LANDSCAPE STEWARDSHIP: NEW DIRECTIONS IN CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND CULTURE Fausto O. Sarmiento Guillermo Rodr’guez Miriam Torres Alejandro Argumedo Mireya Mu–oz Jack Rodr’guez Andean Stewardship: Tradition Linking Nature and Culture in Protected Landscapes of the

Resumen En los paisajes protegidos de los Andes, la mayordomía que se ha experimentado en diversas regiones que han forjado intrincados modelos de conservación y desarrollo a través de los siglos. De las prácticas de administración de recursos y de uso de la tierra, los modelos andinos permiten generalizar las nociones que permiten unificar la naturaleza y la cultura en un todo integrado como paisaje protegido, para vincular la biodiversidad y gestión humana como impulsoras de una simbiosis que ha forjado la identidad de sociedades de montaña. Al presentar varios casos de estudio provenientes de diferentes países andinos, incluyendo , Ecuador, Perú y , se perfilan los diferentes criterios necesarios para la mayordomía del paisaje cultural en los Andes. Introduction tradition of stewardship is embedded in the popular culture of the Andes. It has helped to sustain practices associated with land use in the local communities living and working in mountainous Alandscapes (known as “lifescapes” for short). The actors of the Andean drama have not only been objects, but subjects of holistic collaborative management as stakeholders for conservation and development (Gade 1999). They are regional and multilateral organizations; governmental agencies at the local, provincial, and national levels; non-governmental organizations; universities and research centers; and traditional and indigenous communities. In this mixture of conservation scenarios, the task of applying IUCN Category V protected landscapes in the region is to enrich op- tions of sustainable development by bringing to the forefront the concept of

The George Wright Forum 17(1), 1. © 2000 The George Wright Society, Inc. All rights reserved. 55 LANDSCAPE STEWARDSHIP: NEW DIRECTIONS IN CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND CULTURE culture and nature as an integral unit, with important roles for the local players as stewards of both their natural and cultural heritage (Phillips 1998). We argue that, once Category V is parks” problem found in most Latin officially implemented in the region, American countries. The case studies it may help to change the “paper included in this paper may lead to a

1

VENEZUELA

Figure 1. The northern Andean region, with the

COLOMBIA approximate locations of the case study sites. 2 1. Sierra Nevada de Santa

ECUADOR Marta, Colombia 2. Quijos River Valley, Ecuador Amazon 3. Valley of the Kings, Peru BRAZIL 4. Alto Cañete–Cochas Pachacayo, Peru 5. Communities of the Andes Mountains Basin Sajama Volcano, Bolivia 4 PERU 3

BOLIVIA

Pacific Ocean

5

CHILE

Atacama Desert

56 The George Wright FORUM LANDSCAPE STEWARDSHIP: NEW DIRECTIONS IN CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND CULTURE

Figure 2. Several countries in the Andean region have been developing legislation enabling designation of protected landscapes. Photograph by Jessica Brown.

