a stable job to support this family, and the security Studies on Philippine Literature and of a roof above their heads. They may have dreams and aspirations for a grander life, yet the Perspective Towards Schooling Opportunities simple life is all right.

Norms of Morality as Reflected in the class citizens” in a highly-patriarchal Philippine so- The ’ love and faith for God was evi- dent in the inclusion of prayer and church in the 19th Century Philippine Literature: ciety, taking secondary roles in the home and in other aspects of their lives, yet the three texts have literary texts. When the tasks were daunting and th A Content Analysis also shown that women could be vengeful and dar- life was difficult, 19 Century Filipinos turned to ing if the situation called for it. God for supplication, a character that is apparent The literary pieces produced in the even in today’s Philippine society. th during the 19 Century tell about the lives of Fili- Reading the texts using the historical- pinos at that time. Topics range from relation- biographical approach, much can be said about the Literary texts, in general, are produced and ap- ships between and among people, including love, difficulty of the writers’ lives in Philippine society preciated not only for their aesthetic value but al- rebellion, and faith. during the 19th Century. They were repressed in so for their emotional appeal. It is from reading these texts that we become attuned to our own th their intellect and creativity because of the Spanish Some of the noted Filipino writers of the 19 occupation of the Philippines. Their struggles and personal feelings and emotions. The situations and Century are Graciano Lopez-Jaena, Marcelo H. Del pains in being writers at a time of colonization are events depicted in the text, regardless of its genre, Pilar, and Jose . evident in their works. make us reflect on our own struggles in our per- sonal lives. The literary texts selected from the study in- In terms of courage, Filipinos were character- clude Graciano Lopez-Jaena’s Between Kastila ized as people who would rise when oppressed, as Source: Norms of Morality as Reflected in the 19th and Filipina (short story), Marcelo H. Del Pilar’s To they would not allow themselves and their rights Century Philippine Literature: A Content Analysis Josefa Gatmaitan (letter), and Jose Rizal’s Letter to be trampled upon. The same is happening in By Sharlene G. Gotico and Anna May A. Yap- to the Young Women of Malolos (essay). present-day Philippine society. Today’s Filipinos Zerrudo (completed January 2014) are willing to fight for their rights and for their The following are the norms of morality de- freedom. picted in Lopez-Jaena’s Between Kastila and Filipi- Perspective Towards Schooling Oppor- na are: Temperance and Patience. Filipinos in the 19th Century are even-tempered tunities of a Most at-Risk Population and patient. They were willing to wait, to bide their In Marcelo H. Del Pilar’s To Josefa Gatmaitan, of City time, and hope for good things to come. Present- the following attributes can be seen: Courage, day Filipinos are similar. In the face of difficulties, Fortitude, Simplicity, and Virtue. This study investigated several demographic they are willing to wait, not get angry, and hope for features of a Most At-Risk Population (MARP) of better tomorrows. Jose Rizal’s Letter to the Young Women of Iloilo City, specifically, Commercial Sex Workers (CSWs). It also investigated their residency status, Malolos exemplified the following are: Piety, Nineteenth century Filipinos were simple and Fortitude/ Courage, Prudence, and Resoluteness. vocational training history and views regarding the led simple lives, wanting only what was rightfully opportunity for schooling for an alternative liveli- theirs. While the world today has gone global, the Extrapolating further, using the Feminist Ap- hood. It also aimed to determine the selection cri- simplicity of the Filipinos are still evident in their teria for those who would participate in this proach, it was seen from the three texts that love for the simple joys of life – a complete family, women at that time were regarded as “second schooling. A take-all sample of all registered CSWs with the Social Hygiene Clinic of Iloilo City was taken. The population included 131 respondents who work as masseuses, Guest Relations Officers (GRO) and dancers in the city. Frequency distribu- UNIVERSITY tion was used to describe data, while Chi square, Phi and Cramers V were used to determine asso- ciation between nominal variables. Regression RESEARCH analysis was used to predict length of time the re- spondents were willing to commit given two in- terlaying variables. CENTER

The survey shows that the registered CSWs of Iloilo City are mostly females, single and in their prime years ( 21-29 years old). They are sufficient- ly educated, mostly being high school graduates and college undergraduates. Many of them have one child. They are mostly transients coming from different parts of the Philippines but mostly from , and Manila. Their work areas are in JM Basa St., scattered in the Molo ar- ea and Delgado St. While majority have not un- dergone vocational training, a close number have undergone training mostly in massage therapy at TESDA.

The CSWs welcome the opportunity for a different livelihood to better help their families Salient findings and gain community respectability. They are will- ing to a accept a scholarship and would like to study Culinary Arts for a short time but mostly This information series features willing to complete the four years required of a major research findings of CPU college degree. They will stop schooling if they faculty and staff researchers will encounter financial difficulties, generally speaking. Others do not like to study because this University Research Center will mean loss of income as breadwinners. The Info. Series No. 12-03 critical selection criteria for potential scholarship Central Philippine grantees are age, civil status, number of children, Central Philippine University and educational level. University 5000 Jaro, Iloilo City Source: Perspective Towards Schooling Opportuni- 5000 Jaro, Iloilo City ties of a Most at-Risk Population of Iloilo City by Philippines Marie Melanie J. Javier-Misajon