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Copyrighted Material Contents Contributor Biographies xvii Foreword xxix Series Editor’s Preface xxxiii Preface xxxvii Acknowledgments xli List of Acronyms xliii Part A 1 JPEG 2000 Core Coding System (Part 1) 3 Majid Rabbani, Rajan L. Joshi, and Paul W. Jones 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 JPEG 2000 Fundamental Building Blocks 5 1.2.1 Preprocessing 6 1.2.2 The Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) 7 1.2.3 Quantization 22 1.2.4 Entropy Coding 24 1.3 JPEG 2000 Bit-Stream Organization 32 1.3.1 Canvas Coordinate System 32 1.3.2 Resolution Grids 33 1.3.3 Precinct and Code-Block Partitioning 34 1.3.4 LayersCOPYRIGHTED and Packets MATERIAL 35 1.3.5 Packet Header 36 1.3.6 Progression Order 39 1.3.7 Code-Stream Organization and Syntax 43 1.4 JPEG 2000 Rate Control 46 1.4.1 Rate Control Using an Explicit q-Table 46 1.4.2 Rate Control Using the EBCOT Algorithm (PCRD-opt) 47 vi Contents 1.5 Performance Comparison of the JPEG 2000 Encoder Options 49 1.5.1 Lossy Results 51 1.5.2 Lossless Results 56 1.5.3 Bit-Plane Entropy Coding Results 59 1.6 Additional Features of JPEG 2000 Part 1 61 1.6.1 Region-of-Interest (ROI) Coding 61 1.6.2 Error Resilience 64 1.6.3 File Format 65 Acknowledgments 66 References 66 2 JPEG 2000 Extensions (Part 2) 71 Margaret Lepley, J. Scott Houchin, James Kasner, and Michael Marcellin 2.1 Introduction 71 2.2 Variable DC Offset 73 2.3 Variable Scalar Quantization 74 2.3.1 Theory 75 2.3.2 Signaling 75 2.4 Trellis-Coded Quantization 76 2.5 Precinct-Dependent Quantization 79 2.6 Extended Visual Masking 80 2.6.1 Theory 80 2.6.2 Signaling 81 2.6.3 Interactions 81 2.7 Arbitrary Decomposition 82 2.7.1 Theory 83 2.7.2 Implementation Hints 83 2.7.3 Signaling 84 2.8 Arbitrary Wavelet Transforms 84 2.8.1 Transform via Lifting 84 2.8.2 Boundary Extension 85 2.8.3 Signaling 85 2.9 Multiple-Component Transform Extensions 86 2.9.1 Interactions 87 2.9.2 MCT Framework 87 2.10 Nonlinear Point Transform 93 2.10.1 Relationship to Other Annexes 94 2.10.2 Nonlinear Transform 94 2.11 Geometric Manipulation via a Code-Block Anchor Point (CBAP) 94 2.12 Single-Sample Overlap 95 2.12.1 Theory 95 2.12.2 Comments 96 2.12.3 Signaling 97 2.13 Region of Interest 97 2.13.1 Theory 98 Contents vii 2.13.2 Implementation Details 99 2.13.3 Signaling 100 2.14 Extended File Format: JPX 100 2.14.1 Encoding versus Interpretation 100 2.14.2 File Format Scope 101 2.14.3 Packaging all this Extra Data 101 2.14.4 Specifying Color in JPX 102 2.14.5 Metadata 104 2.14.6 Other Features 104 2.14.7 Summary 104 2.15 Extended Capabilities Signaling 105 Acknowledgments 105 References 105 3 Motion JPEG 2000 and ISO Base Media File Format (Parts 3 and 12) 109 Joerg Mohr 3.1 Introduction 109 3.2 Motion JPEG 2000 and ISO Base Media File Format 110 3.3 ISO Base Media File Format 110 3.3.1 Boxes 110 3.3.2 File Structure 111 3.4 Motion JPEG 2000 112 3.4.1 Motion JPEG 2000 Samples 112 3.4.2 Profiles 114 3.4.3 Compliance Points and Testing 115 3.4.4 Using Motion JPEG 2000 116 References 118 4 Compound Image File Format (Part 6) 121 Frederik Temmermans, Tim Bruylants, Simon McPartlin, and Louis Sharpe 4.1 Introduction 121 4.2 The JPM File Format 123 4.3 Mixed Raster Content