Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1446-1452

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 10 Number 02 (2021) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1003.177

Comparative Efficacy of Some New Insecticides against ( obesus Rambur) on (Triticum aestivum L.) in Comparison to Yield under Field Conditions

Lavlesh Kumar*, Jitendra Kumar, Mohan Singh and Pawan Singh

Department of Entomology, CSA University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur – 208002, U.P., India

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

The efficacy of different insecticides against the termites on wheat in K eyw or ds comparison to yield under field conditions was studied at Research Farm of

Triticum aestivum, CSAUA&T, Kanpur UP. Among the various insecticides evaluated against Yield, Efficacy, the termites, fipronil 40% + imidacloprid 40% WG @ 1000g/ha, treated , wheat plot showed minimum per cent damaged shoot/m row (6.02%) and Insecticides in chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 200ml/ha, treated plot showed

Article Info maximum per cent damaged shoot/m row (7.71%) in compare to untreated

Accepted: control (10.31%). Thiamethoxam 25% WDG @ 300g/ha (6.29%) and 12 February 2021 clothianidin 50% WDG @ 200g/ha (6.55%) were next effective pesticides Available Online: 10 March 2021 to reduce the pest incidence significantly. All the treatments were also observed to be significantly superior over control.

Introduction evolutionary adaptation and continuous research produced hexaploid bread wheat that Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of most is currently widely adapted in about 95% area important cereal crops of the world and the of world wheat. Wheat is second important cultivation of wheat started about 10,000 years staple food crop after rice. Wheat flour is used ago as part of the Neolithic revolution which in the form of chapatti, puri, bread, cake, state a transition from hunting and gathering sweetmeats, halwa, etc. It provides of food to settle agriculture. Earlier cultivated characteristic substance “Gluten” which is forms of wheat were diploid (einkorn) and very essential for bakers. It provides 20 tetraploid (emmer) with known initial origin percent of total calories for human. Wheat of the south-eastern part of Turkey grain contains 12.2 percent protein, which is (Dubcovsky and Dvorak, 2007). Subsequent more than other cereals. Wheat is one of the

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1446-1452 leading cereal crops which have provided wheat crop (Singh and Upadhyay, 1993 and daily sustenance for a large proportion of the Mishra et al., 2003). In field condition the world’s population for millennia. In india the termite (Odontotermes abesus Rambur) is wheat is growing about 29.60 million hectares predominant -pest causing 20-40% and production 102.60 million tones with the damage to the crop particularly in rainfed productivity 33.71 q/hectares (Anonymous, condition (Mishra et al., 2003). Termite is the 2019). major pest of agricultural crops in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. In Indian The major wheat growing states in india are region, about 270 termite species have been Major wheat growing states in India are Uttar recorded of which 40 species have been found Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, injurious to economic plants. They belong to Rajasthan, Bihar and Gujarat. Globally, all three important genera, Angulitermes, crop production practices are being highly Microtermes and Odontotermes but also challenged by biotic and abiotic stresses. species i.e. Microtermes obesi and Biotic stresses especially insect pests and Odontotermes obesus account for almost 80 diseases causes devastating damage in terms per cent of total loss in South Asia. Termites of yield and quality. On average pests cause live in colonies which consist of over a few 20-37% yield losses worldwide which is hundreds to a million individuals and their translating to approximately $70 billion division of labour is based on caste system. annually (Pimentel et al., 1997). Termites, Usually in a termite colony, 80 to 90 per cent (Odontotermes obesus Rambur) are one of the individual are as workers and about 10 per most destructive polyphagous insect-pests of cent soldiers (Srivastava, 1993). Due to wheat and difficult to manage in loamy and termite damage the plants is dry up and can be sandy loam soils. Its attacks throughout the easily pulled up. The damage starts right from crop growth by feeding on roots or the root the sowing of the crop till harvest. Damage zone, the damage caused during seedling stage due to termite may lead to poor germination in and near maturity results in yield losses to the crop like , wheat, gram, , tune of 60%. At present, insecticides are the cotton, groundnut, Chillies etc. however, their mainstay for termite management strategies in incidence in grown up plants, the yields are crops and urban areas in India and the world reduced drastically because the losses inflicted (Peterson, et al., 2006 and Potter, 2011). at or near maturity cannot be compensated (Verma and Kashyap, 1980). Mostly the In the state of Rajasthan, the situation is more termites live in underground nest with warming as the termite inflicts is heavy ramification of galleries in which they move damage to the crop, cultivated in sandy loam about, it is rather difficult to locate and reach soil moisture regime (Parihar, 1981). The them. So before adoption of integrated common insect pest that attack wheat crop are management approach it is essential to know Odontotermes obesus Rambur, Microtermes about life cycle of the pest. Termite is a social obesi Holmgren, Tanymecus indicus Faust, insect and its colony organization is based on Agrotis ipsilon Hubner, Atherigona naqvii cast system. In a colony, there are numerous Styskal, Sesamia inferens Walker, workers, sliders and one queen. A king and Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch, Microsiphum good number of complementary or the miscanthi Takehashi, Helicoverpa armigera colonizing forms of true but immature males Hubner, Spilosoma obliqua Walker, and female. On the basis of the above facts, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood and Trichoplusia ni the present study was carried out to the termite Huner, which cause losses in the yield of and co-related of different doses of