Volume 17 ¥ Number 1 2000 57 LANDSCAPE STEWARDSHIP: NEW DIRECTIONS IN CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND CULTURE review of the management categories the Pimampiro aqueduct in Ecuador; currently used in the region, or at least the Cumbemayo and Moche to an evaluation of their efficiency in channels, the Puquios of Nasca, or achieving the goals of ecodiversity the cochas de Liallahua in Peru; and conservation. To have protected the textiles of Atacama in . A landscapes cared for by the huge variety of plants has been stakeholders themselves as stewards domesticated, including anihua, will finally dispel preconceptions that kiwicha, tarwi, quinua, yacon, achira, limit nature and culture in the Andes racacha, olluco, mashua, oca, and (Sarmiento, in press). Furthermore, it potato. Ancient terraces found will provide an opportunity to ac- around Lake Titicaca, or the mono- knowledge that these local commu- liths of the Tiawanaku plateau, are nities created working landscapes witness to the management of boun- reflecting traditional practices of ties long gone; even today, this great stewardship. Whether the selected diversity is deteriorating rapidly in the sites will showcase indigenous man- face of global trends. Current conser- agement, criollo achievements, or vation approaches in the region are colono lifestyles, the role of humans deficient in that they have failed to in tropical mountain ecosystems— comprehensively address socioeco- recognized as a key to shaping nomic, cultural, political, and insti- biodiversity in the area (Ellenberg tutional challenges for mountain 1979)—is increasingly important to sustainable development. promote as a good conservation strat- With this background, we note the egy. challenges of developing the concept of the interrelationship between Criteria for a Regional Approach forms of diversity (whether biologi- The Andes ecoregion harbors cally or culturally driven) amidst cur- some of the most bioculturally diverse rent trends of “setting aside” reserves ecosystems in the world. It contains for preservation of pristine nature. two recognized hotspots of We will demonstrate that the role of biodiversity, two of the eight recog- humans as stewards of their lands is a nized centers of origin of major crops, prerequisite of the comprehension of 20 of the 36 World Heritage Sites in the values of Andean cultural land- South America, and more than 205 scapes. We therefore, require a defi- languages (A. Argumedo, personal nition of the new Protected Land- communication). The indigenous scape approach, stressing the high- cultures have developed ingenious land/lowland interaction, the likeli- means for dealing with water stress hood of long-lasting small-impact and sloped terrain, as evidenced by economic activities, and the legal base

58 The George Wright FORUM LANDSCAPE STEWARDSHIP: NEW DIRECTIONS IN CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND CULTURE for buffer zone management and core ardship. Here we try to cover the ex- protection. tent of the options, including refer- There are several criteria of stew- ences to specific sites along the cor- ardship that may be used to select dilleras in several countries, each one cases in a regional approach. They emphasizing a particular criterion or include: (1) biological (e.g., large a few criteria in working, living An- biota inventories), (2) physical (e.g., dean landscapes. key environmental services such as water capture and soil degradation), Case Studies (3) cultural (e.g., agricultural prac- A selection of case studies makes tices and religious considerations), the point in favor of the protected (4) social (e.g., land tenure and class landscape approach for conservation structure), and (5) economic (e.g., and development in traditional production modes and market strate- communities of the Andean moun- gies). Table 1 shows some of the in- tains. We will proceed from north to dicators for landscape ecodiversity south, explaining the significance and worth protecting. potential for demonstrating the valid- Within the framework of Andean ity of the concept with different sce- mountain situations, there is no single narios that include tropical and tem- example which encompasses all the perate sites, highland and lowland indicative factors for landscape stew- montane environments, indigenous

Criterion Indicators Heirloom plants/animals Local varieties, rare recipes, seed stock, local races, (biological) pets, and draft animals Holistic rearing Not only agriculture, but livestock, root (cultural) recollection, fruit and flowers, firewood, etc. Traditional production Subsistence agriculture, staple products and local (economic) specialties geared to the local market Water management Successful irrigation processes and terracing or (physical) other soil management practices Cultural boundaries Seasonal utilization, transhumance and home-range (economic) uses of potentially limiting activities Spiritual ecotones Mental constructs—not physical lines but spiritual (cultural) or intellectual reaches IUCN membership Sponsorship of individuals’ affiliation or NGO (social) recognition in IUCN structure, mobility and organizational frames Table 1. Some indicators of landscape ecodiversity.

Volume 17 ¥ Number 1 2000 59 LANDSCAPE STEWARDSHIP: NEW DIRECTIONS IN CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND CULTURE and mestizo populations, and rural protected as a national park and and urban settings. UNESCO biosphere reserve. With its Table 2 lists different prospective cultural patrimony, “Ciudad Per- sites for an integrative protected land- dida” is an important archaeological scape demonstration exercise. This park. A comprehensive study has ap- should be considered a minimal peared as an atlas with general infor- sample for conveying the notion of mation on the massif. This is the landscape stewardship in the region. highest coastal mountain on Earth, Due to the difficulty of finding one site reaching from sea level to 5,755 m in that may be indicative of all factors, only 42 km. A rapid ecological as- each site will focus on a special sessment (REA) has shown that 13 theme. life zones are found within the 12,230 The Sierra Nevada de Santa sq km that share the greater Marta, Colombia. This massif con- Magdalena River Basin. stitutes traditional grounds for three The study would also reflect the different indigenous groups: the “degree of criticality” to help define Wiwa, Arrumaco, and Kogi. The important areas in the Sierra Nevada location of “Ciudad Perdida” in par- de (“criticality” can be ticular is a sacred place for the Kogi, thought of as equaling “intrinsic who are now living around the ar- quality” multiplied by “intervention chaeological site and are custodians condition”). All of the selected areas of its maintenance as spiritual totem. include indigenous settlements and The Indian builders of this interventions (Rodríguez 1999). A impressive architectural wonder have protected landscape category will disappeared. The area is already bring to the forefront the important

