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International Journals of Engineering & Sciences IJENS Vol 12 Issue 06 (December 2012)

ISSN: 2077-1185 (Online) 2227-2712 (Print) Impact Factor: 0.4245 Volume 12 Issue 06 J December 2012 International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET International Journals of Engineering & Sciences IJENS E

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International Journals of Engineering & Sciences IJENS Vol 12 Issue 06 (December 2012)

Title: Flow Separation Control of Thick Airfoil by a Trapped Vortex

Author(s): Mohammad Mashud, Mausumi Ferdous I Pages: 01-04 Journal: IJET/IJENS Paper ID: 120206-9494-IJET-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |475 KB Abstract: The aim of the thesis is to control the flow separation of an airfoil by trapped vortex cavity on the upper surface without steady suction and also to compare the results. The presence of friction in the flow causes a shear stress at the surface of the body, which in turn contributes to the aerodynamic drag of the body, that is, skin friction drag. However, friction also causes another phenomenon called flow separation, which in turn creates another source J of aerodynamic drag called pressure drag due to separation. Thick airfoils are greatly affected by flow separation phenomena. But, in order to carry large load thick airfoils are beneficial. From a fluid dynamist‟s point of view, the performance of an aircraft is essentially controlled by the development of the boundary layer on its surface and its interaction with the mean flow. This interaction decides the pressure distribution on the airfoil surface, and E subsequently the aerodynamic loads on the wing. In this test, the behaviour of a 2D model, equipped with a span wise oriented circular cavity, has been investigated. Pressure distribution on the model surface and inside the cavity and the complete flow field around the model and inside the cavity have been measured. An extensive test campaign has been carried out in an open circuit wind tunnel, with test section size of 36x36x100 cm3. The model represents a two dimensional high thickness airfoil with a chord length of 250mm. The model angles of attack are 4°, 8°, 10°, 12°, T 15°. Tests have been performed varying the wind tunnel speed, and varying the model angle of attack. In the paper the performed test campaign, the adopted experimental set-up, the data post-processing and the results description are reported.

Keywords: Flow Separation, Trapped Vortex Cavity, Airfoil, Aerodynamics.

Volume 12 Issue 06 December 2012 ISSN: 2077-1185 (Online) 2227-2712 (Print) International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET International Journals of Engineering & Sciences IJENS IJENS Vol 12 Issue 06 (December 2012)

Title: Effect of PH Variation on Particle Size and Purity of Nano Zinc Oxide Synthesized by Sol-Gel Method Author(s): Radyum Ikono, Putri Riskia Akwalia, Siswanto, Wahyu Bambang W, Agus Sukarto, Nurul Taufiqu Rochman I Pages: 05-09 Journal: IJET/IJENS Paper ID: 120906-8585-IJET-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |313 KB

J Abstract: In recent years, there have been many methods developed to synthesize Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. Nevertheless, a simple yet cheap method to prepare single crystal with high purity nano ZnO was still yet to be established. In this research, nano Zinc oxide (ZnO) was prepared by sol-gel method. The pH variation effect to the resulting ZnO product was also observed. (CH3COOH)2Zn.2H2O powder and NaOH solution were used as precursors. NaOH solution was added to (CH3COOH)2Zn.2H2O solution by titration until colloids with different pH E were obtained, then precipitates of nano ZnO were formed. From the precipitation profile, it can be observed that increasing pH led to shortened precipitation time, which also means increasing particle size. It was also further confirmed that particle size at pH 7 and pH 12 was 1.3 nm and 73.8 nm, respectively. XRD profile showed that increasing pH led to increasing purity of nano ZnO: 42.9%, 62.2%, 64.7%, and 100% at pH 7, pH 8, pH 10, and pH T 12, respectively. To conclude, nano ZnO synthesized by Sol-Gel method was highly affected by pH of the working solution. Increasing pH led to increasing particle size, however led to higher purity of nano ZnO produced. Keywords: Nano ZnO; sol-gel; pH variation.

Title: The Effect of Additional Polysiloxane in Composite of Polyester-Nanosilver on Antibacterial Stability Author(s): Asep Handaya Saputra, Joddy Arya Laksmono, Agus Haryono, Muhamad Hilman A. I Pages: 10-13 Journal: IJET/IJENS Paper ID: 121106-7575-IJET-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |437 KB

J Abstract: The Colloidal Nanosilver has an antibacterial activity and has potential application in textile materials. However, nanosilver can not adhered permanently on the textile fibers. In this research, the composite of polyester fibers with nanosilver was added with polysiloxane compound as binding substance. The composite of polyester- nanosilver was prepared by deposition method of nanosilver on to polyester fibers. From spectrum analysis of FTIR for the composite of polyester-nanosilver indicates that there are clusters of hydroxyl, ether, vinyl alcohol, and E siloxane. The Antibacterial experiment result showed that the addition of polysiloxane compound on composite of polyester-nanosilver give a good result of antibacterial stability, after several times of washing treatment.

Keywords: Nanosilver, polyester, polysiloxane, antibacteria T

Title: Design and Implementation of 2-Way Wilkinson Power Divider at Intermediate Frequency 456MHz using FR4 Substrate Author(s): Taufiqqurrachman, Hana Arisesa I Pages: 14-19 Journal: IJET/IJENS Paper ID: 123706-4848-IJET-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |627 KB

Abstract: This paper presents design and implementation of 2-way Wilkinson power dividers at intermediate frequency 456MHz using FR4 substrate. This design using Wilkinson Power Dividers method where consist of one E resistor is connected on the both of output port. Design of the 2-Way Power Dividers presented by simulation result with ADS2011.10 and have been implemented using FR4 Substrate. The measurement results of this design provide an insertion loss, return loss (or VSWR) and isolation with the good result. The 2-way Wilkinson Power Divider with lumped element can be replaced by design on microstrip. T Keywords: FR4 Substrate, Wilkinson Power Dividers.

Title: Queuing Analytic Theory Using WITNESS Simulation in Hospital Pharmacy Author(s): Maryam Mohammadi, Mehdi Shamohammadi I Pages: 20-27 Journal: IJET/IJENS Paper ID: 123806-9494-IJET-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |884 KB

J Abstract: Managing healthcare systems plays an important role for healthcare providers in order to have high-quality service performance. Inpatient pharmacy delivery system is one of those that have a key role in the hospital service quality. Simulation is one of the best tools to analyze the hospital pharmacy operations, and help making good operational decisions. Similarly, this paper focuses on modelling and simulation of a pharmacy delivery system in a E Malaysian hospital to determine the relationship between system components, reduce the delays and increase customers‟ satisfaction. The findings of this study will help the hospital management to make intelligent scheduling in order to decrease the queue length in the hospital pharmacy, and dispense medications to the patients as rapidly as possible. The simulation system based on WITNESS is used for this study. T Keywords: Hospital pharmacy, pharmacy delivery system, simulation, WITNESS.

Title: Comparison of Polyester and Araldite Impregnated Ignition Coils Using SQC Author(s): Ahmad Nawaz, Bilal Islam, Naeem Khattak, Sahar Noor I Pages: 28-35 Journal: IJET/IJENS Paper ID: 127906-3838-IJET-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |527 KB

Abstract: In this paper initially we analyzed the market claims in ignition coils from after sale department of Motorbike J assembling company. By using Pareto Diagram fault severity was noted down. Purpose of this research was to find out the one particular defect of crack propagation in lamination of araldite and polyester impregnated ignition coils. Both of these coils were compared on the basis of this Nonconformity (crack propagation in lamination) using SQC tools. This cracking of lamination gives result to a phenomenon known as corona effect. Corona effect is basically results in failure of high voltage electric equipments due to unnecessary sparking. SQC tools i.e Hypergeometric E Distributions and Binomial Distribution were used in this paper to evaluate the probability of finding zero nonconformity (crack propagation in lamination) in the samples collected from both types of impregnated coils. On the basis of this analysis it was concluded that Polyester Impregnated Coils are better than Araldite impregnated ignition coils. T Keywords: Market Claims, Cracking of lamination, Corona, SQC.

Title: Determination of Optimal Cut Point Temperatures at Crude Distillation Unit using the Taguchi Method Author(s): Syed Faizan Ali, Nooryusmiza Yusoff I Pages: 36-46 Journal: IJET/IJENS Paper ID: 1210606-3939-IJET-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |588 KB

Abstract: This paper proposes a technique for optimizing crude cut points. Taguchi method is applied in the selection J of the significant variables and their respective optimal levels for a fractionation process. The variables considered were the cut point temperatures of products, namely, naphtha, kerosene, light and heavy diesels, atmospheric gas oil and the residue. The variables were assigned lower and upper bounds with a difference of ± 13.9°C (± 25°F) from the standard straight-run cut points. A steady-state model of a Crude Distillation Unit (CDU)is used as a virtual plant to E carry out the fractionation of 100 kilo barrels per day of crude oil. Straight-run cases comprising of three Malaysian crude oils, namely, Bunga Kekwa, Bintulu and Tembungo, were analyzed as single, binary and ternary crude feeds. In each case, an optimal configuration of variables was determined by minimizing the energy required for the production of one kilo barrel/day of diesel. T Keywords: Crude Distillation Unit, Cut-point Optimization, Diesel Production, Taguchi Method

Title: Photocatalytic Reforming of Glycerol-Water over Nitrogen- and Nickel-Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Author(s): Slamet, Eny Kusrini, Agus S. Afrozi, Setiadi I Pages: 47-53 Journal: IJET/IJENS Paper ID: 128706-6262-IJET-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |319 KB

Abstract: Nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-TiO2) and nickel-doped nitrogen-titanium dioxide (Ni-N-TiO2) J nanocomposites resulting from various Ni-doping levels were successfully synthesized and characterized. The glycerol has been effectively as sacrificial electron donor for photocatalytic hydrogen production using heteregeneous catalysts of N-TiO2 and Ni-N-TiO2. The effects of Ni contents in various concentrations from 0 to 10 wt% as well as the effect of N-doped titanium dioxide in the photocatalysts of Ni-N-TiO2 nanoparticles were studied. Efficient photocatalytic reforming of glycerol over Ni-doped N-TiO2 nanocomposite with Ni content of 5 wt% under visible light E irradiation was observed. The greatest amount of hydrogen produced (109 µmole) resulted from Ni doping of 5 wt% in a photocatalytic reaction for 4 h. Simultaneous N- and Ni- doping contributed to an eightfold increase in hydrogen production compared to the fourfold increase resulting from N doping. The synthesized Ni-doped N-TiO2 5wt% exhibited much higher hydrogen production activity than the commercially available TiO2 Degussa P25. T Keywords: Reforming; Glycerol; Heterogeneous catalyst; Photocatalysis.

Title: Statistical Detection of Abnormal Ozone Levels Using Principal Component Analysis Author(s): Fouzi Harrou, Mohamed N. Nounou, Hazem N. Nounou I Pages: 54-59 Journal: IJET/IJENS Paper ID: 1210706-8484-IJET-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |427 KB

Abstract: Ozone is one of the most severe air pollution problems in the world. The concentration of ozone in the J troposphere is of great interest because of its negative influence on the human health, vegetation and materials. The complexity of ozone (O3) formation mechanisms in the troposphere, the complexity of meteorological conditions in urban areas and the uncertainty in the measurements of all the parameters involved, make fast and accurate modeling of ozone a challenging task. In the absence of a process model, multivariate statistical techniques, such as E principal component analysis (PCA) have been successfully used in fault detection (FD) of highly correlated process variables. This paper presents an application of PCA in detecting abnormalities in ozone measurements, which are caused by air pollution or any incoherence between the different network sensors or sensor faults. Practical data from various ozone surveillance network stations in Upper Normandy, France, are used in this analysis. T Keywords: Ozone pollution, fault detection, principal component analysis.

Title: Rapid Quenching of Liquid Lead Base Alloys for High Performance Storage Battery Applications Author(s): Mustafa Kamal, Abu-Bakr El-Bediwi, Mohammed .s. Jomaan I Pages: 60-67 Journal: IJET/IJENS Paper ID: 1215206-7979-IJET-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |427 KB

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of alloying and rapid solidification processing in direct J structural control in lead base batteries. A detailed investigation on rapid quenching of liquid lead base alloys for high performance storage battery applications was made in order to choose suitable lead grid alloys for lead acid batteries as melt-spun ribbons. So this paper provides a comprehensive review of the physical metallurgy and mechanical properties of the melt-spun ordered alloy based on Pb, Egyptian grid battery, Germany grid battery, Pb-13.1wt.%Sb, Pb-13.1wt.%Sb-6.9wt.%Sn, Pb-13.1wt.%Sb-5.9wt.%Sn-1wt.%Ca, Pb-13.1wt.%Sb-4.9wt.%Sn-1wt.%Ca-1wt.%Al, Pb- E 1wt.%Ca and Pb-0.5wt.%Sn-0.1wt.%Ca for storage battery applications. The results indicate that the composition of alloys plays an important role on grid batteries performed. It is found that Pb-0.5wt.%Sn-0.1wt.%Ca can be used to make the grids used for ribbon grid lead-acid batteries. Keywords: Rapid quenching – Lead battery grids – Resistivity – Elastic Moduli – Internal Friction – Thermal T Diffusivity – X-Ray diffraction – Pb-Ca-Sn alloys.

Title: The Index Of PMV tap Reformulation Of Thermal Comfort Index Model Base On Thermo-Adaptive-Psychological

Paradigm

Author(s): Sugini I Pages: 68-76 Journal: IJET/IJENS Paper ID: 129706-4949-IJET-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |407 KB Abstract: This paper is a outhor research publication that was purposed to reformulation the thermal index base on thermo-adaptife- psychological paradigm. The reformulation was done by developing PMV thermal comfort index at indoor of building in Yogyakarta, Indonesia therefore the psychological adaptive thermal comfort index PMVtap model and its parameters were formulated This research was an ex post facto field research with rationalistic approach. There were 7 buildings in warm humid tropical location and 1040 respondents involved as J samples. Climatic data were collected by appropriate measurement tools. Physiological data were collected by questioner and observation. Derivate data were processed by manual and software calculation. There were 3 stage analyses in the PMVTAP formulation: (1)regression analysis, (2)reliability test analysis and (3)practice feasibility test analysis. The results of this research were the formulation of PMVTAP index for general and specific condition. PMVtap represents thermal comfort as a product of physiological and psychological adaptation process. The basic of PMVTAP formulation is PMVTAP=PMV+ Yvorpmv. This research also concluded that PMVtap is defined by the physic and physiological E parameters of PMV and the psychological parameters of Yvorpmv. Yvorpmv is defined by parameters of psychological individual differences variables that contain with 2 groups of variable. Those are thermal experience in the past and thermal experience at present. Among the parameters, there are 12 potential parameters that contain with 6 parameters of physics physiological variables and 6 parameters of psychological variables. The six parameters of physic physiological variables are (1) air temperature, (2) radiant temperature, (3) relative humidity, (4) air velocity, (5) activity and (6) clothing. The six parameters of individual psychological differences variables are (1) the image of the T thermal comfort of the occupant to the room whether comfortable or not , (2) the image of the thermal comfort of the occupant to the room whether slightly cool/cool/hot or not, (3) the type of the responded ventilation room ( AC or not), (4) the length of staying in AC room, (5 ) economic status signed by the private income, (6) the quality of the room density; seen from occupant’s assessment toward the stimulus of the dense room filled with goods or equipment. Based on this research also can be known that the thermal comfort for each individual are different and unique therefore the individual differences must be noticed to develop further individual standard. This research also can find the implication of the parameters fluctuation to the thermal neutral. Keywords: Thermal comfort; Thermo-adaptive-psychological thermal comfort; PMVtap; Psychological individual differences; Thermal experiences at present and at the past; Warm-humid-tropical climate.

