World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences 12 (2): 62-66, 2020 ISSN 2078-4589 © IDOSI Publications, 2020 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjfms.2020.62.66

Comparative Investigation of Chemical Composition of the Two Indigenous Species alpina and abyssinica Grown in the North Part of Ethiopia

1Fikreariam Haile, 1 Mahilet Tegaye, 11 Yihun Bekalu, Amsalu Tolosa and 2 Sisay Feleke

1Forest products Development and Innovation Research and Training Center; P.O. Box: 2322, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2Ethiopian Agricultural Research Consolation; P.O. Box: 8115, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Abstract: This paper studied the comparison of chemical composition of the two indigenes Bamboo species (Oxytenanthera abyssinica, Yushania alpina) which grown in lowland and highland arias in the north part of Ethiopia. The experiment was conducted to determine extractive yield, Cellulose content, Lignin content and ash content. Chemical characterizations were employed according to the standard outlined in ASTM except Kircjmer-Hoffer. The results were analyzed by using SAS Statistical Software. From the study it showed that except Lignin content at bamboo culm position, The main effect of species with the parameter of extractive and lignin content, while the main effect of culm position with the parameter of cellulose and ash content were observed highly significantly (P<0.001) varied. Interaction effect between bamboo species and culm position highly significantly (P<0.001) influenced on Cellulose and ash content, subsequently significantly (P<0.05) influenced on Lignin content. In view of the results, it was observed that Bamboo spices type, Bamboo culm position and interaction of the two factors have clearly impact on all chemical composition parameters and most of findings in the study which were in agreement with the literatures.

Key words: Chemical Composition Cellulose Lignin Oxytenanthera abyssinica Yushania alpina

INTRODUCTION considered as bank account of the communities, providing ready cash required for households and Bamboo is a perennial grass belonging to the purchasing agricultural inputs [5]. Lowland bamboo is (Gramineae) family Bambusoideae subfamily. used in the day to day life of bamboo growing regions. The highest diversity and area coverage of bamboo is In their traditional application, the two species are used recorded from the Asian continent, followed by America for house construction (wall, rafters, floor mats) and and Africa [1]. Africa possesses about 43 species on over house materials (shelves, baskets for different uses), 1.5 million ha of land; 40 of these species are primarily furniture, bed, farm implements, load carrying beams, fuel distributed in Madagascar while the remaining three (that is used in daily basis), fencing (homesteads, irrigated species are found in mainland Africa. Ethiopia possesses and rain feed farms), piling bed for grain before trashing, considerably wider bamboo cover. There are two storing grain, etc. The two indigenous species are also indigenous bamboo species in Ethiopia [2], namely used to maintain the environment by safeguarding loss Oxytenanthera abyssinica (lowland bamboo) covered of other species and ameliorating environmental about 1,070,198 hectares and Arundinaria alpina conditions in lowland and highland areas of the country. highland bamboo) covered approximately31, 003 hectares Currently there is better awareness about the potential [3, 4]. The two indigenous bamboo species found in the advantages of the bamboo resource for economic country have been applied to different uses by the development and environmental protection in Ethiopia. community since time immemorial. Highland bamboo is Moreover, currently there is critical shortage of wood