Theme Place Facilitator Indigenous Ciudad Perdida, Sierra Nevada Guillermo Rodríguez management de Santa Marta, Colombia Production alternatives The Quijos river valley, near Jack Rodríguez Baeza, Ecuador Highland tourism Alto Cañete, Cochas Miriam Torres Pachacayo, Huayhuash, Peru Traditional agriculture The Valley of the Kings, near Alejandro Argumedo Pisac, Peru Cultural heritage Sajama community in the Mireya Muñoz Sajama National Park, Puna of Bolivia Table 2. Prospective sites for protected landscapes.

60 The George Wright FORUM LANDSCAPE STEWARDSHIP: NEW DIRECTIONS IN CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND CULTURE role of the ancient Tairona and the forest patches. Although the original current Kogi and mestizo population Quijos Indians have disappeared, in the area. Indigenous land man- rich archaeological evidence abounds agement of the area, the seclusion of in the area. Baeza, in the heart of the practices in sacred sites, as well as a Quijos Valley, is the only city towards comprehensive ethnobiological the Ecuadorian Amazon territory that framework of Kogi livelihood make is designated as being included in the case for an important contribution Ecuador’s “National Cultural of the protected landscape concept in Patrimony.” The life of the mestizo the northernmost Andean massif. along the Quijos River and of the The Quijos River Valley, Ecua- Cofan Indians along the Oyacachi dor. Amidst three important Ecua- River also present important exam- dorian protected areas (Sumaco- ples of traditional practices and alter- National Park, Antisana native economic options in a work- Ecological Reserve, and Cayambe- ing, living landscape (Sarmiento Ecological Reserve), two fertile 1997). valleys run from the heights of the Several cycles of economic ven- Antisana volcano to the foothills of tures have come and gone within the the Andean crescent of the Amazon matrix of the valley, each leaving be- headwaters. The bulk of biodiversity hind degradation of the original forest housed in the tropical montane cloud composition and soil structure. The forest belt is impressive in almost most recent fashions, fishing in every respect. The area has been al- mountain waters and ecotourism (in- ways an important mountain pass cluding whitewater rafting), pose a connecting the Amazon lowlands challenge for finding an appropriate with the Andean highlands. An ex- administrative framework for conser- tensive network of pathways (or “cu- vation and development in the area. luncos”) criss-crossed the area, con- The Valley of the Kings, near necting the Quijos Valley with other Pisac, Peru. The magnificent Andean prehistoric and historic market cen- civilization of the Inca empire is ters, such as Pimampiro and Quito. vividly portrayed today in the tradi- With the arrival of the Spaniards, the tional village of Pisac, where the ar- region became the gateway to the chitecture and the surrounding ter- Amazon after the Orellana expedi- raced terrain set the stage for a con- tion used this mountain pass to enter tinuation of simple agricultural prac- the mythical “El Dorado.” tices and communal living. The pro- Colono lifestyle has changed the tected landscape category at Pisac, original landscape into a mosaic of close to the imperial capital of Cusco pasturelands, croplands, and remnant in highland Peru, will acknowledge

