Modern Environmental Science and Engineering (ISSN 2333-2581) January 2019, Volume 5, No. 1, pp. 84-94 Doi: 10.15341/mese(2333-2581)/01.05.2019/010 Academic Star Publishing Company, 2019 www.academicstar.us

Contribution of Indigenous Knowledge to Adapt to Floods in Delta, : Case Study in An Phu, Chau Thanh, Tri Ton Districts,

Pham Xuan Phu1, Nguyen Ngoc De2, and Ngo Thuy Bao Tran1 1. An Giang University, Vietnam 2. CanTho University, Vietnam

Abstract: This research was carried out to systematize and assess the appropriateness of farmer’s indigenous knowledge and their adaptive capacity with floods. The research aimed at providing scientific foundation for proposing solutions to conserve and enhance the effectiveness of valuable indigenous knowledge in reducing vulnerability of people living in flooded areas. The results showed that local people are using several effective indigenous knowledge for coping with floods. However, the valuable indigenous knowledge has not recorded yet, nor documented in written materials for sharing to young generation and communities. Besides, some indigenous practices are not suitable in practice which required reevaluation for current flood adaptation strategies. The research suggested some solutions to conserve the most valuable indigenous knowledge for pro-active adaptation of local people in changing climate.

Key words: , indigenous knowledge, flood, adaptation

floods in An Giang is understood as experience that has 1. Introduction been accumulated by the local community over many An Giang, one of the headwater provinces in the generations and inherited widely. It is reflected in the Mekong River Basin, should be influenced by the lives of local people and harmonized responses to annual floods. When floods coming, besides bringing a floods every year to effectively exploit resources huge amount of silt and improving soil fertility, field brought by the flood, but to avoid the damage caused sanitation, washing alum [3]; as well as creating jobs by floods [6, 15]. Responding to floods activities based and income for local people through natural fishing, on prior knowledge of the local community should be aquatic vegetable picking, tourist services, etc. investigated and disseminated effectively to contribute However, from 2000 to the present, the abnormal flood to the sustainable development of the locality before circumstances have affected livelihoods of local people. the circumstances of climate change are affecting To be able to adapt to the changes of the flood, with the vagaries of floods. There had many systematical changes of the society and environment, human must research and evaluation relevance system to indigenous always know how to use indigenous knowledge to knowledge to adapt to flooding changes in agricultural exploit natural resources appropriately and manage production in the study area in the scene of climate more flexibly [2]. Indigenous knowledge in adapting to change, preserve medicinal plants, preserve genes, local varieties, live with floods in the ,

Corresponding author: Pham Xuan Phu, Lecturer; research change the weather of author [1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 16]. areas/interests: livelihood and natural resources management, However, the fact that there has not had many community-based tourism, indigenous knowledge. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]. systematical research indigenous knowledge system

Contribution of Indigenous Knowledge to Adapt to Floods in Mekong Delta, Vietnam: Case Study in An 85 Phu, Chau Thanh, Tri Ton Districts, An Giang Province and assessment of indigenous knowledge in adapting to • What is farmer’s indigenous knowledge and their floods of farmer’s in study sites in context climate adaptive capacity to floods of diffirent zone ? change. . For these reasons, it is necessary to carry out • To what extents the traditional knowledge has the study on “Contribution of indigenous knowedge to been used helping the local people to adapt with adapt to floods in An Giang province”. This research flood? was carried out to systematize and assess the • What should be done to make sure the traditional appropriateness of farmer’s indigenous knowledge and knowledge will be work well in terms of their ability adapt with the flood in An Giang province, interaction with modern techniques to reduce results of the research will provide a scientific flood damage? foundation for proposing solutions to conserve and • What are proposing solutions to conserve and enhance the use of indigenous knowledge in reducing enhance the use of indigenous knowledge in the vulnerability of people living in flooding changes in reducing the vulnerability of people living in agricultural production in the study area in the scene of flooding areas and livelihood strategies of flood climate change. affected people are both effective and sustainable?

