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Kibutz Israelí, El Experimento Social Más Interesante Del Siglo XX, Está En Pleno Cambio

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Kibutz Israelí, El Experimento Social Más Interesante Del Siglo XX, Está En Pleno Cambio El kibutz israelí, el experimento social más interesante del siglo XX, está en pleno cambio. Instrumento para establecer el Estado de Israel, defender sus fronteras, crear su agricultura e industria y establecer sus normas sociales, el kibutz es la única comuna en la historia que ha jugado un papel central en la vida de una nación. Sin embargo, a lo largo de los años, Israel se ha convertido de una comunidad pionera idealista en una sociedad materialista de libre mercado. En consecuencia, el kibutz ha sido marginado y está experimentando una transformación radical. La ética igualitaria expresada en la frase "De cada uno según su capacidad, a cada cual según su necesidad" está siendo reemplazada por el concepto de recompensa por el esfuerzo. La gestión cooperativa está dando paso a la administración de empresas. “El movimiento del kibutz produjo un milagro. Sin embargo, incluso los milagros no pueden ignorar los tiempos cambiantes. Después de haber tenido el privilegio de ser miembro de kibutz durante muchos años, sé que el sabor de la experiencia nunca se desvanece. Daniel Gavron ha escrito una historia increíble sobre una maravilla viviente". — Shimon Peres “Un importante estudio histórico, un libro que será leído y releído en los años venideros. No conozco ningún libro que lo iguale como estudio del movimiento del kibutz. Ningún estudiante de Israel debería estar sin este libro. Es inspirador y bastante maravilloso. — Howard Fast Daniel Gavron EL KIBUTZ El despertar de la utopía Traducción y edición digital: C. Carretero Difunde: Confederación Sindical Solidaridad Obrera http://www.solidaridadobrera.org/ateneo_nacho /biblioteca.html Para los kibutznik, de los cuales siempre se esperaba demasiado. CONTENIDO PREFACIO EXPRESIONES DE GRATITUD CRONOLOGÍA GLOSARIO INTRODUCCIÓN: FUTURO INCIERTO PARTE I — ¿QUÉ PASÓ? I. DEGANIA: COMENZANDO II GIVAT BRENNER: LIDERAZGO EN MARES TORMENTOSOS III. HASOLELIM: REPARACIONES EN PLENO VUELO IV. NEVE YAM: SOBREVIVIR AL COLAPSO V. HATZERIM: PRODUCIR LO QUE PUEDE FUNCIONAR PARTE II — ¿QUÉ SALIÓ MAL? VI. EL COLAPSO DE 1985 VII. LOS LÍMITES DE LA EDUCACIÓN PARTE III — CARAS DEL FUTURO VIII MAAGAN MICHAEL: ACUERDO DE DIVORCIO IX. KFAR RUPPIN: KIBUTZ CAPITALISTA X. EIN TZURIM: SIN INMUNIDAD XI TAMUZ: COMUNIDAD URBANA XII SAMAR: TOCANDO LA UTOPÍA CONCLUSIÓN BIBLIOGRAFÍA SELECCIONADA SOBRE EL AUTOR PREFACIO Leí el libro de Daniel Gavron con gran placer, y siempre con la sensación de que estaba leyendo un importante estudio histórico de mi tiempo, un libro que será leído y releído en los años venideros. No conozco ningún libro que lo iguale como estudio del movimiento kibutz. Pasé un mes en Israel hace algunos años, parte del tiempo en el Kibutz Kinneret; leer el libro de Gavron centró mis recuerdos. Por lo tanto, puedo hacer algunas observaciones por mi cuenta sobre el movimiento del kibutz, al menos lo suficiente para despertar tu mente para lo que sigue. De todos los experimentos sociológicos del siglo XX, considero que el movimiento del kibutz en Israel es el más importante y creo que algún día se convertirá en la forma de vida de una buena parte de la especie humana. En este momento de consumo escandaloso y avaricia en las secciones más ricas de la tierra, y hambre, miseria y pobreza en las secciones más pobres, la forma de vida del kibutz aparece como un sueño; y me temo que seguirá siendo un sueño durante muchos años. Gavron nos presenta el conjunto de circunstancias que lo originaron, la pasión Sionista, el cruel antisemitismo de la Europa de los siglos XIX y XX, las dos guerras mundiales, y por supuesto el Holocausto. Eso, junto con el sentido tribal del judaísmo y la desesperación, el ingenio y la inventiva de los judíos, se combinaron en un instante de la historia para crear el experimento más audaz de creatividad comunal y colectiva que el mundo había visto, cosa que nunca debe ser subestimada. Hubo muchos intentos de tales esfuerzos antes, pero nunca con el alcance, el compromiso ideológico y el éxito que marcaron el movimiento kibutz. El análisis de Gavron de este movimiento y su investigación íntima de los kibutz seleccionados es un logro periodístico e histórico digno. No idealiza ni evita los fracasos ni disminuye las dificultades. Los kibutz son parte del mundo, islas en la despiadada cultura capitalista, en Israel como en otros lugares. Gavron muestra cómo el éxito económico de Israel creó una tecnología que socavaba la vida del kibutz y describe la lucha desesperada del kibutz por existir dentro de ese mundo de tecnología superior. Plantea la cuestión de si el kibutz puede continuar en la nueva sociedad que es el moderno Israel, y profundiza en los problemas que enfrentan los kibutz. Mientras escribo esto, en diciembre de 1999, vivo en un mundo donde el culto de la codicia y el dinero ha llegado a alturas que no conocí a lo largo de ochenta y cinco años de vida. La historia de Gavron del movimiento kibutz durante