Arens Regularity of Some Bilinear Maps

Home , Bilinear map

Proyecciones Vol. 28, No 1, pp. 21—26, Mayo 2009. Universidad Cat´olica del Norte Antofagasta - Chile ARENS REGULARITY OF SOME BILINEAR MAPS

M. ESHAGHI GORDJI SEMNAN UNIVERSITY, IRAN´

Received : February 2008. Accepted : November 2008

Abstract Let H be a Hilbert space. we show that the following statements are equivalent: (a) B(H) is ﬁnite dimension, (b) every left Banach module action l : B(H) H H, is Arens regular (c) every bilinear × −→ map f : B(H)∗ B(H) is Arens regular. Indeed we show that a Banach space X−→is reﬂexive if and only if every bilinear map f : X∗ X X∗ is Arens regular. × −→

Subjclass [2000] : Primary 46H25, 16E40.

Keywords : Banach algebra, Bilinear map, Arens products 22 M. Eshaghi Gordji

1. Introduction

The regularity of bilinear maps on norm spaces, was introduced by Arens in 1951. Let X , Y and Z be normed spaces and let f : X Y Z be a × −→ continuous bilinear map, then f ∗ : Z∗ X Y ∗ (the transpose of f )is deﬁned by × −→

f ∗(z∗,x),y = z∗,f(x, y) (z∗ Z∗ ,x X,y Y ). h i h i ∈ ∈ ∈

f ∗ is a continuous bilinear map. Set f =(f ) and f =(f ) ,....Thenf : X Y ∗∗ ∗ ∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗ ∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗ × ∗∗ −→ Z∗∗ is the unique extension of f such that f ∗∗∗( ,y00):X∗∗ Z∗∗ is · r −→ weak∗ weak∗ continuous for every y00 Y ∗∗.Letf : Y X Z deﬁned− by f r(y, x)=f(x, y), (x X, y∈ Y ), then f r is a× continuous−→ ∈ ∈ r r bilinear map. f is called Arens regular whenever f ∗∗∗ = f ∗∗∗ .Itiseasy to show that f is Arens regular if and only if f (x , ):Y Z is ∗∗∗ 00 · ∗∗ −→ ∗∗ weak∗ weak∗ continuous for every x00 X∗∗. For further details we refer the reader− to [A], [E-F], [D-R-V], and [M-Y].∈ Let be a Banach algebra and let π : betheproductof . ThenA the second dual space A×A−→ A A r r ∗∗ of is Banach algebra with both products π∗∗∗ and π ∗∗∗ . is called ArensA regularA if π is Arens regular. See [A], [D-H] and [F-S]. AnA element f is called weakly almost periodic if the maps ∈ A∗

a a.f, a f.a, ∗ 7→ 7→ A −→ A are weakly compact. The collection of weakly almost periodic elements in ∗ is denoted by Wap( ∗). 1.Theorem.A Let X beA a Banach space and let l : B(X) X X deﬁned by l(T,x)=T (x), (T B(X),x X). If l is Arens regular,× −→ then ∈ ∈ B(X)∗∗ is isomorphic to a subalgebra of B(X∗). Proof: Let π : B(X) B(X) B(X) be the product of B(X). Then for every e X, e X×,andT,S−→ B(X), we have ∈ 0 ∈ ∗ ∈

l∗(e0,π(T,S)),e = e ,l(T,S(e) h i h 0 i = l (e ,T),l(S, e) h ∗ 0 i = l (l (e ,T)S),e . h ∗ ∗ 0 i This means that

l∗(e0,π(T,S)) = l∗(L∗(e0,T),S)(1). Arens regularity of some bilinear maps 23

By applying (1), for every e X , we have 00 ∈ ∗∗ π∗(l∗∗(e00,e0),T),S = l (e ,e),π(T,S) h i h ∗∗ 00 0 i = e ,l (e ,π(T,S) h 00 ∗ 0 i = e ,l (L (e ,T),S) h 00 ∗ ∗ 0 i = l (e ,L (e ,T),S . h ∗∗ 00 ∗ 0 i Thus we have

π∗(l∗∗(e00,e0),T)=l∗∗(e00,L∗(e0,T)(2). Let B B(X) , then by (2), we have ∈ ∗∗

π∗∗(B,l∗∗(e00,e0),T) = B,π (l (e ,e),T) h i h ∗ ∗ 00 0 i = B,l (e ,L (e ,T)) h ∗∗ 00 ∗ 0 i = l (B,e ),L (e ,T) h ∗∗∗ 00 ∗ 0 i = l (l (B,e ),e),T . h ∗∗ ∗∗∗ 00 0 i This means that

π∗∗(B,l∗∗(e00,e0)=l∗∗(l∗∗∗(B,e00),e0)(3). Let now A B(X) . By (3), we have ∈ ∗∗ l∗∗∗π∗∗∗(A, B),e00),e0 = π (A, B),l (e ,e) h i h ∗∗∗ ∗∗ 00 0 i = A, π (B,l (e ,e)) h ∗∗ ∗∗ 00 0 i = A, l (l (B,e ),e) . h ∗∗ ∗∗∗ 00 0 i Therefore

l∗∗∗(π∗∗∗(A, B),e00)=l∗∗∗(A, l∗∗∗(B,e00)).

