Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development

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Comparing the Local Climate Change and its Effects on Physiological Aspects and Yield of Ramie Cultivated in Different Biophysical Environments

M. Subandi Lecturer; Agrotechnology Department of the State Islamic University of , Abstract Three experiments in three different biophysical environments were conducted in Jatinangor, District, Jatitujuh. District and Bandung District of West Province, Indonesia. The experiment were conducted to evaluate the environments, seasons, manure, nitrogen and potassium effect on the physiological aspects and yield of ramie plant (Boehmerianivea L. Gaud).The locations diverse at different elevation, rainfall type and soil type and atmospheric regimes. The experiments passed the years 2000-2001. The experiment in was continued with two other experiments in 2007, and experiment in Bandung district was conducted in 2014.The field experiments design used in all the locations were randomized block design arranged in factorial pattern with two factors and two replications. Climatic analysis is done by comparing the atmospheric data of 2000-2001 and the data of 2002-2007 and the data of 2014. Assumed that all the local atmospheric data are atmospheric data under influence of climatic global change. Results of the experiments were: Jatitujuh region is not suitable for ramie cultivation. Dosage of waterw3=35%-40% of Field Capacity affecting sufficient growth on plant.The minimum dosage at which plant survive to produce yield is representing the most efficient input of production.Water supply for ramie plant could be designed to the most efficient volume to maintain the need of metabolism. Keywords: Change, local climate, physiological aspects, ramie

Introduction1 2013). Global climatic change has been influencing all aspect of agricultural Despite having slight disagreement on the activities. Farmers in Indonesia (tropical magnitude, timing and spatial distribution region) are difficult to make their of climate change, scientists agree that the cultivation plan. There is no more climate change has been much faster than in distinctive change of environmental and the past (EPA a). NASA (2013) reported agroclimatic conditions throughout the that certain facts about earth’s climate are months of the year. Chengjian et al. (2013) not in dispute; they also show that in the reported that it might be due to rainfall past, large changes in climate have pattern shift as a result of global climate happened very quickly, geological- change, causing worse drought coming speaking: in tens of years, not in millions or along with high temperature in Yangtze even thousands. River basin. This climate phenomenon Agriculture and fisheries are highly cannot be easily detected or explained by dependent on specific climate conditions. the average data of annual precipitation. Trying to understand the overall effect of climate change can be difficult (EPA b, EPA a (2013) defined climate change refers to any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of Corresponding author’s time. Climate change includes major change Email address: [email protected]

515 Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 4(11)2014: 515-524 in temperature, precipitation, or wind ramie less than 60 day after the previous pattern, among other effects, that occur over harvest. several decades or longer. NASA (2013) reported earth has warmed since 1880. Ditjenbun (1997) stated that ramie is best Most of this warming has occurred since grown in area of A or B rainfall type 1981 and with warmest years occurring in regions where the crop can be 5 to 6 the past 12 years. Even though the 2000s harvests. Ramie is still commercially witnessed a solar output decline resulting in feasible in C rainfall type region with an unusually deep solar minimum in 2007- addition water supply in months of the end 2009. of rainy season, and region of D rainfall type is not suitable for ramie cultivation Adams et al. (1998) and Zhang and McCarl (RIFT, 1997) noted annual rainfall of 1500 (2013) said changes in climate and the to 3000 mm and evenly distributed through atmosphere is inevitable for the coming the year considered good Ramie is one of decades, raises concerns regarding the the major foreign exchange earning crops in adaptive ability and the likely responses of china due to the high quality textile of its the agricultural sector. Iqbal et al. (2009) fine fiber. However, seasonal drought has and EPA a (2013) said there is a growing been becoming a major limiting factor for research interest on transdisciplinary fiber yield, especially under global climate measurement of vulnerability to climatic change (Chengjian et al., 2013) Budi (1996) hazard of climatic change. said ramie plant susceptible to water supply, it will stagnant in the peak or end of dry- Albert and Uche (2014) said that there was season in tropical climate. climate change awareness among farmers in rural community, and they were of the view Ramie is easy plant to grow, once it grew, that it was human induced and saw it was a its rhizomes established in the soil. It will threat into their farming business. grow for years as it belongs to perennial plant. Established root system of ramie can This global and local knowledge sand completely suppress the weed growth. and special local condition encourages ramie needs low cost of cultivation. This agronomist and local agricultural policy economical agronomy characteristic give makers to share their analyses and beneficial prospective for relieving the assessment to formulate appropriate and burden national budget in import spending likely agronomy action to avoid climatic for cotton fiber as the case of Indonesia or hazards. other non-cotton producing countries).