Volume 17 ¥ Number 1 2000 61 LANDSCAPE STEWARDSHIP: NEW DIRECTIONS IN CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND CULTURE the intimate links embodied by a base. Further to the south, lying be- natural capital rich in evidence of an- tween the departments of Lima and cient human impact. UNESCO rec- Junín, another important tourist des- ognized the important of the area as tination is emerging. The Alto Cañete World Cultural Heritage Site, but and the Cochas Pachacayo are areas reference is made only to the colonial of important potential. Here, for the city without considering the sur- first time in the history of Peru, eight rounding Pisac valley, the breadbas- local indigenous communities have ket of the Inca empire. organized themselves into the “Agri- Local communities have devel- culture Association of Social Interest” oped communal strategies for agri- (SAIS) to create a new reserved zone cultural production and irrigation so in Alto Cañete and Cochas as to develop a highly sophisticated Pachacayo, where the national gov- system of seasonally effective pro- ernment entrusted the indigenous duction mechanisms. Also, altitudi- leaders, who own the land, with the nal adaptation to the “verticality” of creation and management of a pro- Andean landscapes is practiced tected area. The search for an appro- around the area by using several dif- priate designation will likely take ferent crops according to the eleva- place within the context of the pro- tion and month of the year. tected landscape approach. Agrodiversity, or the variety of Peru already has legislation ena- cultivars and heirlooms, is also bling the establishment of a Category maximized in the protected land- V area through the so-called “reserva scape approach. This is something paisajística.” However, a closer view that Andean indigenous peoples have of the area reveals not only the scenic been doing all along; for example, the beauty of a natural monument, but campesinos of Quechua descent have important agricultural biodiversity, been stewards for several centuries forest cover, water supply, and cul- (A. Argumedo, personal communi- tural heritage issues. This designation cation). of a reserva paisajística opens more Alto Cañete-Cochas Pachacayo, opportunities for private investment near Junín, Peru. The cordillera of in protected area management. In the Huayhuash in highland Peru is often past, this was done by using a “basket” mentioned as one of the focal points category of multiple use particularly for mountain tourism and ecotourism oriented to conflict management and (Torres 1999). As in Huascarán Na- greater success in conservation. tional Park, increasing pressure from The communities of the Sajama hikers, bird-watchers, and climbers Volcano, Bolivia. Sajama National put stress on the natural resource Park in Bolivia encompasses 200,000

62 The George Wright FORUM LANDSCAPE STEWARDSHIP: NEW DIRECTIONS IN CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND CULTURE ha. As one of the first Bolivian pro- The Next Steps tected areas, the Sajama volcano All of these examples fully comply (6,540 m) and its zone of influence with the tests of integrity and authen- show a strong orientation toward ticity suggested in the operational biological conservation of the last guidelines of the World Heritage remnants of Polylepis woodlands in Convention of 1992, as ratified in the so-called highest forests on Earth, successive experts’ meetings in La with trees growing at 4,700 m. Petit Pierre (France), Schorfheide/ Templin (Germany), and Amster- However, with the presence of a dam (The Netherlands). The frame- combination of important archaeo- work of cultural landscapes in the logical sites, some burial monuments, Andes was discussed at a 1998 several “chullpas” and many UNESCO-sponsored meeting held at “apachetas” that are typical of the Arequipa/Chevay in Peru’s Colca Andean tradition of crossing the con- Valley. The next step will be to design tinental divide via highland trade a truly regional approach that routes, the Sajama Volcano (which includes both the biological and the itself is considered a deity, or Apu, by cultural—and even the spiritual. We the indigenous population) holds a are proposing that the condor be high amount of cultural and religious adopted as the project’s “biological significance. Associations with the flagship,” and Wiracocha, a mythical landscape include sacred places, ritu- pre-Hispanic wise man, as its als, and age-old beliefs that have “mythological flagship.” We can help evolved into organic cultural land- establish a system of protected cul- scapes with implications for local and tural landscapes throughout the re- regional trade and transit of goods gion by adopting the “Condor Route” through the newly constructed high- (La Ruta Cóndor) and the way in Sajama National Park. “Wiracocha Route” (La Ruta de Wiracocha) as a lead-in to the pro- The Bolivian highland of the Sa- ject. With this concept in mind, addi- jama also readily qualifies for the tional areas already listed as potential protected landscape approach. Not cultural landscapes (either designed, only have humans been affecting the living, relict or fossil, or associative) area for centuries, but they have could be incorporated to obtain an forged associated management optimal representation in the regional schemes such that the current phe- spectrum. These sites include the nology of the national park is very Páramos of Mérida in Venezuela; the much a response to ancient and cur- cacao haciendas in Venezuela; the rent land use practices. páramos of Antisana in Ecuador; the

