Sedimentary and Structural Setting of the Aptian

2020 | 73/1 | 59–67 | 8 Figs. | 1 Tab. | www.geologia-croatica.hr Journal of the Croatian Geological Survey and the Croatian Geological Society

Sedimentary and structural setting of the Aptian reservoir deposits in the Kasserine area, west-central Tunisia Khaled Lazzez1, Marzouk Lazzez2, Moez Ben Fadhel3, Ramla Ben Rabah2 and Taher Zouaghi4,5

1 Université Tunis El Manar, Département de Géologie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia; ([email protected]) 2 Entreprise Tunisienne d’Activités Pétrolières (ETAP), 54 Avenue Mohamed V, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia; ([email protected]) 3 Institut Supérieur des Sciences et Technologies de l’Environnement, Département de Biotechnologie, Borj Cédria, Tunisia; ([email protected]) 4 King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Department of Geoexploration, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; ([email protected]; [email protected]) 5 CERTE, Pôle Technologique de Borj Cédria, Laboratoire de Géoressources, 8020 Soliman, Tunisia doi: 10.4154/gc.2020.06

Abstract Article history: The Aptian hydrocarbon-producing reservoirs, in the onshore Semmama and Douleb oil fields Manuscript received May 13, 2019 of west-central Tunisia are characterized by a heterogeneous flow with continuous decline. Pe- Revised manuscript accepted February 18, 2020 troleum exploration in this area requires detailed knowledge of the structural development of the Available online February 29, 2020 basin and its relationship to the reservoir sequence and the source rock distribution. The structural configuration of west-central Tunisia is characterized by NE-SW, NW-SE and N-S deep- seated faults, which outline tectonic structures and it is influenced by Triassic salt intrusions.

During the Aptian period, the basin was extensive and shallow at the center, though moderately deep to the North. The northeast-southwest dominated synsedimentary extensional tectonics induced high and subsiding zones and thus controlled sedimentary deposition. The Aptian reservoir is characterized by the lateral variation of sedimentary facies. The first zone, dominated by dolomitic lithofacies has been proven as a petroleum reservoir. The second zone corresponds to carbonate reef and para-reef facies. The third zone, trending north-south is chara cterized by shallow marine sedimentation, punctuated by episodes of detrital influx. The early

Keywords: Aptian, West-central Tunisia, Aptian is outlined by the emergence of Kairouan Island that took place in central Tunisia. This Sedimentary facies, Depositional environment, study facilitated mapping of the areas exhibiting hydrocarbon reservoir potential which resulted Reservoirs structuring from the conjunction of extensional tectonics and salt ascension.