Traditionally, in Indonesia rainy season In the period prior to economic crises came in September, and the month of happened in Indonesia since the mid of March was the beginning of the dry season. 1997, Indonesian textile industry developed That regularity enabled farmer to make and gained the most foreign revenue among definitive plan for his land. And now the non-gas and oil industries, and in1993 noted regularity has been extinct due to the a revenue of $.3.5 billion. Unfortunately, regional climatic change. Some of the development of textile industry was not environmental sensitive plants are based on domestic raw material. Cotton considerably affected. Ramie is sensitive to fiber must be imported mainly from the water supply. Ramie grows and is harvested United States or other cotton producing every 60 days. Ramie needs humid soil but countries. Indonesia produces only 4 % not saturated for well growth, but ramie is natural fiber of the total fiber requirement cultivated in un-irrigated land. Unlike the annually (RIFT, 1997) Ramie plant grows dry-land sugarcane cultivation practice well in humid and warm tropical region, which is supplied with additional irrigation subtropical and temperate zones and in the water in time of rainfall is lack within winter temperature does not drop below certain period. And scheduled the harvest of frozen level (Ditjenbun, 1997), and

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Dempsey (1963) said the optimum -Jatinangor, Sumedang district lies on the temperature for ramie plant in subtropic elevation of 750 m above sea level (ASL), region ranged between 20 0C and 240C, and belongs to C rainfall type, 5 to 6 wet- in tropical region 240C and 28 0C. months and 2 to 4 dry months (slightly wet) CaiTiangchan and Luo (1989) said the based on Schmidt and Ferguson (1951). optimum temperature for rami between 23.0 Soil ordoInceptisol, subordotropeptl and 0C and 29.7 0C, and minimum temperature subgroup Fluventik, Eutropepts, 9.00C. Petruszka (1977) stated ramie plant isohipertermik. resist well the winter low temperature-such as the minimum temperature below 9. 00C -Jatitujuh, Majalengka district lies on the thanks to the protection offered to elevation 19 m ASL, belongs to D rainfall rootstocks by a layer of dead leaves. And it type region consisting of 3 to 4 months of is said in the tropical regions, a good yield wet months, and 5 to 6 months of dry harvested in plantation at the elevation 1300 months. Soil ordo is Alfisol (Mediteran). m above sea level, and rainfall ranging Mediteran Akuik Vertik (Tropaqualfs). from140 mm to 360 per month with even distribution through the months and the -Bandung district lies on the elevation of year. 715 m above sea level (ASL), belongs to C rainfall type, 4 to 5 wet-months and 3 to 4 Biophysical environmental condition dry months (slightly wet) based on Schmidt includes elevation, climatic regime and Ferguson (1951). Soil ordoInceptisol, especially the rainfall; physiographical, soil subordotropeptl and subgroup Fluventik, condition and drainage affect the pattern of Eutropepts, isohipertermik physiological growth. Ramie plant harvested within 2 or 3 months, The experiments in Jatinangor and Jatitujuh considerable biomass are harvested and were field experiment and designed in removed out of the land. This causes the randomized block design arranged in enormous removal of nutrients. Budi (1996) factorial pattern with two factors and two stated sheep dung beside as nutrition it replications. The first factors was sheep function to stabilize the soil structure. Zhou dung manure consisted of five levels (0 t ha- et al. 1989 said phosphorus is not so 1,5 t ha-1.10 t ha-1,15 t ha-1, and 20 t ha-1) important for ramie, while potassium affects and the second factor was potassium quality and quantity of fiber. Potassium is consisted of three levels ((15 kg ha-1, 30 kg considered as the second most important ha-1,and45 kg ha-1). Each treatment was nutrients for ramie plant. Wan et al. (1989) replicated twice. Experimental plots were said potash gives good effect on yield planting beds of 5.2 m x 2.5 m, and planting quality; it can counter the negative effect of space 0.5 m x 0.4 m, so the number of nitrogen. plants per plot was 65 plants. Rhizome cutting of Pujon 10 cultivar of 8 cm long Sites, material and methods was planted.

