The Darkside-20K Detector: a Closer Look to Sipms

The DarkSide-20k detector: a closer look to SiPMs

Claudio Savarese Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI)

13th Rencontres du Vietnam Exploring the Dark Universe The DarkSide program: an overview

DarkSide-20k DarkSide-10 DarkSide-50 • Scientific target: probe SI WIMP- nucleon interaction cross sections up to ~10-47cm2@1TeV/c2.

• Type of detectors: double-phase Argon Time Projection Operation: Operation: Operation: 2021 - >2026. Chambers. 8 months 2013-ongoing. since 2011. Use of 23t(20t) • Appealing feature: Used UAr of UAr. Demonstrated successfully background free LAr ER/NR reducing the search. discrimination � Upgrade from power. background. PMT to SiPM technology.

EDU2017 2 28 - 7 - 17 Location: LNGS, Italy

• Natural shield of 1400m of rock (3800 m.w.e.) from cosmic rays. Muon flux suppression factor: 106.

• ~103 reduction in neutron flux with respect to surface due to low U and Th content in dolomite rock.

• Direct access to the labs from 3800m.w.e.

the highway. ⇔ 1400m of rock

EDU2017 3 28 - 7 - 17 Dual phase TPC: concept

• A NR induces a first S1 scintillation pulse (S1) and ionizes Ar.

χ • Electrons are drifted S1 by the E field to the LAr surface.

• A further field extracts the e-, causing a second and brighter light pulse S2 (electroluminescence). XY Reconstruction Introduction S1 S2 S2 • Δt among S1 and S2 - e e- gives the Z coordinate.

e- Drift Time •e- XY position is reconstructed looking S2 light fraction 23 at the distribution of S2 photons on the PMTs.

EDU2017 4 28 - 7 - 17 Fighting Background

Observables in LAr • ER: � and ɣ Backgrounds • NR: neutrons, neutrinos, WIMPs

1.Active shielding: • Muon Veto (Water Cherenkov Detector) • Neutron Veto (Liquid Scintillator)

2.Passive suppression: • Low radioactive materials • Isotopically depleted Argon • Low radioactive light-detectors

3.Identification: • Multiple scattering within TPC • Surface events (position reconstruction) • ER/NR discrimination via S2/S1 • ER/NR discrimination using PSD

EDU2017 5 28 - 7 - 17 Suppression: AAr Vs UAr

Strongest background for Ar based experiments is 39Ar induced ER.

AAr~1Bq/kg UAr=(0.73±0.11)mBq/kg

Argon extracted from an underground gas mine in Colorado has an 39Ar activity 1400 times lower than Atmospheric Ar.

EDU2017 6 28 - 7 - 17 ER/NR Discrimination

LAr scintillation light has 2 decay times: �fast=7ns, �slow=1600ns Discriminating variable:

In DS-50 90ns is the optimal time window to optimize PSD. PLB 743, 456 (2015) 1422 kg·d AAr exposure No NR observed

1.5x107 ER

ER and NR produce light with Discrimination Power > 1.5 x 107 different �fast/�slow fractions. Background-free UAr exposure: 5.5ton·yr

EDU2017 7 28 - 7 - 17 Latest limits with DS-50 DS-50 results: UAr dark matter limit Since then >500 days of Phys.Rev.D93,081101(R)(2016) data in WIMP search −41 ] 10 2 mode acquired.

WARP (2007) [cm −42 σ 10 Blind analysis approach DarkSide-50 (AAr, 2014) DarkSide-50 (UAr, 2015) for current dataset. −43 PandaX-I (2014) 10 DarkSide-50 (combined) PICO (2015) XENON100 (2012) Unblinding hopefully by CDMS (2015) 10−44 end of summer.

−45 LUX (2015) 10 PandaX-II (2016) Best limit to date LUX (2016) with argon target! Blind dataset 10−46 102 103 104 2 Phys. Rev. D 93, 081101(R) (2016) 12 Mχ [GeV/c ] Combined Dataset (2015): 50 days with AAr + 70 days with UAr 70 days with UAr Calibrations

EDU2017 8 28 - 7 - 17 DS-20k sensitivity projections

DS-20k Letter of Intent on arXiv:1707:08145

EDU2017 9 28 - 7 - 17 Scaling up: DarkSide-20k

• Next generation detector aims to reach a sensitivity 1047cm2@1TeV/c2 with 100 ton·yr of exposure.