2. Research Objectives 4. Research Methods

Generally, the main purpose of the study is that to To achieve objectives provided, the study was provide information on farmer’s indigenous analyzed and synthesized from different information knowledge and their adaptive capacity to floods in An sources. Field survey was conducted from July 2015 to Giang province provide a scientific foundation for March 2016 at upper zone (Phu Huu. Phuoc Hung proposing solutions and policies to conserve and communes), middle zone ( An, An Hoa enhance the use of indigenous knowledge in reducing communes) and lower (Vinh Phuoc, Luong An Tra the vulnerability of people living in flooded areas and communes), An Phu, Chau Thanh, Tri Ton , An livelihood strategies of flood affected people are both Giang province. effective and sustainable. The following methods have been done: The research will focus on the specific objectives Literature review: to refer the previous researches below: and reports which related to climate change, the status • To systematize and evaluate the suitability of of drought and its impact, especially in the Mekong indigenous knowledge and the ability of farmers delta. to adapt to floods in different conditions. Both the quantitative and qualitative methods were • To find out the needs which should be done to used for survey. The research was done following these build the links between traditional knowledge and methods: in-depth interview (for both local authorities modern techniques to adapt with the effects of and local people), focus group discussions and flood. questionnaires. • To propose conservative measures and promote In-depth interview: the team has conducted in depth the value of using indigenous knowledge of interviews those people who are representative of local farmers in An Giang province. authorities at the three levels (province, district and ). By interviewing, the general information 3. Research Questions about the how local people know about flood and their The research is focusing to answer the following actions to cope with it will be understood. In addition, questions: the demand of local people may be found out in this

86 Contribution of Indigenous Knowledge to Adapt to Floods in Mekong Delta, Vietnam: Case Study in An Phu, Chau Thanh, Tri Ton Districts, An Giang Province step. Also, individual people who showed appreciable experiences while gaining indigenous knowledge that knowled of environment change were selected for has been applied to life experiences. Totally, 360 in-depth interviews. The interviews focus on the story questionnaires were done, the interviewees are divided of using their own knowledge to adapt wele with the into two groups: (i) people living in high dyke (180 effect flood. The in-depth interviews were conducted housholds); (ii) people living in no dyke (180 by using semi-structured questionnaires. Information households). were written down and recovered by voice recorder. 5. Results and Discussion PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal): the meeting was done, the participants for the meeting were 15 5.1 Flood Occurrence during 1926-2015 and people. It was done in the upper zone (Phu Huu. Phuoc Adaptation with Flood of People in An Giang Hung communes), middle zone (Vinh An, An Hoa Province communes) and lower (Vinh Phuoc, Luong An Tra 5.1.1 Flood Occurrence over the Years in the Period communes), An Phu, Chau Thanh, Tri Ton district, An of 1926-2015 in An Giang Province Giang province. Therefore, these households have The annual flood season in the upstream lasts about enough time to experience and accumulate local living 6 months; at the same time, the level of inundation experiences while gaining indigenous knowledge that varies between 0.3 to 3 meters depending on the has been applied to life experiences and to get a general topography of each place. Floods are divided into three understanding about the life of local people, their assets levels including high, medium and low levels and also to know how they have faced with the flood in according to upstream flood levels, corresponding to context of climate change. The criteria to people that the water level at Tan Chau Station at more than 4.5 m, they are farmers, who are experienced households 4-4.5 meters and less than 4 meters respectively. Large living with floods and more than 50 years of living of flood occurs when at the same time having a large study sites. These five tools were used: time line, amount of water pouring in from upstream, large mapping, seasonal calendar, problem tree, Venn long-lasting rains and the impact of surges in place. diagram, ranking. The participants are people doing in The daily increase and decrease flood levels for about agricultural production in the community. 10-20 centimeters for big floods and 5-7 centimeters in 4.1 Questionnaires normal floods [3]. According to the data recorded by meteorological radio of An Giang province from 1926 Questionnaires is used to find out the damages of to 2015, there has appeared 22 times of greater floods flood on the livelihood of local people, questionnaires and 31 times of small floods [4]. In particular, 2015 mainly to identify current observed flood and its effects was a special year having the smallest flood of all the of such changes particularly on local livelihoods; the years (Fig. 1). Small floods have caused considerable resources available to them, and the extents the disturbance of crop calendar, affecting agricultural traditional knowledge to help the people live and cope production, causing difficulties to the people’s with the effects of flood. Interview local experienced livelihood depending on floods as fishing, fishing gear households living with floods and more than 50 years production and means participating in fishing fish of living of study sites such as: the upper zone (Phu during floods. Huu. Phuoc Hung communes), middle zone (Vinh An, Local people stated that small and slow floods in An Hoa communes) and lower (Vinh Phuoc, Luong An 2015 had a direct impact on the lives of many residents Tra communes). Therefore, these households have living by catching shrimp and fish in the commune. enough time to experience and accumulate local living According to statistics of the meteorological radio of

