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Transnational Organized Crime Under the Background of Internet

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Transnational Organized Crime Under the Background of Internet DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation „Transnational Organized Crime in the Context of Internet“ Verfasserin Xiangxia LI angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktorin der Rechtswissenschaften (Dr.iur.) Wien, 2015 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 783 101 Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: Rechtswissenschaften Betreuerin: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Susanne Reindl-Krauskopf Contents Preface ………………………………………………………………………………...ⅶ Abbreviations...………………………………………………………………………..ⅷ Chapter 1 Evolution of Organized Crime since the 1950s and its concept ............... 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 Section 1 Evolution of Organized Crime since the 1950s ................................................. 2 1.Evolution of European Organized Crime .................................................................... 2 1.1 Italy ....................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Russia ...................................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Germany .................................................................................................................. 7 1.4 Austria .................................................................................................................... 8 2.Evolution of Asian organized crime .......................................................................... 11 2.1 China ..................................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Japan...................................................................................................................... 14 3.Evolution of North American Organized Crime ....................................................... 15 3.1 The United States .................................................................................................. 16 3.2 Canada .................................................................................................................. 17 4.Evolution of South American Organized Crime ....................................................... 18 5.Evolution of Australia Organized Crime ................................................................... 19 6.Tendency ................................................................................................................... 20 Section 2 Traditional Definitions of Organized Crime and Definition of Cyber Transnational Organized Crime ....................................................................................... 21 1.Different Concepts of Organized Crime .................................................................... 22 2.Definitions of Organized Crime in the Era of the Internet ........................................ 36 Conclusion of Chapter 1 .................................................................................................. 40 Chapter 2 Characteristics and New Trends of Organized Crime in the Era of the Internet ........................................................................................................................ 41 Section 1 Characteristics of Present Organized Crime .................................................... 41 1.General Situation and Trends of Current Organized Crime ...................................... 52 2.Penetration of Information Communication Technology into Current Organized Crime .............................................................................................................................. 53 3.Analyzing the Transnational Characteristic of Current Organized Crime ................ 56 4.Economic Level of Countries Involved ..................................................................... 60 5.Types of Current Cyber Organized Crime ................................................................ 63 6.Location characteristic of current organized crime ................................................... 65 7.Evolving Trend of Transnational Organized Crime .................................................. 68 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 70 Section 2 New Trends of Organized Crime..................................................................... 71 1.Informatization of Traditional Transnational Organized Crime................................ 72 2.Transformation of Cyber Crime into Cyber Organized Crime.................................. 75 3.Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 78 Chapter 3 Investigations into Criminal Legislation and Adjustment of Criminal Policy Combating Cyber Transnational Organized Crime in the Internet Age..... 41 Section 1 Investigation into Criminal Legislation against Cyber Transnational Organized Crime in the Cyber Age ................................................................................. 82 1.Legislation of the USA .............................................................................................. 82 1.1 Legislation against Organized Crime .................................................................. 82 1.2 Legislation against Cyber Crime .......................................................................... 86 2.Legislation of European Union.................................................................................. 92 2.1 Legislation of Italy .............................................................................................. 92 2.2 Legislation of Germany ...................................................................................... 95 2.3 Legislation of Austria.......................................................................................... 99 2.4 Legislation of France ........................................................................................ 101 2.5 Legislation of United Kingdom ........................................................................ 103 3.Legislation of China ................................................................................................ 108 3.1 Legislation of China against Organized Crimes ............................................... 108 3.2 Legislation of Mainland against Cyber Crime .................................................. 112 4.Legislation of Russia ............................................................................................... 112 4.1 Legislation of Russia against Organized Crime ................................................ 112 4.2 Legislation of Russia against Cyber Crime....................................................... 113 5.Legislation of Japan ................................................................................................. 114 5.1Legislation of Japan against Organized Crime .................................................... 114 5.2 Legislation of Japan against Cyber Crime ........................................................ 115 6.Regional and international Conventions against CTOC ......................................... 117 7.Legislative Absences and Judiciary Obstacles when Fighting against Cyber Transnational Organized Crime.................................................................................... 118 7.1 Legislative Absences and Loopholes ................................................................... 119 7.1.1Absences of Regional and International Convention against Cyber Transnational Organized Crime...........................................................................................................119 7.1.2Loopholes and Weaknesses of Domestic Law ................................................. 122 7.2Judiciary Obstacles ................................................................................................ 124 7.2.1Judiciary Obstacles of Jurisdiction ................................................................... 124 7.2.2Judiciary Obstacles of Investigating Cyber Transnational Organized crime... 126 7.2.3Judiciary Obstacles of Adjudicating on Cyber Transnational Organized Crime …………………………………………………………………………………127 8.Legislative Countermeasures Curbing TOC in Internet Era………………………..129 8.1Legislation for amending Legislative Absence and Loopholes…………………129 8.1.1Legislation for amending Legislative Absence and Loopholes at National Level…………………………………………………………………………………..129 8.1.2Legislation for amending Legislative Absence and Loophole at Regional and International Level…………………………………………………………………….131 8.2Amendment of Procedural Law to Combat Cyber Transnational Organized Crime………………………………………………………………………………….134 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………...134 Section 2 Adjustments of Criminal Policy against Cyber Transnational Organized Crime Worldwide in the Internet Era ............................................................................ 136 1.Criminal Policies Against Organized Crime at National Level .............................. 136 1.1 Policies of the USA ........................................................................................... 136 1.2 Policies of Italy ................................................................................................. 137 1.3 Policies of Austria ............................................................................................. 138 1.4 Policies of China ..............................................................................................
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