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Anatomy and Morphology of Ephedra

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Anatomy and Morphology of Ephedra Dr. Madhu Gupta [Guest faculty] SOS In Botany, Jiwaji University, Gwalior Division : Gnetophyta Class : Gnetopsida Order : Ephedrales Family : Ephedraceae Genus : Ephedra The Ephedra plant belongs to the Gnetum family (gnetaceae). It is an upstanding brushy bush that can grow up to 60 cm high. Ephedra is an evergreen shrub-like plant native to central Asia, and Mongolia; it also grows in the southwestern United States. It is also called commonly as joint pine, joint fir, Mormon tea or Brigham tea) is the only genus in family Ephedraceae and order Ephedrales. It is represented by 50 species. These species grow in dry climate over wide areas of the Northern hemisphere including North America , Europe, North Africa, and South west and central Asia. Eight species of Ephedra are known from India. Some of the common Indian species are E. intermedia, E. gerardiana, E. sexatilis, E.foliata etc. These species are distributed in dry parts of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and parts of Kashmir to Sikkim. The plant body is sporophytic and shows xerophytic characters. Mostly the plants are woody shrubs, a very few species are lianas and some species grow into a small tree. Shrubby plant body usually remains less than two meters in height in most of the species. Chamberlain (1935) mentioned that Ephedra is a short-lived plant. It resembles Equisetum in its external morphology In some species, its height up to several meters. Plant body can be differentiated into three parts – root, stem and leaves. The plant body is sporophytic and shows xerophytic characters. Mostly the plants are woody shrubs, a very few species are lianas and some species grow into a small tree. Shrubby plant body usually remains less than two meters in height in most of the species. Chamberlain (1935) mentioned that Ephedra is a short- lived plant. It resembles Equisetum in its external morphology . In some species, its height up to several meters. Plant body can be differentiated into three parts – root, stem and leaves. Like Equisetum, the stem is green, ribbed, branched, fluted and differentiated into nodes and internodes. It performs the function of photosynthesis and may be called as phylloclade. The branches arise from the axillary buds and are, therefore, in pairs of threes or fours according to the number of the scaly leaves at the nodes in different species. The branches are also green and differentiated into nodes and internodes. Leaves are small scaly, present in pairs at the nodes and are arranged in opposite decussate manner. These leaves unite at the base to form a basal sheath. Each leaf contains two unbranched, parallel veins. They are so minute that they are of no use i.e., unable to perform photosynthesis. The function of photosynthesis is carried by green stem. True foliage leaves are absent. Here we discuss about the Ephedra, T.s of young stem T.S of Old stem Anatomy of Leaf The outline shows many ridges and grooves as shown in figure. Outermost layer in epidermis with a thick layer of cuticle. Continuity of the epidermis is broken by many sunken stomata present in the grooves. The wide zone of thin-walled, chlorophyll- containing green cells is present in between the thick-walled sclerenchyma and the vascular cylinder. Many intercellular spaces are also present in this region. Some sclerenchyma patches are also irregularly distributed in this green region. The vascular cylinder is an endarch siphonostele. It is a single-layered, heavily cuticularized epidermis. The cortex is also differentiated into sclerenchyma , chlorenchyma & parenchyma . Presence of vessels is the characteristic feature of the wood of Ephedra. Resin canals are absent. Parenchymatous pith is present in the Centre. In T.S , the reduced and membranous scaly leaves are somewhat oval in outline. The epidermis consists of elongated or oval cells. Cuticle is also present. Stomata, when present, are sunken. Many air spaces are present in the parenchymatous and palisade regions. The vascular bundles are two in number. Ephedrine, an alkaloid obtained from several species of Ephedra, is used in the preparation of medicines for treating asthma, bronchitis, cough, cold, nasal disorder hay fever and also used to treat kidney disorders. A decoction of stems and roots of several species is used in curing syphilis and rheumatism . Ephedra gerardiana tincture is effective as a cardiac and circulatory stimulant. Rhizome of Ephedra gerardiana is used as fuel by the people of Tibet. Some species are grown as ornamental plants..
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