kVukvksa dks NksM+ nsa rks gekjs lekt dk LoHkko fofHkUu èkeksZa dk vknj djus dk jgk gSA ;g lgh gS fd gtkjksa o"kksZa ds bfrgkl esa lkEçnkf;d ruko dh dqN xEHkhj ?kVuk,¡ Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa ekStwn jgh gSa fdUrq ;g Hkh ekuuk gksxk fd mudk vuqikr çk;% vU; ns'kksa esa gq, èkkfeZd la?k"kksZa dh rqyuk esa vR;Ur de jgk gSA pw¡fd Hkkjr ds lkekU; O;fDr dk LoHkko èkkfeZd gS vkSj mls ckdh yksxksa ds èkeksZa ds çfr dksbZ nqjko ugha gS] vr% ;g ekuus esa dksbZ gtZ ugha gS fd iaFkfujis{krk ;k loZèkeZ leHkko gekjs lekt dh ,d cqfu;knh fo'ks"krk gSA fiNys 100 o"kksZa esa dHkh vaxzstksa dh foHkktudkjh uhfr ds dkj.k rks dHkh pqukoh jktuhfr ds dkj.k bl ln~Hkko dks pqukSfr;k¡ feyrh jgh gSa fdUrq fQj Hkh ;g rks ekuuk gh gksxk fd Hkkjr dh vfèkla[; turk iaFkfujis{k LoHkko dh gSA6 vlyh fookn jkT; dks ysdj gSA Hkkjr jkT; èkeZfujis{k gS ;k iaFkfujis{k & blh eqís ij vfèkdka'k cglsa dsfUær jgh gSaA lp ;g gS fd lafoèkku ds cuus ds ckn ls vHkh rd yxkrkj ,d tSlh fLFkfr ugha jgh gSA blfy, vko';d gksxk fd ge lafoèkku cuus ds ckn ds bfrgkl ij utj Mkyrs gq, dksbZ jk; cuk,¡A lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa ds lkeus ;g xEHkhj pqukSrh Fkh fd fofHkUu vYila[;d lewgksa dks ;g fo'okl dSls fnyk,¡ fd Hkkjr esa muds vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk mlh çfrc)rk ds lkFk dh tk;sxh ftl çdkj cgqla[;d fgUnw lekt ds vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk gksxhA bl leL;k dk lekèkku [kkstrs gq, lafoèkku lHkk esa ckj&ckj bl ckr dk ftØ fd;k fd èkeZ ds vkèkkj ij fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa esa dksbZ HksnHkko ugha fd;k tk;sxkA mnkgj.k ds fy,] lafoèkku ds vuqPNsn& 14] 15] 16 esa lekurk ds vfèkdkj dh O;k[;k djrs gq, lkQ 'kCnksa esa dgk x;k gS fd èkeZ ds vkèkkj ij HksnHkko ugha gksxkA blds vykok] vYila[;dksa dks i;kZIr vk'oklu nsus ds fy, vuqPNsn 25&30 esa Hkh fo'ks"k çkoèkku fd;s x;s gSaA vuqPNsn 25&28 ds vUrxZr èkkfeZd LorU=rk dk vfèkdkj vR;Ur O;kid :i esa fn;k x;k gS tks Li"V djrk gS fd Hkkjr ds çR;sd ukxfjd dks vius èkeZ ds vuqlkj thou thus dh iwjh vktknh gksxh vkSj mls dqN ;qfDr&;qDr vkèkkjksa ij gh lhfer fd;k tk ldsxkA vuqPNsn&30 vYila[;dksa dks viuh #fp dh f'k{k.k laLFkk,¡

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LFkkfir djus vkSj pykus dh O;kid NwV nsrk gS rkfd vYila[;dksa dk lkaLd`frd vfLrRo [krjs esa u iM+sA 1978 esa gq, 44osa lafoèkku ¼la'kksèku½ vfèkfu;e ds ckn rks bl vuqPNsn esa ;g çkoèkku Hkh 'kkfey gks x;k gS fd vxj jkT; fdlh vYila[;d leqnk; dh f'k{k.k laLFkk dk vfèkxzg.k djrk gS rks mls cktkj ewY; ij {kfriwfrZ nsxkA xkSjryc gS fd jkT; cgqla[;d leqnk; dh f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa ds lEcUèk esa bl ckè;rk ls eqDr gS vkSj vius foosd ls dqN de jde nsdj Hkh dke pyk ldrk gSA dqN ikfVZ;k¡ bl vuqPNsn dks vkèkkj cukdj çk;% vkjksi yxkrh jgh gSa fd vYila[;dksa dks fo'ks"kkfèkdkj nsuk èkeZfujis{krk ugha cfYd mudk rq"Vhdj.k gS tks fdlh Hkh n`f"V ls mfpr ugha ekuk tk ldrkA bl ç'u ij çk;% dksbZ fopkj ugha djrk fd ;g fooknkLin çkoèkku 44osa la'kksèku ds ekè;e ls mlh le; lafoèkku esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k Fkk tc dsUæ esa turk ikVhZ dh ljdkj Fkh vkSj vkt dh Hkktik Lo;a mlh turk ikVhZ dk ,d fgLlk FkhA7 vxj Hkkjrh; jkT; dk pfj= ns[kdj ;g r; djuk gks fd ge buesa ls fdlds T;knk utnhd gSa rks ;g fu.kZ; djuk vklku ugha gksxkA usg: th ds 'kkludky ds nkSjku çk;% ;g dksf'k'k fn[kkbZ iM+rh Fkh fd jkT; vkSj èkeZ ds chp nwjh cuh jguh pkfg,] gkyk¡fd ml le; Hkh jk"Vªifr jktsUæ çlkn lfgr dbZ yksx bu nksuksa ds chp lkeatL; cuk;s j[kus ds i{kèkj FksA bfUnjk xk¡èkh ds 'kkludky esa Hkh çk;% ;gh èkkj.kk cuh jgh vkSj 'kk;n blh dk vlj Fkk fd os iatkc dh leL;k ds lekèkku ds fy, Lo.kZ efUnj esa lsuk Hkstus tSlk dBksj QSlyk dj ldhaA ckn dh ljdkjksa dk #>ku dqN

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ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in dks viukus ls leL;k ugha jgh gS] gkyk¡fd fNViqV :i ls ;g dksf'k'k t:j fn[krh gS fd jkT; lHkh èkkfeZd lewgksa dks cjkcj lEeku ns] muds chp HksnHkko u djsA bl n`f"V ls ;gh ekuuk gksxk fd gekjk jkT; iaFkfujis{krk ds T;knk utnhd gS]

èkeZfujis{krk ds ughaA8 vfUre ckr ;g gS fd vHkh Hkh Hkkjr dks viuh iaFkfujis{krk ds Lrj ij cgqr yEch ;k=k iwjh djuh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] fofHkUu èkeksZa ds vuq;kf;;ksa ds fy, leku flfoy lafgrk dk u gksuk iaFkfujis{k syus iM+rs gSa fd os la;ksx ls ,d ,sls èkeZ esa iSnk gqbZa tks mUgsa cjkcjh ugha nsrk vkSj gekjk jkT; Hkh bl ç'u ij blfy, ekSu cuk jgrk gS fd dgha fdlh oksV cSad esa njkj u vk tk,A blh çdkj] fofHkUu etgcksa ds lkEçnkf;d yksx ftl rjg ls [kqysvke uQjr Hkjh vfHkO;fDr;k¡ djrs gSa vkSj Hkkjrh; jkT; mUgsa pqipki ns[krk jgrk gS] og Hkh cnkZ'r djus yk;d ckr ugha gSA fiNys dqN le; esa ;g ço`fÙk c<+h gS vkSj xksekal dh >wBh vQokgksa ds uke ij gh dqN vYila[;dksa dks tku ls gkFk èkksuk iM+k gSA ,sls ekeyksa esa viuk lSdqyj pfj= cpk, j[kus ds fy, Hkkjrh; jkT; dks dqN dBksj dne mBkus gksaxs vkSj uje jkT; (Soft State) dh Nfo ls eqDr gksuk gksxkA lUnHkZ&lzksr% 1- ukjax] ,-,l-] ^Hkkjr esa yksdra= % leL;k,¡ ,oa pqukSfr;k¡* 2- vk'khokZne~] ,Mh-] ^jktuhfr foKku*] ,l- pUn ifCyds'ku] fnYyh 2000 3- lsu] veR;Z] ^Hkkjrh; vFkZrU=] bfrgkl vkSj laLd`fr*] jktiky çdk'ku] fnYyh] 2005 4- bf.M;k] 2019 5- bdkWukWfed ikWfyfVdy ohdyh 6- y{ehdkUr] ,e-] ^Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk* 7- ikenÙk] jtuh] bf.M;k VqMs 8- [kku] j'khmíhu] ^yksdrU=*] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh] fnYyh] 2000

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10 caxky ls fcgkj foHkktu MkW- dqekjh fiz;adk vfrfFk izoDrk] txne dkWyst] Nijk] fcgkj

‘kks/k Lkkjka’k fcgkj ds i`FkDdj.k ds fy, yxHkx nks n'kdksa ls lq;ksX; usr`Ro ds v/khu muds eapksa ls ,d l'kDr vkUnksyu py jgk Fkk rFkk caxkfy;ksa ds yk[k iz;kl ds ckotwn Hkh bl tu&tkxj.k dh /kkjk dks vo:) dj ikuk vlEHko izrhr gksus yxkA nwljh rjQ mM+hlk esa Hkh caxky fojks/kh tuer dk izknqHkkZo gks pqdk FkkA vr% caxkfy;ksa dks ekufld :Ik ls fcgkj ds i`FkDdj.k ds fy;s rS;kj gksus ds vfrfjDr vU; dksbZ Hkh fodYi u Fkk ijUrq bldh {kfriwfrZ ds fy, mUgksaus caxky ds nksuksa Hkkxksa ds iqufeZyu dh ekax dhA blh chp ljdkj dks Hkh vius fopkj cnyus ds fy, foo'k gksuk iM+kA 1857 dk oQknkj caxky fuf'pr :Ik ls jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu esa dwn pqdk Fkk rFkk fonzksg dh fpuxkjh iwjs ns'k esa QSykus dks m)`r gks jgk FkkA cht ‘kCn lkezkT;okn] jk"Vªokn] fgalkRed dkjokbZ;ka] lfg".kqrk] tu&tkxj.k] i`Fkddj.k] 'kS{kf.kd] vkfFkZd rFkk jktuSfrd fodkl

