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The Distribution and Biogeography of Zostera Marina (Eelgrass) 1Fi Alaskal C

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The Distribution and Biogeography of Zostera Marina (Eelgrass) 1Fi Alaskal C The Distribution and Biogeography of Zostera marina (Eelgrass) 1fi Alaskal c. PETER McRoy2 ALTHOUGH INNUMERABLE BOTANISTS have Z. marina extends from Port Clarence, 65° N visited Alaska to record and study its flora, most (Porsild, 1932 :90) to Agiabampo Lagoon, accounts terminate at the high-tide line. Con­ 26° N, in the Gulf of California (Steinbeck sequently, the marine vegetation, especially that and Ricketts, 1941:254). of the most northern coasts of Alaska, has re­ In Alaska, Zostera forms a distinct subtidal ceived little attention and the distributions of zone in protected bays, inlets, and lagoons along many species are sketchily known. Zostera the coast from Bering Strait south (Hulten, marina Linnaeus, the common eelgrass, has 1941 :95). During 1967 I was able to survey probably received more interest than most, be­ many miles of the Alaska coast to locate and cause of its importance as a waterfowl food. examine the Zostera beds. These surveys in­ In spite of this, the distribution outlined by cluded Southeast Alaska, Prince William Sound, Hulten (1941 :95, 1960:69, 1964:256) and the Cold Bay region of the Alaska Peninsula, other published sources (Anderson, 1959:48; parts of the Seward Peninsula near Nome and Porsild, 1932:90-94; Polunin, 1940:40-41; Teller, the coast of the Chukchi Sea between Setchell, 1920:563-579, 1935 :560-577; Murie Kivalina and Cape Thompson, and the vicinity and Scheffer, 1959:396) is very incomplete in of Point Barrow. The observations from these - the light of recent surveys of the coast. By field trips have been combined with the pub­ compiling the results of personal efforts and lished records and personal observations of communications over the past few years, I can several people to present a detailed listing of now document in detail the distribution of this the locations of Zostera beds on the coast of species in Alaska. Alaska (Fig. 1 and Table 1). An additional result of searching and study­ In Southeast Alaska, the Alexander Archi­ ing the distribution of Zostera in Alaska has pelago, Zostera is found in most of the bays been a review of the mechanisms of dispersion and inlets of the outer coast, but it is absent that have established and maintained this dis­ from many of these on the inside waters (Fig. tribution. These aspects of the study of Zostera 1 and Table 1). This is apparently due to the have in turn led to considerations of the bio­ turbid effluent of glaciers. No plants were found geography of the species which can be recon­ in any of the areas receiving large amounts structed from distribution records and disper­ of glacial runoff although other environmental sion mechanisms. conditions appeared quite suitable for their growth. For example, in Doty Cove and Lime­ Distribution Survey stone Inlet in Stephens Passage (near Juneau) The genus Zostera contains 11 species of the absence of Zostera is enigmatic in winter shallow-water, soft-bottom marine plants (Set­ months when ambient waters are dear; but in chell, 1935). The most widespread species of summer the problem is solved by the presence the genus, Zostera marina, occurs discontinu­ of very turbid water from nearby Taku Inlet. ously throughout the boreal Northern Hemi­ In bays and inlets receiving quantities of the sphere from the seas of Okhotsk and Japan to turbid glacial water the subtidal zone of soft the Baltic and Mediterranean (Setchell, 1935: bottoms usually occupied by Zostera is devoid 571). On the Pacific coast of North America of all macrophytes. The coast from Cross Sound to Prince Wil­ 1 Contribution No. 42 from the Institute of Marine liam Sound is rugged and exposed to the open Science, University of Alaska. Manuscript received sea; most of the existing bays harbor glaciers December 16, 1967. 2 Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska, or glacial streams. Zostera has been reported College, Alaska 99701. only in Yakutat Bay (Setchell, 1920:567; Fig. 507 \Jl o 00 120· S/S~p 'T'I4 ''\ ~\flo.oflo. c,flo." \ \~ \ ALASKA \ \ 60· 60· \ \ \ \ ." ~; :> ....n ....'"rj n C/}n ~ BERING SEA .... ;; tT:l \ Zn .tT:l ~ <:: ~ I ~ ilt.eur, X ~ N 1St. :a .• 0 ilNDS 50· ....X 50· ~ PACIFIC \OCEAN ..... /"b'~.3~_. ~' 0 ,\ f"l !l' \ ,.,. i', 180· 170· 160· 150· 140· er0 (I) FIG. 1. Chart of Alaska showing the location of records of Zostera marina on the coast. Numbers refer to locations given in Table 1. ~' "",.... 