1. INTRODUCTION well and seismic data. A comparison with the surface data was The area of central Tunisia hosts several productive petroleum conducted to better understand the dynamics of sedimentation systems including the Douleb, Semmama, and Tamesmida oil within this region. Well log analysis of the Aptian layers was un- fields (Figs. 1 and 2). For many years, Aptian reservoir layers have dertaken to verify the petrophysical characteristics of the reser- been unexplored and untested in central Tunisia. Recently, wells voir. A geometric and structural model that shows the spatial dis- have been drilled to investigate the Serdj Formation in the study tribution and evolution of the reservoir units, between the high area. Oil-producing wells, developed in the Douleb and Sem- platform and subsiding basin, is a potential exploration objective mama area, penetrate the Aptian dolomitic reservoir. The explo- in west-central Tunisia. ration challenge was to identify the characteristics of the traps, related to the structural framework of the area. 2. GEOLOGICAL SETTING West-central Tunisia has been studied by many authors who The west-central Tunisia outcrops, belonging to the eastern At- discussed the tectonic settings and geodynamic evolution of the lasic domain, are mainly composed of Mesozoic and Cenozoic different structures related to North Africa tectonics (e.g. BU- layers deposited in several synclines, tilted blocks, and half gra- ROLLET, 1956; DLALA, 1984; ZARGOUNI, 1985; MAR- ben basins (e.g. CHIHI & BEN AYED, 1991; SAÏDI & BELAY- TINEZ et al., 1990; BEN AYED, 1993; EL EUCHI, 1993, BOUK- OUNI, 1994; CHIHI, 1995; ZOUAGHI et al., 2011, 2013). The ADI, 1994, CHIHI, 1995; RIGANE et al., 2010; ZOUAGHI et al., structural framework (Fig. 1) is characterized by major NE-SW 2011, 2013; HARZALI et al., 2019). Previous stratigraphic and reverse faults, that outline major Atlasic folds, and by other re- sedimentological studies have contributed to interpretations of gional NW-SE and E-W strike-slip faults that outline grabens and Cretaceous palaeogeography in west-central Tunisia (Fig. 3), subsiding troughs. Other N-S transcurrent lineaments have dis- which is considered to represent a large transitional zone between sected the pre-existing structures (e.g. MARTINEZ et al., 1990; the platform to the south, and a deep trough to the north (e.g. BIS- CHIHI, 1995; ZOUAGHI et al., 2011, 2013). MUTH et al., 1981, MARIE et al., 1984, ZGHAL, 1994; BEN- Tectonic movements have controlled deformation within the ZARTI, 2002; LAZZEZ et al., 2008; BEN FADHEL et al., 2011; Atlasic domain and, therefore, influenced sedimentary infilling ZOUAGHI et al., 2011). and evolution of the basin and the platform structures (Figs. 2 The main aim of this study is to characterize the reservoir and 3). Aptian structuring and sedimentary distribution seem to properties of the Aptian series in west-central Tunisia, specifi- be generated by regional NNW–SSE Aptian extensional and/or cally the facies evolution from the southern to northern areas, transtensional tectonic deformation that changed to a NE–SW based on the interpretation of the sedimentary succession from direction at the end of the Aptian (ZOUAGHI et al., 2011, 2013). Geologia Croatica Figure mapof 1.Astructural Tunisia (ETAP, 2000)showing themaingeological features, withthelocation ofthestudyarea inwest-central Tunisia. 60 is mostly highlighted at the intersection of two or more master of master more or two intersection the at highlighted mostly is (ZOUAGHI walls salt and al., et 2011, 2013). rise halokinetic This rollers, salt domes, salt as such of Triassic evaporites rising the trough to the north (ZGHALtrough to &ARNAUD-VANNEAU, thenorth 2005). depositional domain from the Saharan platform in the south to the subsiding Figure 2. The Aptian extensional tectonic phase has been coupled with coupled with been has phase tectonic extensional Aptian The A palaeogeographic map of the Tunisian Aptianshowing the main from various previous studies(e.g. etal., 1995;BEN M’RABET YOUSSEF, 1999). Figure ofthe 3.Alithostratigraphic chart Tunisian Cretaceous Early simplified al., 2005, 2011; al., et 2013). JAILLARD 1998; BÉDIR al., et 2001; al., et BOUAZIZ 2002; ZOUAGHI et al., et 1991; al., et 1993; PIQUÉ BARRIER al., et MARITINEZ (e.g. opening Atlantic south the to related be to seem plate, can Afri North the in fossilized events, extensional regional These al., 1985; SOYER, &TRICART, 1987; ZOUAGHI al., et 2013). Tethyan by evolution the controlled (e.g. tectonic DERCOURT et (ZOUAGHIchanges al., et 2011). stress with associated reactivation tectonic to related is and faults, The Aptian tectonic movements in west-central Tunisia were west-central movements in tectonic Aptian The Geologia Croatica 73/1 - Geologia Croatica - - - - - - - - 61 Incentral the Serdj Tunisia, Formation, sands which overlies deposition marked claystones by andmarlstones with interca lated ZGHAL, ZGHAL turbidites & ARNAUD- 1994; (e.g. 2005). VANNEAU, 4. STRATIGRAPHY 4. The Aptian Serdj Formation was described in the stratotype sec Several biostrati 1956). tion at theSerdj anticline (BUROLLET, graphic frameworks dealing with Serdj the Formation of age have been established BISMUTH, and discussed widely 1973; (e.g. In ZGHAL, west-central 1994). 1981; M’RABET, TLATLI, 1980; the AptianTunisia, successions display lateral thickness and fa cies variation, and are associated with unconformities major of erosional or non-depositional events. Previous hydrocarbon ex ploration on the to it Serdj be Formation productive proven have asdemonstrated numerous by and oil gas discoveries that have been made in the Douleb, Semmama, and Tamesmida fields. the Barremianof Aich Sidi Formation, consists mainly carbona of tes including some sandstone The lime and shale beds 3). (Fig. stone beds are oolitic and/or They bioclastic. display mudstone, wackstone and packstone textures and contain orbitolinids, cri bryozoans, gastropods, pelecypods, green cephalopods, noids, and red algae with locally abundant rudists BIS and corals (e.g. 1983; et al., BUROLLET M’RABET 1979; etMUTH, al., 1973; ZGHAL,BENZARTI, FERJANI BEN 2002; 2006; 1994; et al., LEHMANN 2008; ZOUAGHI, 2009; HELDT et al., 2010; et al., - - - - -