Contribution of Indigenous Knowledge to Adapt to Floods in Mekong Delta, Vietnam: Case Study in An 87 Phu, Chau Thanh, Tri Ton Districts, An Giang Province

An Giang Province [10], flood peak since 2000 has had in An Giang region has decreased by about two thirds the lower trends (Fig. 2), the number of catches of of wild fish; aquaculture production exploited per natural fisheries resources has had the decreased capita/household/year decreased significantly, from an tendency between 2000 and 2015 (Fig. 3). In addition, average of 1,120.5 kg/household in 2000 reducing to the research results of Phu. P. X and Tran N. T. B. [12, 563.7 kg/household in 2010, equivalent to 49.7% 13] proved that within 10 years, natural fish production reduction.

Fig. 1 Flood peak of Tan Chau from 1926 to 2015 [10].

Fig. 3 Yield of natural fisheries exploitation from Fig. 2 Flood peak from 2000 to 2015 [10]. 2000-2015.

88 Contribution of Indigenous Knowledge to Adapt to Floods in Mekong Delta, Vietnam: Case Study in An Phu, Chau Thanh, Tri Ton Districts, An Giang Province

According to the results from the survey, when the yields also rise. This shows that there is a linear water level decreases, fishing yields naturally also correlation between the flood water level and fish decreases; when flood levels increase, the fishing production by a factor of R2 = 0.87 (Fig. 4).

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 R² = 0.8671 20 10 0 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Year

Flood peak (m) Yield aquatic natural resouces (Ton) Linear (Yield aquatic natural resouces (Ton)) Fig. 4 Correlation between the flood water level and fish production.

5.1.2 Adaptability and Flood Forecasting of the flood of that year will be high, whereas if the flood of People in An Giang Province small anticyclone. Besides, in recent months in the According to Mr. Nguyen Minh Nhi, former flood season, they also see the expression of a number Chairman of An Giang People’s Committee, An Giang of species of plants, insects, and fish eggs to predict the people in particular and the Mekong Delta in general flood situation in the coming years that helps them are familiar with the annual flood season and was prepare appropriate seasonal schedule and prepare named as “flooding season”. This is the name that fishing gear and means of fishing accordingly. many generations of people in the wetland calling the However, people also said that in recent years the flood floods. This call is full of optimism, expressing the prediction based on the above expression has been no spirit of active living with floods; considering flood longer true, namely in 2011, though small bamboos exploitation as one of the advantages to develop. grow less than mature bamboos, the floor was still high; Limiting the harmful effects of the initial flood is or in 2015, water had its infancy, but still did not have “avoiding flood” through measures such as building flood (PRA, 2016). houses with floor, moving people and animals to higher 5.2 Situation on Indigenous Knowledge of the Local places, choosing plants and arranging appropriate People in Flood Forecasting, Weather and seasonal schedule to keep up harvested before the flood, Agricultural Production etc. To do so, the people living in the flood zone are experienced the impending flood situation such as high 5.2.1 Indigenous Knowledge of the Local People in or low flood, flood sooner or later. The experience that Flood Forecasting people are used to predict floods including small flood Household interview results (2016) showed that in every 3 years will have one major flood year; people used natural characteristics to predict flood. looking downwind in the South. If strong winds These experiences mainly passed on from generation to accompanied by rain, fast and flowing water over, the generation (Table 1). In addition, upstream communes