Model (MRC) 123 4.3.1 Introduction 123 4.3.2 Layout Object Generation 123 4.3.3 Layout Generation 125 4.3.4 Object Clipping and Positioning 126 4.3.5 Blending 128 4.3.6 Page Organization and Collections 128 4.4 Streaming JPM Files 129 4.5 Referencing JPM Files 130 4.6 Metadata 131 4.7 Boxes 131 4.8 Profiles 131 4.9 Conclusions 131 References 134 viii Contents 5 JPSEC: Securing JPEG 2000 Files (Part 8) 135 Susie Wee and Zhishou Zhang 5.1 Introduction 135 5.1.1 Overview 135 5.1.2 Media-Aware Security 135 5.1.3 Scalable Coding of Media: The Structure of JPEG 2000 Image Data 136 5.1.4 Example Application for Scalable Images 136 5.1.5 Applying Security to Media 137 5.1.6 JPSEC Media-Aware Security Tools 137 5.2 JPSEC Security Services 137 5.2.1 Overview 137 5.2.2 Confidentiality Service 138 5.2.3 Integrity Service 138 5.2.4 Authentication Service 138 5.3 JPSEC Architecture 139 5.3.1 What Security Service Is Provided? 139 5.3.2 Where Is the Security Tool Applied? 139 5.3.3 How Is the Security Tool Applied? 140 5.4 JPSEC Framework 140 5.4.1 A JPSEC System 140 5.4.2 JPSEC Stream 141 5.5 What: JPSEC Security Services 143 5.5.1 Overview 143 5.5.2 Confidentiality Methods 143 5.5.3 Integrity Methods 143 5.5.4 Authentication Methods 143 5.5.5 Key Template 143 5.6 Where: Zone of Influence (ZOI) 144 5.6.1 Description Classes 144 5.7 How: Processing Domain and Granularity 146 5.8 JPSEC Examples 148 5.8.1 Example: Encryption by Resolution 149 5.8.2 Example: Authentication by Resolution 151 5.8.3 Example: Combining Encryption and Authentication 153 5.9 Summary 156 References 157 6 JPIP – Interactivity Tools, APIs, and Protocols (Part 9) 159 Robert Prandolini 6.1 Introduction 159 6.2 Data-Bins 164 6.2.1 Streaming Data 164 6.2.2 Defining Data-Bins 165 6.2.3 Defining Metadata-Bins 166 Contents ix 6.3 JPIP Basics 168 6.3.1 Sessions, Channels and Cache Models 168 6.3.2 Behaviors 171 6.3.3 Compliance 173 6.4 Client Request–Server Response 174 6.4.1 Target, Session and Channel Identification 175 6.4.2 View-Window Region 177 6.4.3 View-Window Requests 179 6.4.4 Server Response Controls 180 6.4.5 Cache Management 183 6.4.6 Metadata Requests 187 6.5 Advanced Topics 189 6.5.1 JPIP Proxy Server 189 6.5.2 Upload and Version Control 190 6.5.3 JPIP on Multiple Code-Streams 191 6.5.4 Advanced Behaviors 192 6.5.5 JPIP Indexing 195 6.6 Conclusions 195 Acknowledgments 196 References 196 7 JP3D – Extensions for Three-Dimensional Data (Part 10) 199 Tim Bruylants, Peter Schelkens, and Alexis Tzannes 7.1 Introduction 199 7.2 JP3D: Going Volumetric 200 7.2.1 Preprocessing 201 7.2.2 The 3-D Discrete Wavelet Transform (3-D DWT) 202 7.2.3 Quantization 205 7.2.4 Bit Modeling and Entropy Coding 205 7.3 Bit-Stream Organization 207 7.3.1 The Three-Dimensional Canvas Coordinate System 207 7.3.2 Code-Stream 214 7.3.3 Rate Control 217 7.4 Additional Features of JP3D 218 7.4.1 Region of Interest 218 7.5 Compression performances: JPEG 2000 Part 1 versus JP3D 219 7.5.1 Test Setup 219 7.5.2 Lossless Compression 221 7.5.3 Lossy Compression 222 7.5.4 Time Complexity 223 7.5.5 Conclusions 225 7.6 Implications for Other Parts of JPEG 2000 225 7.6.1 Volumetric Extension to JPIP 226 Acknowledgments 226 References 226 x Contents 8 JPWL – JPEG 2000 Wireless (Part 11) 