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413953WRITERS VIEW 2019 Web-1 Impact Factor 4.584 SJIF la;qDr vad ISSN -: 2456-3579 Vol. 4 No.1&2 April & October Year- 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annua l, a peer review or refereed, Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Editor DR. AJAY KUMAR SINGH SUBODH KUMAR MISHRA Patron Prof. Himanshu Chaturvedi (Gorakhpur) ADVISORY BOARD Prof. A. S. Rawat, History (Nainital, Uttrakhand) Prof. V. K. Srivastava, Geography (Sagar, M.P) Prof. Shushil Tiwari, Philosophy (Gorakhpur) Prof. C. M. Aggrawal, History (Almoda, Uttrakhand) Prof. Ashok Kumar Singh, History (Varanasi) Prof. Nidhi Chaturvedi, History (Gorakhpur) Prof. Hriday Narayan, History (Hankuk University of foreign Studies, Seoul, Korea) Prof. Abha R. Pal, History (Raipur, Chhattisgarh) Prof. Vipula Dubey, History (Gorakhpur) Prof. Kirti Pandey, Sociology (Gorakhpur) Prof. Sumitra Singh, Education (Gorakhpur) Prof. Geeta Srivastava, History (Meerut) Prof. M M Pathak, Sanskrit (Gorakhpur) Prof. Jitendra Mishra, Law (Gorakhpur) Prof. Sandeep Kumar, Economics (Gorakhpur) Prof. Shikha Singh, English (Gorakhpur) Prof. Ashish Srivastava, Commerce (Gorakhpur) Prof. Vinod Kumar Singh, Defense and Strategic (Gorakhpur) Dr. Rajesh Nayak, History (Chapara, Bihar) Dr. Vimlesh Mishra, Hindi (Gorakhpur) Dr. Pragya Mishra, History (Faizabad) Mr. Alok Kumar Yadav, Law (HNB Central Unversity, Tihari Campus) Dr. Dinesh Kumar Gupt, Phycology (Aligarh) Dr. Ranjana Mishra, Home Science (Delhi) EDITORIAL BOARD Dr. Anjana Rai Dr. Praveen Kumar Tripathi Dr. Abhishek Kumar Singh Dr. Arbind kumar Gupta Dr. Pragyesh Kumar Mishra Mr. Sachindra Mohan 'kks/k i= esa O;Dr fopkjksa] fl)karksa] rF;ksa ,oa ladYiukvksa dh ftEesnkjh Lo;a ys[kd ds gSA lEiknd e.My dh dksbZ ftEesnkjh ugha gksxhA “The Responsibility for the facts given and opinions expressed in Articles/Research paper/Review in this journal, is solely that of the individual Author and not of the editor” Authors your Research Paper on Mail- [email protected] - [email protected] Printed in India Printed, published and owned by Gorakhpur Journals Printed at COMSERVISCES Industrial Area Wazirpur, Delhi. Content Øe ‘kks/k i=] ys[kd Ik`”B la- 1 Anglo-Indian Community in India: Dwindling Socio-political 1-15 Spaces- from an Influential Group to Survival Mode Hriday Narayan 2 {ks=h; bfrgklys[ku vkSj Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh;rk 16-26 MkW-vatuk jk; 3 vkSifuosf’kd bfrgkl ys[ku esa Hkkjr jk”Vª dh vo/kkj.kk 27-35 MkW- lfpu jk; 4 f'k{kk esa lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh dh çHkko'khyrk 36-45 MkW- vuqie flag 5 Constitutional Tort’s: An Evaluation 46-56 Dr. T.N. Mishra 6 Nath -Panth in Nepal 57-65 Padmaja Singh 7 ;qok lUr Lokeh v}SrkuUn th & orZeku lkaLd`frd iqu#RFkku dh ØkfUrdkjh psruk 66-78 MkW-lq’khy dqekj flag 8 efgyk,a % jk"Vªokn ds foe'kZ esa 79-88 MkW- vt; dqekj flag 9 Òkjr dk Lo'kklu ¼LojkT;½ 89-95 M‚- vfu#) dqekj frokjh 10 ge ^èkeZfujis{k* gSa ;k ^iaFkfujis{k*\ 96-103 MkW- d`".k dqekj 11 caxky ls fcgkj foHkktu 104-107 MkW- dqekjh fiz;adk 12 e/;dkyhu fcgkj dk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl % ,d fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u 108-116 MkW- jkfxuh nhi 13 n'kdqekjpfjr esa of.kZr tkfr O;oLFkk 117-123 MkW. (Jherh) vuqie flag ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in 1 Anglo-Indian Community in India: Dwindling Socio-political Spaces- from an Influential Group to Survival Mode1 Hriday Narayan2 Abstract: Anglo-Indians are the only minority of European parentage to live to tell the tale in India and elsewhere in Asia. The transition period between colonial to the independent state was painful and stressful for the Community when trapped between two domains; hence politically, socially, and economically the group found itself in a no-escape scenario. During the colonial period of India, some exclusively Anglo- Indian settlements came up in cities like Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, and so on. But the perception of isolation has persisted throughout the historical journey before and after the independence period of India. Ignored at various levels of Government, these small clusters of the Anglo-Indian population have succumbed to deterioration, and ‘lessened to the ghost of a dream they once had.’ This article is an attempt to portray the journey of the Anglo-Indian Community from its inception to the recent Twenty-Sixth Constitutional Amendment Bill, related to Anglo- Indian reservation, passed by the Parliament on December 10, 2019. Keywords: Anglo-Indian Community, Colonial policies, Socio-political space, Legal status, Constitutional amendments 1 This work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2017S1A6A3A03079318). ଝ˕ ˬܹ (Professor of History at Hankuk University ofی ˬଞ˲࠹˲߭оଝ 2 Foreign Studies, Seoul, Korea) 1 ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in Introduction In India, the Anglo-Indian population, demographically small in numbers and financially not well off, portrays a series of very distinct socio-political spatial difficulties. Placing themselves between India and West, the two cultural ends shows a unique circumstance of their beginnings and socio-cultural growth. Anglo-Indians could never get to understand precisely the West to which they longed to conform, nor did they have deep socio-political links to India, where they already resided. The incredibly sudden and abrupt withdrawal of the British from India has raised a series of complicated issues concerning crucial choices for the group. It was apparent that the Anglo-Indians had to depend mostly on the colonial administration, and in a dire hope to get identified more with western counterparts, they strained to replicate their practices, behaviours, and living habits which further departed them away from ‘natives.’ This socio-cultural and political affiliation with the White ruling class, which of course never regarded them as equals, has given rise to psychology characterized as “the typical mentality of a hybrid population.”1 The Anglo-Indian Community’s journey between the periods from its inception to getting legal status in free India has truly been remarkable but ended in much less than what the group had expected. Anglo-Indian: What’s in a name? Before the year 2020, Anglo-Indians were identified as one of the many minority groups comprising the Indian subcontinent. Most ethnic groups trace their descent from ancient lineages before the arrival of Europeans in India when Indian Hindus, Armenians and Muslim merchants traded with Egypt, Arabia, Persia, and Tibet. But the history of Anglo-Indian Community started only at the end of the fifteenth century with settlement of the Portuguese on the Indian subcontinent.2 Surges of European engagement with India characterized the advent of the Anglo-Indian group after Portuguese in the fifteenth-century, Dutch in the mid- sixteenth century, and French in early seventeenth-century merchants began trading with India, primarily to gain a slice of the established market in the Bengal region.3 The British traders also came to India in the early seventeenth century, along with the 1 Louis Fernando Henriques, Family and colour in Jamaica, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1st Edition, 1953, p.44. 2 Vellinga, E., ‘Pride and prejudice: Anglo-Indians and racial attitudes in India 1857-1920’, 1994, M.A. Thesis, Department of History and Arts Erasmus University Rotterdam, viewed 12 May 2020, <http://www.alphalink.com.au/~agilbert/cont~1.html> 3 Bose, N.K., Culture and society in India, Asia Publishing House, London, 1967, p.263. 2 ISSN-: 2456-3579 Impact Factor An Interdisciplinary, bilingual, bi-annual, a peer review or refereed, 4.584 SJIF Indexed & Open Accesses International Research Journal Vol. 4 No. 1&2 APRIL & OCTOBER Year 2019 http://www.gorakhpurjournals.in French. Early European travellers report that the Eurasian groups lived in India as early as 1546, long before the British arrived in India. The presence of the Eurasian Community is indicated, labelled as “mestizo,” and later “mustees,” among the early entrants of Portuguese in India, about a person born in India of mixed descent. The expression “mestizo,” was also in use in India in 1588 to describe a person who was “half an Indian, and half a Portuguese.” This description underlines the awareness of hybridity and the need to explain its presence.1 Before the word Anglo-Indian was defined, different terms were in use in different times of history. Initially, the terms were not specific names for the Community. It was more than just common meanings. Generally, ‘Country-born’ was used to identify the group. There was no negativity, no disrespectful sense attached to the term. In the early days, members of the Community referred to in degrading terms such as “half-caste,” “half-breed,” or mixed blood, “Country-born,” “pure Asians,” “masqueraders” etc. The mixed descendants were called “Wallendaz” or “Oollandry” during the Dutch regime. They were labelled “mestizo” in Goa. In Kerala, they were dubbed as “caliker,” “chi-chi,” and “chattekar.” This group was also referred to as ‘quasi-Europeans.’2 “Indo-Briton” may have been the first Group classification to be used. Before that, the group was commonly referred to as “Eurasian.” A petition was sent by John Ricketts to the British Parliament in 1830 called for the approval of the word “East Indian.” Throughout the post-Mutiny period (after 1857), Anglo-Indians were a cohesive political group. They were granted concessions by the British, and they decided to remove the slander attached to the mixed parentage.
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