Title: Novel PAPR Reduction Technique Based On Conventional Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) Author(s): Maha Gaber Ahmed Mahmoud, Ghouz H. H. M., Nelly M.Hussien. I Pages: 77-81 Journal: IJET/IJENS Paper ID: 1210306-5757-IJET-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |606 KB

J Abstract: In this paper, a novel approach combining two well known signal processing techniques with traditional partial transmit sequence (PTS) has been proposed and analyzed. This includes convolutional code (CC) and repeating clipping filtering (RCF) techniques. The main objective is to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) signal. The proposed PAPR method is referred to as convolutional-repeating clipping filtering PTS technique (CRCF_PTS). Simulation results show that our proposed E PAPR achieved better power reduction factor as compared to the conventional PTS technique (about 2.3 dB). In addition, the overall bit error rate (BER) of OFDM system has been evaluated with and without our proposed PAPR for different standard channel models (Additive Gaussian Noise and Rayleigh fading channels). The results show that our PAPR technique has insignificant slightly changes in the bit BER in case of fading channel model. Therefore, proposed CRCF_PTS technique is practically feasible for OFDM system with no additional processing time. T Keywords: OFDM, PTS, and PAPR reduction techniques

Title: Transverse Vibration of a Beam Structure Attached With Dynamic Vibration Absorbers: Experimental Analysis Author(s): M.H. Zainulabidin, N. Jaini I Pages: 82-86 Journal: IJET/IJENS Paper ID: 1210506-2525-IJET-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |606 KB

Abstract: In this paper the transverse vibration of a fixed-fixed end beam attached with dynamic vibration absorbers J (DVA) has been analyzed experimentally. The DVA is composed of a flexible beam with two masses symmetrically mounted at its both sides. The fixed end beam was clamped to a static frame structure where the DVAs were then being attached onto it. One side of end of the beam is harmonically excited in transversal direction by an electric shaker. An accelerometer was attached to the beam centre to measure its vibration response amplitudes and natural frequencies. The dynamic vibration absorbers were tested in four different conditions according to its location of E placement. The beam amplitudes before and after the absorbers attachment were compared and discussed. The experimental results proved that the DVA has significantly absorbed the beam vibration hence reduced the vibration amplitude of the beam structure. The knowledge and result obtained from this study can help engineers control the vibration level of beam structure. T Keywords: Beam, dynamic vibration absorber, natural frequency, transverse vibration

Title: Ash Base-Catalysed in Promoting Ozonolysis of Used Cooking Oil Author(s): Lieke Riadi, Edy Purwanto, Melisa, Yogi Chandra I Pages: 87-90 Journal: IJET/IJENS Paper ID: 1211106-8989-IJET-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |606 KB Abstract: Biodiesel is very important alternative energy as it can address the increased environmental pollution and depletion of the non-renewable fuels. Simultaneously ozonolysis and transesterfication of used cooking oil have been studied in the synthesis of biodiesel. There was 52.8 weight percent of unsaturated fatty acid in the used cooking oil J which is potential for biodiesel synthesis. The experiment was carried out at several isothermal conditions 20 and 30oC, atmospheric pressure with the ratio of methanol and used cooking oil of 5:1, the ozon rate was maintained at 5.8 mol percent. The study aimed to observe the effect of ash from empty fruit bunches from palm tree as catalyst beside the KOH solution. The presence both of extracted ash and KOH solution promoted ozonolysis. There was 8 % of ozonolysis yield increased in the presence of both KOH and extracted ash. There were methyl hexanoate, methyl E octanoate and methyl nonanoate as short chain methyl esters in the product as a cracking result from ozonolysis. Keywords: Biodiesel, fuel, methyl ester, ozonolysis, used cooking oil. T

Title: The Electropolymerization of Conductive Polymer Ppy-PANi on Gold Electrodes for Uric Acid Biosensor I Author(s): Robeth Viktoria Manurung, Erry D. Kurniawan, Chandra Risdian Pages: 91-94 Journal: IJET/IJENS Paper ID: 1211306-7575-IJET-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |606 KB Abstract: Conducting polymers have emerged as potential candidates for biosensors. Due to their straightforward J preparation methods, unique properties, and stability in air, conducting polymers have been applied to energy storage, electrochemical devices, memory devices, biosensors, and electro catalysts. Many research studies have been conducted on the use of conjugated polymers in the construction of chemical sensors including potentiometric, conduct metric and amperometric sensors or biosensors over the last decade. This paper will describe the galvanostatic electropolymerization of conducting polymer polypyrrole-polyaniline on gold electrodes of uric acid E biosensor. The combined layer of conducting polymer Ppy-PANi will be used as immobilization interfacial membrane of uricase enzyme to increase the sensitivity and response of uric acid biosensor. The gold electrodes has been fabricated using thick film technology on alumina substrates. The characterization of uricase has been evaluated as preliminary process before the enzyme immobilized on the surface of conducting polymer Ppy-PANi. T Keywords: Conducting polymer, electropolymerization, biosensor, thick film technology.

Title: Effect of Polyacrylic Acid Addition to Improve Nano Zinc Oxide Dispersion Stability Author(s): Radyum Ikono, Nurwenda Novan Maulana, Tanti Dewinggih, Mukhtar Effendi, Wahyu Bambang Widayanto, I Agus Sukarto, Nurul Taufiqu Rochman Pages: 95-99 Journal: IJET/IJENS Paper ID: 1213206-4747-IJET-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |379 KB

Abstract: Zinc Oxide (ZnO) possesses high tendency to agglomerate in dispersion system, thus making it difficult to J be stable. This research is intended to find out the effect of addition of polyelectrolyte Polyacrylic Acid (PAA) to improve the stability of nano ZnO dispersion. Two parameters that will be observed here are particle size and zeta potential. 5% nano ZnO was dispersed with different condition of stirring (1 hour and 5 hour) with different concentration of PAA (0,5%, 1% dan 3%) also with different temperature (27°C and 57°C). Results showed that in all E conditions, PAA addition gave significant effect in particle size and zeta potential, compared to control without PAA addition. Most optimum condition for PAA addition was obtained on PAA addition of 0.5%, 1 hour stirring duration and temperature of 57°C with particle size in range of 193.4 – 253.8 nm and zeta potential of -74.86 mV. From all results and discussions, it can be concluded that PAA addition could improve the stability of nano ZnO dispersion. T Keywords: ZnO; Dispersion stability; Particle size; Zeta Potential

Title: A Comparative Study On first Shift Diploma in Engineering Result with Second Shift in Polytechnic Institutes of Bangladesh Author(s): Md. Rashedul Huq Shamim, Shamim Ahmed, Md. Abu Raihan I Pages: 100-108 Journal: IJET/IJENS Paper ID: 126506-7474-IJET-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |491 KB Abstract: The main aim of the study was to examine the performance of the result of first-shift students and second- shift students in the Polytechnic Institutes in Bangladesh. The research subjects were the TVE students of Chittagong Polytechnic those SSC score were preserved in the Institute-record. Specifically, the data consisted of SSC results J and the Diploma in Engineering results of the students for the session 2004-2005, 2005-2006, and 2006-2007. The students‟ results were collected from the records of Chittagong Polytechnic Institute and from Bangladesh Technical Education Board (BTEB). The„t‟-test techniques have applied by the research to compare SSC and diploma in engineering results. Finally, tob was calculated and compared with tc value which represent by some Bar-graphs in the article. In most cases, it was found that the significant difference in SSC results of first-shift and second-shift E students in the levels of 0.05 (95%). However, the results of diploma in engineering students were not statistically significant in terms of their academic performance. It means, the study revealed that SSC results of the students could not have any effect on the results of their Diploma in engineering. Though, the students of the first-shift were better in SSC yet, they did not perform better in diploma in engineering. So the study recommends that the authority of TVE should consider the matter critically with necessary actions to find out the actual reason and to solve the T problems of students‟ achievements.

Keywords: Technical and Vocational Education (TVE), Diploma in Engineering, Socio-economic development.

Title: An Attempt to Establish National Dose Reference Levels for Head CT-Scan Examinations in Indonesia: Preliminary Results from Malang Hospitals Author(s): Johan Andoyo Effendi Noor, Indrastuti Normahayu I Pages: 109-114 Journal: IJET/IJENS Paper ID: 127606-1515-IJET-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |382 KB

Abstract: CT-scanners are becoming more and more popular imaging modality amongst medical practitioners as J their tools for diagnostic practices. Yet, since CT-scanners employ ionizing x-ray beam as the source of imaging light, protection against its damaging effects must be observed closely to ensure that the harmful effects to patients are minimum. Our study involved three Departments of Radiology in three major hospitals in the city of Malang, East Java, Indonesia. We took at least 100 (50 males and 50 females) patients who were sent to the department CT E facility to have non-contrast head CT examination in each hospital. The effective dose of each patient was calculated using the CTDosimetry version 1.0.4 dose calculator software. Our results reveal that the effective doses received by patients were in range 1.25 – 2.51 mSv for male patients and 1.14 – 2.39 mSv for female patients. In general, male patients received more doses than the female counterparts as predicted. T Keywords: CT-scanner, ionizing x-ray beam, radio-diagnostic, medical imaging

Title: Effects of Non-linear Composite Barriers on Tree Growth in Solid Insulation Author(s): Abdur Rashid, Faisal khan,Syed Riaz ul Hassnain I Pages: 115-120 Journal: IJET/IJENS Paper ID: 129506-4747-IJET-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |334 KB

Abstract: The consequences of zinc oxide (ZnO), Aluminum oxide ( ) and Titanium oxide (TiO2) on tree growth have been comprehensively investigated in this paper. Zinc oxide (ZnO), II-VI compound semiconductor, is used in J varistors in power insulation life. Due to its excellent electrical properties such as nonlinearity of current-voltage (I-V) characteristics, high fast-transient response and high discharging capability, it is extensively used in polymeric insulation materials. Titanium oxide (TiO2) polycrystalline is used in electronic devices as varistor (voltage dependent resistor). Titanium oxide is also used for surge arrester applications due to its nonohmic behavior. In present work, E zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium oxide (TiO2) are used in clear polyester resin as barriers. High voltage 28kV rms is applied. Polariscope is used to investigate the behavior of growth of tree on regular intervals. The results of zinc oxide (ZnO) barrier specimens are compared with titanium oxide (TiO2) barrier specimens. When zinc oxide (ZnO) barrier and Titanium oxide barrier specimens were tested, the life time of zinc Oxide barrier was more than the titanium oxide barrier. It is experimentally proved that by using semi conducting filler material with nonlinear conductivity T characteristics can raise resistance against electrical tree propagation.

Keywords: Zinc oxide, Titanium oxide, Insulation, Barrier, Electrical tree

Title: Using Blood Pressure Data to Detect Premature Ventricular Contraction Beat Author(s): G.M.A Ehsanur Rahman, Nahid Hasan, M Saddam Hossain Khan I Pages: 121-124 Journal: IJET/IJENS Paper ID: 1213006-9494-IJET-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |544 KB

J Abstract: In this paper we present an algorithm to detect premature ventricular contraction beats (PVCs) which based on blood pressure measuring data technique. A PVC beat is chosen and compared with the number of heart beats per unit time (Heart rate) using Mat lab. The heart rate may be too fast or too slow. PVC beats are then detected using a decision parameter which is a discrete function of two unequal indices. One of the indices is linearly E dependent on inter-beat duration time and the other is a total beat duration time of the premature ventricular contraction coefficient between blood pressure beat and the PVC beat. Potential of this proposed method was examined using Mat lab algorithm database. Results show high sensitivity of beat recognition. Keywords: Blood Pressure Pulse (BPP), Beat rate (BR), Blood pressure (BP), Heart rate (HR), Premature ventricular T contraction (PVCs).

Title: Detecting Shaft Misallignment in Gearbox of Helicopter Using Average Synchronous Analysis Author(s): Leila.nacib, Komi Midzodzi.pekpe, Saadi.sakhara I Pages: 125-129 Journal: IJET/IJENS Paper ID: 1217006-8585-IJET-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |218 KB

J Abstract: This paper deals with signal processing techniques for non-destructive fault detection on gearbox of helicopter by using time synchronous averaging. Time synchronous averaging is a signal processing technique that is used to extract repetitive signals from additive noise. This process requires an accurate measurement of the repetitive frequency of the desired signal or a signal that is synchronous with the desired signal. The raw data is then E divided up into segments of equal length blocks related to the synchronous signal and averaged together. When sufficient averages are taken, the random noise is canceled, leaving an improved estimate of the desired signal. Time synchronous averaging is a feature extraction technique that have been used successively to gearbox condition monitoring. T Keywords: Time synchronous averaging, misalignment, diagnosis, cepstrum, spectrum.

Title: Optimization of Experimental Conditions for Biodiesel Production Author(s): Ayoola Ayodeji A., Hymore Fredrick K., Obande Mathew A., Udeh Ifeoma N. I Pages: 130-133 Journal: IJET/IJENS Paper ID: 127206-3838-IJET-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |357 KB

J Abstract: This study is based on optimizing the experimental conditions of biodiesel production by base-catalyzed transesterification using waste cooking oil (WCO). In this study, the key parameters varied were methanol (20, 25, 30, 35, and 40%), sodium hydroxide (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.9 and 1.0g), reaction time (40, 60, 90, 100 and 120 minutes) and reaction temperature (50, 52, 55, 58, and 60 oC). Maximum biodiesel yield of 86% was obtained at optimum E conditions of 30% methanol concentration, 0.4g of NaOH concentration, 60oC reaction temperature and 90 minutes of operation. Biodiesel produced meets American Standard of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards of biodiesel fuel: viscosity (4.0564 – 4.9824cSt), density (0.8790 – 0.8819g/cm3), flash point (157 – 168oC), pour point (0 to -3oC) and calculated cetane index (7.45 – 8.26). T Keywords: Biodiesel, fossil fuel, methanol, transesterification, waste cooking oil.