1906 ls 1911 rd dk Hkkjrh; bfrgkl jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ds fy;s izfl) gSaA caxky ds foHkktu ds ckn Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh;rk dh ygj mBh rFkk ns'k esa Lons'kh vkUnksyu rFkk LojkT; ds fy;s la?k"kZ izkjEHk gks x;kA bu vkUnksyuksa esa fo'ks"kr% caxky ds Ldwyksa ds fo|kFkhZ Hkh lfEefyr gksus yxsA y{; dh izkfIr ds fy, fgalkRed dk;Z Hkh gksus yxsA fons'kh lkezkT;okn ds mUewyu ds fy, foLQksVdksa ,oa fglkRed vL=&'kL=ksa dk iz;ksx gksus yxkA flQZ caxky esa 557 ls Hkh vf/kd fgalkRed dkjokbZ;ka gqbZA1 caxky esa fgUnqvksa vkSj eqLkyekuksa ds chp ruko dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks xbZA b/kj

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ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in fcgkj esa Hkh foIyo ds fpUg izdV gksus yxsA 30 vizSy] 1908 dks eqt¶Qjiqj esa ,d ce foLQksV gqvk ftlesa nks ;wjksfi;u ekjs x;s2A fcgkj ds bfrgkl esa bl vof/k dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA blh vof/k esa fcgkj caxky ls i`Fkd dj fn;k x;kA 1908 esa fcgkj ds bfrgkl esa ,d viwoZ ?kVuk ?kVhA fcgkj dks i`Fkd djus ds vkUnksyu ds bfrgkl esa ,slh ?kVuk,a cgqr de gh ?kfVr gqbZ FkhaA ml le; caxky ds jkT;iky Ýstj Fks tks fcgkfj;ksa ds izfr vR;Ur gh lgkuqHkwfr'khy FksA vius dk;Zdky dh vof/k lekIr djus ds ckn tc os baXySaM ykSVus yxs rks mUgsa dqN fnu vkSj dk;ZHkkj lEHkkyus ds fy, fgUnw&eqlyekuksa us gLrk{kj vfHk;ku izkjEHk dj fn;k] ijUrq jkT;iky ds vuqjks/k ij bls jksd fn;k x;kA var esa 14 vxLr 1908 dks fcgkj ySaM gksYMlZ ,lksf'k,lu] fcgkj izkarh; la?k] fcgkj izkUrh; eqfLye yhx vkfn dh rjQ ls ,d la;qDr izfrfuf/k eaMy us jkT;iky dks ,d vkosnu fn;k ftlesa ;g Li"V dj fn;k x;k fd mi;qZDr vkosnu uez rFkk oQknkj gksus ds lkFk&lkFk /keZ] tkfr] oxZ rFkk leqnk; fujis{k gSA bls iwjs fcgkj dh gkfnZd vfHkO;fDr ds :Ik esa ekuk tkuk pkfg,A ,d ckr vkSj Li"V dj nh xbZ fd mÙkj Hkkjr esa fcgkj gh ,d ,slk LFkku gS tgka fgUnw ;k eqfLye lEiznk;okn tSlh dksbZ tfVy leL;k ugha gSA ;gka ds fgUnw&eqlyeku ikjLifjd lfg".kqrk rFkk ,drk esa fo'okl djrs gSa rFkk muds usrk Hkh izse ls jgdj lkoZtfud fgrksa ds fy, dke djrs gSaA bu oDrO;ksa ds lkFk buyksxksa us viuh O;Fkkvksa] vkdka{kkvksa rFkk vko';drkvksa dh ,d lwph muds le{k is'k dhA mudh ekax Fkh fd jkT;iky&ifj"kn~ esa fcgkj dk izfrfuf/kRo c<+k;k tk;A ;g cM+s [ksn dh ckr gS fd fVusUlh ,DV ds la'kks/ku ds le; ,d Hkh fcgkjh ifj"kn~ esa ugh FkkA fcgkj ds i`FkDdj.k ds fy, yxHkx nks n'kdksa ls lq;ksX; usr`Ro ds v/khu muds eapksa ls ,d l'kDr vkUnksyu py jgk Fkk rFkk caxkfy;ksa ds yk[k iz;kl ds ckotwn Hkh bl tu&tkxj.k dh /kkjk dks vo:) dj ikuk vlEHko izrhr gksus yxkA nwljh rjQ mM+hlk esa Hkh caxky fojks/kh tuer dk izknqHkkZo gks pqdk FkkA vr% caxkfy;ksa dks ekufld :Ik ls fcgkj ds i`FkDdj.k ds fy;s rS;kj gksus ds vfrfjDr vU; dksbZ Hkh fodYi u Fkk ijUrq bldh {kfriwfrZ ds fy, mUgksaus caxky ds nksuksa Hkkxksa ds iqufeZyu dh ekax dhA blh chp ljdkj dks Hkh vius fopkj cnyus ds fy, foo'k gksuk iM+kA 1857 dk oQknkj caxky fuf'pr :Ik ls jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu esa dwn pqdk Fkk rFkk fonzksg dh fpuxkjh iwjs ns'k esa QSykus dks m)`r gks jgk FkkA b/kj 1857 ds

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ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in fonzksg ls fcgkj esa cgqr cM+k ifjorZu gks x;k FkkA blus fonzksg ds ekxZ dk ifjR;kx djus dk Lokax rks fuf'pr :Ik ls dj gh fn;k FkkA vr% ljdkj dks lkspuk iM+k fd ;fn fcgkj dks i`Fkd ugha fd;k x;k rks [krjk Fkk fd fcgkj iqu% fonzksg ds ekxZ ij tk [kM+k gksxkA ljdkj ds gkFkksa ls caxky lnk ds fy, fudy pqdk FkkA blfy,] mldh yksyqi vka[ks fcgkj ij vk fVdh FkhaA ij [krjk Fkk fd ;fn fcgkj dks Lora= izkUr dk :Ik u fn;k x;k rks {kksHk dh ygj fonzksg rFkk jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dh fpUxkjh esa ifj.kr gks tk;sxhA ;fn ,slk ugha Hkh gqvk rks fonzksgh caxky ds lkFk jgrs&jgrs dgha fcgkj dks Hkh jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dh yiVsa u idM+ ysaA bu [krjksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj 1911 rd ljdkj us fcgkj dks ,d i`Fkd izkar cukus dk fu.kZ; dj fy;kA vr% vxLr] 1911 esa ljdkj us lsØsVªh vkWQ LVsV dks fy[kk fd fcgkj ds yksx vR;ar gh cfy"B rFkk jktHkDr gSa rFkk os caxky ls i`Fkd gksuk pkgrs gSaA caxky ds foHkkktu ds le; fcgkj ds yksxksa us bldks i`Fkd djus ds fy, tku&cw>dj vkUnksyu ugha 'kq: fd;k Fkk D;ksafd os ljdkj ds fojks/k esa caxkfy;ksa dk lkFk ugha nsuk pkgrs FksA gky esa fcgkj esa cM+k tkxj.k gqvk rFkk mudks fo'okl gks x;k fd tc rd fcgkj dks caxky ls i`Fkd ugha dj fn;k tk; rc rd mudk fodkl ugha gksxkA ;g fodkl la?k"kZewyd gks ldrk gSA vr% caxky ls fcgkj dks i`Fkd dj vc mudks vfHkfyfIlr rFkk LoLFk /;s; dk iw.kZ djus dk viwoZ volj vk x;k gSA3 bl i= dk baXySaM esa vPNk izHkko gqvk rFkk bldh Lohd`fr fey xbZA 12 fnlEcj] 1911 ds fnYyh njckj esa ljdkj us ?kks"k.kk dh fd fcgkj] mM+hlk rFkk NksVkukxiqj dks caxky ls i`Fkd fd;k tkrk gSA 1 vizSy] 1912 ls fczfV”k Hkkjr ds ekufp= ij fcgkj uked ,d i`Fkd izkar vfLrRo esa vk x;kA caxky ds usrk fcgkj dks i`Fkd gksus ls lger ugha Fks ftlds dkj.k bl vkanksyu dks vaxzsth 'kklu ls y{;&flf) ds fy, lgk;rk ysuh iM+hA bl lEcU/k esa ;g Hkh tkuuk vko';d gS fd fcgkj ds 'kS{kf.kd] vkfFkZd rFkk jktuSfrd fodkl ds fy, cgqr de iz;kl gksrk FkkA bldk iw.kZ nkf;Ro fons'kh ljdkj ij Fkk tks viuh lkezkT;oknh flf) ds fy, Hksn&Hkko dh uhfr dk lgkjk ysrh FkhA blds fy, caxkfy;ksa dks vf/kd nks"kh ugha Bgjk;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd ljdkjh uhfr&fuekZ.k esa mudh Hkh dksbZ iwN ugha FkhA ij bruk rks lR; gS fd caxky ds usrk fcgkfj;ksa dh ekax dk fojks/k dj jktuhfrd vnwjnf'kZrk dk ifjp; ns jgs FksA

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ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in lanHkZ xzaFk lwph %& 1- dSfEczt fgLVªh vkSj bafM;k] Hkkx& 3] i`- 252&53 2- ogha] i`- 552 3- lsØsVªh vkWQ LVsV dks 25 vxLr] 1911 esa bl vk'k; dk i= Hkkjrh; fczfV'k ljdkj us fy[kkA

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12 e/;dkyhu fcgkj dk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl % ,d fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u MkW- jkfxuh nhi vflLVsaV izksQslj] bfrgkl foHkkx vkn'kZ dkWyst] ?kSyk<&thoNiqj] e/skiqjk] ch-,u- eaMy fo'ofo|ky;] e/ksiqjk