Experiments were conducted in three Climate data recorded during field different locations; Jatinangor, Sumedang experiment conducted, 2000 to 2001 were Dictrict and Jatitujuh, Majalengka district, analysed to seek the conclusion of the and Bandung district. The experiments took experiment, and climatic data of the period place in 2000-2001 in Majalengka, and in after the field experiment 2001 to 2012 Sumedang were repeated in the year 2002 were analysed, defined their characteristic, and 2007. And in Bandung district in 2014. pattern, and possible effects on ramie plant Data compared was data of plant in the growth and yield compared to the effect of months of June, July and August of each the climate in the period of field experiment. experiment.

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Experiment in Bandung was polybag and in 22.9 ƛ 645 – 4.68ƛ633; Chlorophyll total = plastic house experiment. The experiment 20.2 ƛ 645 +8.02 ƛ645 (mg/L) Determining took place from June 2014-August 2014. the fineness of fiber or diameter of fine Rhizomes cutting were of 8 cm long. grass is by using a microscope equipped with a filter attached Optilab Upgrade The experiment was laid out in a edition at binocular microscope Olympus randomized block design with two CX-21 and operated by the operating replicates. Plot was polybags size 40 cm x system window (7) Data obtained were 30 cm consisting of four polybags in each analyzed with Analysis of Variance, and plot. Water supply treatments consisting of mean variance test was with Duncan 4 levels of dosages, they are: w1= 25% - Multiple Range Test/DMRT, significant 30%; w2: 45% -50%; w3: = 65% -70%; w4 difference at 0.05 probability level. = 85% -90%. Nitrogen + Potassium dosages were 3 levels: f1 = 15 kg+15 kg/ha; Descriptive comparison is made among the f2 = 30 kg+30 kg/ha, and f3 = 45 kg+45 result of experiments in the three locations. kg/ha. There were12 treatment combination, so were36 plots. Result and discussion

Pujon 10 cultivar was the selected cultivar. Physiological aspects Rhizome cutting of 8 cm length was Temperature in Jatitujuh of Majalengka was selected based on morphological the highest, and the lowest was in Bandung. appearances and planted in polybag. Urea But it was still upper the 290 C. It means and ZK dosages for each plot and polybag that the temperature in Bandung nearly the were determined based on the dosage per maximum required for good growth of ha, and applied at the first day of ramie, CaiTiang and Luo (1989) stated that experiment. the optimum temperature is 23.0 0C – 29.7 0C and the minimum is 9.00C. The sample polybags were tested for water holding capacity by oven-drying method. Ramie planted in field was destructed by Water treatments were supplied every day that high temperature, and all plant in in the evening up to harvest time. Jatitujuh was died till the corm or the roots system was dried. There were no data of The parameters are 1) Leaf chlorophyll growth and yield in Jatitujuh experiment. contents; 2) Leaf relative Water content), While in Jatinangor the plant root still 3).Number of stem; 4) Length of stem; 5) withstand un-dried and the shoot stagnant. Diameter of steam; 6) Weight of stem; 7) Out of the Figures 1, 2, and 3 concluded Crude fibre weight; 8) Fine fiber weight; 9) that in the months of June, July and August Fine fiber diameter). The leaf relative water are noted as critical temperatures for ramie content (LRWC) was measured by plant especially for early generations of weighing the fresh weight (FW).the leaf plant where its root system is not yet samples were immersed into the distilled established. These high temperatures were water as long as 12 hours for turgid weight cause by the very low precipitation. (TW). So leaf relative water content was calculated as LRWC = (FW-DW)/(TW- 31 DW) x100. 30 29 June 28