Corresponding Author: Fikreariam Haile, Forest products Development and Innovation Research and Training Center; P.O. Box: 2322, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 62 World J. Fish & Marine Sci., 12 (2): 62-66, 2020 products from other forest sources in the country. with age, height and layer, the chemical compositions of Combined with the created awareness about the potential bamboo are correlated with its physical and mechanical of bamboo for economic development, this critical properties. Such variation can lead to obvious physical shortage of wood may create a good opportunity for the and mechanical properties changes during the growth and bamboo sector to develop. maturation of bamboo. The rational of this study was The chemical composition of bamboo is similar to comparison of culm position and age on chemical that of wood. The main constituents of bamboo culms are properties of the two bamboo spices (O. abyssinica and cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin, which amount to over Y. alpina) and also generating holistic production and 90% of the total mass. The minor constituents of bamboo utilization use promising raw material for chemical and are resins, tannins, waxes and inorganic salts. Compared biochemical based industries in Ethiopia. with wood, however, bamboo has higher alkaline extractives, ash and silica contents [6, 7]. The results MATERIALS AND METHODS indicated that the Holocellulose content did not vary much among different ages of bamboo. Alpha-cellulose, Study Area: The study was conducted in the lowland area lignin, extractives, pentosan, ash and silica content at Injibara and the highland area at Pawe in the North increased with increasing age of bamboo. Bamboo western part of Ethiopia. Injibara is about 447 km away contains other organic composition in addition to from the capital city of Ethiopia. Geographically, Injibara cellulose and lignin. Bamboo is known to be susceptible is found in 10°59, N and 36°55, E longitude. The highest to fungal and insect attack. The natural durability of and lowest altitude of Injibara is recorded to be 254 m.a.s.l bamboo varies between 1 and 36 months depending on and 3000 m.a.s.l respectively [15]. Pawe found in 11°09, N the species and climatic condition [8]. The presence of and 36°03, E longitude and has an altitude of 1120 m.a.s.l large amounts of starch makes bamboo highly susceptible and mean annual rainfall of 1587 mm [16]. to attack by staining fungi and powder-post beetles [9]. It is noteworthy that even in 12 year old culms starch was Sample Collection: Authentic Representative bamboo present in the whole Culm, especially in the longitudinal culms for the introduced Bamboo species sample tree at cells of the ground parenchyma [10]. Higher benzene- the age of 3, 4 and 5 years were collected from the two ethanol extractives of some bamboo species could be an sites based on considered the culm positions. The strips advantage for decay resistance [11]. The ash content of were dried in an oven 40°C for the period of 8hr and then bamboo is made up of inorganic minerals, primarily silica, grounded in Wiley Mill equipped with a No. 20 mesh calcium and potassium. Manganese and magnesium screen. The grounded material was placed in a shaker are two other common minerals. Silica content is the and particles that passed through a No.40 mesh sieve highest in the epidermis, with very little in the nodes and (425- m) yet retained on a No. 60 mesh sieve (250- m). is absent in the internodes. Higher ash content in some The resulting material was placed in a polyethylene bag bamboo species can adversely affect the processing according to the experimental sating for further chemical machinery. analysis in the studies. A total of 27 treatment The internodes of solid bamboo has significantly combinations were used for the study, comprising 3 levels higher ash, 1% NaOH, alcohol-toluene and hot water of position (Top, Medium and Bottom) and 3 level of soluble than the nodes [12]. However, differences bamboo tree ages ( 3, 4 and 5). The design for the between the major chemical composition of node and experiment was completely randomized design with three internodes fraction of bamboo are small [13]; neither the replications [17] used in the studies. number of nodes nor the length of internodes segments would be critical to the utilization of bamboo for energy Characterize Chemical Properties on Bamboo Species: conversion, chemical production, or as a building material. All tests were conducted under the standards of [14]. Investigated the chemistry of the immature Culm of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) a moso-bamboo. The results indicated that the contents except for alcohol-toluene solubility and cellulose of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in immature bamboo determination. There was a minor modification for increased while proceeding downward of the Culm. extractive content test. Instead of benzene solutions, The increase of cellulose in the lower position was also toluene solution was used. The exact standard that accompanied by an increase in crystallinity. Since the was followed for each chemical property is presented in amount of each chemical composition of bamboo varies Table 1.