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1446-1452 insecticidal treatment compared with yield in weeks after sowing. Total plants from these standing crop. spots were counted 3rd, 4th and 5th weeks after sowing and the final data presented as per cent Materials and Methods damaged plant per metre row. When the crop is nearing maturity but still green than The present investigation was carried out on damaged ear heads were counted and wheat var. K-0402 (Mahi) during rabi season removed. The total number of damaged ear of 2017-18 at Research Farm, Nawabganj, C. heads from the net plot (except the two border S. Azad University of Agriculture and row) expressed number of damaged effective Technology Kanpur (U.P.). tillers/ha (Deol and Sekhon, 1998).

The experiment was conducted for the control % damage plant of termite in comparison to yield was laid out in Randomized block design (RBD) with 10 treatments, 3 replications and plot size measuring 4×5 m.

Statistical analysis Insecticidal application

st All the percentage data were subjected to All the insecticides were applied after 1 angular transformations and analyzed irrigation of standing wheat crop. The E.C. statistically. The critical difference and formulation equivalent to a.i. amount were standard error were calculated for the mixed with soil/sand @ 80-100 kg/ha and then comparison of treatments and control. broadcasted evenly in the plot one day before st the time of 1 irrigation. The amount of Results and Discussion insecticide was calculated by formula:-

The evaluate the efficacy of different Quantity of the proprietary insecticide under field condition on wheat insecticide required = crop in broadcasting of different insecticides after 1st irrigation as well as seed treatment in comparison to yield which was given a table 1 and 2.

The observation was recorded after 3rd, 4th and 5th weeks after sowing from five marked spots

and the final data were presented as per cent Observations on termite infestation damaged plant per metre row.

The observation on plant population per metre row, number of affected tiller with healthy In the Table-1 the incidence of termite after 3 followed by total healthy tillers were recorded weeks of sowing and before one days st after 3rd, 4th and 5th weeks after sowing from treatment of 1 irrigation the incidence was five marked spots. The severity of termite very low in all the treatments, which ranged damage can be determined by counting the from 2.72 to 3.05 per cent, it was non damage plant in two metre row length significant without treatment. The incidence of randomly from ten spots after 3rd, 4th and 5th termite after four weeks of sowing ranged 0.50 to 0.81 per cent while in untreated plot 3.28 1448

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1446-1452 per cent, and termite after 5 weeks of sowing WDG @ 200g/ha and fipronil 5% SC @ 2.5 ranged 1.18 to 1.80 per cent in comparison to lit/ha which did not differ significantly 3.26 per cent in untreated plot. acephate 50% WP + imidaclorpid 1.8% SP @ 350g/ha, thiamethoxam 35% FS @ 250ml/ha, The percent damage shoot was statistically imidacloprid 600 FS (48%) @ 300ml/ha, minimum damage in as recorded in the plot imidacloprid 17.8% SL @ 400ml/ha and treated with fipronil 40% + imidacloprid 40% chorantaniliprole 18.5% SC @ 200ml/ha (Fig. WG @ 1000g/ha and thiamethoxam 25% WG 1). @ 300/g which was at par clothianidin 50%