Title: New Types of δ-Transitive Maps Author(s): Mohammed Nokhas Murad Kaki I Pages: 134-136 Journal: IJET/IJENS Paper ID: 1214906-8383-IJET-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |614 KB

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to define and introduce a new type of topological transitive map called d- E transitive and investigate some of its properties in , where denotes the d–topology of a given topological space (X, t ). Further, we introduce the notions of d-type minimal mapping. We have proved that every topologically transitive map is a d-type transitive map but the converse not necessarily true, unless the space X is regular and that every minimal map is a d- minimal map, but the converse not necessarily true. T Keywords: Topologically d- type transitive maps, d- minimal systems, d- irresolute maps, d- dense set.

Title: Effect of Magnetic Field on The Friction and Wear Displayed by The Scratch of Oil Lubricated Steel Author(s): Mohamed M. K., Alahmadi A., Ali W. Y., Abdel-Sattar S. I Pages: 137-143 Journal: IJET/IJENS Paper ID: 1211806-9494-IJET-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |724 KB

Abstract: The present work discusses the effect of magnetic field on the friction and wear of steel scratched by TiC J insert. The steel was lubricated by oil and dispersed by iron, copper and aluminium powders as well as polymeric powders such as high density polyethylene (PE), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polyamide (PA6). Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) and graphite (C) were added to the oil as dispersant. Paraffin oil was used as lubricant. Friction coefficient and wear of the tested composites were investigated using a tribometer designed and manufactured for that purpose. It was found that application of induction magnetic field decreased friction coefficient. E The decrease was significant for oil lubricated steel and oil dispersed by aluminium, copper, PMMA and PA6 + 10 wt. % C, while addition of iron, PE and MoS2 particles showed slight friction decrease. At no magnetic field friction coefficient for oil dispersed by aluminium and copper particles showed values lower than that observed for oil dispersed by iron particles. The lowest values of friction coefficient were displayed by oil dispersed by PE particles. Magnetic field caused significant wear increase for oil lubricated steel, where aluminium, copper and PA6 + C T particles displayed relatively higher wear, while addition of iron, PE, PMMA and MoS2 particles showed slight wear increase. At no magnetic field wear decreased due to the action of aluminium particles which formed a continuous layer on the steel surface and consequently decreased wear. Wear of oil lubricated steel dispersed by PE particles displayed relatively low values. Magnetic field showed no significant change on wear of the steel surface. Keywords: Induction, magnetic field, scratch, friction coefficient, wear, iron, copper, aluminium polymethyl methacrylate, polyethylene, polyamide, molybdenum disulphide, paraffin oil.

Title: Friction Coefficient Displayed by Rubber Sliding Against Flooring Tiles

Author(s): Mohamed M. K., ElKattan A. A., Ali W. A. I Pages: 144-149 Journal: IJET/IJENS Paper ID: 1212006-3535-IJET-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |494 KB

Abstract: The present work describes the frictional behaviour of ceramic tiles as flooring materials when soft and hard rubbers slide against them. The values of friction coefficient displayed by sliding of rubber against different types of J flooring materials would be compared to that obtained from ceramic tiles under different sliding conditions: dry, water, water/detergent dilution, oil and water/oil dilution. Based on the experiments carried out in the present work, it was found that at dry sliding soft rubber slid against ceramic tiles showed higher friction coefficient than hard one. The difference might be attributed to the extra deformation offered by soft rubber. The same trend was observed when sliding against ceramics wetted by water. The difference in friction coefficient displayed by hard and soft rubber significantly increased E as the load increased. Soft rubber displayed lower friction than hard rubber when sliding against oil lubricated ceramic surfaces. In presence of oil/water dilution for soft rubber, friction coefficient showed no change with increasing applied load. The comparative performance of the tested flooring tiles showed that at dry sliding, epoxy displayed relatively lower friction than cement and marble, while ceramic showed reasonable friction values. Cement tiles gave the highest friction coefficient. In the presence of water on the sliding surface, marble displayed the highest friction coefficient T followed by cement and parquet. Ceramic tiles showed the lowest friction among the tested floorings. Sliding of rubber against water/detergent wetted tiles caused drastic decrease of friction coefficient, where marble displayed the highest friction values followed by parquet and cement. PVC, epoxy and ceramic represented the lowest friction values. Hard oily floorings such as cement, marble and ceramic showed higher friction. Parquet, PVC and epoxy tiles showed relatively lower friction. Finally, parquet, epoxy and cement tiles displayed the highest friction, while ceramic, PVC and marble showed the lowest friction when rubber slid against water/oil diluted floorings. Keywords: Friction coefficient, rubber, ceramic tiles, dry, water, water/detergent dilution, oil and water/oil dilution, load.

ISSN: 2077-1223 (Online) 2227-2720 (Print) Impact Factor: 0.3647 Volume 12 Issue 06 J December 2012 International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS International Journals of Engineering & Sciences IJENS B

IJBAS for list of Papers A

International Journals of Engineering & Sciences IJENS Vol 12 Issue 06 (December 2012)

Title: The Dynamics of The Ocean Bottom Sediment Beneath OBS 9 MERAMEX I Station in July 2004 Using HVSR Analysis Author(s): Gatot Yuliyanto, Wiwit Suryanto, Udi Harmoko, Kirbani Sri Brotopuspito, Waluyo Pages: 01-04Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 121306-8989-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |649 KB J

Abstract: A research has been done over the dynamics of the ocean bottom sediment of Indonesia Ocean beneath B the Ocean Bottom Seismometer (OBS) 9 MERAMEX station which is placed in the southern Central Java and Yogyakarta using the analysis of horisontal to vertical spectrum ratio (HVSR). During the period from 1 July 2004 to 31 July 2004, the ocean bottom sediment under OBS 9 station has predominant frequency that is fairly similar in about 1.8 Hz, except on 11 July 2004 has predominant frequency of 0.8 Hz which is also the highest HVSR amplitude. Frequencies 1.8 Hz and 0.8 Hz are also obtained from HVSR processing on the date of 11 July 2004 for the recording data every 30 minutes. It can be concluded that the ocean bottom sediment beneath OBS 9 MERAMEX A has dynamic characteristic and it may has complex structure. There is no correlation between earthquake events and predominant frequency changing of ocean bottom sediment. Keywords: Ocean bottom sediment, OBS, HVSR S

Volume 12 Issue 06 December 2012 ISSN: 2077-1223 (Online) 2227-2720 (Print) International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS International Journals of Engineering & Sciences IJENS IJENS Vol 12 Issue 06 (December 2012)

Title: Tribe and Transition in Nigeria: The Role of Ethno-Political Organizations in I The Transition from Military Rule to Democracy, 1993 – 1998 Author(s): Okechukwu Ibeanu Pages: 05-19 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 121406-9090-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |260 KB J

B Abstract: This essay analyzes the role of ethno-political organizations in Nigeria's quest for democracy. It inquires into how their interaction in the recent transition to democracy curtailed and/or exacerbated politically pertinent conflicts among ethnic groups. It is argued that the salience of ethno-political organizations in Nigeria's recent transition rests, first, on the historical process of state making in Nigeria, specifically on the insertion of ethnic groups in the structure of that state with pertinent effects. Second, military rule and absence of democratic political structures A created "mobilizational gaps" that ethnic organizations filled. Both factors are germane to a "conflict dynamic" among ethnic groups at the political level of structures. Ethno-political organizations purvey such conflicts. Two factors shaped the general role of ethno-political organizations in the transition: (a) the importance of various phases of the transition programme to power sharing among the ethnic leaders; and (b) divisions between ethnic group(s) S associated with the incumbent authoritarian regime (in-group) and other ethnic groups (out-group). Both factors made for conflictive ethnic alliances. Still, individual interests and maneuvers of civilian and military politicians alike, who led the ethnic alliances thrown up by the transition, underlined the specific character of conflicts. Keywords: Ethno-political organizations, transition, authoritarianism, marginalization, conflict.

I Title: In Depth Study for Developing Efficient Direct Somatic Embryogenesis of Jatropha Curcas L.: Morphology and Ultrastructure Author(s): Totik Sri Mariani, Mirna Zuirda, Hiroshi Miyake J Pages: 20-28 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 125905-06-8383-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |508 KB Abstract: This is the first report on direct somatic embryogenesis of Jatropha curcas L. For in depth study, morphological observation was performed by inverted microscopy whereas ultrastructural observation was conducted by transmission electron microscopy. The somatic embryos derived from single cells, which divided, developed into B embryo proper with suspensor, ECS (Embryogenic cell suspension), proembryo, globular embryo, heart and torpedo stage embryo.The shoot and plantlet developed when the ECS was plated on embryo induction medium I, embryo induction medium II and embryo germination medium, consecutively. The highest germination percentage was 63.3% on IG4-gamborg medium supplemented with 3 ppm GA3 and 1 ppm IAA. The highest shoot development was on IG4-gamborg (60%) and the highest plantlet development was on IG4-glutamin (6.7%). The reason of low percentage of plantlet development was revealed by observing the ultrastructural features of the embryogenic cells and the A somatic embryos. Character of the embryogenic cells and somatic embryo was forming deposit material in the vacuole. The deposit material inhibited cellular metabolism of the cells. Keywords: Jatropha curcas, direct somatic embryogenesis in liquid medium, deposit material. S

Title: Network Analysis on Safety Culture and Worker’s Behaviour : A Forest of All I Minimum Spanning Trees Author(s): Maman Abdurachman Djauhari, Shamshuritawati Sharif, Hariza Djauhari Pages: 29-37 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 1216905-06-8484-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |550 KB J

B Abstract: In this paper safety culture and worker‟s behaviour are considered, all together, as a complex system and statistically represented in the form of correlation network among their characteristics. We show that the current practice, based on a minimal spanning tree (MST), to filter the important information contained in the network is not robust. A robust filter based on the forest of all possible MSTs is then proposed and used to analyze the network. For practical purpose, an algorithm will be provided to find the forest. The advantages of the proposed filter compared to A the MST-based filter will be illustrated first before we use it in the case of Malaysia manufacturing industry. Some important results that will be useful for the management will be highlighted. Keywords: Adjacency matrix, centrality measures, correlation matrix, distance matrix, network topology. S

Title: Crustal Shear Wave Velocities Inferred From Love Wave Group Velocity I Dispersion Between Mt. Merapi and Mt. Lawu, Central Java Author(s): Gatot Yuliyanto, Kirbani Sri Brotopuspito, Waluyo, Wiwit Suryanto Pages: 38-43 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 123106-9494-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |648 KB J

Abstract: Analysis of Love waves dispersion data have been carried out to determine shear wave velocities on the crustal structure between Mt. Merapi and Mt. Lawu. The record of earthquake of near S. Coast of Honsu, Japan, 5 B September 2004 with magnitude 7.5 MW at seven MERAMEX seismic stations located between Mt. Merapi and Mt. Lawu have been used. The dispersion of group velocity data have been processed by using Fourier transform-based multiple-filtering frequency-time analysis developed by Kolinsky. In particular, it can be concluded that there are low velocity zones in the crustal structure between Mt, Merapi and Mt. Lawu with shear wave velocity vary to each stations. All stations have crustal shear wave velocity below 4.0 km/s and Moho discontinuity inferred between 20-24 km depth. Crustal structure beneath CI1 station near the Mt. Merbabu has the highest shear wave velocity 3.244- A 3.975 km/s. It can be inferred from the crutal shear wave velocity structure, that the low velocity zone in the region between Mt. Merapi and Mt. Lawu primarily at 4-8 km depth. Keywords: Crustal structure, low velocity, Love wave, Conrad discontinuity. S

Title: Shoot Induction from Broccoli Explant Hypocotyls and Biosynthesis of Sulforaphane I Author(s): Wenny Tilaar, Sumeru Ashari, Bagyo Yanuwiadi, Jeany Polii-Mandang, Francien H. Tomasowa

Pages: 44-48 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 123904-06-4747-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |423 KB J Abstract: The research aimed to assess combination effect of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and benzylaminopurine (BAP) to shoot induction from broccoli explants hypocotyl and to evaluate sulforaphane synthesis. Factorial design arranged in randomized complete design was used with 0 and 1 ppm concentration of NAA and 0, 2.5, and 5 ppm of B BAP. Each combination of NAA and BAP was replicated five times. Parameters observed were time of adventive shoot formation, number of adventive shoot, fresh shoot weight, shoot height, and sulforaphane content in broccoli shoot. Data was analyzed using variance analysis. The result showed that significant difference in the number of shoots, shoot height, and sulforaphane synthesis on broccoli shoot was evident in the treatment combination with NAA and BAP. The highest shoot number and the sulforaphane content were detected in the treatment combination with 1 ppm NAA and 5 ppm BAP. The highest shoot height was yielded by the combination of 0 ppm NAA and 0 ppm A BAP. The treatment with NAA revealed significant difference in shoot formation time while that with BAP showed significant difference in fresh shoot weight. Keywords: Broccoli, substant growth, shoot induction and sulforaphane. S

I Title: The Construction of Regular Semigroups With Medial Idempotent Author(s): O. Hysa Pages: 49-52 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 123906-8585-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |369 KB J

B Abstract: M. Loganathan (1987) has constructed an semigroup in terms of idempotent-generated regular semigroup , with a medial idempotent u, and of the orthodox semigroups with identity , such that u u. In that paper M. Loganathan has also shown, that every regular semigroup with a medial idempotent u, can be described in terms of the subsemigroup of generated by the set of idempotents and the orthodox subsemigroup of with identity, . In this paper we will prove that constructed by Loganathan is regular semigroup with a medial idempotent. A Keywords: Medial idempotent, orthodox semigroup, Regular semigroup. S

Title: Nutrient, Phytochemical Composition and Sensory Evaluation Of Soursop I ( Annona muricata) Pulp and Drink in South Eastern Nigeria. Author(s): Onyechi, Agatha Uchenna, Ibeanu, Vivienne Nkiruka, Eme, Paul Eze, Kelechi, Madubike Pages: 53-57 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 124006-8787-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |152 KB J Abstract: Background: Micronutrient deficiency is a public health problem. This study evaluated the nutrient, phytochemical composition and sensory evaluation of soursop (Annona muricata) pulp and drink. Methods: The soursop fruits were purchased from local market and a farm in the South Eastern Nigeria. The mature fruits were ripened for five days at room temperature. The ripen soursop fruits were peeled, the pulp handpicked, liquefied with 400mls of water to make the soursop drink. The soursop drink was then flavoured with four teaspoons of sugar syrup. B The proximate composition, vitamin, mineral and phytochemical contents of the pulp and drink were determined using standard methods. The sensory evaluation of the drink was conducted using 9- point hedonic scale. Result: The carbohydrate content of soursop pulp and drink was 72.71% and 83.47% respectively. The fibre content was 6.26% and 3.47%; retinol 192.50IU and 63.76IU; ascorbic acid was 22.59mg/100g and 34.71mg/100g for the pulp and drink respectively. The pulp and drink also contained high levels of anthocyanin 6.44 and 7.35 mg/100g; flavonoids 9.32 A and 5.24mg/100g and tannin 65.98 and 53.96mg/100g respectively. The soursop with sugar syrup was more acceptable (7.58±2.04) compared to the soursop without sugar syrup (5.08±1.67) at P<0.05. Conclusion: It was concluded that soursop pulp and drink contained appreciable amount of micronutrients and can be incorporated into the diets for the vulnerable groups to improve their nutritional status. S Keywords: Annona muricata, nutrients, phytochemcials, sensory evaluation.