‘kks/k Lkkjka’k laLdkj fgUnw jhfr&fjoktksa rFkk thou esa fuR; rFkk uSfefÙkd] /kkfeZd fØ;kvksa esa vkrs FksA e/;dkyhu fcgkj esa fuokflr yksxksa dk fo'okl Fkk fd laLdkj O;fDr ds 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld nks"kksa dks nwj djds vkfRed mUufr dk iFk&izn'kZu djrk gSA rRdkyhu lkaLÑfrd thou dh ijEijk dks v{kq..k cuk, j[kus esa laLdkj rFkk blh izdkj ds vU; jhfr&fjoktksa ,oa vuq"Bkuksa dh Hkwfedk fcgkj ds fgUnw ,oa eqfLye nksuksa lektksa esa egRoiw.kZ FkhA os nSoh; 'kfDr;ksa dks izlUu djds euksokafNr Qy izkIr dj ldus esa leFkZ gksus ds fy, Hkh jhfr&fjoktksa dk ikyu djrs FksA fgUnw lekt esa czkã.k tkfr ds yksx laLdkj ij vf/kd è;ku nsrs FksA tcfd jktiwr] oS'; ,oa fuEu tkfr ds yksx ml ek=k esa laLdkj ij è;ku ugha nsrs FksA ^xHkkZ/kku laLdkj* ls ysdj ^vUR;sf"V laLdkj* rd O;fDr ds 'kjhj dks /kkfeZd vuq"Bkuksa ds ekè;e ls ifo= djus dh ijEijk FkhA cht ‘kCn laLdkj] jhfr&fjokt] uSfefÙkd] vuq"Bku] xHkkZ/kku laLdkj] vUR;sf"V laLdkj

e/;dkyhu fcgkj ds lekt esa vusd izdkj ds jhfr&fjokt ,oa laLdkj izpfyr Fks] ftldk foLr`r fooj.k vy&fc#uh dh jpuk Hkkjr esa fn;k x;k gS % fgUnw ,oa eqfLye lekt ds tUe] fookg] o.kZ] ewfrZ&iwtk] osn iqjk.k] xf.kr] T;ksfr"k] [kxksy”kkL=] vkRek] iqutZUe] e`R;q] laLdkj rFkk vU; vuq"Bkuksa ls lacaf/kr O;k[;k dh xbZ gSSA1 blds vk/kkj ij rRdkyhu lkekftd&lkaLd`frd fLFkfr dk fooj.k dkQh izekf.kd Lo#i esa izkIr gksrk gSA eqfLye lekt ds laLdkj fgUnw lekt ds laLdkjksa

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ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in ls dqN fHkUu FksA vè;;u ls Li"V gksrk gS fd fgUnw lkekftd thou dk vk/kkj o.kkZJe /keZ FkkA mlh izdkj eqfLye lkekftd thou dk vk/kkj Hkh cgqr gn rd /kkfeZd ,oa tkfrxr jgk FkkA laLÑfr ds vuq:i O;fDr ds vkpj.k ds fy, mldks cpiu ls gh rnuq:i O;ogkj dh f'k{kk nh tkrh FkhA bl lanHkZ esa ,0 ,y0 ck'ke us viuh iqLrd vn~Hkqr Hkkjr esa izkphu dky ls izpfyr fgUnw lekt ds lkaLd`frd i{kkas o laLdkjksa dk foLr`r fooj.k fn;k gSA ^xHkkZ/kku laLdkj* ls ysdj ^vUR;sf"V laLdkj* rd O;fDr ds 'kjhj dks /kkfeZd vuq"Bkuksa ds ekè;e ls ifo= fd;k tkrk FkkA2 fgUnw lekt esa czkã.k tkfr ds yksx ^laLdkj* ij vf/kd è;ku nsrs Fks] tcfd jktiwr] oS'; ,oa fuEu tkfr ds yksx ml ek=k esa laLdkj ij è;ku ugha nsrs FksA e/;dkyhu mRrj fcgkj ds eSfFky czkã.kksa esa laLdkjksa ij vf/kd tksj fn;k x;k] ftl dkj.k muds e/; #f<+okfnrk ,oa deZdk.Mksa dk fo”ks"k izpyu jgk] budh rqyuk esa nf{k.k fcgkj dh izo`fr mnkjoknh jghA3 laLdkj /kkfeZd vuq"Bku ,oa HkkokRed vfHkO;atuk dk lkdkj :i gksus ds dkj.k thou esa cgqr egRo j[krk FkkA eqfLye lekt esa Hkh laLdkj muds /kkfeZd fopkjksa ,oa Hkkoukvksa dks ifjyf{kr djkrk FkkA laLdkj fgUnw jhfr&fjoktksa rFkk thou esa fuR; rFkk uSfefÙkd /kkfeZd fØ;kvksa esa vkrs FksA laLdkjksa dk izFke mís'; /kkfeZd FkkA fcgkj esa fuokflr yksxksa dk fo'okl Fkk fd laLdkj O;fDr ds 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld nks"kksa dks nwj djds vkfRed mUufr dk iFk&izn'kZu djrk gSA fgUnw czkã.kksa us ;g Li"V fd;k Fkk fd xHkkZ/kku laLdkj] tkr deZ] eqaMu] miu;u vkfn laLdkjksa ls czkã.k] {kf=; rFkk oS'; ds cht vkSj xHkZ ds nks"k u"V gks tkrs gSaA4 rRdkyhu laLÑr lkfgR; ds vè;;u ,oa fo'ys"k.k ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd osn] xhrk ,oa jkek;.k i<+uk] ozr j[kuk] gkse] f=fo|k ¼Kku] deZ] mikluk½] iwtk] iwrksRifÙk] iap egk;K ,oa ;K bR;kfn dk;Z lEiUu fd, tkrs FksA blls czkã.kksa dh izHkqrk cuh jgrh FkhA fgUnw lekt esa laLdkjksa dk egRo vusd n`f"Vdks.kksa ls dkQh vf/kd FkkA laLdkjksa ds ckjs esa fo}kuksa us Li"V fd;k gS fd budk mís'; ,sfrgkfld ijEijk dks cuk, j[kuk FkkA ;s orZeku dks vrhr ls tksM+us dk dke djrs FksA lkekU;r;k O;fDr laLdkjksa dk ikyu ;k vuq"Bku bl Hkkouk ls izsfjr gksdj djrk gS fd mlds iwoZt Hkh ,slk djrs FksA rRdkyhu lkaLÑfrd thou dh ijEijk dks v{kq..k cuk, j[kus ds laLdkj rFkk blh izdkj ds vU; jhfr&fjoktksa ,oa vuq"Bkuksa dh Hkwfedk fcgkj ds fgUnw ,oa eqfLye nksuksa lektksa esa egRoiw.kZ FkhA os nSoh; 'kfDr;ksa

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ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in dks izlUu djds euksokafNr Qy izkIr dj ldus esa leFkZ gksus ds fy, Hkh jhfr&fjoktksa dk ikyu djrs FksA fu%lUnsg Hkkjr ds vU; {ks=ksa esa jgusokys fgUnqvksa dh Hkk¡fr fcgkjoklh fgUnw Hkh eqlyekuksa dh rqyuk esa ikjykSfdd 'kfDr;ksa esa vf/kd fo'okl j[krs FksA os nSoh; 'kfDr;ksa ls dY;k.k dh dkeuk djrs FksA lkekU; thou esa O;fDr nsoh&nsorkvksa ,oa ijekRek ds izfr J)k j[krk Fkk vkSj mikluk djrk FkkA lqeusj rFkk dsyj us rRdkyhu laLdkj ,oa blh izdkj ds jhfr&fjoktksa ds laca/k esa fy[kk gS fd budk iz;ksx lqj{kkRed n`f"Vdks.k ls gksrk FkkA vkn'kkZRed n`f"V ls ;g fopkj de egRo j[krk Fkk] ijUrq lkekU; thou esa og nsoh&nsorkvksa ,oa ijekRek ds izfr viuh J)k ,oa mikluk laLdkjksa ds fy, fd, tkus okys deZdkaMksa ds ekè;e ls izLrqr djrk FkkA ;s jhfr&fjokt /kkfeZd n`f"V ls O;fDr ds 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld 'kqf) djds mls yksd ,oa ijyksd nksuksa esa lq[k dh izkfIr dh ;ksX;rk iznku djrs FksA vy&fc#uh us e/;dkyhu Hkkjr ds varxZr {ks=h; i{kksa ds lkFk pkj osnksa] iqjk.k] Le`fr&xzaFk ,oa vU; izdkj ds ns”kh; lkfgR; ds Åij foLrkj ls ppkZ djrs gq, e/;dkyhu lkekftd vo/kkj.kkvksa dk fp=.k fd;k gSA5 e/;dkyhu 'kkL=&lw= esa laLdkjksa dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gS& igyk czã rFkk nwljk nSoA czã laLdkj os Fks] tks Le`fr;ksa esa xHkkZ/kku vkfn uke ls tkus tkrs FksA ijUrq nsorkvksa vkfn dks ;Kksa ds ekè;e ls gfo.k nsus okys laLdkjksa dks ^^nso** laLdkj dgk tkrk FkkA laLdkjksa dk oxhZdj.k ,d vU; vk/kkj ij Hkh fd;k tkrk FkkA izFke] vfuok;Z laLdkj ,oa f}rh; vuqxzgh laLdkjA vko';d laLdkjksa esa tkr deZ] miu;u] fookg ,oa vUR;sf"V laLdkj vkrs FksA vko';d laLdkj fgUnw ,oa eqfLye nksuksa lektksa esa fo|eku FkkA miu;u laLdkj rRdkyhu czkã.kksa ds fy, vfuok;Z FkkA ysfdu ;g laLdkj eqfLye lekt esa izpyu esa ugha FkkA vU; laLdkj vuqxzgh Fks] tks ekrk&firk cPpksa ds dY;k.k ds fy, ,oa O;fDr cM+s gksus ij yksd ,oa ijyksd esa lq[kh gksus ds fy, djrs FksA czkã.k tkfr ds lHkh laLdkj osn ea=ksa ds mPpkj.k ds lkFk izk;% iqjksfgr }kjk laiUu fd, tkrs FksA 'kqnzksa ds laLdkj esa osn ea=ksa dk iz;ksx izk;% ux.; gh FkkA rRdkyhu lekt esa 'kwnzksa dk miu;u laLdkj ugha gksrk FkkA rRdkyhu lkfgR; ds vè;;u ,oa fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gksrk gS fd fcgkj esa fuokflr vf/kdka'k 'kwnzksa dk tkr deZ] ukedj.k] vUuizk'ku ,oa pwM+kdj.k vkfn laLdkjksa esa osnea=ksa dk O;ogkj ugha fd;k tkrk FkkA bu laLdkjksa esa vf/kd jkSud gksrk Fkk rFkk lk/kkj.k iwtk&ikB ds ckn gh bldks laiUu fd;k tkrk FkkA