Duringthe Aptian, realm the Tunisian wassubdivided into E-W lithostratigraphic correlation of the Aptian reservoir Formation from outcrops and wells. outcrops from of the Aptian reservoir Formation correlation lithostratigraphic 4. E-W Figure GEN, 1981; M’RABET, 1981; MARIE ZGHAL, 1984; et al., 1981; M’RABET, 1981; GEN, BENZARTI, LEHMANN 2002; 1994; These suc 2009). et al., cessions are essentially controlled, in addition to sea-level changes, theby geodynamics the realm western of (e.g. Tethys 2002; BOUAZIZ et al., 1994; RICOU, 1985; et al., DERCOURT 2013). 2011, et al., LAZZEZ ZOUAGHI 2008; et al., three distinct provinces, respectively named southern, central and northern palaeogeographic Southern domains 2). con (Fig. tinentalto lagoonal environments prevail large areas over the of Saharan Platform. Farther north, these environments transition into a shallow marineplatform, extending a larger over area in characterized is domains.It offshore mixedandby onshore both inner facies shelf which consist mainly carbonate of deposits with sandstone and shale intercalations This fa 2 and (Figs. 3). cies indicates open marine conditions, marked bioclastic lime by stones withmarl intercalations and reef deposits. A high block named Kairouan Island, located in the eastern part is characteri Thezed northern post by Aptian 2). erosion (Fig. part Tunisia of was dominated subsiding by zones with predominantly pelagic 3. APTIAN PALAEOGEOGRAPHY IN PALAEOGEOGRAPHY APTIAN 3. WEST-CENTRAL TUNISIA Theoutcropping Aptian lithofacies covering wide areas the of Tunisian realm, reflect distinct depositional settings 2), (Fig. ranging from continental deposits in the South to marine facies BOLTENHA TLATLI, 1980; BISMUTH,northward 1973; (e.g. Lazzez et al.: CSedimentary and structural setting of the Aptian reservoir deposits in the Kasserine area, west-central Tunisia Geologia Croatica transition. transition. al., et 2010; al., et CHIHAOUI 2013) JAILLARD the outline (e.g. Formation Hamaima the to attributed beds sandstone and limestone with alternating marls Tunisia, green northwestern al., et 2017; al., et 2019). (GHANMI tuses far HARZALI the In hia sedimentary suggest likely which beds, of conglomeratic or consists surfaces, by hardground indicated missing, either is formations two the between horizon transitional The Formation. Fahdene Albian of Upper the by deposits region, entire the most tation occurred throughout central Tunisia. Tunisian Trough The central throughout occurred tation sedimen continuous and relatively varied time, Aptian During 5. BASIN DEPOSITION dolomite. and limestone by bioclastic sented (Clansayesian) member repre is upper The intercalations. clastic and limestone with associated of beds, dolomite mainly consists Clansayesi (Gargasian-early member middle Gargasian). The (Bedoulian-early clay mark and layers, sand with partly dolomites, and limestones 5); (Figs. lower 4and the bioclastic-oolitic members al., et 1979;M’RABET ZOUAGHI, 2011). (e.g. al., et 1981, rudists BISMUTH and orbitolinids or dissolved recrystallized including debris bioclastic contain massive and lly Tunisia 1980). (TLATLI, of genera central are dolomite beds The anticline Serdj the in found are reefs carbonate coral and rudist ZOUAGHI al., et 2011). area, of study the North Locally, the to Figure lithostratigraphic correlation 5.N-Ssubsurface oftheAptiandeposits(innerplatform deposits-basinfacies). 62 The Serdj Formation is overlain unconformably, across al across unconformably, overlain is Formation Serdj The different three into subdivided was Formation Serdj The an) - - - - in W2 well and 200 m in the Hallouf anticline outcrops. The late The outcrops. anticline Hallouf the min W2 200 wellin and 105 outcrops, m 180 Mrhila the min reaching sively eastwards progres increases thickness W1 the member well. and The cline anti El Hamra the 130 about is in mthick intercalations, stone sand and beds of limestone oolitic lowerThe consisting member, 5.1.1. Lower member (Fig. 4). environments depositional open shelf to inner the evolution facies from demonstrating characterized, were members Three framework. stratigraphic of reservoir the allowed interpretation and structure platform the Mrhi of El Hamra, the outcrops wells and deep from data cluding in Formation, of Serdj the correlation stratigraphic The facies. and thickness in variation shows layers, lateral reservoir several containing interval, Tunisia. This west-central of in exploration target main the be to considered is Formation Serdj Aptian The 5.1. Sedimentaryevolution 2010). movements (ZOUAGHI salt with al., et al., et 2005; RIGANE associated blocks structural in fracturing multiscale to leading deformation transtensional and/or by extensional controlled was (ZOUAGHI lineament South al., et 2011). sedimentation Aptian of North– the part north the around outcropping structures on strata Aptian in by unconformities characterized Island, rouan Kai by the marked is zone high This Tunisian platform. central by the separated domains, subsiding were Basin Gafsa the and la and Hallouf structures, provided important details about about details important provided structures, Hallouf and la Geologia Croatica 73/1 marine marine - - - - - Lazzez et al.: CSedimentary and structural setting of the Aptian reservoir deposits in the Kasserine area, west-central Tunisia 63 Geologia Croatica

