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This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from the King’S Research Portal At This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Becoming a (neuro)migrant culture, race, class and gender in Santiago, Chile Abarca Brown, Gabriel Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 09. Oct. 2021 Becoming a (neuro)migrant Culture, race, class and gender in Santiago, Chile A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Gabriel Abarca Brown Department of Global Health and Social Medicine King’s College London 1 ERRATA CORRIGE Page Line Note ERRATA CORRIGE 2 5 “Based on a multi-site “Based on a multi-sited ethnography” ethnography” 20 20 “ethnography conducted over “ethnography conducted over 14 months during 2017 and 14 months during 2018 and 2018” 2019” 101 9 "Dumit, 2000, 20004” “Dumit, 2000, 2004" May 20th, 2021 Date Signed by Abstract The arrival of Haitian and Dominican migrants to Chile has led to a series of frictions, conflicts and challenges both within the public health system, as well as in other key social organisations that seek to assist migrants, most notably churches and non- governmental organisations. Based on a multi-site ethnography carried out over 14 months in a borough of north Santiago, I seek to interrogate how new discourses relating to migration, multiculturalism and mental health have taken shape in a post- dictatorship neoliberal Chile from 1990 to the present. Specifically, I explore how, through the introduction of health reforms since the 1990s and the subsequent global mental health (GMH) agenda, biomedicine and psy/neuro technologies have impacted and shaped afro-descendant migrants’ subjectivities and everyday lives. Bringing together contributions from anthropology, sociology, science and technology studies, psychoanalysis and feminist theory, I argue that there are multiple forms of becoming a (neuro)migrant in a post-dictatorship neoliberal Chile. Through the negotiation, assimilation, resistance, and refusal of biomedical and psychiatric interventions, migrants engage in heterogeneous subjectivation processes that both affirm and challenge normative values of integration into Chilean society. Thus, these subjectivation processes reveal that psy/neuro technologies challenge migrants' representations of themselves, their malaise and suffering, as well as their mental health. Besides, these processes also reveal how Haitians and Dominicans develop individual, family and community coping strategies to address their afflictions in spaces such as neighbourhoods and churches mainly. I also show that although local initiatives in multiculturalism have encouraged health practitioners to reconsider their practices and values reflexively, they have tended to racialise the notion of “cultural difference” and abnormality/madness. Practitioners have usually reduced migrants’ malaise and suffering to a neurobiological level, neglecting the ethnic and contextual aspects involved. Through this, they reproduce and reinforce a conception of afflictions based on a biosocial determinism framed in what some researchers have called neuroscience of poverty. 2 Contents Acknowledgments 5 Table of Figures 8 Introduction 9 - Historical Context: The arrival of the “new migration” 12 - Methodological approach 19 - Structure of the thesis 24 Chapter I: Neoliberal multiculturalism, culture and intersectionality: The new intercultural field in the healthcare system 30 - Intercultural health in Chile: A recent history 36 - The “multicultural borough” and first initiatives against racism 42 - Intercultural facilitators, cultural competency and uses of the “culture” category 48 - Intersectional understandings: The “culture” category in terms of class and gender 56 Chapter II: Becoming a migrant: On racialisation and sexualisation practices and their psycho-social impacts 66 - Becoming a migrant (woman) in the country of origin: On the feminisation of migration and global care chains 72 - Becoming a migrant in Chile: On racialisation and sexualisation practices 80 - Racialisation and sexualisation practices and their psycho-social impacts 84 - On the epistemic differences between representations, knowledge and practices in mental health 92 Chapter III: Becoming a (neuro)migrant: Global mental health and Haitian Community 98 - The global mental health agenda in Chile 103 - Neglecting “cultural” aspects of mental afflictions 108 - The “return” of the magical-religious realm and the cultural de-substantialisation process 110 - Practitioners’ use of race: Genetic predisposition and mental afflictions 118 3 - Mental healthcare technologies and subjectivation: Becoming a (neuro)migrant 121 Chapter IV: Becoming a (neuro)migrant: Motherhood, attachment and the government of the “future of Chile” 128 - Violence and migration: Conditions for malaise and suffering 133 - “Chile Crece Contigo” programme and the imposition of liberal values: Towards a vexing motherhood 136 - “Natural” attachment: On contested migrant motherhood 141 - Governing mothering: The difference between care and rearing 148 - The management of risk and representation of the nation 153 Chapter V: Belongingness and mental health beyond healthcare centres: On the “good” Haitian and the evangelical church 156 - Follow God’s will: Haitian migration, religion and daily life 160 - The centrality of religion in Haiti and the strengthening of the evangelical church in Chile 167 - Evangelical service and religious practice: Outlining the “good Christian/Haitian” 172 - The Religious experience of evangelical Haitians: Questioning the Western Theory of Mind 179 - “The church is a piece of Haiti in Chile”: On an ethnic-national space 183 Conclusions 188 References 197 Appendix 247 4 Acknowledgments This thesis would not have been possible without the support of many people and institutions that allowed me to develop this research project. First and foremost, I have to thank to the Haitian and Dominican community for sharing with me their migration experiences and everyday lives in Chile. Mercedes, Laura, Ramón, Lucy, Pierre, Rose and Renaud1, I hope I have given an account of your lives, hopes and dreams in this thesis. I have to also thank the health practitioners, health programmes’ coordinators, experts, policy makers, pastors and borough’s neighbours for sharing their everyday lives and work. Yolanda, Miriam, Viviana, Daniela and Jessica2, thank you for showing me the multiple challenges that the healthcare system faces in the new Chilean intercultural context. Pastors Juan, James and Choy3, thank you for accepting me in the church and letting me learn about the evangelical community in Chile. I would also like to show gratitude to my supervisors Dominique Béhague, Anne Pollock and Francisco Ortega. Dominique, thank you for your constant support and commitment from the beginning of this project, as well as for encouraging me to develop an interdisciplinary and decolonial approach. Anne, thank you for your support and for introducing me to conceptual discussions about race, feminism, and STS studies. Francisco, thank you for the constant clarification around “neuro” debates, as well as for sharing your academic experience. I am also grateful to you for receiving me as a Visiting Researcher at the Social Medicine Institute at the Rio de Janeiro State University in 2017 and 2018. I would like also to thank to Orkideh Behrouzan and Pierre-Henri Castel who helped me during the first stages of this project. 1 Pseudonyms. 2 Pseudonyms. 3 Pseudonyms. 5 I must express my very profound gratitude to academic and administrative staff of the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine (GHSM) at King’s College London. I would like to thank specially the stimulating debates in the context of the Culture, Medicine and Power (CMP) and Mental Health and Society (MHS) research groups. I am grateful to Carlo Caduff, Hanna Kienzler, Nicholas Manning, Ursula Read, David Reubi, and Nikolas Rose for their support and encouragement during this process. I take this opportunity to express gratitude to John Abraham, Carlo Caduff, and Amy Hinterberger for allowing me to work with them as a Graduate Teaching Assistant at the GHSM Department. I am also grateful to my friends and colleagues Thomas Abin, Zeina Amro, Sofia Bowen, Giulia Cavalieri, Fatima Elfitouri, Guntars Ermarsons, James Fletcher, Sebastián Fonseca, Stephanie Goley, Sally
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