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rRdkyhu fcgkj ds bfrgkl ds voyksdu ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ml le; fgUnw lekt esa fofHkUu izdkj ds laLdkj ik, tkrss Fks- 18 'kjhj laca/kh ,oa 18 ;K laca/khA tUe ls ysdj e`R;q rd ,sls laLdkjksa dks laiUu fd, tkus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA bl rjg ds laLdkj dsoy fgUnw lekt esa gh izpfyr ugha Fks] cfYd eqfLye lekt esa Hkh tUe ls ysdj e`R;q rd ,sls laLdkjksa dk izpyu FkkA ;|fi laLdkjksa dh la[;k dks ysdj fo}kuksa esa erfHkUurk gSA ijUrq dqN ,sls laLdkj Fks] ftldk ikyu ml le; fcgkj ds fuoklh djrs FksA muesa eq[; Fks— xHkkZ/kku] tkr deZ] ukedj.k] vUuizk'ku] pwM+kdeZ] d.kZHksnu] miu;u] fo|kjEHk] fookg ,oa vUR;sf"V vkfnA laLdkjksa dk laca/k /kkfeZd vuq"Bkuksa ,oa deZdkaMksa ls gksus ds dkj.k budh iwfrZ esa ,d fof'k"V izfØ;k dk lgkjk ysuk iM+rk FkkA bl izfØ;k esa lkekU;r;k nsoh&nsorkvksa dk iwtu ,oa iqjksfgr dk gksuk vko';d gksrk FkkA Hkkjrh; /keZ'kkL=ksa ds vuqlkj ;fn deZdkaM esa deh gksrh Fkh] rks mls iki le>k tkrk FkkA xHkkZ/kku vFkok prqfFkZdeZ ;k ^_rq lekxe laLdkj* dk rRdkyhu lkfgR; esa mYys[k feyrk gSA lkekU;r;k bl laLdkj dk lekt esa tks :i Fkk] og ;g Fkk fd fookgksijkUr yM+ds dk daxu [kksyk tkrk Fkk vkSj mlh fnu lqgkxjkr eukbZ tkrh FkhA ysfdu bl izdkj ds laLdkj dk izpyu izk;% fgUnw lekt esa mPp tkfr ds ifjokjksa esa gh lhfer FkkA fuEu tkfr ds ifjokjksa esa bldk izpyu cgqr gh de FkkA ^tkrdeZ laLdkj* cPps ds iSnk gksus ds le; fd;k tkrk FkkA bldh lkaLdkfjd izfØ;k dk mYys[k vR;ar izkphu dky ls gh feyrk gSA lkekU;r;k ;g cPps ds mRiUu gksus ds ckn cPps ds firk ds }kjk djk;k tkrk FkkA cPps dk firk mldh thHk esa lksus ds 'ykdk ls ^^Å¡** fy[kdj mlds dku esa ^^osnks·fl** dgrk FkkA blds i'pkr gkse bR;kfn laiUu fd;k tkrk Fkk] ftlds }kjk 'kqHk 'kfDr;ksa dks izlUu fd;k tkrk FkkA fcgkj esa czkã.k] {kf=; ,oa dk;LFk tkfr ds ifjokjksa esa bl laLdkj dk ikyu fd;k tkrk FkkA ml le; fuEu tkfr] oS'; ,oa vU; O;olk;h oxZ ds yksx bl laLdkj dk ikyu ugha djrs FksA ;g izk;% mPp tkfr;ksa rFkk lqlaLÑr ifjokjksa rd gh lhfer FkkA fuEu tkfr ds vf/kdka'k ifjokjksa esa cPps ds tUe ds ckn ^NBh* eukus dh ijaijk dk mYys[k feyrk gSA ^NBh* ds volj ij vkSjrsa izk;% xkuk&ctkuk ,oa jkf= tkxj.k djrh FkhA dgha&dgha gou bR;kfn Hkh fd;k tkrk FkkA ;fn yM+dk mRiUu gksrk Fkk rks izk;% yksx bl volj ij Hkkst dk izca/k fd;k djrs FksA bl laLdkj dk izpyu dqyhu ,oa laiUu ifjokjksa esa Hkh FkkA bl laca/k esa vcqy Qty us

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Hkh fy[kk gS% ^^;fn fgUnw efgyk yxkrkj iqf=;ksa dks tUe nsrh Fkh rks mls izk;f”pr djuk iMrk FkkA^^6 rRdkyhu fcgkj esa ûkedj.k laLdkj* ij vR;f/kd cy fn;k tkrk FkkA ûkedj.k laLdkj* izk;% tUe ds 11osa] 21osa ;k 101osa fnu laiUu fd;k tkrk FkkA izk;% ûkedj.k laLdkj* fcgkj ds czkã.kksa ,oa ijEijkokfn;ksa ds ;gk¡ gou vkfn djds T;ksfr"kh dh lgk;rk ls fd;k tkrk FkkA bl jhfr dk ikyu vf/kdrj fcgkj ds czkã.k] {kf=; ,oa dk;LFk tkfr ds ifjokjksa esa fd;k tkrk FkkA fuEu tkfr ds ifjokjksa esa vke rkSj ij ;g jhfr Fkh fd tUe ds ckn gh ?kj ds cM+s&cqtqxZ ;k o`) efgyk,¡ cPps dk uke j[k nsrh FkhA mlh uke ls og cPpk iqdkjk tkrk FkkA fcgkj dh tutkfr;ksa ds chp vkt Hkh ,sls mnkgj.k ns[ks tkrs gSaA ^vUuizk'ku laLdkj* rRdkyhu lekt ds lHkh tkfr ,oa oxZ ds yksxksa ds chp izpfyr FkkA tUe ds ckn NBs eghus ckyd dk vUuizk'ku djk;k tkrk Fkk A ^vUuizk'ku laLdkj* esa vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds vuqlkj ekrk&firk [kpZ djrs FksA ^pqM+kd.kZ laLdkj* dks ds'kksPNsnu] pkSyk vFkok êqaMu laLdkj* Hkh dgk tkrk FkkA bl laLdkj dk ikyu rRdkyhu lekt esa izk;% lHkh oxZ ds yksx djrs FksA bl laLdkj ds vuq"Bku ds Øe esa xHkZ ds cky dVok, tkrs FksA ;g laLdkj cPps ds igys ;k rhljs o"kZ esa djk;k tkrk FkkA laiUu ifjokj esa vU; /kkfeZd izfØ;kvksa— gkse] czãHkkst vkfn ds vfrfjDr bl ckr ij Hkh è;ku fn;k tkrk Fkk fd cPps dk cky bl rjg Qsadk tk; fd fdlh dks izkIr ugha gks ldsA cky dkVrs le; mls vkVs dh jksVh ;k yksbZ esa ,df=r dj fdlh rkykc ;k unh esa izokfgr dj fn;k tkrk FkkA tcfd fuEu tkfr ds yksx tSls& pekj] nqlk/k] Mkse] HkqbZ;k¡] /kksch] gtke vkfn o"kZ dh ikcanh ugha ekurs Fks rFkk tc cPpk dqN pyus yxrk Fkk rks mldk eqaMu djok nsrs FksA êqaMu laLdkj* nso LFkku ;k eafnjksa esa Hkh djk, tkus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA lkekU;r;k fgUnw lekt ds lHkh tkfr esa bldk izpyu ns[kus dks feyrk gSA fL=;ksa ds fy, ^d.kZHksnu laLdkj* dks izk;% lHkh fgUnw tkfr ds yksx ekurs FksA fcgkj ds uxjksa esa ,oa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa fuokl djusokys lHkh tkfr ds yksx viuh yM+fd;ksa ds dku fNnokrs FksA ysfdu yM+dksa ds dku fNnokus ¼d.kZ Hksn½ dh jhfr lHkh ds ;gk¡ izpfyr ugha FkhA mPp tkfr ds ifjokjksa esa ;g jhfr ikbZ tkrh FkhA bl volj ij iwtk] gou ds mijkar ukd] dku dk Nsnu fd;k tkrk FkkA mPp tkfr ds yksx yM+dh dh mez ik¡p o"kZ ls vf/kd gksus ij mlds dku ;k ukd fNnokrs FksA

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ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in lqukj tkfr ds yksx bl fØ;k dks laiUu djrs FksA blds fy, xjhc ,oa fuEu tkfr ds yksx ifjokj esa fo'ks"k vk;kstu ugha djrs FksA blds fy, fuEu tkfr ds ifjokjksa esa fo'ks"k vk;kstu ugha fd;k tkrk FkkA os viuh bPNkuqlkj vkSj lqfo/kkuqlkj yM+fd;ksa ds dku ,oa ukd dk Nsnu djok ysrs FksA gesa ,slk mnkgj.k feyrk gS fd fookg ds iwoZ izk;% lHkh yM+fd;ksa ds dku ,oa ukd fNnk jgrk FkkA ^fo|kjEHk laLdkj* dk mYys[k rRdkyhu lHkh /keZ'kkL=ksa esa ugha feyrk gSA fQj Hkh] rRdkyhu lekt esa bldk izpyu FkkA ;g laLdkj [kkldj lekt ds mPp oxZ ds ifjokjksa esa euk, tkus dk izpyu FkkA fo'ks"kdj] czkã.k] {kf=; ,oa dk;LFk ifjokjksa esa bldk izpyu FkkA pw¡fd fuEu tkfr ds xjhc ifjokj lk/kkj.kr% vf'kf{kr gksrs Fks] vr% muds ifjokj esa ^fo|kjEHk laLdkj* eukus dh ijEijk ugha FkhA vf/kdka'k yksd LFkkuksa ij bls ^iêh iwtu* Hkh dgk tkrk FkkA blesa ^ljLorh iwtu* dk vf/kd izpyu ,oa egRo FkkA ekrk] firk vFkok fdlh iafMr ;k vkpk;Z ls cPps dks v{kj Kku djk;k tkrk FkkA ;g laLdkj rhljs ;k ik¡pos o"kZ esa laiUu fd;k tkrk FkkA e/;dkyhu fcgkj ds lekt esa izpfyr fofHkUu jhfr&fjoktksa o laLdkjksa dh ppkZ MkW- deyk xqIrk ds }kjk fd;k x;k gSA tUe ysus ds 8osa o"kZ esa czkã.k ckyd dk] 11osa o"kZ esa {kf=; ckyd dk ,oa 12osa o"kZ esa oS'; ds ckyd dk ^miu;u laLdkj* ,oa vU; laLdkjksa dh O;k[;k dh xbZ gSA7 eqxydkyhu lekt esa xq:dqyksa dh izFkk djhc&djhc lekIr gks xbZ Fkh A vr% {kf=; rFkk oS'; tkfr bl laLdkj ij vf/kd cy ugha nsrs Fks] tcfd czkã.k tkfr ds ifjokj esa bldk izpyu vf/kd cuk gqvk FkkA miu;u ds iwoZ ckyd dks ,d vFkok rhu fnu dk ozr j[kuk iM+rk FkkA rRi'pkr~ miu;u ds fnu ckyd dks deZ vFkok eqaMu djkuk iM+rk Fkk ,oa vfHk"ksd ds i'pkr~ mls xq: ds ikl tkuk iM+rk FkkA fookg ds laca/k esa vusd izfØ;k,¡ Fkha tks /kkfeZd n`f"Vdks.k ls egRoiw.kZ ekuh tkrh FkhA e/;dkyhu fcgkj esa fofHkUu fookg i)fr;ka ,oa fofHkUu izdkj ds fookg dk izpyu Fkk] ftldk o.kZu vy&fc#uh us Hkh foLrkj ls fd;k gSA8 bl laLdkj esa rRdkyhu fgUnw lekt esa izk;% vf/kd jhfr;ksa dk lekos'k gks x;k FkkA blesa vR;f/kd izpfyr Fkha oj&o/kq dh xq.k&if=dk feykuk] ojsPNk ,oa okXnku] eaMi deZ] dU;knku] gkse] ikf.kxzg.k] lIrirh] o/kq x`g&izos'k] prqfFkZ deZ bR;kfn A fgUnw fookg dh /kkfeZd izo`fr ds fy, bl laLdkj ds vfr vko';d rhu drZO; ekus tkrs Fks& ¼1½ dU;knku ¼2½ vfXu ifj.k;u vFkok Hkk¡ojs rFkk ¼3½ prqfFkZ