After spectrophotometer Optima SP-300 Celcius 27 July specification measurement the chlorophyll 26 solution. Figures of chlorophyll content August recorded in spectrophotometer then match with the Arnon (1949) calculation in Subandi (2002) formula as: Chlorophyll a = 12.7 ƛ 663 – 2.69 ƛ645; Chlorophyll b = Figure 1: Temperature at Jt Nangor

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Figure 4 showing the rainfall during the 35 experiments. In June there was recorded 34 June rainfall in all the locations. In Jatitujuh there 33 Celcius 32 July were small rainfalls in the first week. There was 52.3 ml rainfall, but in Jatitujuh the week week week week week August 0 1 2 3 4 5 temperature is high the week was 33.2 C, Figure 2: Temperature At Jt Tujuh and hot air evaporate the rainfall up. Figure 1. showed daily evaporation in this region is 29.5 more than 60 ml. So that no rest of rainfall 29 water for moister the soil. 28.5 June

28 Celcius 27.5 July August

Figure 3: Temperature At Bandung

60 50 40

30 ml 20 Jt Tujuh 10

0 Jt Nangor

Jul Jul Jul Jul

Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun

- - -

- Bandung

Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug

- - - - -

- - - - -

6

1 8

3

13 20 27

15 22 29

10 17 24 31 Figure 4: Rainfall

Figure 4: Rainfall in locations of Jt Tujuh, Jt Nangor, and bandung

Relative humidity (rH) at the sites of Showed the effect of water and fertilizer experiment were recorded in June at the treatments on relative water content of plant average 74.29%, in July 75.77%, and in as differ significantly. The more water and August where in this month no rainfall this fertilizer applied the more LRWC. Based on region were causing the air humidity lower Subandi (2014) reporting Figure 5. Shows to be 72. %. However, these percentages the effect of water dosages at levels of were still lower than the good humidity for fertilizers as different. Plant water status as ramie plant growth. In all the locations the response to the water and fertilizer. rH were lower than the favourable rH for good growth. It was moderate low for the 100 optimum, growth of ramie plant. Budi 80 Jt Tujuh (1996) found relative humidity for good 60

growth is 80%, and below 21% detrimental 40 Jt Nangor Percent to plant. Record during the months 20 indicated that the global climatic change is Bandung 0 affecting the local climate. 1-Jun 1-Jul 1-Aug 1-Sep Experiment in Bandung showed the Leaf Relative Water Content (LRWC) of Leaf Figure 5: Air relative humidity measured yielding data and then analyzed

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As for the LRWC in Jatitujuh was 80 unrecorded due to plant was all dried with 78 the harsh of atmospheric condition no data 76 NK1