• A target of 23ton (20ton of fiducial volume) is foreseen.

• A radical upgrade of all the systems is needed to achieve the (reducible) background free condition for such an exposure: 1. New and bigger veto systems (WCD and LVD). 2. Ultra-clean stain-less steel/ titanium for cryostat. 3. Underground Argon, possibly x400 = further depleted. 4. New, radio-pure light DS-50 detectors: Silicon PhotoMultipliers (~13m2). DS-20k

EDU2017 10 28 - 7 - 17 Argon purification Urania

• New bigger plant to extract UAr from the Colorado mine.

• Foreseen• Volatilità operation relative capacity=> 1.007 for DS-20k: 100kg/day. • Valori tipici >1.5 Thousands of equilibrium stages reﬂects in a very tall column • Numero di stadi teorici => ordineAria delle migliaia 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490Seruci-I 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 Seruci-II • HETP = 10 cm R&D Column Seruci Wells30 cm diameter • Seruci-I will remove chemical• H=200-400 impurities m 350 m height in UAr to 0.25-1ppm level at the rate of • Usuali = 20-30 m 1 ton/day.

• Fuori terra 325 m • Seruci-II (yet to be funded) could perform a step of isotopic purification• A sezioni separate for UAr further suppressing the 39Ar content of a factor 10 per pass.

EDU2017 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 11 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 28 - 7 - 17 PSD in DS-20k

Energy [keV ] ee 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1 1 104 0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8 0.001 evts/1 PE leakage 103 0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6 f200

200 0.5 2 0.5

f 10 f150 0.4 0.4 f120 0.3 NR Acceptance 0.3 f90 10 0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1 0 1 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 S1 [PE] Energy [keV ] nr

Energy [keV ] nr 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 • Light Yield ~10PE/keV (20% 1 higher than DS-50) thanks to 0.9 103 0.8 SiPMs PDE.

0.7

0.6 102 • MC simulations predict a ER/

200 0.5 f NR discrimination power 0.4 9 >3x10 for f200. 0.3 10 90% NR acceptance 0.2 • 0.1 f200 provides a higher

0 1 sensitivity with respect to 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 S1 [PE] f90.

EDU2017 12 28 - 7 - 17 SiPM technology

SPAD SPAD gain active uniformity is area essential

Rq Photon Spectra comparison at 77K PMT PE

SiPM: matrix of SPADs mounted in parallel SiPM SPAD: APD operated SensL C in geiger mode series

Avalanche quenched PE with Rq~MΩ resistor EDU2017 13 28 - 7 - 17 PMT Vs SiPM: the starting point 3” diameter 4x4mm2 Good motivations to upgrade to SiPMs, but… a strong R&D was needed to compete with PMTs.

Comparison among commercial devices at CRYOGENIC temperature (87K) PMT SiPM Bias Voltage ~(1000-2000)V ~(30-40)V Sensitivity to B fields Yes No QE/PDE@420nm@300K 25% (40-50)% Packing efficiency 60% (80-90)% SPE resolution 25% ~(2-5)% Dynamic Range >> 103 O(103) 106-107 nominal Gain O(106) (3·105 real) DCR O(1cps/PMT) (10-1000)cps/mm2 EDU2017 14 28 - 7 - 17 From SiPMs to PDMs: DS-20k requirements

2 Surface: 50x50 mm Tile 3D View In order to contain the number of Top View channels. Foreseen number: 5210

PDE: ≥ 40% Higher PDE wrt Hamamatsu PMTs together with higher active area coverage will boost the light yield.

2 FEBs Overall Noise Rate: <0.1Hz/mm Side View Side View DCR+TCN+BN <250Hz/PDM ⇒ SNRPDM > 8 Higher rates would impact on Power dissipation density: ≤ trigger efficiency and PSD power. 100�W/mm2 Total Power dissipation per Time resolution: O(10ns) PDM: ≤ 250mW Necessary to keep the ER/NR discrimination power with f . prompt Avoid bubbling in LAr and Dynamic Range: ≥ 50PE excessive thermal load on the Precise S2 reconstruction. cryogenic system. Strong constraints to SiPMs, electronics and readout performances. EDU2017 15 28 - 7 - 17 SiPM R&D at FBK/LNGS

Several technologies customized and tested RGB NUV

n+ p+ p n layer layer active {p epi active {n epi p+ n+ Deep trenches Lower dead RGB SPAD NUV SPAD border region RGB-HD NUV-HD Fill factor: 42% -SF -SF -LF Low DCR -LRq -HRq Low TCN Fast Low TCN Recharge time All these technologies were tested with different cell sizes.