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ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in deZ A fgUnw lekt esa fookg ls iwoZ ,oa fookg laiUu gksus rd dbZ rjg ds jLe&fjoktksa dks fuHkkus dh ijEijk Fkh ;Fkk& Qynku] }kj&iwtk] ;Kosnh ij fookg] dq¡vj dysok] iyaxkpkj] o/kq dh fonkbZ] llqjky esa o/kq dk Lokxr] xkSuk ;k f}jkxeu vkfnA rRdkyhu lekt esa fgUnw tkfr ds ifjokj esa fookg D;ksafd ,d 'kkjhfjd ,oa /kfeZd laLdkj ds :i esa vf/kxzg.k fd;k tkrk FkkA vr% ;g vis{kk dh tkrh Fkh fd L=h ,oa iq:"k nksuksa gh fookg ds iwoZ ,oa fookg ds ckn uSfrd pfj= dk ikyu djsaA fgUnw lekt esa fookfgr efgykvksa }kjk lkSUn;Z izlk/ku dk bLrseky djuk vko';d le>k tkrk FkkA eqfLye ifjokj dh Hkh fookfgr vkSjrsa vius lkSUn;Z dks c<+kus ds fy, lkSUn;Z izlk/kuksa dk mi;ksx djrh FkhaA bu izlk/kuksa dk O;ogkj /kekZuqlkj ,oa izpfyr jhfr&fjoktksa ds vuqlkj fo/kokvksa ds fy, oftZr FkkA fgUnw l/kok vFkkZr fookfgr vkSjrksa dss gkFk esa dk¡p dh pwfM+;k¡] lj esa flUnwj ls ek¡x Hkjuk] ekFks ij flanwj dh fcafn;k yxkuk] iSjksa dh m¡xfy;ksa esa pk¡nh ds fcNq, iguuk rFkk vU; izdkj ds tsoj&xgus iguus dk izpyu FkkA fo/kok fL=;ksa dks ikfjokfjd ,oa /kkfeZd 'kqHk dk;ks± esa Hkkx ysuk oftZr ekuk tkrk FkkA izk;% mPp oxZ dh tkfr;ksa esa 'kkL=h; jhfr&fjoktksa dk ikyu fd;k tkrk Fkk] ysfdu fgUnw lekt ds fuEu tkfr;ksa esa bldk vf/kd izpyu ugha FkkA fuEu tkfr ds fgUnw ifjokjksa esa ^?kjkSus* dh izFkk izpfyr Fkh] ftlesa ifr dh e`R;q ds ckn L=h mlds NksVs HkkbZ ls fookg dj ysrh FkhA mPp tkfr ds ifjokjksa esa ;g jhfr&fjokt ux.; FkkA ^m<+jh* dk jLe&fjokt Hkh izpyu esa FkkA blesa ifr dh e`R;q ds ckn fuEu tkfr dh fL=;k¡ iqjkus tku&igpku okys ds ikl pyh tkrh FkhA mPp tkfr ds dqyhu ^j[kSy* j[krs Fks] ysfdu mls iRuh dk ntkZ ugha fn;k tkrk FkkA fgUnw&fookg dh laLdkjkRed izo`fÙk us fgUnw lekt ds O;ogkfjd thou esa vusd leL;kvksa dks tUe fn;kA ftlesa eq[; Fks& cky&fookg] oS/kO;] ngst&izFkk] dqyhu fookg] cgqiRuh&fookg vkfnA ml le; fgUnw lekt esa vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ncko ds dkj.k ^fookg&foPNsn* ,oa ^foyEc fookg* tSlh leL;k,¡ mRiUu gks xbZ FkhA fgUnw lkekftd O;oLFkk tkrh; laxBu ds dkj.k cM+h gh tfVy FkhA thou lkFkh ds pquko ds fy, tkrh; {ks=h; fu;e ;k jhfr&fjokt O;ogkj esa yk;k tkrk FkkA vuqykse&izfrykse] tkfr ,oa dqyhu fookg ds fu;e iRuh dh okaNuh;rk ds {ks= dks rFkk cfgfoZokg dk fu;e ifr&iRuh izkIr djus ds vokaNuh; {ks=ksa dks ladsr nsrs FksA vuqykse fookg ds vUrxZr czkã.k iq:"k Lotkfr ds vfrfjDr {kf=;] oS'; ,oa

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'kwnz dh dU;k ls fookg dj ldrk FkkA {kf=; iq:"k Loo.kZ ds vfrfjDr oS'; ,oa 'kwnz dh dU;k ls rFkk oS'; Loo.kZ ds vykos 'kwnz dh dU;k ls fookg dj ldrk FkkA fdUrq] 'kwnz dsoy 'kwnzksa dh dU;k ls gh fookg dj ldrk FkkA bl izdkj ds fookg dk izpyu eqxydkyhu lekt esa de FkkA e/;dkyhu fcgkj ds lekt esa ^vR;sf"V laLdkj* dk Hkh izpyu FkkA ^vR;sf"V laLdkj* esa izk;% fuEu jhfr;ksa dk ikyu fd;k tkrk FkkA fgUnw ifjokj esa ejrs le; O;fDr ds eq¡g esa rqylh vkSj xaxkty Mkyus dh ijEijk FkhA vkfFkZd n`f"V ls laiUu ifjokj ds yksx mlh le; xksnku djokrs FksA ejs gq, O;fDr dks 'e'kku ?kkV ys tkus ds fy, ck¡l dh fVdVh cukbZ tkrh FkhA ^'ko&;k=k* ds le; pkj O;fDr 'ko dks da/ks ij ys tkrs FksA 'ko dk nkg&laLdkj e`rd ds iq= ds }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA ;fn e`rd dk dksbZ iq= ugha gksrk Fkk ;k ml le; iq= ds mifLFkr ugha jgus ij e`rd dk vU; fudV laca/kh bl fØ;k dks laiUu djrk FkkA ^nkg laLdkj* ds le; ^diky fØ;k* ,d vko';d laLdkj gksrk FkkA ,slk fo'okl fd;k tkrk Fkk fd ftldh ^diky fØ;k* ugha dh xbZ] og O;fDr eqfDr ugha ik ldrk FkkA blds ckn esa ^fiaMksnd fØ;k* gksrh FkhA nlosa fnu nlok¡ fd;k tkrk FkkA ml fnu unh esa ^fiaM nku* fd;k tkrk FkkA bl fØ;k dks egkiafMr laiUu djkrk FkkA rsjgosa fnu ^rsjgh* gksrh FkhA ml fnu e`rd dks fiaM fn;k tkrk FkkA rRi'pkr~ fcjknjh rFkk xk¡ookyksa dks Hkkstu djk;k tkrk FkkA xaxk esa Jk) ;k fi.Mnku djus dk ikSjkf.kd n`f"V ls fo'ks"k egRo FkkA x;k esa Jk) ;k fiaM nku dsoy lEiUu ifjokj ds fgUnw gh djkrs FksA czkã.kksa ds vfrfjDr 'kwnzksa esa Hkh izk;% nkg&laLdkj fd;k tkrk FkkA ijUrq fuEu tkfr ds fu/kZu yksx vkfFkZd raxh ds dkj.k 'ko dks tehu esa xkM+ nsrs Fks vkSj mudk vfUre ÑR; rhljs fnu gh lekIr gks tkrk FkkA e/;dkyhu fcgkj ds lekt esa vusd izdkj ds va/kfo'okl ik, tkrs FksA va/kfo'okl dsoy fgUnw lekt esa gh ugha vfirq eqfLye lekt esa Hkh ik;k tkrk FkkA va/kfo'okl ,oa foykflrk ds dkj.k yksxksa dk uSfrd iru gks x;k Fkk ,oa muesa cqjh vknrksa dk lekos'k gks x;k FkkA e/;dkyhu fcgkj ds lekt esa vusd izdkj ds jhfr&fjoktksa ,oa laLdkjksa dk izpyu Fkk] muesa ls vf/kdka’k vkt Hkh izpfyr gSaA orZeku le; esa ,uYl Ldwy ds vdknfed foe”kZ dh dsUnz fcUnq ds #i esa ftl izdkj ekdZ CykWd] Qsczs] cznsy ds }kjk lkaLd`frd vo/kkj.kkvksa dks lekt ds vfHkUu i{kksa ds vUrxZr lexz bfrgkl ys[ku dh ekU;rk dks n”kkZ;k x;k gS] ftlds