Table.1 Effect of insecticidal treatment through broadcasting on per cent damage shoot/m row

S. No. Actual Plant Per cent damaged Treatments Dose/ Population/ shoot/m row Ha m row 3 weeks 4 weeks 5 weeks 1. Thiamethoxam 25% 300g 37.60 2.96 0.56 1.22 WG (4.29) (6.29) 2. Imidacloprid 17.8% 400ml 35.47 2.81 0.74 1.77 SL (4.93) (7.49) 3. Acephate 50 % WP + 350g 34.37 2.88 0.67 1.43 imidacloprid 1.8% SP (4.69) (6.80)

4. Fipronil 5% SC 2.5lit. 35.67 3.03 0.65 1.41 (4.62) (6.80) 5. Thiamethoxam 35% 250ml 34.83 2.77 0.70 1.57 F.S. (4.80) (7.04) 6. Imidacloprid 600 FS 300ml 34.78 2.85 0.72 1.68 (48%) (4.87) (7.27) 7. Clothianidin 50% 200g 33.78 3.05 0.62 1.35 WDG (4.52) (6.55) 8. Fipronil 40% + 1000g 34.34 2.72 0.50 1.18 Imidacloprid 40 WG (4.05) (6.02) 9. Chlorantraniliprole 200ml 34.60 3.01 0.81 1.80 18.5% SC (5.16) (7.71) 10. Control - 33.66 2.84 3.28 3.25 (10.31) (10.31) S. Em ± - NS NS 0.10 0.24

CD at 5% - - 0.32 0.85

*Figure in parentheses represents angular mean value

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Table.2 Effect of insecticidal treatment damage affected tillers and grain yield

S. No. Treatments Actual Damaged N0. of Dose/ effective damaged ha tillers/m effective Grain yield row at tillers/ha at g/m q/ha maturity maturity row stage stage 1. Thiamethoxam 300g 1.27 3000.00 95.04 43.17 25% WG (6.29) (54.77) 2. Imidacloprid 17.8% 400ml 1.65 5233.33 88.61 41.33 SL (7.27) (72.34)

3. Acephate 50% WP 350g 1.46 4700.00 91.03 42.58 + Imidacloprid (6.80) (68.55) 1.8% SP

4. Fipronil 5% SC 2.5lit. 1.40 4166.66 92.75 42.79 (6.80) (64.54) 5. Thiamethoxam 250ml 1.51 4816.66 90.05 42.00 35% FS (7.04) 69.40 6. Imidacloprid 600 300ml 1.61 49.83.33 89.16 41.66 FS (48%) (7.27) (70.59) 7. Clothianidin 50% 200g 1.36 3750.00 93.63 43.00 WDG (6.55) (61.23) 8. Fipronil 40% + 1000g 1.21 2333.33 96.08 43.50 Imidaclorpid 40% (6.29) (48.30) WG 9. Chlorantraniliprole 200ml 1.68 5316.66 87.72 41.16 18.5% SC (7.27) (72.91)