Volume 17 ¥ Number 1 2000 63 LANDSCAPE STEWARDSHIP: NEW DIRECTIONS IN CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND CULTURE

Cordillera of Huascarán and the Lo- diversity through a more integrative mas de Antiquipa in Peru; Aquina, approach. Toconce, and San Pedro de Atacama Building on this momentum, a in northern Chile; and the Isla network of indigenous peoples from Navarino in the extreme south of seven countries is developing an in- Chile (Mujica 1998). novative approach to the conserva- tion of Andean cultural landscapes. The Cóndor/Wiracocha Route The “Ruta Cóndor/Wiracocha” pro- Until quite recently, national ap- poses a community based manage- proaches towards protected area ment regime in the Andean mountain management in the region adopted ecosystems intended to regenerate the national park model. The preser- and conserve its cultural and biologi- vation of large areas of “unspoiled cal diversity. By moving from strict nature” through ownership of land nature protection to multipurpose have often excluded local peoples protection that embraces nature, from planning and implementation culture, spiritual place, historical processes. The use of Western con- sites, and centers of diversification of servation science and practices and native crops, the foundations for sus- the involvement of formally trained tainable, bioculturally rich Andean experts have been emphasized, while landscapes can be built. the valuable knowledge and practices Incorporating the diverse ecosys- of indigenous peoples have largely tems of the Andes, which are linked been ignored in the process. Para- through historic and ecological at- phrasing IUCN’s Protected Areas tributes, an international route ex- Program, “a ‘protectionist’ mentality tending from Venezuela to Chile, persists in the management of pro- covering the historic pre-Hispanic tected areas in South America, and Andean space based on the ancient successful work with local communi- Wiracocha Route, is being devel- ties has seldom been achieved. Sys- oped. (La Ruta de Wiracocha was a tematic methodologies to bring about pre-Hispanic route which linked the efficient participation of local culturally and biologically important people have not yet been developed.” points, including sacred sites, cities, The “Ruta Cóndor/Wiracocha,” as areas of high biodiversity, ceremonial described below, presents a new centers, and so forth. It was devised paradigm, one in which local indige- by Wiracocha, a mythical wise man, nous communities form the core of who used Andean scientific princi- protected area establishment and ples to establish a line which ex- management in a regime which aims panded from Colombia to Argen- to conserve biological and cultural tina.) The route will follow a network

64 The George Wright FORUM LANDSCAPE STEWARDSHIP: NEW DIRECTIONS IN CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND CULTURE of traditional-agriculture protected indigenous communities themselves. landscapes throughout the Andes, to Agricultural protected landscapes be established following IUCN Cate- and new focal points making up the gory V principles. These traditional- route will be managed adaptively, agriculture landscapes will link focal based on the traditions and knowl- points along the route. For purposes edge of the native peoples. Linkages of this project, “focal points” have with the already established focal been defined as being nodal conser- points will be done in collaboration vation areas which have already been with conservation authorities in each established as well as other biocultur- particular country, and arrangements ally rich areas that require conserva- will include strategies to ensure effec- tion. The Ruta Cóndor/Wiracocha’s tive participation of local people in focal points will include, among oth- the management of such areas. ers: The integrated ecosystem ap- proach that will be employed is key to 1. Micro-centers of crop origin and the effective conservation of each diversity (particularly Vavilov element in the route, since protection centers and areas of crop diver- of biological and cultural diversity are sity); interdependent. This holistic ap- 2. Areas of high biological diversity proach will provide an enabling envi- (including hot spots, critical, and ronment for conservation and sus- vulnerable areas); tainable use of biological diversity, 3. Outstanding mountain ecosys- including the maintenance of eco- tems (including high-mountain system functioning and resilience, wetlands, native forests, and wildlife populations and habitats, and grasslands); biological diversity important to food 4. Cultural areas (including sacred and agriculture, including landraces sites, archaeological centers, and wild relatives of domesticated World Heritage Sites, and other plants and animals. The route would cultural landmarks such as places be free of genetically modified or- where there is a strong craft tradi- ganisms (GMOs) in order to maintain tion, e.g., pottery and weaving); the Andes as an important reserve of and strategic plant genetic resources and 5. Protected areas (including na- to ensure critical ecological services tional parks, nature reserves, bio- for the region’s increasing sphere reserves, etc). population. The “Ruta Cóndor/Wiracocha” The “Ruta Cóndor/Wiracocha” will link landscapes that developed will be implemented and managed by organically and were intimately tied