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ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in vkyksd esa fyu gaV] Msfol] jkstj “krsZ] vkfn ds }kjk uo&lkaLd`frd bfrgkl ys[ku us bl i{k dks izeq[krk ls LFkkfir fd;k gSA bls bZ0 yknwjh ds }kjk {ks=h; ifjis{; esa O;k[;kf;r fd;k x;k gSA bl lanHkZ esa orZeku bfrgklys[ku dh lcls foef”kZr i{kksa esa ls ,d lkaLd`frd bfrgkl ys[ku ds varxZr {ks=h; ifjis{; esa izLrqr vkys[k }kjk e/;dkyhu fcgkj ds jhfr&fjokt ,oa laLdkj ds lanHkZ esa ns[kus dh dksf”k”k gSA lanHkZ lwph 1- vy&fc#uh] Hkkjr] lEiknd& d;kemnnhu vgen] us”kuy cqd VªLV bfM;k] ubZ fnYyh] 1992] i`0 Hkwfedk] V-XXVI. 2- ,0 ,y0 ck”ke] vnHkqr Hkkjr] vuqoknd& osdVs”kpaUnz ik.Ms;] f”koyky vxzoky ,.M dEiuh] vkxjk] 1994] i`0 131&155- 3- Mk0 vfouk”k dqekj >k] e/;dkyhu fefFkyk dk bfrgkl (1000 bZ0&1600 bZ0), fueZy izdk”ku] fnYyh] 2018] i`0 20&22- 4- vy&fc#uh] Hkkjr] iwoksZ)`rA 5- ogha i`0 60&65- 6- vcqy Qty] vkbu] [k.M 3] vuqoknd& ;nqukFk ljdkj] jkW;y ,f”k;kfVd lkslkbVh] caxky] dydRrk] 1948] i`0 242- 7- Mk0 deyk xqIrk] e/;dkyhu mrj Hkkjr esa fgUnw efgykvksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr] 1206&1707 bZ rd] iVuk] 2008] i`0 4&69- 8- vy&fc#uh] Hkkjr] iwoksZ)`r] i`0 51&52-

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13 n'kdqekjpfjr esa of.kZr tkfr O;oLFkk

MkW. (Jherh) vuqie flag vflLVsUV izksQslj] izkphu bfrgkl foHkkx] vf[ky HkkX; ih-th- dkyst] jkukikj] xksj[kiqj

‘kks/k Lkkjka’k ^^n'kdqekjpfjr** egkdfo n.Mh dk ,d izfl) x|dkO; gSA n.Mh dkyhu lekt esa tkfr&O;oLFkk iw.kZr% fodflr gks x;h FkhA tkfr;ksa ds fodkl ds nksuksa vk/kkjksa ¼O;olk; vkSj o.kZ ladjrk½ ij fufeZr tkfr;k¡ lekt esa fn[kyk;h nsus yxh FkhaA ^^n'kdqekjpfjr**esa vusd tkfr;ksa dk mYys[k vk;k gSA dqN tkfr;k¡ O;olk;ijd gS rFkk dqN o.kZladjrk ls mn~Hkwr gSaA ftuesa uV] foV] ,sUnztkfyd o`f".kiky] Hkhy] kks"k vkfn O;olk;ijd tkfr;k¡ gSa rFkk fdjkr] iqfyUn] pk.Mky vkfn o.kZladj tkfr;k¡ gSaA czkã.k vkSj {kf=; o.kZ ls tks tkfr;k¡ rFkk mitkfr;k¡ cuh] oLrqr% mUgsa ^izdkj* dguk pkfg, vFkkZr~ czkã.kksa ds izdkj] {kf=;ksa ds izdkj] oS';ksa ds izdkj vkfnA bu lHkh ds uke izk;% LFkku fo'ks"k ds vk/kkj ij Fks tSls& ukxj] xqtZj] xkSM+] lkjLor] dkU;dqCt] lqjk"Vª] esokM+] 'kkdy}hih] lj;wikjh] eSfFky vkfnA {kf=;ksa ds izdkj jktdqyksa ds vk/kkj ij cus tSls ijekj] lksyadh] jkBkSj] fllkSfn;k] pUnsy] xgM+oky] j?kqoa'kh] pUnzoa'kh] lw;Zoa'kh vkfnA O;olk;ijd tkfr;ksa esa dqN O;olk; mPp Lrj ds ekus x;s mUgsa oS'; oxZ esa Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k ijUrq tks is'ks esa fuEu Lrj ds Fks mUgsa 'kwnzksa esa 'kkfey fd;k x;kA cht ‘kCn n'kdqekjpfjr] n.Mh] czkã.k] {kf=;] oS';] 'kwnz] tkfr] O;olk;ijd ]o.kZladj

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tkfr O;oLFkk fgUnw lekt dks jgu&lgu] [kku&iku] jhfr&fjokt] vkpj.k&O;ogkj] fookg&O;olk; vkfn ds vUrj ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu lewgksa esa foHkDr djus okyh fgUnw lkekftd laxBu dh ,d fof'k"V O;oLFkk gS] ftlds vius fu;e fu"ks/k] vuqca/k&izfrca/k] lhek,¡ vkSj tfVyrk,¡ gSaA laLd`r ds tu~ /kkrq ls O;qRiUu tkfr 'kCn dk vFkZ tUe] vFkok iztkfr ekuk tkrk gSA bl vFkZ dks O;Dr djus ds fy, vaxzsth ds ^dkLV* ¼Cast½ 'kCn dk lgkjk fy;k x;k gS tks iqrZxkyh ds dkLVk ¼Casta½ vkSj ySfVu ds ^dkLVl* ¼Castas½ ls fu"iUu crk;k tkrk gSA lHkh 'kCnksa ls tkfr dk vFkZ ^tUexr vk/kkj ij fLFkr O;oLFkk* /ofur gksrk gSA tkfr 'kCn ds vFkZ dks Li"V djus ds fy, vusd fo}kuksa us vius&vius h tkrh gSA**3 Jh dsrdj ^^tkfr dks ,d lkekftd lewg ekurs gSa] ftldh nks fo'ks"krk,¡ mYys[kuh; gS & izFke ;g fd bldh lnL;rk tUetkr gksrh gS rFkk f}rh; ;g fd buds lnL;ksa dks vfuok;Z lkekftd fu;eksa ds }kjk lewg ds ckgj fookg djus ij jksd yxk nh tkrh gSA**4 blds vfrfjDr Hkh vusd lekt'kkfL=;ksa] ekuo'kkfL=;ksa vkSj bfrgkldkjksa us tkfr O;oLFkk dh fofHkUu ifjHkk"kk,a nh gSaA lHkh ifjHkk"kkvksa ds fo'ys"k.k ds i'pkr tkfr&izFkk dh dqN fo'ks"krk,¡ gekjs le{k mn~?kkfVr gksrh gSa] ftuds vk/kkj ij tkfr O;oLFkk dks Hkyh izdkj] le>k tk ldrk gSA ;s fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSa& 1- ,d tkfr ds lnL; viuh tkfr ls ckgj fookg ugha dj ldrsA

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2- O;fDr dh tkfr mlds tUe ls fuf'pr gksrh gSA tkfr ds fu;eksa dk mYya?ku djus ij O;fDr dks tkfr ls cfg"d`r fd;k tk ldrk gSA 3- izR;sd tkfr esa nwljh tkfr;ksa ds lkFk [kku&iku ds lEcU/k esa dqN izfrcU/k gksrs gSaA ;g izfrcU/k lc tkfr;ksa ij leku ugha gksrsA 4- vf/kdka'k tkfr;ksa ds vius O;olk; fuf'pr gksrs gSaA 5- lHkh tkfr;ksa esa Å¡p&uhp dk ,d laLrj.k gksrk gS] ftlesa czkã.k tkfr dh fLFkfr loZekU; :i ls loksZPp gSA tkfr&izFkk dh mRifÙk ds vusd fl)kUrksa dh Hkh fo}kuksa us O;k[;k dh gSA loZekU; :i ls ;gh ekuk tkrk jgk gS fd vUrZtkrh; fookgksa ds dkj.k o.kZladjrk gksus ls tkfr;ksa dk mn; gqvkA5 ^êuqLe`fr** esa Hkh vuqykse&izfrykse fookg ls mRiUu o.kZladj lUrkuksa ls fofHkUu tkfr;ksa ds mn~Hko gksus dk mYys[k gSA6 mifu"knksa vkSj ^êgkHkkjr** ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ml le; vusd ,slh tkfr;k¡ fodflr gqbZ] ftudh mRifRr vUrfoZokgh fu;eksa ds mYya?ku ls gqbZ FkhA /keZlw=ksa esa ,slh vusd tkfr;ksa dk mYys[k gS] tks vuqykse] izfrykse ;k vUrZtkrh; fookg lEcU/kksa ls mRiUu gqbZA bUgsa o.kZladj tkfr dgk tkrk gSA o.kZladj tkfr;ksa dk Hkh vkil esa feJ.k gqvk vkSj muls mRiUu larkuksa ls uohu tkfr;ksa dk izknqHkkZo gqvkA bl izdkj lekt esa /khjs&/khjs tkfr;ksa vkSj mitkfr;ksa dk fo'kky leqnk; gks x;kA feJ.k ls cuh ;s tkfr;k¡ Hkh vkil esa Å¡p&uhp dh Hkkouk ls xzLr Fkha tcfd ;s o.kZladj tkfr;k¡ Lo;a fuEu Js.kh dh ekuh xbZ gSaA n'kdqekjpfjr esa mfYyf[kr O;olk;ijd tkfr;k¡ fuEufyf[kr gSa & uV uV tkfr ds yksx dgha LFkkbZ fuokl cukdj ugha jgrs FksA os Hkze.k vkSj ;k;kojh o`fRr ds gksrs FksA b/kj&m/kj ?kwedj ukp xkdj vFkok vusd izdkj ds djrc fn[kkdj os yksxksa dk euksjatu djrs rFkk viuk thou ;kiu djrs FksA ^^n'kdqekjpfjr** esa ûV* tkfr dk mYys[k dkeiky ds pkfjf=d iru dh lwpuk nsus okys o.kZu esa vk;k gSA dkeiky ds fo"k; esa ys[kd us fy[kk gS fd& ^^foV] uV vkSj os';kvksa esa vklDr ,oa nqfoZuhr dkeiky vius firk vkSj cM+s Hkkb;ksa dh vkKk dk mYya?ku dj b/kj&m/kj vkokjk gksdj ?kweus yxkA**7