'D 0\ (Xl Zostera marina in Alaska-McRoy 509 TABLE 1 TABLE 1 (Continued) RECORDS OF Zostera marina IN ALASKA CHART CHART NUMBER* LOCATION SOURCE NUMBER* LOCATION SOURCE 43 Ikongimuit, Alexander Archipelago Nunivak Island King, 1963 1 Foggy Bay Hulten, 1941 44 Mekoryuk, 2 Cape Fox Hulten, 1941 Nunivak Island King, 1963 3 Gravina Lake Hulten, 1941 45 St. Michaels Porsild, 1932 4 Yes Bay Hulten, 1941 46 Malikfik Bay, 5 Craig Hulten, 1941 Norton Sound Porsild, 1932 6 Klawak McRoy, this study 47 Kwiniuk Inlet, 7 Calder Bay McRoy, this study Norton Sound Porsild, 1932 8 Pybus Bay McRoy, this study 48 Golovin Bay Porsild, 1932 9 Sitka Hulten, 1941 49 Safety Lagoon Burns, 1967 10 Hoonah Sound McRoy, this study 50 Port Clarence Kjellman, 1883 11 Tenakee Inlet McRoy, this study 51 Grantly Harbor McRoy, this study 12 Port Frederick McRoy, this study Bering Straits 13 St. James Bay Palmer, 1941 52 Lapp Lagoon Burns, 1967 Cross Sound to Prince William Sound 53 Ikpek Lagoon Burns, 1967 14 Yakutat Bay Setchell, 1920 • Numbers refer to the geographical locations shown in Prince William Sound Figure 1. 15 Olsen Bay Johansen, 1965 16 Redhead Lagoon McRoy, this study 1 and Table 1). Isolated populations in other 17 Sawmill Bay McRoy, this study 18 Port Etches, more inaccessible areas are of course possible. Hinchinbrook Prince William Sound contains many Zostera Island Johansen, 1965 beds (Fig. 1 and Table 1), but their distribu­ 19 Stockdale Harbor, tion was altered by the earthquake of March Montague Island Johanseu, 1965 1964. Johansen (1965 :93-94) lists nine local­ Kodiak Island, Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands ities where he found dead Zostera attributable 20 Afognak Island Beals, 1941 to the seismic uplift of the region. In June 21 Sturgeon River Hulten, 1941 22 Port Hobron, 1967 I revisited many of johansen's stations. Kodiak Island Hulten, 1941 In several of these, the most striking being 23 Chignik Bay Hulten, 1941 the vicinity of Cordova, no new Zostera was 24 Popof Island Hulten, 1941 seen; in other places, such as Redhead Lagoon, Unga Island Hulten, 1941 25 reduced populations were evident. 26 King Cove Hulten, 1941 27 Cold Bay McRoy, this study The outer coast of the Kenai Peninsula is a 28 Morshovi Bay McRoy, this study glaciated region where no Zostera has been 29 Caton Island Beals, 1941 reported, nor has any been found in Cook Inlet, 30 Sanak Island Beals, 1941 31 Akun and Akutan which might be expected from the turbidity islands Beals, 1941 and currents in the Inlet. There are, however, 32 Dutch Harbor Beals, 1941 unconfirmed reports of Zostera in Kachemak 33 Vsevidof Island Murie and Scheffer, Bay. 1959 34 Atka Island Jones, 1965 Several bays on Kodiak and Afognak islands, 35 Adak Island Jones, 1965 on the Alaska Peninsula, and in the Aleutian 36 Unimak Island Hulten, 1941 Islands contain Zostera beds (Hulten, 1941 :95 ; Bering Sea Beals, 1941; Fig. 1 and Table 1). The western 37 Izembek Lagoon McRoy, 1966 limit of the species in North America was 38 Herendeen Bay McRoy, 1966 Vsevidof Island (Murie and Scheffer, 1959: 39 Port Heiden McRoy, 1966 40 Nanvak Bay King, 1963 369). This limit can now be extended to Atka 41 Chagvan Bay King, 1963 and Adak islands (Jones, personal communica­ 42 Ingrimiut, tion, 1965). The plants on Adak are evidently Nunivak Island King, 1963 a result of transplantation experiments by the m~ ,. .. 510 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. XXII, October 1968 u.s. Fish and Wildlife Service. No plants are ever, the seeds are released attached to a repro­ known to occur in the western Aleutian Islands, ductive stem which has several leaves and is probably due to the lack of protected bays. capable of floating for long distances. Mats of Plants are known from Kamchatka Peninsula Zostera and other marine angiosperms have and Bering Island on the Asian side of the been seen at sea several hundred miles from Bering Sea (Hulten, 1926:75, 1960:69). the coast (Menzies, Zaneveld, and Pratt, 1967: In the Bering Sea Zostera forms extensive 112). There can be no doubt that dispersion meadows in the numerous coastal lagoons of on a large scale is accomplished through the the Alaska Peninsula (Fig. 1 and Table 1). seed-producing and perhaps vegetative plants The meadows in Izembek Lagoon on the Penin­ that annually detach and drift with oceanic sula are the largest known single stand of the surface circulation. species (McRoy, 1966:103). Farther north, The several species of waterfowl that feed Zostera occurs in Nanvak and Chagvan bays on Zostera are another vehicle for dispersion. and in many of the lagoons at the mouths of Love and Sculthorpe concur. Arasaki (1950: rivers on Nunivak Island (King, personal com­ 70-76) demonstrated that ducks do not destroy munication, 1963). No other Zostera beds have the viability of all seeds they ingest. The coast been found between King Salmon and St. of Alaska is a flyway for numerous species of Michael. waterfowl that annually transport seeds over at Porsild (1932:90-94) recorded the northern least short distances and probably farther. This distribution of Zostera from St. Michael to Port is a mechanism for dispersion in a direction Clarence (Fig.
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