229 Fr´ed´eric Dufaux 8.1 Introduction 229 8.2 Background 230 8.2.1 Transmission Errors and Their Impact on Compressed Data 230 8.2.2 Error Detection, Resilience, Concealment, and Correction 231 8.2.3 Error Resilience Tools in JPEG 2000 Baseline 232 8.3 JPWL Overview 233 8.3.1 Scope 233 8.3.2 Main Functionalities 234 8.3.3 System Configuration 234 8.4 Normative Parts 236 8.4.1 Error Protection Capability (EPC) 237 8.4.2 Error Protection Block (EPB) 238 8.4.3 Error Sensitivity Descriptor (ESD) 240 8.4.4 Residual Error Descriptor (RED) 242 8.4.5 Registration Authority (RA) 242 8.5 Informative Parts 243 8.5.1 Error Resilient Entropy Coding 243 8.5.2 Unequal Error Protection (UEP) 246 8.6 Summary 246 Acknowledgments 247 References 247 Part B 9 JPEG 2000 for Digital Cinema 251 Siegfried Fo¨ßel 9.1 Introduction 251 9.2 General Requirements for Digital Cinema 253 9.2.1 General Requirements 253 9.2.2 Additional Requirements in the Acquisition Area 254 9.2.3 Additional Requirements in the Postproduction Area 254 9.2.4 Additional Requirements in the Archive Area 255 9.2.5 Summary 255 9.3 Distribution of Digital Cinema Content 255 9.3.1 Digital Cinema Initiatives, LLC (DCI) 255 9.3.2 System Concepts and Processing Steps 257 9.3.3 Digital Cinema Package (DCP) 260 9.3.4 Standardization of D-Cinema Distribution 261 9.3.5 JPEG 2000 D-Cinema Distribution Profiles 262 9.4 Archiving of Digital Movies 263 9.4.1 EDCine 264 9.4.2 Requirements for Digital Movie Archives 264 9.4.3 System Concepts and Archival Workflows 265 Contents xi 9.4.4 Archive Packages MAP and IAP 266 9.4.5 Standardization of Archive Profiles 267 9.4.6 JPEG 2000 Archive Profiles 267 9.5 Future Use of JPEG 2000 within Digital Cinema 269 9.5.1 Acquisition 269 9.5.2 Postproduction 269 9.5.3 Mastering with JPEG 2000 269 9.5.4 Enhanced Distribution Profiles 270 9.6 Conclusions 271 Acknowledgments 271 References 272 10 Security Applications for JPEG 2000 Imagery 273 John Apostolopoulos, Fr´ed´eric Dufaux, and Qibin Sun 10.1 Introduction 273 10.1.1 Media Security versus Data Security 273 10.1.2 Different Types of Security Services 274 10.1.3 Chapter Overview 274 10.2 Secure Transcoding and Secure Streaming 275 10.2.1 Motivation 275 10.2.2 Secure Transcoding for JPEG 2000 and JPSEC 276 10.2.3 Security Properties 277 10.2.4 Summary 278 10.3 Multilevel Access Control 278 10.4 Selective or Partial Encryption of Image Content 279 10.5 Image Authentication 280 10.5.1 Motivation 281 10.5.2 A Unified Digital Signature Scheme for JPEG 2000 282 10.5.3 Image Authentication for Surveillance 287 10.5.4 Summary for Image Authentication 289 10.6 Summary 289 Acknowledgments 289 References 289 11 Video Surveillance and Defense Imaging 291 Touradj Ebrahimi and Fr´ed´eric Dufaux 11.1 Introduction 291 11.2 Scrambling 292 11.2.1 Image-Domain Scrambling 293 11.2.2 Transform-Domain Scrambling 293 11.2.3 Code-Stream-Domain Scrambling 294 11.3 Overview of a Typical Video Surveillance System 294 11.4 Overview of a Video Surveillance System Based on JPEG 2000 and ROI Scrambling 296 11.4.1 Explicit Region of Interest (Max-shift) 296 11.4.2 Implicit Region of Interest 297 xii Contents 11.4.3 Scrambling of ROIs 298 11.4.4 Unscrambling of ROIs
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