Percent 74 of plant could be collected. Even though the NK2 72 plant were treated with sheep dung and 70 NK3 potash fertilizers. 68 w1 w2 w3 w4 Chlorophyll Content of leaf Fig. 8 and 9) as Figure 6: LRWC at Bandung reported by Subandi (2014) Increase of chlorophyll content is detected in the data Plant absorbs nutrition (nitrogen and analysis, and there was a significant effect potassium) in the presence of water as of water supply and fertilizer application solvent. Chengjian et al. (2013) stated treatments. Farooq et al. (2009) found the LRWC representing the plant water status, increase of chlorophyll content in line with reflecting the metabolic activity in tissue. the increase of water supply and fertilizers Sartaj et al. (2013) said LRWC is usually is due to the increase of the photo oxidation used as one of the most meaningful indexes pigment and development of the for dehydration tolerance in wide variety of chlorophyll. In contras is happen in water plant. In the first ramie plant generation the stress (dosages of less water and less effect of fewer water supplies is not yet fertilizer), chlorophyll content decrease in causing problem in plant metabolism. The water stress condition due to creation of cutting as source of growing energy was photo-oxidation pigment, and consequent of still supplying sufficiently for germination the damage in chlorophyll leaves. and further first growth. But it apparent the trend is becoming that the different dosages 11.8 of water and fertilizer will result in different 11.7 response of ramie plant. It is apparent in the 11.6 k1 extrapolation of the curves in the Figure 7, 11.5 k2 there will be a arise of the effect of more /g mg 11.4 water and more fertilizer. In Jatinangor 11.3 k3 ramie plant treated with potash and sheep 11.2 dungs at various levels could increase and sh1 sh2 sh3 sh4 sh5 maintained at higher percentages as presented in Figure 7. It indicates that organic fertilizer (sheep dung) could Figure 8: Chlorophyll at Jt Nangor enhance the absorption of water with roots or other case the water were deposited in In stress water condition, the formation of soil rich in sheep dung. chlorophyll must have been decreased, this will make other organ disturb and may be experiencing the degradation of chlorophyll. Cornoy et al. (1988) stated that 90 decrease of chlorophyll was due to the 85 chloroplast decomposition and deleting of 80 k1 tylacoid structure. The curves in Figure 8 75 show there will be a possible development Percent 70 k2 or increase of chlorophyll in further growth 65 k3 (in the second generation plant). It is not so wise comparing chlorophyll content of Jatinangor and Bandung, the ramie plant were treated with different treatment and at different location and time, but there are Figure 7: LRWC of Jt Nangor relatively the same treatment nitrogen and

520 Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 4(11)2014: 515-524 potash fertilizer and water treatment. In Fine fibers Weight are fibers that have been Jatinangor ramie was treated with sheep cleaned through degumming process. Non dung, it mean organic fertilizer that serve as fiber content is a group of compounds likes water deposit, while in Bandung ramie was slime (gum). This gum removal process treated with water. called degumming using an alkaline solution. After cleaning fiber out of gum. 15 Thus the results of a further statistics test nk1 10 show the same result. It is logically nk2 proportional to the weight of the stem and

mg/g 5 the weight of crude fiber, and of fine fibers nk3 0 which are obtained. Plants were difficult to differentiate its tissue in the water stress w1 w2 w3 w4 condition. Fiber yield were below the standard production. Shao et al. (1989) said Figure 9: Chlorophyll at Bandung to increase the ratio of fibre to the stem weight was required the management of 60 fertilizer and watering. 58 56 nk1 Esau (1984) said that ramie fiber is 54

C m C nk2 extraxiler that is fibre existing outside the 52 nk3 xylem tissue. And Fahn (1992) said that 50 ramie fiber develop in secondary phloem 48 tissue. Curves of Figure 12 show the w1 w2 w3 w4 increase of fibre in line with the increase of water supply and application of fertilizer. Figure 10: Stem length at Bandung Balittas (2014) stated that the fiber production of Ramindo 1 (formerly the Stem Length Effect of water dosages on Pujon 10 cultivar) per stem is 4-5 gram, stem length showed differ significantly. while the experiment showed at the dosages Indeed, the most high-dose treatments are at w1 and w2 at all levels of fertilizer the affected gaining the peak of the stem produced below the 1.5 gram. It means the length. Although the conclusion, the stress of water made plant difficult to provision of water in all levels above 75% develop its tissue. of field capacity causing most good 2 influence on the upwards growth or stem nk1 length. Edward (1981) said that potassium 1.5 nk2 enhance root to penetrate deeper into the 1 lower part of soil horizon enabling reach the Gram nk3 wetter part of dryer soil. More water could 0.5 be extracted. While in the poly bag plant, it 0 means potash could initiate growth of roots, w1 w2 w3 w4 and better root will absorb more nutrients for growth and development of stem. Figure 12: Fine fibre weight at Bandung