10. Control - 2.91 14240.00 68.11 35.16 (9.81) (119.33) S. Em ± - 0.28 1.53 1.08 0.31

CD at 5% - O.85 4.69 3.50 1.03

*Figure in parentheses represents angular mean value

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Fig.1

All the insecticides were found to be effective clothianidin 50% WDG @ 200g/ha and in reducing termite damage as compared to fipronil 5% SC@ 2.5lit/ha. untreated (control). All the treatment showed minimum damage number of the affected Effect of grain yield tillers/ha compared to untreated (control) Table-2. Grain yield g/m row and q/ha was significantly higher in treated plot with The damage of affected tillers/m row as fipronil 40% + imidacloprid 40% WG @ minimum 1.21 and 1.27 per cent in fipronil 1000g/ha (96.08 g/m row and 43.50 q/ha) and 40% + imidacloprid 40% WG @ 1000g/ha thiamethoxam 25% WG @ 300g/ha (95.04 and thiamethoxam 25% WG @ 300g/ha, g/m row and 43.17 q/ha) followed by which was at par with affected tillers recorded clothianidin 50% WDG @ 200g/ha (93.63 g/m in clothianidin 50% WDG @ 200g/ha (1.36 row and 43.00 q/ha), fipronil 5% SC @ 2.5 per cent) fipronil 5% SC @ 2.5 lit/ha, (1.40 lit/ha (92.75 g/m row and 42.79 q/ha), per cent). All the insecticides treatment should acephate 50% WP + imidacloprid 1.8% SP @ superiority over untreated check in 350g/ha (91.03 g/m row and 42.58 q/ha), minimizing the affected tillers. The damage thiamethoxam 35% FS 250 ml/ha (90.05g/m number of affected tillers/ha in different row and 42.00 q/ha), imidacloprid 600 FS ranged from (2333.33 to 5316.66) while it was 48% @ 300 ml/ha (89.16 g/m row and 41.66 14240.00 in untreated plots. The minimum q/ha), imidacloprid 17.8% SL @ 400g/ha damaged number of effective tiller/ha were (88.61 g/m row and 41.33 q/ha) and recorded fipronil 40% + imidacloprid 40% chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 200 ml/ha WG @ 1000g/ha and thiamethoxam 25% (87.72 g/m row and 41.16 q/ha). WDG @ 300g/ha treated plot followed by

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Acknowledgement management, CAZRI, monograph, 16: 31. The authors are thankful to the Dean, College Peterson, C., Wagner, T.L., Mulrooney, J.E. of Agriculture and Head, Department of and Shelton, T.G. (2006). Subterranean Entomology, Chandra Shekhar Azad termites-their prevention and control in University of Agriculture and Technology, buildings. USDA Home and Garden Kanpur (U.P.) for providing facilities to Bulletin. 64. conduct the experiments. Pimentel, D., Houser, J., Preiss, E., White, O., Fang, H., Mesnick, L., Barsky, T., References Tariche, S., Schreck, J. and Alpert, S. (1997). Water resources: agriculture, Anonymous (2019). Agricultural statistics at a the environment and society. glance pp. 50-51, 100. BioScience. 47(2): 97-106. Deol, G.S. and Sekhon, B.S. (1998). Effect of Potter, M.F. (2011). Termites-In-Handbook of insecticidal seed treatment with Pest Control: the behavior, life history, different insecticides on germination, and control of household pests, 10th termite damage and grain yield of edition. A. Mallis, S.A. Hedges & D. wheat. Pestology, 22 (11): 11-14. Moreland (Eds). Cleveland: GIE Dubcovsky, J. and Dvorak, J. (2007). Genome Media Inc. 2011. plasticity: a key factor in the success of Singh, Y.P. and Upadhyaya, K.D. (1993). Pest polyploid wheat under domestication. complex of wheat- and their Science, 316, 1862-1866. management. Recent Advances in Mishra, R.D., Sharma, R.K., Singh, K.P., Entomology: 589-619. Parsohan, P.A., Tiwari, A.N., Verna, Srivastava, K.P. (1993). A text book of R.S. and Jaiswal, (2003).Wheat applied entomology. Kalyani Publisher Research Pantnagar, Research bulletin II-: 256-265. No. 132, Directorate of experiment Verma, A.N. and Kashyap, R.K. (1980). station, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, Termites their damage and control in Uttranchal: 47-49. field crops. Memoir No.8, New Delhi, Parihar, D.R. (1981). Termite pest of Entomological Society of India. Pp. 53. vegetation in Rajasthan and their

How to cite this article:

Lavlesh Kumar, Jitendra Kumar, Mohan Singh and Pawan Singh. 2021. Comparative Efficacy of Some New Insecticides against Termites (Odontotermes obesus Rambur) on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Comparison to Yield under Field Conditions. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 10(03): 1446-1452. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1003.177

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