63 World J. Fish & Marine Sci., 12 (2): 62-66, 2020

Table 1: Standards of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 7.27%, respectively. The finding of this study comparable Property Standard with that of Phyllostachys pubescens reported by Alcohol-toluene solubility ASTM D 1107-56 (Reapproved 1972) [18] Klason lignin ASTM D 1106-56 (Reapproved 1977) [19] Xiaobo et al., 2004 reneges from 2.86-7.34 % at different Cellulose Kurchner-Hoffer [18] age and position [22] and also similar conformity with Ash Content ASTM D 1102-84 (Reapproved 1990) [20] the discussion reported by Amsalu et al. [23] which is stated that Oxytenanthera abyssinica contained Data Analysis: The statistical analysis was done with more substances like waxes, fats, resins, phytosterols, SAS software version 9.0 and SAS Studio (which is free non-volatile hydrocarbons, low-molecular weight university license and very good for assumption carbohydrates, salts and other water-soluble substances. checking). The classical general linear model with Wax material attached to the inner layer also contributed two-way ANOVA fits the data very well as shown in to the higher alcohol-toluene extractive content relative to the results. Mean separation was carried out using LSD the middle and outer layers. Higher alcohol toluene at (P<0.001). extractive in bamboo may be advantage for anti-decay and it will provide good strength in fiber processing because RESULTS AND DISCUSSION of its higher specific gravity.

Variation in Chemical Properties of the Two Bamboo Cellulose Content: Maximum percentage cellulose Species: The chemical compositions of the study spices content recorded for the experiment was found at bottom are presented in Table 1. The result showed highly culm position on Oxytenanthera abyssinica with the significant difference between the indigenous spices in value of 51.05% and in agreement within the value extractives, lignin and ash contents. There was also cellulose content of soft woods (40-52%) reported by similarly significant difference for cellulose and ash Fengel & Wegener [24] Similar result was obtained for content among bamboo culm position but lignin content Oxytenanthera abyssinica with the value (52.06%) showed no difference for the culm position (Table 2). reported by Amsalu et al.[23] and comparably low Moreover, species and culm position interaction cellulose content (46.08-47.91%) reported by Xiaobo et al. effect had shown a highly significant value for [22]. The next higher value of cellulose content were extractives, cellules and ash content, subsequently found statistical similar at top, meddle and bottom culm lignin content significantly at probability P = 0.05 position with the value of 47.22%, 47.46% and 46.96% on (Table 2). These results have shown Similar tendency Yushania alpina and at meddle culm position with the with previous study by Fikremariam et al. [3]. value of 47.79% on Oxytenanthera abyssinica (Table 3). These results are comparable to with other studies Interaction Effect of Bamboo Species and Bamboo Culm reported by Xiaobo et al.[22], which was much closed Positions for Chemical Properties of O. abyssinica and (46.08-47.91%) on chemical and mechanical properties of Y. alpina Extractive Yield: As shown in Table 3, the bamboo and its utilization potential for fiberboard study species and culm position interaction effect had manufacturing. The smallest cellulose content (45.05%) a significant difference value on the chemical composition was attained for Oxytenanthera. abyssinica at top culm analysis. Maximum yielding of the extractives was position and in agreement with the value cellulose content found at top and meddle Bamboo culm position on of soft woods (40-52%) reported by Fengel & Wegener Oxytenanthera abyssinica with the value of 7.47% and and Dence [24].

Table 2: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for chemical properties of O. abyssinica and Y. alpina Mean square ------Source of variation DF Extractives Cellulose Lignin Ash Species 2 4.95*** 2.53* 38.11*** 0.75*** Position 2 0.28* 12.33*** 0.35ns 3.32*** Culm position*position 4 3.86*** 14.89*** 3.31* 0.29*** CV 4.04 1.61 3.23 1.94 R2 0.94 0.88 0.82 0.99 ***= Significant at p <0.001;** Significant at p < 0.01;* = Significant at p < 0.05; ns= Non significant at p < 0.05