80 2

60 1.5 k1 k1 40 1 k2 C m C k2 20 Gram 0.5 k3 k3 0 0

Sh1 sh2 sh3 sh4 sh5 Sh1 sh2 sh3 sh4 sh5

Figure 11: Stem length at Jt Nangor Figure 13: Fine fibre weight at Jt Nangor

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Diameter of fine fibre showing the pattern the more water available affect plant to of erratic increase in line with the increase grow rigorously and develop better of fertilizer application and water supply. vegetative organs with bigger cells and The more apply of fertilizer and more water tissues. Fiber is vegetative tissue, so supplies the bigger diameter are. Dimension supplying more water and fertilizer yield of ramie fiber may be between 13µ up to the worse dimension of fiber in respect of 126µ and the mostly found between 40µ to quality. 60 µ (Ditjenbun, 1997). Diameter representing the fineness of fibre or quality, 50 the smaller the diameter the finer the fibre 40 is. Finer fibre is wanted by the producer of 30 textile. 20 k1 Micron 10 0 k2 50 Sp1 Sp2 sp3 sp4 sp5 k3 40 nk1 30 20 nk2

Micron 10 nk3 0 Figures 15: Fine fiber diameter at Jt nangor w1 w2 w3 w4

Figure 14: Fibre diameter at Bandung Figures 16 and 17are photos of samples of diameter of fine fiber. Fine fiber measured Subandi (2002) found ramie planted in with Optilab equipped to Binocular dryer region will have finer fiber. Plant Microscope (Subandi, 2014). Measurement suffered with lack of water limited in is excecuted with program of Window 7. developing its tissue. Ramie grows in more (Sample 16 = 24 µ; 17 = 24 µ). fertile soil with sufficient water develop its tissues better, and the more fertile soil and

Figures 16: Figures 17:

Figures 18, 19, and 20 are 15 days after planting of Ramie plantin Plastic house experiment in Bandung (Subandi, 2014).

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Figure 18: Treatment A (less water) Figure 19: Treatment A and Others. Figure 20: Treatment G (more water)

Conclusion Albert, U. O., & Uche, N. U. (2014). Acceptance of climate change by Climate change and global warming have rural farming communities in delta considerable effect on life, and the effect on state Nigeria effect of science and local weather is the changing of dry and wet government credibility. Asian season periods. There is revealed in this Journal of Agriculture and Rural research that the dry and rainy season is Development, 4(6), 372-380. shifting. The classification of region on Balittas, (2014). Ramindo 1. Characteristic rainfall types has been not accurate and of Ramindo 1. Research institute for valid any more. Climate change was tobacco and fiber crops. Malang. observed to have changed the regional and Budi, S. (1996). Agroclimatical effect on local climate inclusively in the experimental growth and china grass production. sites. It was recorded in the local Dharma agrika foundation. temperature and air relative humidity. There Semarang. was a very efficient dosage of water CaiTianchang, & Luo, L. (1989). A w3=35%-40% of Field Capacity affecting discussion for establishment of ramie sufficient growth on plant. The minimum commercial productive base in die dosage at which plant survives to produce southeast Sichuan. First int sym. on yield is representing the most efficient input ramie profession. Changsa. hunan. of production. Water supply for ramie plant China. p. 8. could be designed to the most efficient Chengjian, H., Siji, Z., Longchang, W., volume to maintain the need of metabolism Shakeel, A. A., Man, C., Hangpei, Nitrogen and potassium were significantly Z., & Cong, M. (2013). Alteration in support plant to growth in the limited chlorophyll flourescense, Lipid per volume of water supply, and potassium oxidation, and antioxidant enzym showed good effect on quality of fibre. activities in hybrid ramie under drought stress. Australi Journal of References Crop Science, 5, 594-599. Cornoy, J. P., Virgon, J. M., Smilie, R. M., Adams, R. M., Brian H. H., Stephanie L., & & Barlow, E. W. (1988). Influence of Neil, L. (1998). Effect of global drought acclimation and Co2 climate on agriculture. An enrichment on osmotic adjustment interpretative review. Climate and chlorophyll aflorescence of Research, 11(1), 19-30.

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