Norman – Knowledge Organiser Topic 1: Conflict and Control D Topic Summary 1. William took over two months to How did William establish control over England? secure the throne before being Terror: use of violence Military Presence: Patronage: giving land Concessions: Legality: show he was crowed king. to crush rebellions. intimidating people by and titles to people for Compromising with the legal and rightful 2. William ruled both England and using soldiers and castles their loyalty. enemies for their support. king of England. Normandy and had to rely on loyal • 1066: William • 1066: William left a • Edgar Aetheling and • William offered the • Attempted to ensue followers to rule on his behalf. punished the town of garrison of soldiers at other senior Saxons money if they their was continuity 3. William was able to overcome all Poitiers for their role and Dover to swore oaths of loyalty left and stop from Edward’s reign. the rebellions against him but it in killing Normans. defend his position. to William at supporting the • Royal Writs continued was not easy and he had to use a Most of the town was • 1067: William . Northern Saxons in to be written in variety of tactics, such as brunt and key people returned to Normandy • English lords who their rebellion. English. intimidation, patronage and were killed. but took some of his pledge loyalty to • Paid off many of his • remained as granting concessions (see right) • Those who died at potential enemies with William were allowed followers who wanted archbishop of 4. The use of terror in the north was Hastings had their land him including to keep their lands. to return to Normandy Canterbury until 1070 to try to prevent any future given to Normans who Archbishop Stigand. with money from the rebellion in a troublesome region. had fought for • The Normans built monasteries. 5. William built castles throughout William. castles to defend their the country to maintain a military • 1068: William positions and collected presence, particularly in difficult besieged the city of taxes to pay for them Why were Castles Built? areas, and to intimidate the people which and Norman soldiers. in the hope they would not attempt surrendered to the • A castle was built in Strategic reasons: Symbolic reasons: to rebel. Normans after 18 Warwick to stop Earls Castles housed soldiers who would put Castles were a permanent reminder to Short-term methods: Arguably, days. Edwin and down any attempted rebellion in that the Saxons of who was now governing military presence was vital to King • : from rebelling. area. This was enough to deter anyone the country. Often houses were torn William in his attempt to gain control in killed Saxons, burnt • After defeating the considering mounting a challenge to down to make the castles and the the short-term. Terror was used initially down their homes, uprising in the north, Norman rule. 50 Norman soldiers could English had to build and pay taxes to but then sparingly. Concessions animals and crops. William built a second withstand an attack from over 1,000 maintain them. Castles not only became less important as Norman • Early revolt of 1075: castle in and Saxon rebels. Castles were strategically intimidated the people but also provided Earls replaced Saxons. William took land off placed Fitz Osbern in built throughout England. In particular, a central point to administrate the local earls and beheaded charge. Long-term methods: Legality and the Marchlands (border regions with area. Waltheof to show his legitimacy remained important to Wales and ) were vulnerable to power. William to show his rightful claim to attack. the English throne.

Rebellions in Chronological Order: 1066-1075 1068 – Edwin and 1070-71 – Hereward the Keep: a tower built 1066 - Suppression of Edwin Morcar (again!) Wake – East Anglia- on the Motte 1067 – Eustace Count of Motte: earth and Morcar – bid to make Boulogne (King Edward’s Gathered supporters rebelled after land was mound (hill) Edgar Aetheling king brother-in-law) attacked but submitted to taken from his father and Dover Castle William (again!) his brother was murdered. Bailey: where the 1067- Welsh 1068- Godwin family. 1069- Harrying of the North – 1075 – Revolt Palisade: fence troops were stationed Marchlands – Eadric the Gytha (Harold’s mother) after a Norman earl was murdered of the Norman Wild supported by lived in Exeter and the by the Saxons. Edgar Aetheling, Earls. Last Welsh Princes city refused to swear Edwin, Morcar, King Malcolm of serious threat attempted to overthrow loyalty to the Normans. Scotland and the Danish Army Ditch / Moat: make the castle harder to attack the Normans begin a rebellion in the North. to William. Norman England – Knowledge Organiser Topic 1: Conflict and Control E How did William establish control over England? The Harrying of the North

WHEN: 1069 WHEN: 1070 WHERE: North of England (area WHERE: East Anglia – in the fenlands known as the due to Viking (a marshy area which was difficult to influence) navigate) WHO: English Earls – Edwin, Morcar WHO: Hereward the Wake (an English and Waltheof and Edgar Aetheling thegn believed to be the son of the made an alliance with King Malcolm of former Earl of – he was Scotland. Danish had invaded outlawed by King Edward as the Earl in January 1069 and joined with could not control his son). Edwin, English forces against the Normans. Morcar supported by King Swegn of 1) In 1068, Edwin and Morcar left William’s court and fled North. They 1) After the Harrying of the North, the supported Edgar Aetheling’s claim to 2) The Norman Earl of English earls went to East Anglia the throne but needed allies. King (Robert De Commines) was murdered in where they met up with King Swegn 2) Hereward and his allies launched a Malcolm of Scotland had recently January 1069 by English rebels. The of Denmark and an English thegn series of guerrilla-style attacks in the married Edgar Aetheling’s sister and rebels set the ’s house called Hereward the Wake. Hereward fenlands of East Anglia. In 1070 they was now related offered his support to on fire. Danish Vikings invaded and had a grudge against William as he attacked and looted Abbey. the claim. joined with the English army against the had confiscated land from his father The rebel base was on the in Normans. The combined Vikings and and killed his brother. the middle of the fenlands which was a English beat the Normans to capture the defensive stronghold. They stockpiled 3) William personally led an army North castle at York. supplies to survive a siege. to face the rebels. As William 3) William was not able to use his usual approached the Vikings returned to their tactics to defeat Hereward and the ships and accepted the money William rebels, due to the position of Ely. It was 4) However, this tactic failed as too offered for them to leave. Edwin and 4) William responded to the rebellion in well defended and Hereward’s network many Normans attempted to cross the Morcar fled but continued to cause the north with terror. He ordered that his of informants prevented the Normans rampart at once causing t to sink. problems for William (see right East army ‘laid waste’ to the area around York approaching the fenlands. William William then ordered a siege tower to be Anglian rebellion). – setting fire to the fields, salting the besieged the Isle of Ely. He ordered the built. Hereward set fire to the area and fields so that nothing would grow and construction of a rampart to cross the the siege tower caught fire. killing every living creature. This is what fenland. It was 2 miles long and a feat 5) Interpretations of the Harrying of the is known as the ‘Harrying of the North’ of Norman warfare. or the ‘Harrowing of the North’ due to North differ. However, The Domesday 5) Hereward was eventually betrayed by the devastation caused. Book written in 1086 records 80% of some monks who told William about a was known as ‘waste’ (which secret route to Hereward. The rebels means uncultivated and unpopulated). surrendered and Hereward disappeared. This could have been the result of the Harrying.