Contribution of Indigenous Knowledge to Adapt to Floods in Mekong Delta, Vietnam: Case Study in An 89 Phu, Chau Thanh, Tri Ton Districts, An Giang Province seem to have more flood forecasting experience than earlier with higher vulnerability (Fig. 5). midstream and downstream ones because floods occur

Table 1 Prediction for severe floods. Signs Descriptions In May and July of the Lunar year, the water rises quickly; In July and August, flood starts. Flood period Big flood takes place during Year of Dragon or October of Lunar year. Every 3 year with small flood, 1 big flood will take place. The water is red or dark. Water color More algae in water(water ovum) or water ovum appears early (In May, June of lunar year) Reed shoots have 4-5 segments during Lunar May (2 segments indicate small flood) Reed leaf tip has more than 2 segments. (1 segments indicate small flood) Reed has 50 cm long segments. Plant observation Grass leaf grows near the tip or grows multiple segments. Young bamboo shoot grows higher than older ones. Elaeocarpus grophilus roots grows more than usual. Bees, ants, termites, weavers nest on tall trees; rats burrow on high places. Animal behavior Swallow, storks come in groups observation Spider web appears more than usual in lunar July On December 30 of lunar year, people weigh a bottle of river water; On January 1, people get a different river Water measure water bottle at the same position then weigh two bottles, big flood are about to take place if the later bottle is heavier.

Fig. 5 The difference in people’s flood forecasting in flood areas (source: interviewing household, 2016, n = 180).

5.2.2 Indigenous Knowledge of the Local People in weather prediction is no longer as high as before, in Weather Forecasting, addition to the impact of science and technology, the Household interview results (2016) showed that number of people with indigenous knowledge is not upstream communes seem to have more weather many. Specifically, 89.4,% of the interviewees said forecasting experience than midstream and that the current flood situation is not predictable; 10.0% downstream ones (Table 2). said that they change their predictions a little and only 5.2.3 Indigenous Knowledge of the Local to Adapt 13.3% said that the weather situation remains in their to Floods in Agricultural Production predictions (Fig. 6). Currently, due to unusual and complex weather, However, in agricultural production, local people in unpredictable nature so the accuracy of flood and three research areas still obtain a lot of experience to

90 Contribution of Indigenous Knowledge to Adapt to Floods in Mekong Delta, Vietnam: Case Study in An Phu, Chau Thanh, Tri Ton Districts, An Giang Province adapt such as crop calendar change, seed cultivation, disadvantages in rice cultivation such as short recover fertilization, tillage and harvest accordingly (Fig. 7). for the soil, no time to decompose rice straw after Focus group discussion results showed that people tillage, farmers must pumped flood water out of the with more experience in changing crop calendar field to do seeding. In particular, small flood in 2015 according to different level of flood years (Table 3). reduced the sediment of the soil, which increases the However, extraordinary floods also caused cost of cultivation of rice and vegetables.