Title: Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Studies of complexes of Some Metal Ions with 2-[2-Amino-5-(3,4,5-Trimethoxy-benzyl)-Pyrimidinyl-4-azo]-4- I Bromo-Phenol Author(s): Saadiyah A. Dhahir, Nazk M. Aziz. Shaimaa R. Bakir Pages: 58-67 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 124306-6868-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |737 KB J

Abstract: The complexes of the 2-[2-Amino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidinyl-4-azo]-4-bromo-phenol with metal B ions Cr(III), Ni(II), Cd(II) ,Cu (II) and Zn(II) were prepared in ethanol solution. These complexes were characterized by spectroscopic methods, conductivity, metal analyses and magnetic moment measurements. The antibacterial activity in vitro tests shows that the most of prepared compounds display good activity to (Staphylococcus aureus) and (Escherichia coli). A Keywords: Synthesis, 2-[2-Amino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidinyl-4-azo]-4-bromo-phenol, biological activity.

Title: Applying Ruschewwyh Derivative On Two Sub-Classes Of Bi-Univalent I Functions Author(s): Abdul Rahman S. Juma, Fateh S. Aziz Pages: 68-75 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 126306-4545-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |80 KB J

Abstract: The Ruscheweyh derivative has been applied in this paper to investigate two subclasses of the function class of bi-univalent functions de ned in the open unit disc. We nd estimates on the coe cients |a2 | and |a3 | for A functions in these subclasses.

Keywords: Analytic and univalent functions; Bi-univalent functions; convex functions; Ruscheweyh derivative; Coe cient bounds. S

Title: Evaluation of Extent of Heart Rot Fungi Infection and Impacts on Live I Juniperus excelsa Trees in Ziarat Juniper Forest Balochistan, Pakistan Author(s): Huma Batool, Zahoor Ahmad Bazai, Rukhsana Jabeen, Tahir Aqil Pages: 76-79 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 124606-9797-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |304 KB J

Abstract: In the contemporary evaluation study of Juniper forest Ziarat in Balochistan five selected compactly forested areas positioned at Zangoon Jungle (ZJ), Ambaar Zawar Sar (AZS), Warkai Zazri (WZ), Salih Sakhobi (SS) B & Nishpa (N) were scrutinized for the magnitude and concentration of heart rot fungal infection. There was statistically significant variance in area wise mode and intensity of damage by fungal microbes on the Juniper trees. Heart rot fungal infection percentage calculated and highest to lowest infection rate in AZS, N, WZ, SS & N were 59%, 35%, 35%, 31% & 25% respectively. The fungal infection in stem from highest to lowest in 5 locations AZS, N, WZ, SS, ZJ are 47.3, 23.66, 23.3, 16.66 & 13 respectively. Correspondingly, The premier average number of severely damaged from highest to lowest AZS, N, WZ, SS, ZJ are 18.33, 9, 7.33, 5 & 4.66 respectively. It was concluded that the A infection severity was very high and the mode of infection was through wounds. It was recognized that pruning and de branching of trees by community must be stopped in order to control the heart rots and degradation of wood quality. Keywords: Wood quality, wounds, Heart rot, Fungal infection, Pruning, De branching. S

Title: Effects of Water Flow Speed on Muscle Histology and Survival Rate in I Improving Tiger Grouper Hatchlings Quality Author(s): Marcelien Dj. Ratoe Oedjoe, E. Suprayitno, Aulanni‟am, E. Y.Herawati

Pages: 80-84 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 122706-0808-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |250 KB J

Abstract: Tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) is much in demand by consumers because of their meat texture and stiffness. The quality of fish is strongly influenced by the condition of the water in which the fish lives. One of the B parameters that determine the stiffness of fish flesh is the flow of water, so the research to determine the relationship between the velocities of water flow to the water quality, which in turn determines the quality of the fish, needs to be done. Some 60 fish (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) were used in the experiments and kept in four 24-L tanks with population of 10 fish per tank. The four tanks were treated with different water flow rates. Our study employed completely randomized design (CRD) experiments. The muscle histology as a function of velocity of water flow was A analyzed descriptively. The correlations between the muscle stiffness and survival rates with water flow velocity were analyzed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA). If the results show significant effects, the Tukey test was then used. Our study revealed that skeletal muscle histology of fish exposed to flowing water showed no different with the group without water flow (control). The structure of muscle tissue of treated groups also showed no different with the control group. Treatment of water flow had a significant effect (p <0.05) on meat firmness of the tiger grouper as well as on S the survival rate.

Keywords: Tiger grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, water flow velocity, muscle firmness, survival rate.

Title: Pesticide Residue Levels in The Surface Water of The Irrigation Canals in I The Muda Irrigation Scheme Kedah, Malaysia

Author(s): Ismail B. S., Siti Humaira Haron, Mohd. Talib Latif .

Pages: 85-90 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 129206-4545-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |416 KB J Abstract: The presences of pesticides residue present in the surface water of irrigation canals during the two seasons (dry and wet seasons) in the Muda Irrigation scheme of Kedah, Malaysia was monitored from September 2010 to March 2011. The sampling sites were located at four areas each representing a province in the agricultural area. The method of extraction of the insecticides (organochlorine/ organophosphate/pyrethroid) from the water B samples constituted solid phase extraction followed by gas chromatography (with electron capture detector, ECD). The insecticides, namely a-endosulfan, ß-endosulfan, endosulfan sulphate, cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos were found in the surface water of the irrigation canals. High concentrations of insecticides in the surface water were observed during the period from September 2010 to March 2011, a period which included both seasons (wet and dry season). The highest concentration of 3.97 µg/mL of cypermethrin was observed during the wet season while 4.42 µg/mL of A chlorpyrifos was the highest observed during the dry season. This could be due to the frequent usage of the above- mentioned insecticides plus contamination could originated from the application sites. Meanwhile, the lowest concentrations detected in the surface water was that of a-endosulfan (0.26 µg/mL), and chlorpyrifos (0.13 µg/mL) during the dry and wet seasons respectively. S Keywords: Pesticide, environmental analysis, insecticide, gas chromatography.

Title: Exact Solutions of Burgers Equation with Space Dependent Coefficients by I the Extended Unified Method Author(s): Nasser S. Elazab Pages: 91-95 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 127406-8989-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |422 KB J

B Abstract: A brief report on the different methods for finding exact traveling wave solutions of nonlinear evolution equations is presented. In a very recently work it had been shown that most of methods that exist in the literature are equivalent to the “generalized mapping method” that unifies them. This method is extended here to find a class of formal exact solutions to Burgers equation with space-dependent-coefficients. A Keywords: Exact solutions, Extended Unified method, Burgers equation, variable coefficients

I Title: Exact Solutions For Some Nonlinear Reaction Diffusion Equations Author(s): Nasser S.Elazab Pages: 96-98 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 128006-6464-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |151 KB J

B Abstract: In this paper we present a generalized method to obtain exact solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations. As a particular case, we obtain exact solutions for reaction diffusion equation. A new class of multiple- soliton or wave trains obtained. Keywords: Exact solution, Reaction diffusion equation A

Title: An Overall Centrality Measure: The Case of U.S Stock Market I Author(s): Gan Siew Lee, Maman A. Djauhari

Pages: 99-103 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 1212206-3838-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |315

KB J

Abstract: In social network analysis, there have various traditional centrality measures that commonly used to B determine the relative significance of a node in the network. They determined the centrality of nodes with different definitions. In this paper we propose an overall centrality measure which is an optimal linear combination of the traditional measures where the optimality criterion is similar to that in principal component analysis. This measure can be used to summarize the characterization of traditional measures determined on a node in the network. A study on the NYSE 100 stocks will illustrate its advantages. A

Keywords: Centrality measure; econophysics; minimum spanning tree; stock market S

Title: Introduction to θ-Typr Transitive Maps on Topological spaces I Author(s): Mohammed Nokhas Murad Kaki

Pages: 104-108 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 126106-3737-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) | 455 KB J

B Abstract: In this paper, we define and introduce a new type of topological transitive map called θ- transitive and investigate some of its properties in (X, τθ), τθ denotes the θ–topology of a given topological space (X, t ). Further, we introduce the notions of θ- minimal mapping. We have proved that every topologically transitive map is a θ-type transitive map but the converse not necessarily true, unless the space X is regular and that every minimal map is a θ- A minimal map, but the converse not necessarily true. Keywords: Topologically θ- transitive, θ- minimal maps, θ- irresolute, θ- dense. S

Title: Composition and phase mineral variation of Portland cement in Mass I Factory Sulaimani – Kurdistan Region NE- Iraq Author(s): Tola Ahmed Mirza Mohammed Pages: 109-118 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 126206-8585-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) | 1019 KB J

Abstract: The raw materials, clinker, and cement from the Mass cement factory in Sulaimani City- Kurdistan Region NE-Iraq have been investigated using polarizing microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM and chemical analysis. This study will discuss about the composition and phases mineral variation from different B sample type of the factory. Chemical composition analysis using X-ray fluorescence is one of the important quality analyses for examining of cement and widely used in cement industries for a long time as a tool to estimate phase composition. X-ray diffraction is one of the established techniques as a qualitative tool to identify phase existing in the sample. Microscopic invistigation and X-ray diffraction of clinkers from Mass factory indicating the presence of five principle constitutes alite,(C3S), belite (C2S), aluminate (C3A) , ferrite (C4AF), as well as minor isotropic residue A (Periclase, and free- lime). The obtained SEM – micrographs show alite with well developed external shape and hexagonal outline and it is larger than the other existing phase while belite is semi rounded and irregular outline phase. The chemical analyses of raw materials used in Mass cement factory indicate that the local raw materials are suitable for cement industry after addition some additive such as iron oxide and sandstone. The chemical and S mineralogical analyses for studied clinker samples show that the dominant phases composition are C3S and C2S while the C3A and C4AF are less abundant. Transformation of mineral phases is found affected by different temperature during cement production. The different types of mineral phases are observed during the production. Keywords: Portland cement, Mass Factory, Raw material, Clinker, Phase composition.

Title: Modeling the Percentage of Poor People in Indonesia Using Spline Nonparametric Regression Approach I Author(s): I Nyoman Budiantara, Madu Ratna, Ismaini Zain, Wahyu Wibowo

Pages: 119-124 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 128906-7575-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) | 390 KB J Abstract: The problem of poor people is a very important issue in every country in the world, including in Indonesia. Each state is always trying to find the right pattern to estimate the behavior of the poor and forecasting, as an effort to create an appropriate policy to address poverty. The pattern of the percentage of poor people in Indonesia are generally tends to fall from year to year, but have localized fluctuations. In the period 1996-1998 the percentage of B poor people grows quite highly because of the monetary crisis in Indonesia. While in the period 1998-2000 the percentage of poor people fell drastic line with the improving economy in Indonesia in the period of the year. In the period 2000-2005 the percentage of poor population tends to decline, although the change is less than 1%. In 2006 the population of poor increased quite significantly, but in the period 2006-2009 tends to decrease with the change between 1% until 2%. Modeling the percentage of poor people in Indonesia who have a certain pattern but vary in A certain period of years, is not appropriate to use parametric regression approaches such as linear regression, quadratic or cubic. Quadratic spline nonparametric regression approach with two points knots, very decent used to model the percentage of poor people in Indonesia, because it can describe the behavior patterns of poverty change and increase the coefficient of determination is significant to 95,4%. S Keywords: Nonparametric Regression, Spline Regression, GCV, Poor.

Title: The use of Indrayanti Beach Sand and Coconut shell Carbon as Absorbents in Selokan Mataram Canal Water Filtration System I Author(s): Suparno, Subuhul Fathir Rajabun Na'im, Unang Alim Ardhiyadi, Widya Gusta, Lien Permatasari

Pages: 125-128 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 1212706-4848-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) | 319 KB J

Abstract: An investigation on the use of Indrayanti beach sand and coconut shell carbon as absorbents in water filtration system is reported. This environmentally friendly research is aimed to clean dirty Selokan Mataram canal B water which is extremely important for agriculture, fish farm and tourism. Dirty Selokan Mataram canal water was filtered by using Indrayanti beach sand and coconut shell carbon as absorbents in ion exchange columns. The treated water was placed in a transparent container and shot by using a laser beam. The light transmission intensity was then observed by using a luxmeter. The cleanliness of the filtrated water was determined by comparing this intensity to the transmission intensity of the clean tap water to obtain light transmission intensity efficiency. The results show that the efficiency of light transmission intensity decreases with the increase of the volume of dirty water. On the contrary the A light transmission efficiency increases with the increase of mass of absorbent. For both cases, the data show that coconut shell carbon absorbs dirty water better compared to the Indrayanti beach sand. Keywords: Absorbent, filtration, Indrayanti beach sand, coconut shell carbon. S

Title: Synthesis and Applications of Three Vinylsulfone Based Fiber-reactive azo Dyes for Dyeing Cotton Fabric I Author(s): B. Ahmad, I. A. Bhatti, Q. Saeed, M. Abbas

Pages: 129-136 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 125306-8484-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |383

KB J

Abstract: New- fangled vinylsulfone (VS) based fiber- reactive dyes were synthesized and applied to mill desized, B bleached and mercerized textile fabric (100% cotton). Pad-thermosol dyeing method was utilized due to less hazardous environmental affects and high dye fixation to optimize dyeing quality parameters i.e. salt concentration, pH, dyeing time and dyeing temperature. The pre- treated and dyed cotton fabrics were subjected to CIE LAB and LCH system to study the dyeing quality parameters such as dL* (difference in lightness co-ordinate), da* (difference in red/ green co-ordinate), db* (difference in yellow/ blue co-ordinate), dC* (difference in chroma co-ordinate), dH* (difference in hue angle) and dE* (total color difference) with the assistance of Spectraflash SF- 600 at Noor Fatima A textile. Pvt. Ltd., Faisalabad. Subsequent ISO standard test methods were applied for the assessment of different fastness properties i.e. perspiration, light, washing, chlorinated water, dry cleaning and crocking. Keywords: Vinylsulfone reactive dyes, Color output, Dyeing applications, Cotton, Spectraflash, Crocking S

Title: A Study of Physico-Chemical Properties, Exhaust Dyeing of Cotton with Synthesized azo-reactive Dyes and Their Printing Applications I Author(s): B. Ahmad, I. A. Bhatti, H. N. Bhatti, M. Abbas

Pages: 137-142 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 125606-8383-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |703 KB J