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foV ^foV* ,slh tkfr Fkh tks ukpus] xkus ds lkFk&lkFk vusd izdkj ds :i cnyus] vfHku; djus vkSj rjg&rjg ds djrc djus esa izoh.k gksrs FksA bUgsa Hkk¡M ;k dq'khyo Hkh dgk tkrk FkkA cgq/kk jkt njckjksa esa xkdj jktk dh iz'kalk djuk vFkok Lokax cukdj euksjatu djuk budk izeq[k dk;Z FkkA ^^n'kdqekjpfjr** esa ^foV* dk mYys[k vusd izlaxksa esa gqvk gSA izFke mYys[k rks dkeiky ds ?kqeUrw LoHkko ds fo"k; esa crkrs gq, gqvk gSA ijUrq ;gk¡ uV] foV] os';k vkfn dgdj dsoy muds fuEu Lrj dk ladsr fd;k x;k gSA vU;= &^foV* dk mYys[k mldh dk;Zi)fr ij i;kZIr izdk'k Mkyrk gSA ,d vU; LFky ij ikapky 'kekZ uked foV dk mYys[k gS ftldh lgk;rk ls izefr^^ us uoekfydk dks izkIr fd;k FkkA ,sUnztkfyd tknw ;k peRdkfjd djrc fn[kkus okys ,sUnztkfyd dgykrs FksA bUnztky tknw ,d fo|k gS ftlesa n'kZdksa dks lEeksfgr djds ,slh eqX/krk dh fLFkfr esa igq¡pk fn;k tkrk gS fd os ckthxj ;k tknwxj }kjk funsZf'kr oLrqvksa dh mifLFkfr dks n`';eku lk vuqHko djus yxrs gSaA ^^n'kdqekjpfjr** esa bl tkfr dk mYys[k jktokgu&vofUrlqUnjh ds izlax esa gqvk gSA bl izlax esa fo|s'oj ,sUnztkfyd dk czkg~; :i crkrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd& og flj eqM+k;s] os'kHkw"kk esa prqj Kkrk gksus okyk] ns[kus esa Hkyk rFkk rstLoh FkkA mlds djrc rks cM+s gh peRdkfjd FksA8 Li"V gS fd ,sUnztkfyd lEeksgu fØ;k vkSj vfHku; esa vR;Ur iVq gksrs FksA o`f".kiky _XoSfnd dky esa i'kqikyu vk;ksZa dk dk;Z FkkA dkykUrj esa o.kZ foHkktu gksus ij i'kqikyu oS'; o.kZ ds dk;skZa esa lfEefyr gks x;kA tkfr O;oLFkk ds fodkl gksus ij oS'; o.kZ dk izeq[k dk;Z okf.kT; jg x;k rFkk mlds vU; nks izeq[k dk;Z d`f"k vkSj i'kqikyu djus okys muls i`Fkd vkSj fuEu tkfr ds ekus tkus yxsA ^n'kdqekjpfjr* esa ^o`f".kiky*9 'kCn ls ftl tkfr dk cks/k gksrk gS mls O;olk;ijd vk/kkj ij fufeZr oS'; o.kZ dh gh ,d tkfr ekuk tk ldrk gSA o`f".k dk vFkZ es"k vkSj es<+k gksrk gS vFkkZr~ HksM+ksa dks ikyus okys o`f".kiky dgyk;sA bUgha dks cksypky dh Hkk"kk esa xM+sfj;k dgrs gSaA

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?kks"k o`f".kiky ds leku gh ^?kks"k*10 Hkh i'kqikyu djus okyh tkfr gSA xk; vkfn nw/k nsus okyh i'kqvksa dk ikyu djus rFkk mudk nw/k cspdj thou ;kiu djus okyh tkfr ^?kks"k* gS ftls cksypky esa xksikyd ;k Xokyk dgrs gSaA Hkhy Hkhy ,d vR;Ur ghu tkfr ekuh x;h gSA gsepUnz us Hkhy tkfr dk mYys[k djrs gq, Li"V fd;k gS fd ;s /kuq"k&ck.k ds izseh FksA11 O;kl us bUgsa peZdkj ds leku vUR;t ekuk gSA12 budk fuokl taxyksa vFkok igkM+ksa ij gksrk gSA budk ,d uke 'kcj Hkh gSA ^^n'kdqekjpfjr** esa dbZ LFkkuksa ij Hkhy ;k 'kcj dk mYys[k gSA13 ^^n'kdqekjpfjr** esa ds vk/kkj ij cuh fuEufyf[kr tkfr;ksa dk mYys[k gqvk gSaA fdjkr fdjkr oS'; iq#"k vkSj czkã.k L=h ds la;ksx ls mRiUu EysPN tkfr dk gh ,d Hksn fdjkr gSA14 ;g fgeky; ds rVorhZ izns'k esa fuokl djrh FkhA iqjk.kksa esa bls unh rV ij jgus okyh rFkk iwohZ Hkkjr esa ik;h tkus okyh tkfr crk;k x;k gSA n'kdqekjpfjr esa dbZ LFkkuksa ij bldk mYys[k gSA bls oupj vkSj fud`"V tkfr Hkh dgk x;k gSA15 iqfyUn iqfyUn tkfr dh mRifRr oS'; iq#"k vkSj 'kwnz L=h ls ekuh xbZ gSA16 euq us bl izdkj ls mRiUu lUrku dks oS'; gh ekuk gSA17 ^^n'kdqekjpfjr** esa bldk mYys[k EysPN tSlh fuEu tkfr ds :i esa gqvk gS oLrqr% n.Mh us mls fdjkr ds i;kZ; :i esa gh iz;qDr fd;k gSA18 pk.Mky pk.Mky ¼ekarx½ vR;Ur fuEu le>h tkus okyh tkfr gSA bldh mRifÙk 'kwnz iq#"k vkSj czkã.k L=h ds la;ksx ls ekuh x;h gSA19 ^^egkHkkjr** esa ukfir ¼'kwnz½ iq#"k vkSj czkã.k L=h ds la;ksx ls mRiUu larku dks pk.Mky dgk x;k gSA20 bls lekt esa vR;Ur vifo= vkSj egkikrdh ekuk x;k gSA euq dk dFku gS fd ^^pk.Mky vkSj 'oipksa dks xk¡o ds ckgj fuokl djuk pkfg, rFkk dqRrs vkSj x/ks mudh lEifRr gksuh pkfg,A**21 xk;] cSy] ?kksM+s vkfn j[kuk muds fy, fuf"k) FkkA og jkf= esa xk¡o ;k uxj esa fopj.k ugha dj ldrk FkkA fnu esa jktkKk dk fo'ks"k fpUg /kkj.kdj uxj

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ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in esa ?kwe ldrk FkkA ckU/kojfgr 'ko dks 'e'kku igq¡pkrk FkkA jktkKk }kjk izk.kn.M ik;s gq, O;fDr dk o/k djuk vkSj mlds oL=&vkHkw"k.k 'kS¸;k vkfn xzg.k djuk mldk dk;Z FkkA phuh ;k=h Qkg~;ku mlds fo"k; esa fy[krk gS fd pk.Mky cktkj esa izos'k djrk Fkk rks ydM+h ls Hkwfe ij vk?kkr djrk pyrk Fkk ftlls yksx mlds Li'kZ ls cp ldsA og cgsfy;s vkSj eNyh ekjus dk /kU/kk djrk FkkA22 'okuPok¡x us fy[kk gS fd pk.Mky i'kqvksa dks ekjdj mudk ek¡l csprk Fkk] cf/kd dk;Z djrk Fkk] fo"Vk vkfn mBkrk Fkk vkSj uxj ds ckgj jgrk FkkA mlds ?kj fo'ks"k fpUg ls fpfUgr jgrs FksA23 pk.Mky tkfr LFkku&LFkku ij [ksy&rek'ks fn[kkdj Hkh thfodksiktZu djrh FkhA24 Le`fr;ksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd bl dky esa pk.Mky lM+d lkQ djrs] 'koksa dh j{kk djrs] vijkf/k;ksa dks Qk¡lh nsrs vkSj jkr ds le; pksjksa dk irk yxkrs FksA muesa vf/kdrj eNsjs vkSj f'kdkjh Fks vkSj ek¡l csprs FksA ^^n'kdqekjpfjr** esa Hkh pk.Mky dks o/k djus ds dk;Z esa yxk gqvk of.kZr fd;k x;k gSA bl iqLrd esa mls ekrax laKk esa mfYyf[kr fd;k x;k gSA25 bl izdkj Li"V gS fd n.Mh dkyhu lekt esa tkfr&O;oLFkk iw.kZr% fodflr gks x;h FkhA tkfr;ksa ds fodkl ds nksuksa vk/kkjksa ¼O;olk; vkSj o.kZ ladjrk½ ij fufeZr tkfr;k¡ lekt esa fn[kyk;h nsus yxh FkhaA buesa Hkh dbZ Lrj Fks tSls& fdjkr] Hkhy vkfn cupj tkfr;k¡ Fkha ftUgsa tutkfr ds oxZ esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA blh izdkj pk.Mky] iqfyUn] Hkhy vkfn dks vLi`'; vkSj vUR;t oxZ esa ekuk tk ldrk gSA tkfr O;oLFkk esa Å¡p&uhp dh Hksn&Hkkouk lnk gh jgh gSA mlesa ys'kek= Hkh mnkjrk ugha FkhA mPp oxZ ds yksx fuEu tkfr;ksa ds yksxksa ls izk;% nwj gh jgrs FksA lUnHkZ lwph 1. Robert Biersiteat. The social order, Page 407. 2. Sir Herbert Risley, The people of India, P.5. 3. E. Blunt. social service in India, P5. 4. S.V. Ketkar, History of caste in India; P 15. 5. egkHkkjr 'kkfUr ioZ 207@30&32- 6. euqLe`fr 10@5] 10@11 7. n'kdqekjpfjr] iwoZihfBdk] izFkeksPN~okl] i`0 10 8. n'kdqekjpfjr] iwoZihfBdk] izFkeksPN~okl] i`0 122 9. n'kdqekjpfjr] iwoZihfBdk] izFkeksPN~okl] i`0 32 10. n'kdqekjpfjr] mRrjihfBdk] v"VeksPN~okl i`0 38