Volume 17 ¥ Number 1 2000 65 LANDSCAPE STEWARDSHIP: NEW DIRECTIONS IN CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND CULTURE in the early history of the Andes. The way in strengthening in situ conser- Spanish invasion violated the har- vation objectives in the continent. mony and connectivity of the land- Additionally, the implementation of scape and marginalized the indige- the route will provide an opportunity nous peoples who helped to create to native people in the Andes to work the region’s richness and diversity. together to create opportunities to The “Ruta Cóndor/Wiracocha” is, conserve, protect, and benefit from therefore, an attempt to revitalize na- their knowledge, practices, and inno- tive peoples’ common identity. To vation systems. Issues of intellectual this end, the “Ruta Cón- property and benefit-sharing will be dor/Wiracocha” will emphasize the therefore integral to the project. incorporation of culturally important The establishment of the “Ruta sites to help native peoples strengthen Cóndor/Wiracocha” will involve in- their cultural identity and sense of digenous and traditional communi- belonging. The incorporation of sa- ties along the route, and will require cred sites is also important from a and strive for effective mechanisms to conservation standpoint, since they coordinate actions and make deci- usually harbor high diversity as a re- sions, collaborating with other con- sult of long-standing traditional pro- servation and development actors at tection status. the local and regional levels and from The corridor framework is in- national and international sources. tended to empower local communi- Direct participation and control of the ties and indigenous peoples and sup- project by the local communities will port them in their conservation efforts ensure that views of the indigenous by bringing them together in various peoples and their construction of forums to share experiences and local reality are the basis of the in- ideas, obtain resources, and construct tervention. This will also guarantee successful conservation initiatives. that landscape conservation activities McNeely et al. (1994) identify strate- are tailored to local realities and en- gic actions required to strengthen hances the project’s chances of ac- protected areas in South America, ceptance and success. The project and these include the use of research strategy will promote the use of tradi- and planning techniques and training tional knowledge, and will benefit programs that emphasize participa- from its shared ownership, adaptive tory processes, conflict resolution, nature, and Earth-based cosmovi- and harmonization of interests. The sion. In addition, the “Ruta Cón- “Ruta Cóndor/Wiracocha” strategy is dor/Wiracocha” initiative aims to based on these principles, and, given influence regional protected area its geographic scope, will go a long policy, especially where local com-

66 The George Wright FORUM LANDSCAPE STEWARDSHIP: NEW DIRECTIONS IN CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND CULTURE munities are concerned, and act as a Conclusion catalyst for much-needed policy and The Andean initiative of the “Ruta institutional reforms. Cóndor/Wiracocha” should be: The project will take proper ac- 1. Communicative, in order to count of the general goals of equity for publicize Category V’s potential and poverty reduction among the among community organizations, indigenous peoples along the “Ruta environmental NGOs, local and Cóndor/Wiracocha.” An ecotourism national governments, and and indigenous tourism plan will be international agencies; developed to provide economic in- 2. Inclusive, by having a national centives for conservation, especially consultation on the topic, bring- by adding value to local biodiversity ing together both the grassroots and landscape features. Ecotourism organizations and government activities will be promoted within the officials; framework of the 2002 United Na- 3. Participatory, by having a re- tions Year of the Mountains and of gional workshop on the topic that Ecotourism. would include regional and na- The “Ruta Cóndor/Wiracocha” tional governments and commu- initiative is an important first step in nity leaders; dealing with various complex prob- 4. Epistemographic, in order to lems that indigenous peoples face in clarify semantics and terminology their efforts to co-exist as traditional of the dynamics of mountain eco- societies in the fast-paced global systems; community. The project will serve as 5. Methodological, to start building a model for locally driven sustainable experience by documenting and development in the region and on the publicizing previous works or global scale, ensuring appropriate pilot studies applicable to the community development processes concept of protected landscapes and the sustainable management of in the Andes ecoregion; and mountain resources. This is the first 6. Transcendental, to unify and case in the region of a protected land- invigorate local cultures. scape initiative of such scale estab- If these six conditions are fulfilled, the lished by indigenous peoples, and is “Ruta Cóndor/Wiracocha” will be a likely the first initiative of its kind in success story in the pilot effort for the world. protected landscape conservation worldwide.