Abstract: Three sulfatoethylsulfone reactive dyes have been synthesized and were applied to mill desized, bleached and mercerized cotton fabric. Effect of different dyeing parameters i.e. salt concentration, dyeing time, dyeing temperature and pH of dye solution were being optimized by exhaust dyeing method. The fixation (%F) of the synthesized dye molecules with the cotton fabrics was also studied. Cotton fabric was printed with the three A synthesized dyes by printing paste formulation with sodium alginate as a thickening agent. Dyed and printed cotton fabrics exhibited excellent to good fastness results. Keywords: Vinylsulfone, Pad-thermosol dyeing, Reactive dye, Printing, Color strength, Fastness. S

Title: H-measures and system of Maxwell’s I Author(s): Hassan TAHA

Pages: 143-164 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 129806-7474-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) | 342 KB J

Abstract: We are interested in the homogenization of energy like quantities in electromagnetism. We prove a general propagation T heorem for H-measures associated to Maxwell‟s system, in the full space = R3 , without boundary A conditions. We shall distinguish between two cases: constant coe cient case, and non coe cient -scalar case. In the two cases we give the behaviour of the H-measures associated to this system. Keywords: Electromagnetism, homogenization of energy, H-measures, Maxwell‟s system. S

Title: Use of Benthic Macro-Invertebrate Taxones as Biological Indicators in Assessing Water Quality of Erzeni River, Albania, During 2011-2012. I Author(s): Erjola Keçi, Anila Paparisto, Bledar Pepa, Kledi Xhaxhiu

Pages: 165-169 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 1211706-4848-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) | 441 KB J Abstract: The Erzeni River flows in an area with sandy – clay deposits (Saraçi R., 1996). The geographical position and geologic composition of river basin have a specific study importance. This occurrence shows a close connection between habitat and benthic indicators and widely between hydrology and biodiversity. For the biological assessment B of river water quality different groups of macro invertebrates are used. They are good indicators of biodiversity and habitat quality and their presence is closely connected with the general ecological status of the river ecosystem. (Lee N. 2003). Benthic macro invertebrates are determined as crucial elements and have a great importance in the biological assessment of water quality (Water Framework Directive - WFD). In this study the water quality results are given for the monitoring period from summer 2011 to summer 2012 in three sampling stations in Erzeni River, A Albania. The paper presents the aquatic ecosystem situation based on data gathered on insect and invertebrate fauna. From the analyses of data is important to mention the presence of benthic sensitive organisms (Environmental Protection Agency- USA) in the sampling stations. Two other groups, benthic invertebrates with a medium tolerance toward pollution and tolerant taxons were present as well. The species richness pattern of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera were significantly correlated with EPT and BI value. S Keywords: ETP, TV, water quality, EPT, BI index.

Title: Chemical and Sedimentological Characterization of Moulvibazar Silica Deposit of Bangladesh as Standard Sand I

Author(s): Md. Faruk Hossain, Md. Ashraful Islam Molla, Shah Md. Masum, Ashequl Alam Rana, A. F. M. Saiful Amin.

Pages: 170-176 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 121806-7676-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |

704 KB J Abstract: Standard sand is used for conducting the compressive strength test of hydraulic cement mortars. American society for testing and materials (ASTM) recommends Ottawa Standard Sand (OSS). Bangladesh has quiet a rich sand deposits but in the scenario of not having standard sand, OSS is imported from abroad for using in different tests in Bangladesh. In this work, a very strong effort has been made to standardize the sand for Bangladesh using its own available deposits and thus to eliminate the unwanted expenditure of foreign currencies. Hence, we selected the B Moulvibazar silica deposit (situated at the piedmont of Dupi Tila formation) with the maximum probability of having high silica content by studying the geological formation of Bangladesh. OSS contains about 99.7% of silica and has „rounded‟ shape which enables non-reactivity of sand with cement constituents during the testing of hydraulic cement mortars. XRD analysis of the sand sample shows that it contains about 96.87% of silica after water wash and 91.17% of silica after acid wash. SEM images were used to measure the roundness of the sand samples. The roundness of A the water wash and acid (0.1N HCl) wash sand samples (according to Waddle scale) were found to be 0.28 and 0.27 respectively. Both sand samples fall into „sub-rounded‟ class of roundness grade (of Pettijohn gradation). An attempt was taken to observe the change of roundness by mechanical abrasion of the sample. It was observed that the roundness was decreased because of the growth of secondary corners. DSC isotherm analysis was carried out at S three different temperatures (300, 450 and 600 C) to investigate the reactivity of sand samples. Neglecting the unaffected reactivity, instead, considering the high silica content and subrounded shape of the sample, the sand of Moulvibazar deposit could be recommended for using as standard sand for testing hydraulic cement mortars. Keywords: Moulvibazar; X-ray diffraction; scanning electron microscopy; differential scanning calorimetry; roundness.

Title: Mechanism of Gonadotropin Hormone Release in Catfish (Clarias Sp.) upon Laserpuncture Exposure to Reproduction Acupoint. I Author(s): Pungky S.W. Kusuma, Agung P.W. Marhendra, Aulanni‟am, Marsoedi.

Pages: 177-182 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 127106-7575-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) | 235 KB J Abstract: Laserpuncture exposure effectively stimulates gonad maturation and spawning, but the associated gonadotropin release mechanism is still unknown. Our study was aimed to investigate the release of gonadotropin hormones in the catfish (Clarias sp.) after laserpuncture exposure at the reproduction acupoint. The test fish B consisted of 54 males and 54 females aged 8-9 months from the F1 hybrid Sangkuriang type female and Paiton type male parents. Our study employed an experimental method with completely randomized design. The treatment comprised 6 levels with 9 repetitions. We were to observe gonadotropin (GtH-I and GtH-II) hormone concentrations pre-spawn, spawn, post-spawning in the laser exposed group. As a comparison investigations were also conducted to untreated group (control). Blood sampling was performed six hours post exposure. Hormone level test was performed using Elisa test kits. The test results showed a significant effect of laser exposure on the increase of gonadotropin A hormone levels pre-spawn, spawn and post- spawning. This suggests that laser exposure at reproduction acupoint can stimulate the release of gonadotropin hormones which affect the acceleration of gonad maturation and spawning. Keywords: Laserpuncture, catfish (Clarias sp.), reproduction acupoints, gonadotropin hormones. S

Title: Physiochemical Analysis of Drinking Water from Different Urban Areas of I Faisalabad. Author(s): Saeed Q., Bhatti I.A., Ashraf A., Ahmad B. Pages: 183-186 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 1211406-9393-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) | 335 KB J Abstract: In order to determine quality of water used for drinking purposes physicochemical analysis in selected residential areas of Faisalabad, an industrial city of Pakistan was carried out .Samples were collected from twenty different sites and analyzed for following parameters such as color, odor, taste, pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, B P-alkalinity, M-alkalinity, total hardness and concentration of principal cations and anions such as Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Cl- and SO42-. Standard methods were used for determination of physical and chemical characteristics of the water samples. The data showed the variation of the investigated parameters in samples as follows: pH 7.12- 7.73, conductivity 639-6690 µS/cm, total dissolved solids 1260-6573 mg/L, P-alkalinity 17-60 mg/L, M-alkalinity 270- 940 mg/L, total hardness (Calcium and Magnesium) 220-620 mg/L and concentration of principal cations and anions such as Na+ 19-55 mg/L , K+ 16-48 mg/L, Mg2+ 9.72-81.1 mg/L, Ca2+ 32-100 mg/L, Cl- 20-960 mg/L and SO42- A 50.8-72.6 mg/L. The concentrations of the investigated parameters in the drinking water samples were within the permissible limits of the World Health Organization. Keywords: Drinking water, physiochemical analysis, cationic and anionic analysis, WHO standards. S

Title: Feasibility Analysis of Geothermal Power Plant Wastewater Utilization: A I Case Study on Lahendong Geothermal Power Plant, North Sulawesi.

Author(s): Hariyadi, Soemarno, Bobby Polii, Bagyo Yanuwiadi Pages: 187-190 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 1212806-6464-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) | J 253 KB

Abstract: Utilization of geothermal energy is limited to power generation. Therefore, in view of the value of commercial utilization a study to find other feasible utilizations has been carried out. Our study aimed to identify and analysis the possible utilizations of geothermal fluid wastewater from Lahendong Power Plant in North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Our study revealed that the annual potential economic value is mounted to IDR 941.934.000. A The feasible utilizations are hot bath, steam bath, drying process of agricultural products, wood drying, recreational purposes, palm sugar production, and alcohol distillation. Keywords: Waswater utilization, geothermal, Lahendong Power Plant, North Sulawesi. S

Title: Study of Application of Mono azo Reactive Dyes on Cotton by Exhaust I method and Printing Properties. Author(s): Saeed Q, Bhatti, I.A., Zuber, M., Nosheen, S., Zia, M.A., Abbas M Pages: 191-197 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 1211906-8484-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) | 391 KB J

Abstract: This paper explores the printing properties and exhaust dyeing of four newly synthesized reactive dyes. B Dyes were applied at different conditions of dyeing parameters such as pH, electrolyte concentration, time and temperature in order to get maximum fixation. After printing on fabric, color strength was determined with Spectraflash SF 600 spectrophotometer and fastness properties such as washing, crocking, light, perspiration, chlorinated water and dry cleaning were investigated by International organization of standardization (ISO) standard methods. Exhaustion and fixation values were evaluated by UV/Vis Spectrophotometer. All dyes showed remarkable color A strength in the range of 70 to 80% for printing. Percentage dye bath exhaustion and fixation has been found to be in the range of 65 to 85% which is reasonably good and acceptable. Fastness properties were good to excellent. Keywords: Reactive dyes, exhaust method, fastness properties, printing property. S

Title: Indoor Outdoor Ultrafine Particle Measurements in Lecture Rooms. I Author(s): Arinto Y.P. Wardoyo, Djoko. H. Santjojo, Inggita. I.H. Putri

Pages: 198-201 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 1212906-7575-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) | 304 KB J

B Abstract: Ultrafine particles (UFP) have become important concerns of people due their identified impacts on human health. The contribution of UFP on indoor air quality (IAQ) is another thing that attracts an attention for investigation. This study performs the measurements of outdoor indoor UFP concentrations in lecture rooms. The aims were to measure the UFP concentrations in the lecture rooms, and also to estimate the relationships between outdoor UFP concentrations and indoor UFP concentrations. The results showed that the UFP concentration in the lecture rooms A varied between 1.0 x 103 particles/cm3 and 4.1 x 103 particles/cm3. The indoor UFP concentrations were found proportional to the outdoor UFP concentrations. And I/O UFP concentration ratio was obtained more than 80 %. Keywords: Ultrafine particles, indoor air quality S

I Title: Assessment of Acoustic Performance of Anechoic Chamber at Acoustic Laboratory in Syiah Kuala University . Author(s): Zulfian, Lindawati J Pages: 202-204 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 1213106-8484-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |227 KB

Abstract: This paper describes acoustic performance of anechoic chamber of acoustic laboratory in University of Syiah Kuala. The chamber has a free space of 6.0 meters in length, 4.5 meters in width, and 3.1 meters in height with a lower cut off frequency of 125 Hz. The assessment demonstrates that the performance of the chamber is consistent A with the free field characteristics within the tolerance allowed by ISO 3745; it also has sufficient sound insulation for low noise level. The background noise level is 23.9 dB (A-Weighting). Keywords: Anechoic chamber, acoustic laboratory, a lower cut-off frequency. S

Title: Mechanical Modification of Khulays Clay; Structural and Textural Effects. I Author(s): M. Al-Qunaibit M., Al Juhaiman L.

Pages: 205-209 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 1213406-7373-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) | 567 KB J Abstract: Samples of Bentonite-Clay from Khulays region in Saudi Arabia were subjected to mechanical grinding using an agate mortar for 30, 60, and 120 minutes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the ground samples exhibited a lack of amorphization. The mean d(001) value and crystallite size were shifted to the lowest values at the first 30 minutes of grinding. FT-IR spectra revealed no decomposition in the structure against grinding for 2h. A reduction in B the intensities of water stretching vibration at 3435cm-1(?Al-OH) and at 1637cm-1(bending-OH) appeared due to the heat produced by grinding which promoted the escape of water molecules. Grinding for 30-60 minutes resulted in a decrease in particles in the µm range and their volume percentage with an increase in particles in the nm range, and aggregation post excessive grinding to 120 minutes. This was translated into a maximum surface area reached at 30 minutes of grinding time. Combined Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), surface area, SEM and TEM analyses allowed A for the interpretation of this effect in terms of textural modification as a result of change in clay particles morphology. SEM micrographs of the peudo-hexagonal structure of the clay showed that 30-120 minutes of grinding decreased the particle size and increased the dispersion, whilst TEM micrographs revealed that excessive grinding to 120 minutes induced aggregation. Textural properties of the ground clay depended on the time of grinding, where high S surface energy of fine particles enhanced aggregation after 30 minute grinding of clay. Keywords: Aggregation, crystallite size, particle size, surface area.

Title: Effect of Sulphanilamide Adsorption on Zeta Potential and Water Loss of Raw and Na-Activated Bentonite. I Author(s): Mekhamer, W.K., Al Juhaiman, L.A., Al-Boajan, A.M.

Pages: 210-213 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 1213806-8484-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) | 549 KB J Abstract: The present work aims to investigate the effect of sulphanilamide (SA) adsorption on the zeta potential and water loss of raw local bentonite (B) and Na-bentonite (Na-B) suspensions. This was accomplished by separating the fine particles of raw bentonite of size (< 1µm), then activating them by Na+ ions. Adsorption isotherms of SA on B and B Na-B were obtained at different SA concentrations ranging from (10–1000 mg/L) using the batch-equilibrium technique. It was found that the adsorbed amount of SA onto B and Na-B increased with increasing SA concentration. The zeta potentials of B and Na-B suspensions (1% w/v) were measured and correlated with the adsorption data. The zeta potentials of B and Na-B suspensions decreased to comparable values with increasing SA concentrations. Moreover the water loss of B and Na-B suspensions decreased with increasing SA concentrations reaching minimum comparable values then increased with increasing SA concentration. The adsorption of SA did not influence the zeta A potential and water loss of B and Na-B suspensions. Thus raw local bentonite may be used without treatment in many industrial applications. Keywords: Sulphanilamide; Raw local bentonite; Na-bentonite; Zeta potential; Water loss; Adsorption. S

Title: Diversity of Shade Trees and Their Influence on the Microclimate of Agro- Ecosystem and Fruit Production of Gulapasir Salak (Salacca zalacca var. I amboinensis) Fruit.