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11. };kJ; egkdkO; 1@179 12. O;klLe`fr 1@12&13 13. n'kdqekjpfjr] iwoZihfBdk] izFkeksPN~okl] i`0 30 31] 35] mRrjihfBdk] r`rh;ksPN~okl i`0 255] prqFkksZPN~okl] i`0 313- 14. fgLVªh vkWQ /keZ'kkL= 2] i`0 92 rFkk vejdks"k] 2@10@20- 15. n'kdqekjpfjr] iwoZihfBdk] izFkeksPN~okl] i`0 33 mRrjihfBdk] r`rh;ksPN~okl] 255&256- 16. oS[kkul Le`frlw= 10@14 17. euqLe`fr 10@10 18. n'kdqekjpfjr] iwoZihfBdk] f}rh;ksPN~okl] i`0 52- 19. euqLe`fr 10@12 20. egkHkkjr vuq'kklu ioZ 29@17 21. euqLe`fr 10@51&56 22. xkbYl] i`0 21 23. okVlZ] vku ;qoku Pokax VªosYl bu bf.M;k] Hkkx 1] i`0 147 24. t;'kadj feJ] X;kjgoha lnh dk Hkkjr] i`0 127- 25. n'kdqekjpfjr]mRrjihfBdk] prqFkksZPN~okl] i`0 313 ] 329

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FORM IV Statement about ownership and other particulars about newspaper (…………..) to be published in the first issue every year after the last day of February

1. Place of publication GORAKHPUR

2. Periodicity of its publication BI-ANNUAL

3. Printer’s Name DR. AJAY KUMAR SINGH

Nationality INDIAN

Address Q-133 RESERVE POLICE LINE, INFRONT OF ATTA CHAKKI, GORAKHPUR UP 273009

4. Publisher’s Name DR. AJAY KUMAR SINGH

Nationality INDIAN

Address Q-133 RESERVE POLICE LINE, INFRONT OF ATTA CHAKKI, GORAKHPUR UP 273009

5. Editor’s Name DR. AJAY KUMAR SINGH

Nationality INDIAN

Address Q-133 RESERVE POLICE LINE, INFRONT OF ATTA CHAKKI, GORAKHPUR UP 273009

6. Names and addresses of individuals who own the newspaper and partners or shareholders holding More than one per cent of the total capital.

I, DR. AJAY KUMAR SINGH hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to the best of my knowledge and belief.

AJAY KUMAR SINGH Date- October 2019 Signature of Publisher

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Author’s Guidelines

" A Research paper should contain sufficient detail and references to the work. " The authors should ensure that they have submitted their original works, and if the authors have used the work of other’s then that has been appropriately cited. " All those who have made significant contributions should be reported as co-authors. Where there are others who have participated in certain substantive aspects of the research should be acknowledged as contributors. " When an author notices inaccuracy in his own published work, it is the author’s duty to promptly notify the editor or publisher and cooperate with the editor to retract or correct the paper.

Guidelines

1. Subjects: Authors are requested to send only original and unpublished articles. 2. Plagiarism: Authors are requested to send their original work with a conclusive result. We normally permit not more than 25% plagiarism. 3. General Format, Page Layout and Margins: Standard A4 (210mm x 297mm) portrait page set-up should be used. Margins should be 1.78cm at left and right with top and bottom margin set to 2.54cm. Do not use any headers, footers or footnotes. No page numbers. All main text paragraphs, including the abstract, must be fully (left and right) justified. All text, including title, authors, headings, captions and body, will be in Times New Roman Font, in case of English or Kurtidev010, in case of Hindi. Paper text must be in two columns of 89 cm width each, with 0.51 cm spacing between the columns, font Size: 12 Line spacing 1.5. 4. Title: Time New Roman Font, in case of English or kurtidev010, in case of Hindi, 14, bold, centre, first alphabet capital. 5. Author: Author name are to be written in 12 pt. Bold & centre in font followed by designation, organization, address including state & country name. 6. Abstract: First page, top left column, title bold-left aligned, text from next line, 10 font, Italics and 150-200 words. The text must be fully left justified. 7. Key words: The keywords section begins with the world, “keyword” in 10pt, bold italics. There may be up to few keywords separated by commas. 8. Section & Sub Section Heading: 12 fonts, bold, centre, roman numbered in block capital letters, text after double space (eg. SECTION III) Sub heading: number small

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alphabetic within bracket 10font, text single spacing (eg. (a) Classification). Sub Heading ; should be left aligned number small new roman within bracket 10 font, text single spacing (eg. (iii) characteristics). Introduction and conclusion must be included as separate sections ensure that introduction and literature survey is not more than 15% of total article size. 9. Figures and Tables: All inserts, figures, diagrams, photographs and tables must be centre- aligned, clear and appropriate for black/white or gray scale reproduction. Figures (eg.Fig No.1) must be numbered consecutively, 1, 2, etc, from start to finish of the paper, ignoring sections and subsections. Tables (eg. Table No.1) are also numbered consecutively,1,2 etc. (Close to text where mentioned).Figure number should appear below the figure. Table no. should appear above the table. 10. Reference: The Reference section begins with the world, “Reference” in 12 pt., bold, first letter bold and remain in small & should be numbered. Name of Author starting with surname with year of publication in bracket, then Topic, Name of Journal/Book in Italics, Volume Number, issue number in bracket, separated by Name of Journal in italics with colons, Name of publisher and page number.

Samples of Complete References Printed Book Gandhi, M. (1955) My experiment with Truth, Navajivan Publishing House, Ahmedabad, pp.125-130 Magazine Article Essinger, J. (1991, May 28). Just another tool of your trade. Accountancy 108, pp. 91- 125. Journal Article Armstrong, P. and Keevil, S. (1991). Partition of India. British History Journal 303(2), 105-109. Interview Santosh Shukla. (1996, January 10) Professor, Sanskrit Department, JNU - Delhi, 3:00 pm, Delhi, India. World Wide Web Address Burke, J. (1992, January/February). Children's research and methods: What media researchers are doing, Journal of Advertising Research, 32, RC2-RC3. [CDROM]. Available: UMI File: Business Periodicals Ondisk Item: 92-11501. FTP Watson, L, and Dallwitz, M.J. (1990, December). Grass genera of the world- interactive identification and information retrieval. Flora Online: An Electronic Publication of TAXACOM (22). [Online]. Available FTP: huh.harvard.edu, Directory: pub/newsletters/flora.online/issue22, File:022gra11.txt.

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Review Process and Policy

As a publisher, we try to adhere to the norms and guidelines formulated by various scholarly societies and UGC to achieve international standards by maintaining quality in publication and by updating our publication system. We expect and encourage all the concerned people associated with the journal. In order to maintain transparency in publication, we encourage all—authors, editors, reviewers and other person/parties involved in the publication process, to avoid any form of conflicts of interest. The corresponding author is responsible for sending us the Conflict of Interest document agreed to and signed by other authors. 1. Generation Information a. Research Papers, Articles, Technical Reports, Analysis, Resources, Reviews, Perspectives, Progress articles and Insight articles will be peer- reviewed at the discretion of the editors. b. If other contributed articles present technical information, may be peer- reviewed at the discretion of the editors. c. About the peer-review process, we encourage reviewers to contact us through email. 2. Criteria for Publication We are constantly trying to raise the standards of our publications. We expect the same kind of commitment from authors to conform to the ethical norms by following our guidelines. Research paper should meet following general criteria: a. Quality of Research work and unpublished nature. b. Provides strong evidence for its conclusions. c. Novel, Innovative and Meaningful to specific field. d. Ideally, interesting to researchers in other related disciplines. e. In general paper should represent an advance in understanding likely to influence thinking in the field. There should be a discernible reason why the sent work deserves publication. 3. Plagiarism Policy Authors submitting with us are expected to have proper understanding about the plagiarism issues. Nothing should be copied in any form without

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proper acknowledgement or legal permission in any way that may violate other’s intellectual rights. While they should include acknowledgement to other’s works, they should also take permission for using any material from the concerned persons themselves. The journal will not initiate any process nor will remain responsible for any kind of copyright violation. 4. The Review Process All submitted manuscripts are read by the editorial board. The article is subjected to plagiarism check with software available and rejected if plagiarism is beyond 25%. Editor may decide to get article reviewed by more than one levier. Only those papers that seem most likely to meet our editorial criteria are sent for formal review. 5. Post Review/ Re review Process We try to evaluate the strength of the arguments raised by each reviewer and by the authors. Our primary responsibilities are to our readers and to the intellectual community at large, and in deciding how best to serve them, we must weigh the claims of each paper against the many others also under consideration. We may return to reviewers for further advice, where the authors believe they have been misunderstood on points of fact. We therefore ask that reviewers should be willing to provide follow-up advice as requested. When reviewers agree to assess a paper, we consider this a commitment to review subsequent revisions. However, editors will not send are submitted papers back to the reviewers if it seems that the authors have not made a serious attempt to address the criticisms. We take reviewers' criticisms seriously; in particular, we are very reluctant to disregard technical criticisms. In cases where one reviewer alone opposes publication, we may consult the other reviewers as to whether s/he is applying an unduly critical standard. We occasionally bring in additional reviewers to resolve disputes, but we prefer to avoid doing so. 6. Selection of Peer Reviewers We choose reviewers on many factors, including expertise, reputation, specific recommendations and our own previous experience. We check with potential reviewers before sending them manuscripts to review.

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7. Access to the Literature by Peer Reviewers If a reviewer does not have access to any published paper that is necessary for evaluation of a submitted manuscript, the journal will supply the reviewer with a copy. 8. Review Report The primary purpose of the review is to provide the editors with the information needed to reach a decision but the review should also instruct the authors on how they can strengthen or improve their paper to the point where it may be acceptable. As far as possible, a negative review should explain to the authors the major weaknesses of their manuscript, so that authors can understand needs to be done to improve the manuscript. Confidential comments to the editor are welcome. 9. Timing We are committed to rapid editorial decisions and publication, and we believe that an efficient editorial process is a valuable service to our contributors or authors. We therefore ask reviewers to respond promptly within the number of days agreed. 10. Anonymity We do not release referees' identities to authors or to other reviewers unless a referee voluntarily signs their comments to the authors. Our preference is for referees to remain anonymous throughout the review process and beyond. 11. Peer–Review Publication Policies All submitted Research papers are sent for peer review. Authors are welcome to suggest suitable independent reviewers and may also request that the journal excludes one or two individuals. The journal sympathetically considers such requests and usually honors them, but the editor's decision on the choice of referees is final. Editors, authors and reviewers are required to keep confidential all details of the editorial and peer review process on submitted manuscripts. Reviewers should be aware that it is our policy to keep their names confidential and that we do our utmost to ensure this confidentiality. We cannot, however, guarantee to maintain this confidentiality in the face of a successful legal action to disclose identity.

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G o r a k h p u r J o u r n a l s Website : http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in Email : [email protected]