Table 2 Signs for rain forecasting. Signs Descriptions • Rains start in the beginning of lunar March or April. Rain period change • More rains take place during lunar June, July. Night sky observation • Gloomy sky or less stars means rain the day after. • Windy and cloudy with thunderstorms • Large pale blue clouds Daytime sky observation • Heavy, soaked or black clouds with cold winds • It was hot for several days • Dragonfly flying low means rain flying high means sun, flying in the middle means shady • Ants stay higher place or move their nests and eggs to higher places. Animal behavior observation • Winged ants appear, rains take place the day after. • Termites appear, rains take place the day after. • Flies and gadflies attack paddy fields, rains are about to take place.

100 89.4 86.7 76.7 80

60

40 10.0 10.0 5.6 13.3 20 3.3 5.0 0 Unpredictable Change predictable a little Remain prediction Upper zone Middle zone Lower zone

Fig. 6 Assessing the accuracy of the predicted flood and weather local people (source: interviewing household, 2016, n = 180).

100

98

96

94

92

90

88 Crop calendar Seed Fertilization Kỹ thuật làm Tillage and change cultivation đất harvest accordingly Upper zone Middle zone Lower zone Fig. 7 Indigenous knowledge to the local people in adapting to flood in agriculral production (source: interviewing household, 2016, n = 180).

Contribution of Indigenous Knowledge to Adapt to Floods in Mekong Delta, Vietnam: Case Study in An 91 Phu, Chau Thanh, Tri Ton Districts, An Giang Province

Table 3 Seasonal calendar of high flood, medium flood, small flood in study side. Zone Seasonal Month calendar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Upper Two rice ĐX 2009-2010 10/3 20/3 15/7 10/11 zone crops HT 2009-2010 (ĐX-HT) ĐX 2011-2012 HT 2011-2012 25/3 15/7 25/11 30/3

15/3 HT 2014-2015 10/11 ĐX 2014-2015 15/2 15/6 1

Flood season 5/7 Flood in 2009 5/11

5/7 Flood in 2011 15/11

Flood in 2015 Middle Two rice Đ X 2009-2010 15/2 15/3 HT 2009-2010 15/7 10/12 zone crops ĐX 2011-2012 25/3 HT 2011-2012 10/12 (ĐX- HT) 30/3 15/7 ĐX 2014-2015 15/2 20/3 HT 2014-2015 15/6 1/11

Flood season 10/7 Flood in 2009 25/11

10/7 Flood in 2011 5/12

Flood in 2015 Lower Two rice ĐX 2009-2010 15/3 30/3 HT 2009-2010 15/7 1/12 zone crops ĐX 2011-2012 HT 2011-2012 (ĐX-HT) 10/12 25/3 30/3 15/7 15/2 25/3 HT 2014-2015 15/6 ĐX 2014-2015 15/11

Flood season 15/7 Flood in 2009 30/11

Flood in 2011

7/12 12/7

Flood in 2015 Floating rice- Vegetable 15/2 30/3 15/6 157 Floating rice (6-7 month) vegetable Source: PRA, 2016; Note: ĐX: Winter Spring, HT: Summer-Autumn.

the flood from reviewing rain and flood information 5.3 The Information Channel Used to Monitor through the daily weather forecast to exchange Rainfall, Flooding for the Next Generation information between together. In particular, daily People use various information channels to predict weather report on TV is the most effective assessment

92 Contribution of Indigenous Knowledge to Adapt to Floods in Mekong Delta, Vietnam: Case Study in An Phu, Chau Thanh, Tri Ton Districts, An Giang Province thanks to easy access, regularity and relatively accurate rainy season, moving to safe place, learning to protect information. Local news channel and neighbors’ themselves in the flood season (Table 4) in which self information is the 2nd most effective assessment; protection such as swimming skill is the most focused. Communal meeting and radio are the two least Up to 92.2% of interviewees said that all family effective information channels (Fig. 8). The local members are able to swim, not including children knowledge on forecasting weather, flood is transferred younger than 5 years old. Swimming skill is taught by to the next generation based on weather expression family members (75.6%); learning with neighboring observation, television forecasts; folk songs, proverbs children (8.9%); 2.2% of children learns from local about weather predictions such as “dragonfly flying swimming class and 1.1% learns to swim in school. In low means rain flying high means sun, flying in the the upstream area, the proportion of children able to middle means shady” or “big flood in Dragon lunar swim since 4-5 years old is higher than the midstream year” are no longer applicable. The indigenous and downstream areas because flood takes place earlier knowledge on coping with floods transferred to the than the other areas. youngsters such as house reinforcement during the

Fig. 8 People use various information channels to predict the flood (source: interviewing household, 2016, n = 180).