Author(s): I Ketut Sumantra, Sumeru Ashari, Tatik Wardiyati, Agus Suryanto Pages: 214-221 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 1213906-6464-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) | J 444 KB Abstract: The presence of shade trees in salak tree plantation is necessary as the plant was unable to defend the sunlight. The study was aimed to identify the diversity of shade trees and their influences on the microclimate and Gulapasir salak fruit production in agro-ecosystem in Karangasem (original planted area) and Tabanan (new area B development). The research employed plot methods placed in purposive random sampling on high altitudes 450-750 m above sea level (asl) in Karangasem and Tabanan. The parameters measured were plant density, frequency, dominancy, Important Value Index (IVI), Diversity Index (H), microclimate, fruit number, and weight of fruits. The differences of shading plant density and its influences on microclimate were analyzed using t-test, and the relationship between light interception and the number and weight of fruits was analyzed using regression analysis. A The results showed that the density of shade trees and population of salak trees in Karangasem and Tabanan was different. The difference in light interception due to different plant densities in each zone in Tabanan and Karangasem only caused a decrease in air temperature significantly in the zone 650-750 m asl, so the number and weight of fruit produced was lower than the other two zones. S Keywords: Salak trees, Gulapasir, shading plant, diversity, microclimate.

Title: Fractal Dimension of The Escape Condensation Set EC @ of the fractal set I A0 Author(s): Arkan J. Mohammed

Pages: 222-228 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 1212106-7575-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) | 921 KB J

Abstract: Fractal geometry is a kind of geometry certainly different from the classical Euclidean geometry. The main difference lies in the notion of dimension, while the formal deals with non-integer dimension, the later have integer B dimension. There are many techniques to estimate the dimension of fractal patterns. The box –counting dimension represent the most widely used one. Despite it is quite accurate, still an error exists when it is applied. A new method for estimation to the dimension of some fractals that is known as escape condensation sets EC? of fractal AO is proposed. These sets are constructed based on escape time using the method of spreading of the points inside a specific window there dimension have been computed. The existing and uniqueness of the escape condensation set in the space of fractals H(X) have been proven also. Another prove have been performed to show that the escape A condensation set EC? and A0. have the same fractal dimension.

Keywords: Fractal, Fractal Dimension, Iterated Function System (IFS), Escape Time Algorithm (ETA), condensation set. S

Title: Toxic Influence of Diazinon as an Organophosphate Pesticide on Parameters I of Dry Matter Degradability According to in Situ Technique Author(s): M. Kazemi, A. M. Tahmasbi, R. Valizadeh, A. A. Naserian Pages: 229-233 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 128206-5353-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |312 KB J Abstract: Many feed and forages are exposed to low, medium or high levels of organophosphorous (OP) pesticides. It is unclear whether these exposures (for example diazinon as an OP pesticide) impact dry matter degradability parameters. So, different levels (0, 0.7, 2.8 and 5.6 mg) of diazinon as an OP pesticide with different levels of calcium B bentonite (CB) (0 and 100 mg) as a toxin binder were tested for their toxicological effects on in vitro dry matter disappearance. Also we investigated whether CB can inactivate the probably deleterious effects of contaminated forage with diazinon in the situ procedure or not. The study indicated that effect of diazinon with adding the different levels was significant (p<0.05) for the entire estimated parameters exception “a” fraction and dry matter degradability after 24 h incubation. Also effect of CB on entire estimated parameters for dry matter degradability was insignificant exception dry matter degradability after 48 h incubation. It seems toxicological effect of diazinon on slowly degradable A fraction (b) and potentially degradable fraction (a+b) was highest than other estimated parameters and the most decreasing for these parameters was recorded at 5.6 mg of diazinon. Keywords: Diazinon, organophosphorus pesticides, degradability, dry matter. S

Title: Adsorption of H2O, CO2, O2, Ti and Cu on Graphene: A molecular modeling I approach Author(s): Hilal S Wahaba, Salam H. Alib, Adi M.Abdul Husseinb Pages: 234-240 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 1215306-7878-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) | 473 KB J

Abstract: In the present work, we investigate the adsorption of small molecules namely, H2O, CO2, O2 and deposition of Ti and Cu on graphene substrate using molecular modeling calculations. The adsorption of small molecules has very little effect on the electronic properties of graphene. The deposition of metallic atoms presented A high molecular doping, i.e., charge transfer and consequently better adsorption energies and stronger dipole moments. Keywords: Graphene, Molecular calculations, Adsorption, Deposition S

Title: Case Study on Determination of Inertia Moments of Details with Complex I Shapes Author(s): Asllan Hajderi, Veronika Hajdari Pages: 241-244 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 1214306-7575-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |336 KB J Abstract: In this study it is treated the precise determining problem of inertia moments of details with complex form, performing a circular motion. The accuracy of calculation of the inertia moments of the mass, directly affects on the accuracy of oscillation frequencies and vibrations level of mechanical system. This makes that is specified the system resonance zones and the amplitude of oscillation. As a case study for the calculation it is taken crankshaft of the engine, which has complex shape. For this case it is used theoretical method, which calculates the moment of inertia B of the detail drawing. In fact, in practice, the completed details change form given in drawing, because it affect the technological manufacturing tolerances and dynamic balancing process. Therefore it is used experimental method, which takes account when the material is not homogeneous. The chosen method is hanging method, because it is accurate, simple and the device is designed and produced easy and it can also be used for other details. The results of experimental measurements performed for 4 crankshafts, have shown that the values of the moments of inertia are A about 7% smaller than those derived from theoretical method and differ by 4% from one detail to another. Therefore it is proposed that details during repairs change, it is made the experimental determination of the moment of inertia, because it affects more on the level of torsional vibration system and consequently on the breaking of travel comfort. S Keywords: Moment of inertia, hanging method, free frequency.

Title: Nest Characteristics of Mud Lobster Thalassina anomala (Herbst 1804) in I Tanjung Jabung Barat, Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia

Author(s): Winda D. Kartika, Mufti P. Patria Pages: 245-248 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 1215606-9393-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |286 KB J

Abstract: Density, distribution of mounds and nest characteristics of mud lobster Thalassina anomala (Herbst 1804) have been investigated in The District of Tanjung Jabung Barat, Jambi. The research areas were located in Regional B Marine Protected Area Pangkal Babu (Station 1), the fish port of Kuala Tungkal (Station 2), and Perum Manunggal community (Station 3). Fifty-six of squares (10 m x10 m) were placed in the research area.The nest characteristics were measured such as base diameter of mound, height of mound, slope of mound, slope of hole, diameters of outer hole, deepth of burrow, inclination of burrow, the temperature and humidity of burrow and the analyses of substrate. Distribution of mound was random, and the highest density recorded on Station 1 (5.3/100m2). The highest average of mound height (31.79 ±14.66 cm) and the largest diameter of outer hole (6.19 ±1.42 cm) were found on Station 3. A The Nest burrow shape resembling the letter "L", "Y" and "I". There was significant correlation between carapace width and diameter of outer hole (0.480 ; p < 0.05). Keywords: Density, Jambi, mound, mud lobster. S

Title: Nutrient and Dietary Fibre Profile Of Dehulled and Undehulled Seeds of Sweet Princess Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Consumed in Nigeria I Author(s): Ibeanu, VN, Onyechi, UA, Ugwuanyi GU

Pages: 249-252 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 1218106-7474-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) | 219 KB J Abstract: Background: Plant foods are important dietary sources in the developing countries because of their availability and low cost. The seeds of many tropical fruits which are discarded maybe rich in nutrients and dietary fibre. Objective: This study examined the nutrient and dietary fibre contents of dehulled and undehulled seeds of sweet princess specie of watermelon consumed in Nigeria. Methods: Small tan coloured seeds of the watermelon B were manually separated from the pulp, washed and shade dried until the seed coats were easy to remove. The seeds were divided into two portions; one was dehulled manually and milled into flour and the other was milled without dehulling. Proximate, vitamins, minerals and dietary fibre composition of the samples were determined using standard procedures. The data were statistically analyzed and compared on dry weight basis at p < 0.05 significant level. Results: The results showed that on dry weight basis, the undehulled sample had more carbohydrate (48.35g) A than the dehulled (33.08g) sample. Protein (38.59g), fat (17.78g), retinol (56.47µg), potassium (717mg) and insoluble non-starchy polysaccharide (10.28%) in the dehulled seeds differed on dry weight basis from those of the undehulled sample (28.50g, 10.65g, 17.21µg and 474mg, respectively). The differences were statistically significant (p>0.05). The iron content of the two samples was generally low (1.94mg for dehulled and 4.81mg for undehulled). The undehulled sample had higher (57.56%) total soluble non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) than the dehulled sample S (34.66%). Conclusion: Sweet princess watermelon seeds contain appreciable amount of nutrients and dietary fibre,

their consumption with the fruit pulp or alone could be one of the ways of increasing dietary fibre intake in particular. Keywords: Watermelon seeds, dehulled, undehulled and chemical composition

Title: The Effect Of The Blending Method and Polyisoprene Concentration On The I Mechanical Properties Of Lignocellulosicfoam Author(s): Charles Banon, Widia Rahmi, Bambang Setiaji, Ria Armunanto, Totok Eka Suharto Pages: 253-256 Journal: IJBAS/IJENS Paper ID: 1216906-7575-IJBAS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |183 KB J Abstract: Researches about the effects of blending method and polyisoprene concentration on the mechanical properties of lignocellulosicfoam have been done. Preparation of lignocellulosicfoam was Blended lignocellulosic and polyisoprene by spraying and stirring method with various concentration of polyisoprene 5. 10 to 45% (v/v). The study begins by getting the lignocellulosic from coconut husk using counter machine, a separator and sifting. Lignocellulosic B as dried sieved with 10 mesh size. Total of 30 g of lignocellulosic mixed with 100 mL of polyisoprene, molded and dried in an oven + 90 oC until dry. The mechanical properties (strength and elasticity) were characterized by bending testing using Torsee-Tokyo testing machine. Bending strength and elasticity properties stated in the Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE). Lignocellulosicfoam density determined by pycnometer method. Lignocellulosicfoam morphology observed with a microscope. The results showed blending lignocellulosic and A polyisoprene in the preparation lignocellulosicfoam using the stirring method is better than spraying method with optimum conditions at a polyisoprene concentration of 30%. The values of MOR and MOE of lignocellulosicfoam prepared by spraying method at a polyisoprene concentration of 30% was 19.01 g/mm2 and 29.65g/mm2 and stirring method was 52.49 g/mm2 and 64.09 g/mm2. S Keywords: Lignocellulosic, polyisoprene, lignocellulosicfoam.

Volume 12 Issue 06 December 2012 J ISSN: 2077-1231 (Online) 2227-2739 (Print) Impact Factor: 0.4444 International Journal of Electrical & Computer Sciences IJECS International Journals of Engineering & Sciences IJENS E

IJECS for list of Papers C

International Journals of Engineering & Sciences IJENS Vol 12 Issue 06 (December 2012)

Title: Analysis of Laser Linewidth Measurements Based on Fabry Perot Interferometer System I Author(s): Adnan Hussein Ali, Sahib N. Abdul –Wahid, Hussein A. Mohammed Pages: 01-04 Journal: IJECS/IJENS Paper ID: 122306-8383-IJECS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) | 331 KB J

Abstract: The linewidth of a tunable laser source TLS with both narrow and wide modes settings are measured directly using scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer.. This system consists of a confocal resonator that contains two E high reflectivity mirrors; by varying the resonator length by the piezoelectric transducer, the system acts as a very narrow band-pass filter. The operation of interferometer is controlled by a controller and the linewidth is measured using detection oscilloscope. With narrow mode setting, the linewidths are measured to be around 12 MHz, 14 MHz and 16.5 MHz for signal wavelengths of 1520 nm, 1540 nm and 1560 nm, respectively. While the linewidth is slightly fluctuated with the wide mode setting, and a value varies from 104 to 195 MHz are obtained. C Keywords: Fabry Perot Interferometer; Tunable laser source TLS; Laser linewidth S

Volume 12 Issue 06 December 2012 ISSN: 2077-1231 (Online) 2227-2739 (Print) International Journal of Electrical & Computer Sciences IJECS International Journals of Engineering & Sciences IJENS IJENS Vol 12 Issue 06 (December 2012)

Title: Smart Control Techniques based Economic Power Generation Scheduling I

Author(s): Nadjamuddin Harun, Tajuddin Waris, Syafaruddin, Takashi Hiyama Pages: 05-13 Journal: IJECS/IJENS Paper ID: 122406-8585-IJECS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) | 697 KB J Abstract: The study aims to gain the benefit of using fuzzy logic system for the economic the scheduling of power generation by means the minimum of the generation cost. The input pattern of the proposed fuzzy logic control is derived from LaGrange method. The fuzzification process ends up with single input and single output system that are valid for all variables. The initial condition of the case power system is analyzed using Newton-Raphson load flow E method and the input-output characteristic equations determined by the Least Square method. The target of generation scheduling is all the thermal power plants connected in the South-Sulawesi interconnected system, Indonesia. The simulation results showed increasing in the operational cost efficiency from low to peak loading. In addition, the results related to operational cost and total cost efficiency using this smart control technique are averagely of 4,675.75 Rp/MWh and 23.4 %, respectively; that means better than the merit loading as the C conventional technique used in the region.

Keywords: Smart control, fuzzy logic system, La Grange method, Newton-Raphson method, least-square method, economic scheduling. S

Title: Smart Power Transmission System Using FACTS Device I

Author(s): Qazi Waqar Ali, Azzam ul Asar

Pages: 14-20 Journal: IJECS/IJENS Paper ID: 121706-9393-IJECS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) | 460 KB J Abstract: Making of smart grids puts mounting pressure on the nation‟s aging electric power transmission system. Just planting additional towers and stringing more line won‟t practice the nation‟s electric power transmission infrastructure to meet up the energy challenges ahead. Smart grids stand geared up to play a much larger role in the energy equation for reduction of transmission line losses with the range of technologies and methodologies now on E hand. The FACTS controllers come out with the capability of enhancing transmission system control, reliability, and operation. Shunt Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices have been used in power systems since the 1970s for the improvement of its dynamic performance. This paper will discuss and express how Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) has effectively been applied to power system for efficiently regulating system voltage and thus increase system load ability. This paper investigates the effects of (STATCOM) on voltage stability of a power C system at different positions. STATCOM plays an important role in controlling the reactive power flow to the power network, when it is placed in a long transmission line. The simulation analysis of this paper can be used as guideline for power industry. The study is thereby simulated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK software and simulation results show that STATCOM is effective in midpoint voltage regulation on transmission line. In this paper comparison is also performed between STATCOM and SVC under fault condition and it is proved that STATCOM have the capacity to S provide more capacitive power for the period of a fault than SVC. It is also displayed that STATCOM shows faster response than SVC. Keywords: Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS), Matlab/Simulink, Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), SVC, STATCOM, Voltage Regulation.