el siglo pasado se presenta como un soplo de aire limpio y fresco, una esperanza y un sueño para el futuro de la humanidad. Ningún estudiante de Israel debería estar sin este libro. Es inspirador y bastante maravilloso. Howard Fast AGRADECIMIENTOS Me gustaría agradecer a los más de cien miembros de kibutz, ex miembros, académicos, consultores y a todos aquellos que generosamente me dieron su confianza, tiempo y experiencia. La mayoría de ellos se citan directamente, pero los que no se mencionan también contribuyeron a la redacción de este libro. Tres buenos amigos merecen mi gratitud particular por leer el manuscrito, corregir mis errores y hacer comentarios valiosos. No se les debe culpar por ningún error restante, ni se deben asociar de ninguna manera con mis opiniones o conclusiones: Yaacov Oved, del Kibutz Palmahim, profesor de historia en la Universidad de Tel Aviv y Yad Tabenkin y autor de Doscientos años de comunas estadounidenses y muchos otros estudios de vida comunitaria, que me apoyaron y animaron durante todo el proyecto; Zeev Hirsh, anteriormente miembro del Kibutz Maagan Michael, luego profesor de Negocios Internacionales de la Universidad de Tel Aviv y actualmente jefe del programa del MBA en el Rishon Lezion College of Management, quien me dio el beneficio de su considerable conocimiento, particularmente (pero no exclusivamente) en materia económica; y Colin Primost, gerente general de Kibutz Kfar Hanassi, quien está directamente involucrado en llevar a cabo el proceso actual de cambio en su comunidad y cuya amistad, sabiduría y perspicacia han sido importantes para mí durante casi medio siglo. El núcleo del libro se basa en entrevistas con miembros de kibutz y otros, realizadas en los años 1998 — 1999 en los hogares de los kibutz, jardines, comedores y oficinas. Excepto en los pocos casos en que los entrevistados eran hablantes nativos de inglés, las entrevistas fueron en hebreo y luego fueron transcritas al inglés. Todas las entrevistas tomaron la forma de conversaciones informales y no estructuradas, comenzando con la historia personal de los entrevistados, pasando a sus experiencias en el kibutz, la historia general de su kibutz, y finalmente sus actitudes hacia los cambios actuales y el papel que estaban jugando (o no) en el proceso. Aunque estas conversaciones son la fuente principal de lo que he escrito aquí, la breve membresía de los kibutz, seguida de cuarenta años de contacto cercano con miembros de kibutz en todo Israel, también han hecho su contribución. Al mismo tiempo, docenas de libros, revistas y otros documentos (muchos de ellos de archivos de kibutz) han contribuido a mi comprensión del tema. Específicamente, me gustaría agradecer a los archiveros de Degania, Givat Brenner, Hasolelim, Neve Yam, Hatzerim, Kfar Ruppin y Yad Tabenkin por su ayuda. CRONOLOGÍA 1870 Establecimiento de Mikveh Israel, primera escuela agrícola judía en Palestina. 1880 Comienza una gran migración judía desde Rusia y Europa del Este, principalmente a los Estados Unidos. 1882 Comienza la primera aliyá (inmigración) de judíos a Palestina. Primeras tres aldeas judías modernas establecidas en la costa y Galilea. 1896 Theodor Herzl publica El Estado judío. 1897 Herzl convoca el primer Congreso Sionista en Basilea, Suiza y establece la organización sionista. 1898 Herzl conoce al Kaiser Wilhelm II de Alemania en Jerusalén. 1904 Comienza la segunda aliyá (inmigración) de pioneros judíos en Palestina. 1909 Establecimiento de Hashomer, guardias judíos para nuevos asentamientos, organizados en comunas móviles. 1910 Se establece Degania, la primera kvutza (comuna permanente). 1914 Comienza la Primera Guerra Mundial. 1917 Los bolcheviques toman el poder en Rusia. Declaración Balfour emitida por Gran Bretaña. El ejército británico conquista Palestina a los turcos otomanos. 1918 Termina la Primera Guerra Mundial. 1920 Fundación en París de la Liga de las Naciones. Se establece el Batallón Laboral. Comienzo de la Tercera Aliyá (inmigración) de pioneros judíos socialistas. Primeros ataques árabes severos contra judíos en Jerusalén. Creación de la Histadrut Labor Federation. Establecimiento de la fuerza de defensa judía Hagana. 1921 Gran Bretaña recibió el Mandato de Palestina de la Liga de las Naciones. Establecimiento de Ein Harod, el primer gran kibutz. 1923 Miembros de nuestra comunidad establecen Beit Alpha. 1926 Establecimiento de la federación de izquierda Kibutz Artzi. 1927 Establecimiento de la federación de grandes kibutz Kibutz Meuhad. 1928 Se establece Givat Brenner. 1929 Ataques árabes contra judíos en toda Palestina. 1933 Adolf Hitler se convierte en canciller alemán. Primeros campos de concentración nazis establecidos en Alemania. Aumento de la inmigración judía desde Alemania y Europa del Este. Establecimiento de la federación de pequeños kibutz Hever Hakvutzot. 1934 Fundación de la federación de kibutz religiosos Kibutz Dati. 1936 Huelga general árabe . La Comisión Real Británica, encabezada por Lord Peel, visita Palestina. 1937 Revuelta árabe contra la administración británica y la empresa sionista. La Comisión Peel recomienda la partición de Palestina entre judíos y árabes.
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