EDU2017 16 28 - 7 - 17 Std/Low Field High/Low Rq

Low Field reduces noises �recharge∝Rq which depends on T 0.4 10 Over-Voltage Temperature 0.35 AP probability 3 V 40 K 4 V 120 K 0.3 5 V 200 K 6 V 240 K

A] 1 300 K 0.25 µ 0.2 Low Field 0.15 -1

Amplitude [ 10 AP Probability 0.1

0.05

0 10-2 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 T [K] Time [ns]

0.4 10 AP probability Over-Voltage Over-Voltage 0.35 3 V 3 V, Hi 3 V, Lo 4 V, Hi 4 V, Lo 4 V 5 V, Hi 5 V, Lo 0.3 5 V 1 6 V, Hi 6 V, Lo 6 V 7 V, Hi 7 V, Lo 0.25 s] µ 0.2 Std Field 10−1

0.15 Time [ AP Probability 0.1 10−2

0.05

0 10−3 50 100 150 200 250 300 50 100 150 200 250 T [K] T [K] EDU2017 17 28 - 7 - 17 The Choice: NUV-HD-LF

6 ] 10 2 Low Field technology 105 Over-Voltage 4 V, Low Field 4 V, Std Field proved to fulfill the 104 5 V, Low Field 5 V, Std Field 6 V, Low Field 6 V, Std Field strict requirements. 103 DCR [cps/mm 102 • DCR ~ 4x10-3cps/mm2 10 at 5VOV, LAr 1 temperature. 10−1

10−2 DS-20k requirement • AP+DiCT probability 10−3 50 100 150 200 250 300 T [K] <60% at LAr 100 Measured at room temperature OV temperature. 90 10 V 8 V 80 6 V • PDE 50% at 5VOV at 70 5 V 4 V 420nm. 60 3 V 2 V 50 PDE Requirement • Cell Recharge Time PDE [%] 40 at LN ~500ns. 30

20 • Surface: 1cm2 10

0 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 IEEE Trans. Electron Dev. Wavelength [nm] 64 2, 2017 EDU2017 18 28 - 7 - 17 Electronics: a fast cryogenic pre-amp

• Some pre-amplification is needed in LAr before sending signals out of the cryostat. Vdd

• SiPMs present a huge output capacitance (~50pF/mm2). V1

V2 • A Transimpedance amplifier is the most suitable choice: High Vee Bandwidth and Low Noise at cryogenic temperatures. R1

10k Jc Rf cal

50 10k 4n50 SiPM Cf Vee Rc Rd 5 HV Vdd 4n 10 Rs 10p R- 50 D1 c out Ro Cd Ci LMH6629 5 R+ Vdd

But a high BW, Low-Noise Op.Amp. is needed! (and should be stable at 87K)

EDU2017 19 28 - 7 - 17 Texas Instruments SiGe LMH6629

Input Noise at 80K: en=0.3nV√Hz GBP = 13GHz at 80K in=1.1pA√Hz 15 0.25 ● ● ● ● ● Compensation: on off Supply: 3 V 4 V 5 V R+ [Ω] Fit results: ●

● 10 δ g = −3.4 ± 0.8 % ● ]

z ● 200 e = 25 1 ● H n ± Ω 0.2 ● ● 620 i = 3.5 0.6 A V o ± µ ● µ ●

[ ●

1000 ● ● 10 ●

inverting 0.15 ● ● ●

● ●

● ● ● 0.1 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 5 ● ● ● ● 0.05 ● ● Output noise density ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 50 100 150 200 250 300 Temperature [K]

80 Supply:

15 ● ● 3 V ● ● ● 4 V ● ● ● 5 V ● Gain Bandwidth Product [GHz] ● ● noninverting 60 ●