Figure 6. Lithofacies and sedimentary environments of Aptian deposits in the study area. ral stratigraphic equivalent of this member shows significant 5.2. Depositional environment detrital intercalations to the East. The Serdj Formation facies indicates shallow depositional marine conditions and characterized by a wide spatial extent in 5.1.2. Middle member central Tunisia. The depositional environment grades laterally The middle member is about 100 m thick in the El Hamra, Mrhila southwards to inner shelf deposition characterized by mixed and Hallouf anticline outcrops. It consists mostly of dolomite beds, carbonate, evaporite and some siliciclastic intercalations of the including limestone and shale intercalations in the El Hamra Orbata Formation. To the North and the Northeast, the Aptian anticline and the W1 well, located in the western part of the study successions correspond to an open marine carbonate shelf depo- area. sitional environment that passes laterally into deep marine shale To the East, the middle member shows thick detrital interca- basin, the M’Cherga Formation. lations that can be recognized in the Mrhila, Halouf anticlines and the W2 well. The facies evolution of the Aptian reservoir indicates the presence of subsiding structures westward of the study area with 5.1.3. Upper member thick deposition, and high zones eastward represented by Kairo The upper member is composed of oolitic and bioclastic carbonate uan Island. To the North, the Aptian successions reflect a deep layers outcropping in the El Hamra anticline and the W1 well. basin depositional environment (Fig. 5), represented by alternat- This member is missing in the eastern part of the study area. ing limestone and marl layers (M’Cherga Formation) and some Geologia Croatica SW water saturation; SH hydrocarbonSW saturation. The SHandSWidentified by archie). Table 1.Petrophysical SWandØ) inwells parameters (VSH, W4 and volume ofshalebyW6 showing GR;PHIDporosity by levels density; ofoilinterest. (VSHGR packstone and wackstone of mudstone, composed mostly textures (e.g.zation 1980; TLATLI, al., et 2010). HELDT associated The and dolomiti local in karstification resulting and waters, vadose meteoric phreatic, with associated and zone eogenetic the tive in ac are that processes diagenetic by affected are that carbonates axis. North-South the in located zone third the characterize deposits Detrital facies. para-reef and reef by carbonate characterized is area second The domain. productive most the be to considered is facies, reservoir dolomite by marked area, first the 6): (Fig. reservoirs proven reveal that areas three development. We of trap nisms distinguish mecha the controlled aconsequence, as Tunisia, and West Central in geometries sequence and distribution facies processes, netic diage pattern, sedimentary the dictated halokinesis and phases 2010). al., et (HELDT influx detrital increased with coeval sedimentation by carbonate characterized system depositional tional sea-level (ZOUAGHIciated fall al., et 2011). It atransi displays asso and halokinesis tectonics, extensional to linked chitecture ar graben and horst displays platform, the from basin deep the Formation). separating zone, The (the Hamaima beds sandstone Figure 7.3-Dblockdiagram showing thelateral evolution ofAptiandepositsfrom to southern northern Tunisia. 64 The Aptian Serdj Formation consists of bioclastic and oolitic oolitic of and bioclastic consists Formation Serdj Aptian The extensional from inherited configuration basin Aptian The Well W6 W4 Total depth(m) 304 278 Net Pay (m) 10.5 12 VSHGR (%) - - - - - - 25.11 8.15 which contain mature source rocks (e.g. rocks source &BELAYOUNI, SAIDI mature contain which Fahdene shales, Albian by well the sealed regionally is reservoir both enhances ZOUAGHI, al., et 2012). 