Table 4 The importance of the teaching indigenous knowledge for the next generation. Skills Mean Std. Importance How to identify flooding period, flood water 3.07 1.467 High level, weather Self protection during flooding season 4.36 0.975 Very high Disadvantages and benefits of flood 2.74 1.312 Pretty high Experience and skills in fishing 2.01 1.176 Low Preparing house, food, clean water … 2.30 1.328 Pretty high Usual diseases, natural cures 2.07 1.243 Pretty high Source: Household survey results in 2016, n = 180

Contribution of Indigenous Knowledge to Adapt to Floods in Mekong Delta, Vietnam: Case Study in An 93 Phu, Chau Thanh, Tri Ton Districts, An Giang Province

to prepare for appropriate change in production and life. 5.4 Conservation Measures and Promoting In addition, there is some indigenous knowledge that is Indigenous Knowledge in Flood Adaptation no longer relevant and misleading compared to the • The local knowledge mainly due to collected present. It should be considered in the current context experience during agricultural production and due to human impacts and climate change. Therefore, transferred by word of mouth for the next the possibility of flood forecast of the people also generation without writing and widely decreased, only a small number of people can predict dissemination. Therefore, in order to preserve and the flood, the weather. It is necessary to increase promote indigenous knowledge, it should be knowledge and encourage people to combine collected, documented and widely disseminated to indigenous knowledge and scientific knowledge to the people. minimize the damage caused by floods. • Local knowledge becomes less effective due to The Government should also have insurance policies flood change and extreme weather. Therefore, for people in flood-prone areas to ensure production local knowledge and scientific and technical and adaptation to floods in order to reduce vulnerability knowledge should be combined to promote the its to climate change. In other to mitigate vulnerability, an values and overcome the limitations. early warning system for floods should be established • In order to maintain and promote local knowledge, for the people to manage and mitigate the vulnerability it should be integrated into projects of local of livelihoods caused by floods; Strengthening development. propaganda and dissemination of knowledge to prepare for the flood season, opening training courses adapted 6. Conclusion and Recommendations to abnormal floods. 6.1 Conclusion 6.2 Recommendations Indigenous knowledge plays an important role in • It is necessary to recognize and preserve the adapting to changes in the environment. As a national remaining indigenous knowledge to accurately resource, it also contributes to the sustainable predict and adapt to floods more efficiently and development of the local community in inexpensive sustainably, as well as facilitate the exchange and ways, including the participation of people and sharing of experiences between the people in the achieving sustainable development. The study same and other localities. compiled 39 indigenous knowledge and adaptability to • In order to develop local knowledge effectively floods and weather forecasts in agricultural production and sustainably currently and in the future, and livelihoods of local people in the study area. Much community knowledge should be strengthened indigenous knowledge is valuable in predicting and and combined with technological advances to help adapting to floods. However, this knowledge has not farmers adapt to environmental changes. been specifically recorded and stored appropriately for • Indigenous knowledge should be documented and transmission to the latter and widely shared in the summarized into a book to predict and adapt to community. flood changes and extreme weather events. Indigenous knowledge of local people is based on • Indigenous knowledge should be integrated into the specific characteristics of the organisms and farmer service system and technical transfer such changes in environmental conditions such as warning as providing suitable seed varieties for local signals for local people to forecast floods and weather conditions.

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