This means that the mapping f : B(X)∗∗ B(X∗∗), deﬁned by f(A)= l (A, .)(A B(X) ), is a Banach algebras−→ homomorphism. On the ∗∗∗ ∈ ∗∗ other hand l is Arens regular, then f(A):X∗∗ X∗∗ is weak∗ weak∗ continuous for every A B(X) . Let now −→ − ∈ ∗∗ Bw (X∗∗):= U B(X∗∗) U : X∗∗ X∗∗ is weak∗ weak∗ continuous , ∗ { ∈ | → − } and let φ : B(X∗) Bw∗ (X∗∗)deﬁned by φ(T )=T ∗ (T B(X∗)). 1 −→ ∈ Then φ− of : B(X)∗∗ B(X∗) is a injective Banach algebras anti homomorphism. −→ 24 M. Eshaghi Gordji

2.Theorem. Let be a Banach algebra and let L be a reﬂexive left A Banach module with module action g : . Then g∗∗(L∗∗ L∗) Wap( A). A×L −→ L × ⊆ A∗ Proof: Let x00 L∗∗, x0 X∗, and let an and bn be sequences in , in which the limits:∈ ∈ { } { } A

lim lim g∗∗(x00,x0),aman , and lim lim g∗∗(x00,x0),aman , m n h i n m h i arebothexist.Thenwehave

lim lim g∗∗(x00,x0),ambn =limm limn x ,g (x ,ambn) m n h i h 00 ∗ 0 i =limm limn x ,g (g (x ,am),bn) h 00 ∗ ∗ 0 i =limm limn g (x ,g (x ,am)),bn h ∗∗ 00 ∗ 0 i =limm limn g (bn,x ),g (x ,am) h ∗∗∗ 00 ∗ 0 i =limn limm g∗∗∗(bn,x00),g∗(x0,am) (L is reflexive) h c i =limn limm g∗∗(x00,g∗(x0,am)),bn c h i =limn limm x ,g (g (x ,am),bn) h 00 ∗ ∗ 0 i =limn limm x ,g (x ,ambn) h 00 ∗ 0 i =limm limn g (x ,x),ambn . h ∗∗ 00 0 i This means that g (x ,x) Wap( ) [Pa, Theorem 1.4.11]. ∗∗ 00 0 ∈ A∗ 3.Corollary. Let , and g are as above. If g∗∗(L∗∗ L∗)= ∗, then is Arens regular. A L × A A 4.Corollary [D]. Let X be a Banach space and let L be a reflexive left Banach B(X) module. We define the map φ : L L B(X) by ⊗ ∗ −→ ∗

φ(f µ),T = µ, T.f (f µ L bL∗,T B(X)). h ⊗ i h i ⊗ ∈ ⊗ ∈ If φ is surjective then B(X) is Arens regular. b 5.Theorem. Let X be a Banach space. Then X is reflexive if and only if every bilinear map f : X X X is Arens regular. ∗ × −→ ∗ Proof: Obviously every bilinear map f : X X X is Arens regular ∗ × −→ ∗ if X is reflexive. For the converse, let 0 = x0 X. Then by Hahn-Banach 6 ∈ Theorem, there exists g X such that g, x0 =1. Let f : X X X ∈ ∗ h i × −→ defined by f((x, y)) = g, y x. f is a bilinear map. Then f ∗ : X∗ X X∗ h i weak∗ × −→ is Arens regular. Let now x000 X∗∗∗ and let xα00 x00 in X∗∗,then weak ∈ −−−→ f (x ,x ) ∗ f (x ,x )inX . Thus for every y X we ∗∗∗∗ 000 α00 −−−→ ∗∗∗∗ 000 00 ∗∗∗ 00 ∈ ∗∗ Arens regularity of some bilinear maps 25 have

lim x000,f∗∗∗(x00 ,y00) =limf ∗∗∗∗(x000,x00 ,y00 α h α i α h α i = f ∗∗∗∗(x000,x00,y00 h i = x000,f∗∗∗(x00,y00) (4). h i

On the other hand for each y X , there exists a net (yβ)inY such 00 ∈ ∗∗ weak∗ that yβ y00 in X∗∗. We know that f ∗∗∗( , x0):X∗∗ X∗∗ is weak weak−−−→ continuous, then · −→ ∗ − ∗ c c f ∗∗∗(y00, x0)=w∗ lim f ∗∗∗(yβ, x0)=w∗ lim yβ = y00 (5). − β −

By (4) and (5),c we have c c c

lim x000,x00 =limx000,f∗∗∗(x00 , x0) α h αi α h α i = x000,f∗∗∗(x00, x0) h ic = x000,x00 . h i c This means that x : X C is weak weak continuous. Thus 000 ∗∗ −→ ∗ − ∗ x000 X∗,andX∗ is reflexive. So X is reflexive. 6.Corollary.∈ Let H be Hilbert space. Then the following assertions are equivalent:d (a) B(H)isfinite dimension. (b) The mapping l : B(H) H H defined by l(T,x)=T (x), (T B(H),x H), is Arens regular.× −→ ∈ ∈ (c) Every bilinear map f : B(H)∗ B(H) B(H)∗ is Arens regular. Proof. (a) (b): Let B(H)befinite× dimension,−→ the B(H)isreflexive. Then by Theorem⇔ 1, l is Arens regular. For the converse we know that H ∼= H∗ as Banach spaces. Then by Theorem 1, we have B(H)∗∗ = B(H), so B(H)isfinite dimension. (a) (c): It follows from the Theorem 5. Example.⇔ Let H = l1(N). Then the bilinear map l : B(H) H H defined by l(T,x)=T (x), (T B(H),x H), is not Arens regular.× −→ Acknowledgements: The∈ author would∈ like to express his sincere thanks to referee for his invaluable comments. Also he would like to thank the Semnan University for its financial support. 26 M. Eshaghi Gordji

References

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M. Eshaghi Gordji Department of Mathematics Semnan University, P. O. Box 35195-363, Semnan, Iran e-mail : maj [email protected] ; [email protected]