Title: Adaptive Modulation Performance In Mimo-OSTBC Over Rayleigh Fading I Channel

Author(s): R.O. Abolade, Z. K. Adeyemo

Pages: 21-25 Journal: IJECS/IJENS Paper ID: 1217605-06-4848-IJECS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) | J 366 KB

Abstract: This paper presents the performance of adaptive modulation with multiple input multiple output orthogonal E space time block coding MIMO-OSTBC over frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel using Bit Error Rate (BER) and spectral efficiency (SE) as performance measures. The increase in demand for communication networks has turned the spectrum into a precious resource, which leads to channel impairment that increases the BER and reduces the SE of the M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM) transmitted signal. The channel model for OSTBC for 2x2, 3x3 and 4x4 transmit antenna is developed. The system model is formulated using the constellation sizes of 4- C QAM, 16-QAM, 32-QAM and 64-QAM at different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Simulation approach using randomly generated data is carried out to determine the performance of the system with MATLAB application package. The results show that SE and BER improve significantly as the SNR increases for all the antenna configurations. Keywords: Bit Error Rate, Spectral Efficiency, Adaptive Modulation, Frequency Selective, Multiple input Multiple S Output.

Title: Reliable Routing Algorithm on Wireless Sensor Network I Author(s): Jun-jun Liang, Zhen-Wu Yuna, Jian-Jun Lei, Gu-In Kwon Pages: 26-31 Journal: IJECS/IJENS Paper ID: 1211206-8585-IJECS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) | 337 KB J

E Abstract: This paper provides a novel routing algorithm CLQR (Cumulative Link Quality Routing Algorithm) which leverages LQI to provide a better routing scheme. Unlike other schemes providing maximum link quality, CLQR does not use probe packets to measure the link quality. Instead it uses cumulative link quality as a metric to choose better routing path. Result of simulation shows that it can hold a high throughput and improve path efficiency. Moreover, CLQR can balance network load and extend network life time. C Keywords: Reliable transmission, LQI, Routing, sensor networks. S

Title: Finding the Best Fit for Solar Radiation by statistical comparison between I Linear Regression (LS) and Least Trimmed Squares (LTS) Regression Method Author(s): Y.M. Irwan, I. Mohamed, A. G. Hussin, I.Safwati, N.Gomesh, M.Irwanto

Pages: 32-36 Journal: IJECS/IJENS Paper ID: 1212306-4747-IJECS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) | 420 KB J Abstract: The sources of green energy mainly in the area of solar technology have received much emphasis on the global market in terms of power generation. In Malaysia, the research on solar energy has taken a huge leap into power conservation. This paper presents an investigation on solar radiation accuracy in the northern part of Malaysia, the state of Perlis, by using the meteorological data obtain from several weather stations here. The analysis is done by using mathematical and statistical software to compare the air temperature and solar radiation for one complete E year. Previous work has done on solar radiation estimation is between Hargreaves and linear regression. Thus paper considers the method of Least Trimmed Squares (LTS) regression in estimating solar radiation. The daily and monthly average data of solar radiation per minute is analyzed by using in Linear Regression (LS) and Least trimmed Squares (LTS) regression method for data comparison reason. Result shows that, by using the LTS method the coefficient of C determination, R2 value is higher compare to the LS method by 7%, other result such as the mean, median and total for the produces similar data as the raw data from weather station. This shows that the LTS method can be used to estimate the solar radiation compare Linear Regression (LS) method. The reason is the LTS method is not easily influence by the outliers of data set. So it can be considered as the best fit for solar radiation model compare to the LS regression method. S

Keywords: Photovoltaic, Solar radiation, Air Temperature, Linear regression model (LS), least Trimmed Squares (LTS) robust

Title: Designing of an Efficient Light Sensor Circuit for Competent Solar Home Systems in Bangladesh I Author(s): Ahmad Jawad, Tawheed Hasan, Mohammod Ashraful Hoque, Ahammad

Pages: 37-41 Journal: IJECS/IJENS Paper ID: 1212606-8585-IJECS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |

775 KB J

Abstract: Stand-alone Solar Photovoltaic system is very popular in off-grid areas of Bangladesh. But recently the government is encouraging the use of solar electricity in urban areas too. Now-a-days people have to use solar systems to get electricity connection in newly completed buildings to meet certain percentage of their electricity E demand. The solar electricity is stored in battery and then inverted to alternating current for use. These batteries can also be charged from the power line electricity. In this paper a light dependent switch is designed for the efficient use of solar systems. The light sensitive switch automatically charges the battery from power line after sunset, if the battery is not fully charged. The design of the switch and its analysis is presented using Yenka and Orcad Pspice package. C Keywords: Automatic Battery Charging, Automatic Switching, Grid Tied, Light Sensor Circuit, Solar Home System. S

I Title: Uniqueness in Kurdish Handwriting

Author(s): Bayan Omar Mohammed

Pages: 42-50 Journal: IJECS/IJENS Paper ID: 1218206-7575-IJECS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) | 538 KB Abstract: Kurdish writing shows such an amazing fact which has been conducted through research in the domain of J pattern recognition and computer vision. Later, there were a lot of different ways and methods which have been improved or implemented to progress an approach for writer identification. The thing that's very difficult to deal with in WI is that the handwriting of a person differs from one person to another and considering the human error it is impossible for one person to write the same thing over and over again where it has to be the exact writing. However this is considered individualistic where the consistent individual features are hidden in the handwriting. In the other E hand in the alphabet of the western countries like English, Arabic, German, Korean and Kurdish have structural characteristics, but this kind of structural characteristics is considered a bit complex in Kurdish handwriting and it a very large set of characters. For that reason this study going to concentrate on the Kurdish Handwriting to extracting macro features for the Ward shape of the WI. The elicit of the macro features are being done thouroly where it is C important to check and investigate granulary to legitimize the presence of solo features; thus the idea of implementing the Authorship Invariancess. Where the Authorship can be stated as a specific a mount of conservation solo features neglecting the transformation of the hand writing. Where the Authorship Invarianceness will be enhanced by decreasing the similarity error for intra-class [stated by the same writer]. With the increment of the similarity error for inter-class [ stated by different writer]. The solo performance is injected to the system by injecting different issues for S the solo feature into standard performance or individual feature this is being achieved by take help of Invariant Discertization. Where the advantage of the Invariant Discertization is that it have the ability to enhance the identification level for each of the handwriting where we our main concentration is being on the Kurdish handwriting.

Keywords: Pattern recognition, unique representation, authorship invarianceness, real writer, Kurdish handwriting, discretization.

Title: Stabilizing Load Frequency of a Single Area Power System With Uncertain I Parameters Through a Genetically Tuned PID Controller Author(s): Alwadie, A.

Pages: 51-57 Journal: IJECS/IJENS Paper ID: 1217706-4949-IJECS-IJENS Published: Dec-2012 | Full Text (.pdf) |

436 KB J Abstract: This paper proposes a genetically tuned PID controller for the load frequency control of interconnected power systems. This work has large impact, especially, if one takes in considerations the nature of system parameter variations beside its uncertainty and the wide range of disturbances that the power system may face. The first step in the design procedure is to find out the appropriate PID parameters which are important to initiate the genetic search within a confident evolution environment. The industrially recognized Ziegler-Nichols methodology is first employed E for this purpose. Secondly, different search criteria such as Integral of Time multiplied by Absolute Error (ITAE), Integral of Absolute Magnitude of the Error (IAE), Integral of the Square of the Error (ISE), and Mean of the Square of the Error (MSE) are implemented to ensure the robustness of the proposed controller. Several experiments are conducted along with a Genetic Algorithm (GA) in order to evaluate the best results in considering the search criteria. C The Results of implementing the proposed GA-tuned PID controller show that ISE and MSE are the most efficient algorithms to tune the PID controller, especially, if one considers the power system parameters uncertainty. This was often neglected by many researchers until now. Keywords: Load Frequency Control (LFC) - Single area power system - Interconnected power system - PID control - S Parameter uncertainty - Genetic Algorithm - Global Optimization.

ISSN: 2077-124X (Online) 2227-2771 (Print) Impact Factor: 0.6666 Volume 12 Issue 06 J December 2012 International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME International Journals of Engineering & Sciences IJENS M

IJMME for list of Papers M

International Journals of Engineering & Sciences IJENS Vol 12 Issue 06 (December 2012)

Title: Effect Of Spoiler Position On Aerodynamic Characteristics Of An Airfoil I Author(s): Mohammad Mashud, Mausumi Ferdous, Shahriar Hossain Omee Pages: 01-06 Journal: IJMME/IJENS Paper ID: 120306-0707-IJMME-IJENS Published: Dec-2012| Full Text (.pdf) | 1147 KB J

M Abstract: In this paper the effect of spoilers on aerodynamic characteristics of an airfoil were observed by CFD.As the experimental airfoil NACA 2415 was choosen and spoiler was extended from five different positions based on the chord length C. Airfoil section is designed with a spoiler extended at an angle of 7 degree with the horizontal.The spoiler extends to 0.15C.The geometry of 2-D airfoil without spoiler and with spoiler was designed in GAMBIT.The numerical simulation was performed by ANSYS Fluent to observe the effect of spoiler position on the aerodynamic characteristics of this particular airfoil. M The results obtained from the computational process were plotted on graph and the conceptual assumptions were verified as the lift is reduced and the drag is increased that obeys the basic function of a spoiler. Keywords: Spoiler, Airfoil, Coefficient of lift and Coefficient of drag. E

Volume 12 Issue 06 December 2012 ISSN: 2077-124X (Online) 2227-2771 (Print) International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME International Journals of Engineering & Sciences IJENS IJENS Vol 12 Issue 06 (December 2012)

I Title: Antiwear Properties of Benzoic Acid in Bitter Rapeseed Oil and Sesame Oil at Low and High Temperature Author(s): Amir Sada Khana, Hizbullah Khana, Asma Nasrullaha, Saeed Ahmadb, Nawshad Muhammada, Muhammad

Pages: 07-12 Journal: IJMME/IJENS Paper ID: 124706-8484-IJMME-IJENS Published: Dec-2012| Full Text (.pdf) | 303 KB J

Abstract: This article deals with the study of antiwear and antifriction properties of bitter rapeseed oil and sesame oil and their M blends containing numerous amounts of benzoic acid at variable temperatures. The experimental results indicate that bitter rapeseed oil exhibits good antiwear and antifriction properties as compared to sesame oil under the same experimental conditions. The addition of benzoic acid enhances the antiwear and antifriction properties of both oils. Keywords: Bitter rapeseed oil, Sesame oil, Benzoic acid, Antiwear, Antifriction. M

I Title: One-Dimensional Modeling of Hydrodynamics in a Swirling Fluidized Bed Author(s): Tan Chee Sheng, Shaharin Anwar Sulaiman, Vinod Kumar Pages: 13-22 Journal: IJMME/IJENS Paper ID: 127506-4848-IJMME-IJENS Published: Dec-2012| Full Text (.pdf) | 1117 KB J Abstract: The present work studies the hydrodynamics of a swirling fluidized bed (SFB) for packed and swirling regimes using an analytical model that draws inspiration from the order-of-magnitude analysis approach. In minimizing the complexity in solving the hydrodynamics model in SFB, the multiple-dimensional modeling in a cylindrical coordinate (r,?,z), which requires a complex partial differential equation solution, is reduced to one-dimensional formulation in only the axial direction (z). The model is based on the principles of force and moment equilibrium when the fluid passing through the bed particles. It is used for M predicting the axial variation of hydrodynamic properties such as angular velocity of bed particles, linear velocity of bed particles and gas velocity across the bed. Hydrodynamics of SFB are related as a function of angle of injection, mass of bed, superficial velocity of fluid and the density of particle and fluid gas. Pressure drop across the bed height is further estimated using hydrodynamics of SFB. Experiment is carried out in a swirling fluidized bed with two different sizes of spherical PVC particles. The model shows good agreement between the theoretical and experimentally obtained bed pressure drop. M Keywords: Swirling fluidized bed ; one-dimensional model ; hydrodynamics.

I Title: Case Study for the Reduction of Pollution from Vehicles in Urban Areas in Albania Author(s): Asllan Hajderi, Shkelqim Gjevori 129106-6565-IJMME-IJENS Pages: 23-27 Journal: IJMME/IJENS Paper ID: Published: Dec-2012| Full Text (.pdf) | 318 KB J

Abstract: In this study we analyzed the amount of gas emissions, that bring cars into the atmosphere, according to their M production years, in accordance with the requirements established manufacturing factories. Results show that pollution level from vehicles produced after 2000, is about 3 times smaller than those produced before 1995. The amount of polluting gases caused by vehicles is performed in an urban junction for current structure of vehicles in circulation and for the proposed structure with produced vehicles after 2000. Results show that it can achieve a reduction of pollution at the junction up to 2.8 times. At the end is treated and the impact of technical maintenance of vehicles in increasing of the environmental pollution level. The results show that in the current situation, 60% of vehicles exceed allowed pollution limits up to 3 times, and even M vehicles produced after 2000. For the reduction of pollution we have proposed the installing of magnetic devices in used vehicles, from which we obtain a reduction of the pollution level at the junction up to 1.6 times. For limitation of produced vehicles before 1999 can be achieved by placing an additional customs tax and additional tax for vehicles, that exceed pollution limits in circulation. Also it need to establish, that degree of pollution in technical control become the stopper criterion for the circulation of the vehicle. These provisions will force users to better maintain vehicles or derive from circulation them. E Keywords: Environment, pollution reduction, vehicle emissions.

Title: Systematic Method for Cutting Forces Characterization for XY Milling Table I Ballscrew Drive System

Author(s): L. Abdullah, Z. Jamaludin, T.H. Chiew, N.A. Rafan Pages: 28-33 Journal: IJMME/IJENS Paper ID: 129906-8585-IJMME-IJENS Published: Dec-2012| Full Text (.pdf) | 521 KB J

Abstract: Inclusion of disturbances in the control system structure of XY table during simulation process is crucial in order to closely replicate the real system in the simulation structure. An example of the distinguished disturbances during cutting M operation is cutting forces. It can affect the accuracy of actual position of x and y-axis movement during the cutting operation. Thus, it is important for control designer to include the cutting force disturbance before designing the controller for the XY table system. This paper is focused on the fundamental aspect on how to extract the useful cutting forces data from the raw cutting force data by showing the step by step procedure on how to implement the process. In addition, method on how to convert from the selected cutting forces disturbance data into the form of voltage so that the disturbances is possible to be injected into the M system is also being touched and finally, the discussion on the relationship between machine spindle speed and the cutting force generated is also being addressed comprehensively.