● ● ● 10 ● ● ● ● ● 40 ●

● Power [mW] ●

● ● 5 ● ● ● ● 20 ● Dissipation: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 40mW at 80K 50 100 150 200 250 300 50 100 150 200 250 300 Temperature [K] Temperature [k] arXiv:1706:04213 EDU2017 20 28 - 7 - 17 TIA performances

90 ● Rf [kΩ]: ● 2 80 ● ● 3.9 • The Bandwidth of the ● ● 7.9 ● 70 ● amplifier rises at ● ● 60 ● ● cryogenic temperatures. ●

[MHz] ●

B 50

d ● ● 3 ● ● F ● ● ● ● • F = 65MHz at 80K 40 ● -3dB ● ● ● ● with 3.9kΩ of gain and ● 30 ● ● ● ● ● C ~5nF. ● in 20 ●

●

50 100 150 200 250 300 T [K] 2 PE Test with a 10x10mm 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 NUV-HD-LF at 80K: ●

● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● • 1PE = 4% µ1PE ● ● ● ●● � ● 2000 ● ● ● ● ● SNR : 30 ● ● ●● ● ●

●● ● 1 PE ● ● σ : 4 % G • SNR ≡ µ1PE/ b = 30 ● ● � ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● 1500 ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● A matched filtering ● ● ● ● ● ● Counts 1000 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● technique is applied to ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● boost SNR and timing 500 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ●● ● ●●●●●●●●● ●● ●● resolution (~1ns). ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●●●● ●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●● ●● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●●● ● ●●● ●● ●●●●●● ●●● ●●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●●● ●● ●●●● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●● ●● ●●● ●●● ●●●●● ●● ●●●●● ●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●● ●●●● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●● ●●● ●●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● 0 ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● 0 50 100 150 Filtered Peak [a.u.] arXiv:1706:04213 EDU2017 21 28 - 7 - 17 SiPM ReadOut: from 1cm2 to 6cm2

Not a trivial task: • The signal comes from only 1 SiPM but noise is readout from 24. • The bigger input capacitance reduces the BW of the system. R7 D3 D5 D1 10k HV 2 2s3p configuration (6cm ): 1u D4 D6 D2 2 Rp • Cin equivalent to 1.5cm . Rp Rp 100M 100M 100M • Rp stabilizes the bias/gain of each SiPM. Rp Rp Rp 100M 100M 100M • Rs further reduces the C1 effective Cin by Rs Rs Rs decoupling SiPMs and TIA. 62 TIA 50 50

PE 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Test results with 6 NUV-HD-LF 1000 ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● at 80K: ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● SNR : 24 ● ●● ● ● ● 1 PE ● ● ● σ : 6% G ● • �1PE = 6% µ1PE ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● • SNR = 24 ● ● ● ●● 500 ●●● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●

Counts ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●● ●●● ●●●● ● ●●●●●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ●●●●●● ●●●● The bumps to the right of the ●●● ● ● ● ●●● ●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●● ●●●● ●●●●● ● ●●● ●●●● ●●●●●● ●●● ● ●● ●● ●●●●● ● ●●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ●●●● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●● ●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●●● ●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●● ● ●● ● ●●●●● ●● ●●● ●● ●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ●●●● ●●● ●●●●●●●●● ●● ●● ● ●●● ● ●●● ●●● ●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ●●●● ●●●●●● ●● ● ●●●●●●● ● ●● ●● ●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●● ●●● ●● ●●●● ●●●●● ●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● peaks are due to AfterPulses. ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ●● ●●● ● ●● ● ●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ● ●● ● ●●● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●● ●● ●●●● ● ●● ●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●● ●●●● ●●● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●● 0 ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●● 0 50 100 150 200 Filtered Peak [a.u.] arXiv:1706:04220 EDU2017 22 28 - 7 - 17 Summing: from 6cm2 to 24cm2

arXiv:1706:04220

• The noise injected by the summing stage is negligible. • The summing chip introduces a further x8 amplification. • Final Dynamic Range: 80-100 PE

Power budget: 40mW x 4TIAs + 8mW x 1diff. transmitter = 168mW per 24cm2 PDM (max allowed is 250mW/PDM)

EDU2017 23 28 - 7 - 17 Matched Filtering

1 Raw Signal 400 template_nf_px Filtering result Entries 15001 1 Raw Signal Mean 7000 350 Mean y 180.2 RMS 1732 RMS y 38.01 300