2008; BEN BRAHIM carbonate also This karstification by (e.g. OUAHCHI al., et 1998; permeability and porosity enlarged locally fractures of (md). presence The 1000 30 millidarcy to from ranges meability Per beds. 16% around limestone and dolomite the 25% the in in to 7 from ranging porosity effective an with Tunisia, central in reservoirs proven oil-producing are carbonates Serdj Aptian The 6.1. Reservoirstructures emersion. with associated karstification and dissolution from resulting porosity by secondary characterized are rocks reservoir The platform. reef of abarrier of carbonates reef uplift the with associated is reservoir of Aptian an formation age. The taceous Cre and of Jurassic sandstone secondary and carbonate mainly heterogeneous, highly are Tunisia, reservoirs the central In rocks. source and reservoirs potential proven and Tunisia several has RESERVOIR6. ASPECTS central Tunisia (Fig. 7).central west- in environments depositional ramp outer and mid vailing pre indicate cephalopods, and foraminifera, containing mainly PHID (%) 10.2 7.63 SW (%) 20.32 29.95 Geologia Croatica 73/1 SH (%) 79.68 70.05 - - - Geologia Croatica - - - 65 During the Aptian, west-central was demarcated Tunisia to In fact, the subsurface cuttings from situated wells, to the In west-central the Aptian Tunisia, Serdj Formation, which that conclude tectonicWe phases and closely salt movement 7. CONCLUSIONS 7. Inwest-central Aptian Tunisia, sedimentary is largely evolution controlled structures by inherited from extensional halokinesis phases associated with the ocean. opening the Tethys of the north a deep by basin, the carbonate platform and an uplifted area, so called “Kairouan (the Island”) in the center, and the Sa harian platform to the south. north the study of area, reveal a marine depositional environment that prevailedduring theAptian. The subsurface study is in har withmony the palaeogeographic interpretations mentioned in previous studies in this area, indicating that during the Aptian, open marine sedimentation was restricted to the northern part of thestudy where area its lateral (NW equivalent Tunisia) is re of presented the by upper part the Formation M’Cherga of together with the the base Formation. Fahdene of productiveis a proven reservoir in the Douleb, Semmama and carbonates oolitic including of mostly consists fields, Tamesmida and/or bioclastic limestone and dolomite beds, associated with some sandstone and shale intercalations. The carbonate textures varyfrom mudstone, wackstone to packstone, containing fo raminifera, and cephalopods indicating mid- and outer-ramp depo sitional environments. controlthe distribution the studied of AptianSerdj Formation reservoir. Extensional phases induced have of the development - The tests well produced only a failure water, that was proba mitic zone where the petroleum system The is proven. low Analysis of log data from two wells (W4 and W6, Fig. 8) has 8) dataAnalysis Fig. log of and from W6, two (W4 wells yielded petro-physical characteristics summarized It 1. in Table was postulated that the well W6 reservoir has a larger effective thickness with good porosity, while the effective thickness and porosityare reduced reservoir. well Northward in the the W4 of study area, reservoir well the W5 has yielded poor petro-physical properties, matrix showing low porosity and (less high a than 4%) These Gammareservoir (90%). parameters Ray shale volume in 6.2. Well log study porosityand permeability, the limited and non-homogeneous fracture distribution, and together the storagecomplex space, evaluating tight uncertaintiesof in result effectiveness thearound carbonate reservoirs. Seismic sections showing the anticline structure through the W4 well. 8. Seismic the sections structure through the anticline showing Figure FERJANI 2011, BEN et al., FADHEL 2006; BEN et al., 1994; The reservoir drainage2014). is facilitated the by thickening and thecollapse Albian of source rock. In this case, hydrocarbons lateralhave trendingmigration related to tectonic events that caused formation NW-trending of grabens and horsts. dicate a deep depositional environment that prevailed during the Aptian (ZGHAL These & ARNAUD, 2005). results mean that the petro-physical properties increase when approaching the dolo Lazzez et al.: CSedimentary and structural setting of the Aptian reservoir deposits in the Kasserine area, west-central Tunisia bly related to late tectonicbetween the deformations. test result and hydrocarbon saturation provided by Regardingpetrophysical the evaluation, the Archie equation seems difference to be inade quate the for tight dolomite in relation to with unavailable result agreed water saturation low by table 1). in up to 70% W6, (SH Geologia Croatica parts of Tunisia. parts offshore and onshore northern the in areas other for domes salt around targets for deeper research further for directing suspicions and/or questions important new raising well layout, as as basin to according distributions facies lateral in opportunities ration BUROLLET, P.F. 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