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Table 3: Interaction effect between Bamboo species and Bamboo culm position on different chemical properties of the two indigenes Bamboo species. Extractives Cellulose Lignin Ash ------Species Top Medium Bottom Top Medium Bottom Top Medium Bottom Top Medium Bottom Y. alpina 5.69c 5.10d 6.62b 47.22b 47.46b 46.96b 27.13b 25.29c 26.71bc 1.44f 2.64c 3.19a O. alpina 7.47a 7.27a 5.83c 45.05c 47.79b 51.05a 29.04a 29.91a 28.92a 1.50e 1.82d 2.73b **= Significant at p <0.001;** Significant at p < 0.01;* = Significant at p < 0.05; ns= Non significant at p < 0.05

Lignin Content: Maximum and statistical similar value of each culm positions have revealed statistical percentage lignin content were observed at top, meddle comparable. In general, main and interaction effect of the and bottom culm position with the value of 29.04%, two factors have clearly impact on all chemical 29.91% and 28.92% for Oxytenanthera abyssinica, composition parameters and most of findings in the respectively. This is larger by 19.93% to earlier results study which were in agreement with the literatures. reported by X.B. Li et al. [22] and also maximum by Therefore, Oxytenanthera abyssinica and Yushania 23.20% to the previous results reported by Amsalu et al. alpina grown in Ethiopia have better chemical [23]. The least lignin content was found at middle culm composition and has a great potential for different position with value of 25.29% for Yushania alpina industrial applications such as pharmaceuticals, (Table 3). biochemical and beverages products.

Ash Content: As shown in Table 3, the interaction effect ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS indicated that significantly lower ash content were observed at top culm position for the two indigenes The authors are grateful to Forest products Bamboo species (Yushania alpina, Oxytenanthera Development and Innovation Research and Training abyssinica) with the values 1.44% and 1.50%, respectively Center for financial and logistics support during the (Table 3). This result is very closed to earlier results study. Besides, the authors would like to gratefully thank reported by Phyllostachys heterocycla 1.3% and Laboratory Technicians in Bio-energy and Biochemical Phyllostachys reticulate 1.9% [25] and Phyllostachys Research Division for making valuable contributions pubescens ranges from 1.26-1.94% [22] at different during the study. position and age. Maximum percentage ash content recorded for the experiment was found at bottom culm REFERENCES position on Yushania alpina with the value of 3.19%, which was followed by Oxytenanthera abyssinica (2.73%) 1. Ohrnberger, D., 1999. The of the World. in the same culm position. In general these results are Elsevier, Amsterdam. comparable to with other studies lower than 2. Haile, F., D. Yibeyen, Y. Mengesha, A. Tegene and Oxytenanthera abyssinica from Assosa which yield 5.3% E. Zemenfeskidus, 2019. Nutritive Value of [23] and similar with studies by Razak et al. [26], which Introduced Bamboo Species for Livestock Feed in were reported to be 0.88% to 2.84%. Ethiopia. Academic journal of Sciences. ISSN 1995-8986. 12(3): 68-72, DOI:10:5829/ CONCLUSION idosi.adosi.ajps. 2019, 12.3.68.72. 3. Haile, F., A. Tolosa, D. Genene, D. Gebeyehu and From this research, we have found significant T. Alemu, 2018. The Influence of Culm position and increases in cellulose content from the top to the base of Age on Chemical Compositions of Yushania alpina the culm at Oxytenanthera abyssinica but on Yushania grown at Tikur-Enchini in north part of Ethiopia, alpina were observed statistical similar at all three culm Academic Journal of Plant Sciences, 11(4): 39-43, position. Alcohol-toluene extractive content increased in 2018. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.ajps. 2018. 11.4.39.43. Yushania alpina and decreased in Oxytenanthera 4. Kassahun, E., 2000. The Indigenous Bamboo Forests abyssinica crossways from the top to the bottom of of Ethiopia: an overview. Ambio, 29: 518-521. bamboo stems. The value of ash content was increased 5. FAO, 2007. World Bamboo Resources. A Thematic across from the top to the bottom of the culm at both Study Prepared in the Framework of the Global Forest species and Klason lignin contents have highest at Resources Assessment 2005. Rme, Italiy, Rome, Oxytenanthera abyssinica than Yushania alpina with the pp: 73.

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