250

200

150

100

4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 1PE Template

● ● ● ● Temperature: ● ● Fit results:

● ● ● ● s l ● 300 K 300 K: τ = 6 ns, τ = 220 ns ● s l ● ● ● 77 K ● 77 K: τ = 8 ns, τ = 500 ns

●

● ● ● ●●● 100 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ●●● ● ●●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●●● ●●● ● ● ●●● ●●● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●●● ● ●●● ● ● ●●● ● ●●● ● ●●● ● ●●● ●● ●●● ● ●●●● ● ● ●●●● ●● ●●●● 5 PE ●● ● ●● ●●●● ● ●● ●●● ●● ●●●● ●● ●●●● ● ●● ●●●● ● ●●● ●●●● ●● ●●●● ● ●●●●● ●●●● ●●●●● ●●●● ●●●●●●● ●●●● ● ● ●●●●●● ●●●● ●● ●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● 4 PE ●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● 3 PE ● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● 2 PE ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ●● 50 ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● 1 PE ● ● ● ● ●● ●●●● ●● ●● ●●● ●● ●●● ●● ●●● ●● ● ●●● ●● ●●●●● ●● ●●●●●●● ●● ●●●● ●● ●●●●●●● ●● ●●●●●●● ●● 0 PE ●●● ● Amplitude [a.u.] ●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●● ●●●●●● ●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●● 50 100 150 200 ● ●● ●● ●●●●●● ●● ●●●●●● ●●● ●●●●●● ●● ●●●●●●●● ●●● ●●●●●●●●● ●●● ●●●●●●●● ●●● ●●●●●● ●●● ●●●●●● ●●● ●●●●●●● ●●● ●●●●●●●●● ●●● ●●●●●● ●●● ●●●●●●●● ●●● ●●●●●●●● ●●● ●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ●●●●●●●●● ●●● ●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●● ●●●●●● ●●●● ●●●●●●●● ●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● 0 ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● Clean waveform symmetrical 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Time [ns] with respect to its max. EDU2017 24 28 - 7 - 17 Prototype Tile performances

PE 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●●

● ●●● ● ● ●● 1PE Time resolution: 16ns ● ●● ● ● SNR 13 ● ● : ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1000 ● 1 PE ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● σ : 9% G ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ● Sufficiently good to use PSD. ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● In DS-20k the discrimination ● ●●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● Counts ● ●● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ●●●●●● 500 ● ●●●●● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ●●● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ●●● variable is f200. ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●● ●●● ●●●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ●●●●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●●● ●●●●●● ●●● ●●●● ●●●● ●●● ●● ●● ●● ●●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ●●●● ●●● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ●● ●●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●●● ●●● ●●●●●●●●● ●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●●●●● ● ●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●●● ●●● ●●●●● ●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●● ●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ●●● ● ●● ● ●●●●●● ●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ●● ●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●● ● ● ●● ●●●●● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ●●●●● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ●● ●● ●●● 0 ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● 0 50 100 150 Filtered Peak [a.u.]

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● 150 ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● Full 24cm tile with ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● Counts: ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● NUV-HD-LF at 80K 5VOV: ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● 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0 50 100 150 arXiv:1706:04220 time [ns] EDU2017 25 28 - 7 - 17 A fast recap

Tile 3D View Top View

FEBs Side View Side View

DS-20k requirement SiPM tile (PDM) 24cm2 prototype Surface 5x5cm2 25cm2 final PDM ✓ Power dissipation <250mW ~170mW ✓ PDE >40% 50%·εgeom = 45% ✓ Noise Rate <0.1cps/mm2 0.004cps/mm2 ✓ Time Resolution O(10ns) 16ns ✓ Dynamic Range >50 ~100 ✓ R&D phase can be considered concluded, with some minor steps to be finalized to pass from the prototype to mass production.

EDU2017 26 28 - 7 - 17 Conclusions

• DS-20k aims to probe the spin- independent WIMP-nucleon cross section up to 10-47cm2@1TeV/c2.

• The background-free mode will allow to claim a hypothetical discovery of DM with a low number of NR events.

• Many technological challenges.

• SiPMs have come to represent a viable alternative with respect to PMTs.

• SiPM-based light detectors as the one presented can be used in a variety of other experiments (DM,ν,cosmic rays…).

EDU2017 27 28 - 7 - 17