Volume 17 ¥ Number 1 2000 67 LANDSCAPE STEWARDSHIP: NEW DIRECTIONS IN CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND CULTURE

Acknowledgments We acknowledge the opportunity to work together on the idea of protected landscapes in the Andes occasioned by the special WCPA-IUCN International Working Session on Stewardship in Protected Landscapes, held in Wood- stock, Vermont, USA, and organized by the QLF/Atlantic Center for the Envi- ronment and the Conservation Study Institute of the U.S. National Park Serv- ice. We also thank the Andean Mountains Association for helping with net- working and the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies of the Uni- versity of Georgia for help with references and illustrations. References Ellenberg, H. 1979. Man’s influence on tropical mountain ecosystems in South America. Journal of Ecology 67, 401-416. Gade, D. 1999. Nature and Culture in the Andes. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. McNeely, J. 1994. Conserving biodiversity outside protected areas: How traditional agro- ecosystems can contribute. IUCN Workshop on Biodiversity Paper. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Mujica, E. 1998. Regional thematic meeting on cultural landscapes in the Andes, Arequipa/Chivay, Peru, 17-22 May 1998. Typescript report. Phillips, A. 1998. The nature of cultural landscapes—A nature conservation perspective. Landscape Research 23(1), 21-38. Rodríguez, G. 1999. Un modelo socioeconómico para definición de areas críticas para la conservación en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta-Colombia. Pp. 209-226. En: Entendiendo las Intefaces Ecológicas para la Gestión de los Paisajes Culturales en los Andes. F. Sarmiento and J. Hidalgo, eds. Memorias del III Simposio de Desarrollo Sustentable de Montañas. Quito: Corporación Editora Nacional. Sarmiento, F. O. In press. Human impacts in managed Tropandean landscapes: Breaking mountain paradigms. Ambio. ———. 1997. The Quijos River Valley: A protected landscape as best management practice for conservation and development in Tropandean Ecuador. The George Wright Forum 14(3), 59-66. Torres, M. 1999. Una aproximación a la sustentabilidad del turismo Andino para el desarrollo de las zonas de montaña. Pp. 233-238. En: Entendiendo las Intefaces Ecológicas para la Gestión de los Paisajes Culturales en los Andes. F. Sarmiento and J. Hidalgo, eds. Memorias del III Simposio de Desarrollo Sustentable de Montañas. Quito: Corporación Editora Nacional. Fausto O. Sarmiento, Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, University of Georgia, G-40 Baldwin Hall, Athens, Georgia 30602-1619 USA; [email protected] Guillermo Rodríguez, Fundación Pro-Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Calle 74, Numero 2-86, Santafé de Bogotá, Colombia; [email protected] or sne- [email protected]

68 The George Wright FORUM LANDSCAPE STEWARDSHIP: NEW DIRECTIONS IN CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND CULTURE

Miriam Torres, The Mountain Institute — Andes Program, Apartado 01, Psje. Ricardo Palma #100, Pedregal Alto – Huaraz-Ancash, Peru; [email protected] Alejandro Argumedo, Indigenous Peoples Biodiversity Network, Ruinas 451, Cusco, Peru; [email protected] Mireya Muñoz, Nogales & Asociados, Consultore Internacionales, P.O. Box 5240, La Paz, Bolivia; [email protected] Jack Rodríguez, FUNDRAE, Toribio Montes No. 766 y Cuero y Caicedo, Quito, Ecuador; [email protected] 1

Volume 17 ¥ Number 1 2000 69