Keywords: Ballscrew Drive, Cutting Forces, Fast Fourier Transform, XY Table . E

Title: Analysis of Tracking Performance in Machine Tools for Disturbance Forces I Compensation using Sliding Mode Control and PID Controller Author(s): T. H. Chiew, Z. Jamaludin, A. Y. Bani Hashim, K. J. Leo, L. Abdullah, N. A. Rafan Pages: 34-40 Journal: IJMME/IJENS Paper ID: 128806-3737-IJMME-IJENS Published: Dec-2012| Full Text (.pdf) | 1032 KB J

Abstract: Disturbance forces acting on a system can greatly influence both positioning and tracking accuracy. This is especially important in machining process such as milling process. This paper is focused on the compensation of cutting forces in a XY high speed milling table using a sliding mode control (SMC). The performance of the sliding mode controller is then M compared with a classical PID controller as a mean of comparing its effectiveness. Actual cutting forces for different depth of cuts and spindle speeds are applied in the numerical analysis. These are collected from several milling experiments using a Kistler dynamometer and analyzed further using Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) for spectral analysis purposes. The PID controller is designed based on open loop and closed loops criteria. Chattering phenomenon on the sliding mode control is addressed by substituting the signum function with a sigmoid-like function. The numerical analysis showed that the robust M sliding mode controller is able to compensate for different disturbance forces while suppressing chattering effect. Keywords: Accuracy, Cutting force, Machine tools, Sliding mode. E

Title: Process Analysis for Esterification and Two-step Transesterification in the Biodiesel I Production Plant Author(s): Winardi Sani, Khalid Hasnan, Mohd Zaina, Md Yusof Pages: 41-46 Journal: IJMME/IJENS Paper ID: 124106-5757-IJMME-IJENS Published: Dec-2012| Full Text (.pdf) | 547 KB J

Abstract: Esterification and transesterification reacting vessels are the core unit operations of typical industrial biodiesel production plants. Feedstock with a high free fatty acid is esterified first in an acid condition before continuing to the transesterification under presence of an alkaline catalyst. Process analysis is an important tool to a plant engineer in the M biodiesel plant operation to estimate the conversion of the palm oil to biodiesel and the yield. This paper describes the process analysis for the methanolysis of crude palm oil through the esterification and the subsequent two-step transesterification in the biodiesel production plant with a capacity of 1000 kg per batch. Physical pretreatment of the crude palm oil (CPO) is necessary to remove the unsaponifiable and other undesired trace components to become bleached palm oil (BPO). Conversion at 85% (w/w) of free fatty acid (FFA) to biodiesel has been achieved in the esterification of BPO with methanol under acid catalyst M reaction. The first transesterification is able to produce up to 88% (w/w) conversion of triglycerides (TG) to biodiesel. The remaining TG is carried out in the second step of the transesterification to complete the reaction toward achieving a high methyl ester content. Analytical method using gas chromatography is used for validation against the theoretical results. GC analysis results conforms the conversion estimated by the process analyses based on the material balance, especially in the esterification and first-step transesterification, 81% and 88%, respectively. After one hour retention time of the second-step E transesterification, 95% conversion of TG to biodiesel has been achieved. The process analysis applied at the equilibrium states shows consequently in accordance with the GC analysis results. Therefore, it offers a useful compendium to a plant engineer for better understanding of the biodiesel processes. . Keywords: Biodiesel, Esterification, Two-step transesterification, Material balance.

Title: University Optical Fibre Network Access Optimisation: A Case Study I Author(s): Christian A. Bolu, Ademisoye O. Tolulade, Alimi Adeshina Pages: 47-52 Journal: IJMME/IJENS Paper ID: 126406-0707-IJMME-IJENS Published: Dec-2012| Full Text (.pdf) | 575 KB J

M Abstract: For network access, it is always desired that a fibre optic network connectivity be the major area of cost minimization, while keeping quality of service as high as possible. This is because overall cost of setting up a fibre optic cable route is usually very high in relation to other components of the network. In this study, three buildings clusters were mapped to the University Network Operating Center, and the network was developed as a fail-safe network, so that in the case of damage to a cable or connecting component, users are not cut out. The problem was formulated as a Mathematical Programming M problem and solved the resulting transportation problem using MATLAB linear programming solution. Results from the mathematical model shows an optimized cost for which a fibre Optic network connectivity can be further developed. Keywords: Optimisation Optical Fibre Cabling Access Network Dynamic Programming Linear Programming. E

I Title: Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis Of The Effect Of Kink Conduit In Microvascular Vein Grafting Author(s): M. N. Rahman Y.a, Shahriman A.B.a, SK Za‟abaa, SA Roohib, Khairunizam WANa, Pages: 53-59 Journal: IJMME/IJENS Paper ID: 1212506-9797-IJMME-IJENS Published: Dec-2012| Full Text (.pdf) | 542 KB J

M Abstract: Arterial disease of the upper extremity is an uncommon occurance, most commonly caused by atherosclerosis.In some patients with arterial disease, surgical bypass by vein grafting or vein interposition may be performed. However, due to the length kink between the existing artery and applied vein graft or more of the length of the applied vein graft may get blocked or severely narrowed. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of blood flow on a failed vein graft due to length M kink. The 3-D computational fluid dynamic method was employed to determine pulsatile flow velocity, pulsatile pressure gradient, and wall shear stress impact on the mismatched diameter of artery-vein graft model. We expect that pulsatile flow velocity, pulsatile pressure gradient and wall shear stress impact on mismatched diameter of artery-vein graft model to behave non-hydraulically compared to an ideal length model. Keywords: Vein graft survival; digital artery disease; upper extremity; computational fluid dynamic; numerical method. E

ISSN: 2077-1258 (Online) 2227-2763 (Print) Impact Factor: 0.4883 Volume 12 Issue 06 J December 2012 International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE International Journals of Engineering & Sciences IJENS C

IJCEE for list of Papers E

International Journals of Engineering & Sciences IJENS Vol 12 Issue 06 (December 2012)

Title: Development of Lightweight Sand-Cement Bricks using Quarry Dust, Rice Husk I and Kenaf Powder for Sustainability Author(s): Kartini, K., Norul Ernida, Z. A., Noor Fazilla, B., Ahmad Farhan, H. Pages: 01-07 Journal: IJCEE/IJENS Paper ID: 126806-5858-IJCEE-IJENS Published:Dec-2012| Full Text (.pdf) |336 KB J Abstract: The demand for sand in making sand-cement bricks as an infilled material for wall construction are increasing, thus alternative material in replacing the use of sand is indeed deem important to be looked into, and if possible should be lightweight. With that in mind, a research was conducted by utilising quarry dust (QD), rice husk (RH) and kenaf powder (KP), which can be considered as waste to overcome the shortage of sand. The research involved the preparation of three mix proportions, which are 1:2.5, 1:3.0 and 1:3.5 with 10%, 15%, 20%, 30% and C 40% of sand replacement with QD, while for RH, the replacement of 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% were used, and with KP, addition of 3%, 5%, 7%, 10% and 15% by weight of sand were prepared. The water/cement ratio is at 0.5 for all mix proportions. The experimental results showed that the weight of Sand Quarry Dust Cement (SQDC), Sand Rice Husk Cement (SRHC), and Sand Kenaf Powder Cement (SKPC) bricks were much lower than the control bricks, i.e. E without any replacement. In terms of compressive strength, SQDC can goes up to 40% replacement while, SRHC and SKPC bricks resulted in lower compressive strength compared to the control brick (RH0). However, it still satisfied the specified requirement of minimum compressive strength under the specification of masonry unit in BS EN 771-3: 2003. The values of water absorption for SRHC brick was quite high, however SQDC and SKPC bricks were below the requirement of the BS EN 12390-8:2009. Therefore, the results of the research suggested that all E these materials can be utilised as partial sand replacement in brick production for sustainability. Keywords: Kenaf Powder, Quarry Dust, Rice Husk, Sand-Cement Brick

Volume 12 Issue 06 December 2012 ISSN: 2077-1258 (Online) 2227-2763 (Print) International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE International Journals of Engineering & Sciences IJENS IJENS Vol 12 Issue 06 (December 2012)

Title: The Effects of Strength in Lead Contaminated Residual Soil Solidified/Stabilized with Cement I Author(s): Ahmad Tarmizi Abd Karim, Ismail Abd Rahman, Ab Aziz Abd Latiff, Mohd Raihan Taha Pages: 08-12 Journal: IJCEE/IJENS Paper ID: 125706-4949-IJCEE-IJENS Published:Dec-2012| Full Text (.pdf) |320 KB J

C Abstract: A study was performed to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of solidification/stabilization of lead contaminated residual soil mixed with ordinary portland cement (OPC). Cement, varying from 10% to 60% was added to solidify and stabilize the soil-cement mixtures. Cube samples were prepared with water-cement ratio of 0.4 and were air cured at room temperature (27 + 3 oC) and humidity of 75 + 5 % for 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days. Unconfined compression tests were conducted on these samples. The results showed that all samples satisfy the USEPA E strength requirements of 0.35 MPa for S/S samples. The results also showed that the gain in strength varies linearly with log10 time. The gain in strength would also increase as cement content increases. Correlations for unconfined compressive strength as functions of curing time, and cement content was established and discussed. Keywords: Curing time, lead, residual soil, solidification/stabilization, strength E

Title: The Effects of Water Contents on Free Swelling of Expansive Soil I Author(s): Agus Tugas Sudjianto, M.Cakrawala, Candra Aditya Pages: 13-17 Journal: IJCEE/IJENS Paper ID: 1210906-7474-IJCEE-IJENS Published:Dec-2012| Full Text (.pdf) |469 KB J

Abstract: The expansive soil will be swelling upon wetting and shrinnking to drying. This behavior can damage of construction structures, particularly, light buildings and roads. The phenomenom is very interesting to be researched, E how far the effect of water contents is towards the behavior of free swelling of expansive soil. The material of expansive soil are selected from Karang Jati Ngawi region East Java Province. The expansive soils result in a variation of plasticity index and activity in the soil from Karang Jati (Ngawi) mixed with Na-bentonite. The research on free swelling is done by being remolded with diameter 6.35 cm and high 1.70 cm, with initial water content of 32% and dry density of 1.26 g/cm3. An electronic digital caliper is used to measure free swelling. Results of the research E indicate that the water contents have a linear relation with free swelling. Keywords: The expansive soil, Na-bentonite, water content, free swelling.

Title: Risk Associated with Secondary Treated Wastewater on Mustard Greens Growth under Soil and Soilless Culture I Author(s): M.F. Ali, S.A. Shakrani Pages: 18-27 Journal: IJCEE/IJENS Paper ID: 1211606-7474-IJCEE-IJENS Published:Dec-2012| Full Text (.pdf) |525 KB J Abstract: In the era of water resources dwindling, most of researchers have shown a great interest in treatment, recycling and reuse of wastewater particularly in agricultural activities. In general, wastewater contains beneficial features such as macronutrients, micronutrients and beneficial elements required for plants growth and development. However, the application of wastewater in irrigation may result in the presence of harmful trace metals to the plants C which contribute to the adverse effects to the people and environmental. This paper discusses the effects of secondary treated wastewater irrigated on green mustards (Brassica Campestris Sp. Parachinensis) vegetable growth with soil and soilless culture. The results revealed the significant concentrations of trace elements in soil and plants irrigated with secondary treated wastewater. Besides, trace element‟s characteristics were found higher in plant E growth under soilless culture as compared to soil culture. Nevertheless, most of trace element concentrations were found within the permissible limits regulated for health standard. In addition, the health risk index (HRI) indicated values were less than 1. As a result, the consumption of plants irrigated with secondary treated wastewater by adults and children was no consequences and assumed to be safe in general. However, secondary treated wastewater irrigation along with proper monitoring and continuous assessments are required in order to prevent any long term E risk associated with human and environmental. Keywords: Secondary treated wastewater, soil culture, soilless culture, trace elements.

Title: Assessment of Heavy Metal in Soil due to Human Activities in Kangar, Perlis, I Malaysia Author(s): Nor Wahidatul Azura Zainon Najib, Syakirah Afiza Mohammed, Saffaatul Husna Ismail, Wan Amiza Amneera Wan Ahmad Pages: 28-33 Journal: IJCEE/IJENS Paper ID: 129306-2525-IJCEE-IJENS Published:Dec-2012| Full Text (.pdf) |425 KB J

Abstract: An assessment was made on six different site soils based on human activities in Kangar. The C concentrations of five heavy metals which are Cuprum (Cu), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn) in these soils were investigated. Soil samples were collected starting from January 2012 to March 2012 by considering dry and wet seasons. The first three soil samplings were conducted in dry season, while the next three soil samplings were carried out in wet season. The samples were digested using standard wet digestion method and heavy metal concentrations were determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The study reveals that the E concentrations of heavy metals studied in soils of wet market (WM), mechanic workshop (MW), dumping site (DS), paddy field (PF), car wash (CW) and control site (CS) in dry season were higher than those in wet season. The amount of Cu, Ni and Zn was highest in the top soil of MW during dry (623.7 mg/kg, 30.3 and 491.5 mg/kg respectively) and wet seasons (325.9 mg/kg, 17.2 mg/kg and 356.3 mg/kg respectively). The Pb content was highest E in the top soil of CW during dry (833.3 mg/kg) and wet season (544.8 mg/kg). Slightly different with the concentration of Cd in soil of all sites due to the undetectable concentration of this heavy metal in dry season but traceable in wet season. Keywords: Human activities, heavy metal concentration, wet and dry seasons

Title: An Analysis of The Groyne Placement at The River Bend Based on Current Flow be I Occurred

Author(s): Suharjoko, Mohammad Bisri, Rispiningtati, Muhammad Ruslin Anwar Pages: 34-41 Journal: IJCEE/IJENS Paper ID: 1210106-3737-IJCEE-IJENS Published:Dec-2012| Full Text (.pdf) |1018 KB J

C Abstract: An analysis of the groyne placement on the river bend based on current flow is a modeling groyne placement having a goal to development the good placement of groyne to be considered an analysis of the current flow on groyne field be occurred. A good layout of groyne placement yield that the river bank protection longer. To solved modeling groyne placement would be simulation many case of groyne placement using mathematical E modeling approach by finite different method. The research result to the case of groyne placement on the river bend had radius bend equal 40 m was the groyne in the ¼ upstream of arc curves bend, was the best effect to control the flow and the case of groyne placement on the river bend had radius bend equal 30 m was the groyne in upstream of arc curves bend, was the best effect to control the flow. Analysis result to the relationship between groyne length factors (L/B) with the protection factor (D/B) be occurred that the length factor (L/B) is equivalent to 1/5 of the river E width had indicated was give a better effect to protection factor (D/B) than another groyne length factors be purposed. Keywords: Groyne placement, riverbend, current flow analysis, mathematical modeling

Title: Effect of Rising Seismic Risk on the Design of High Rise Buildings in Karachi I Author(s): Tatheer Zahra, Yasmeen Zehra Pages: 42-45 Journal: IJCEE/IJENS Paper ID: 1210806-9393-IJCEE-IJENS Published:Dec-2012| Full Text (.pdf) | 290 KB J

Abstract: Earthquake is an unexpected event which cannot be predicted earlier. The only way to survive through this C disaster is by taking careful considerations while planning and designing buildings in urban areas. Karachi, the largest urban center of Pakistan, lies very near to a major fault line and three other minor fault lines are also passing through the city. Moreover Makran-Sindh coastal areas are prone to tsunami as well. In recent years there has been a resurgence of high rise construction in this city. All buildings in Karachi inclusive of high rise are designed for seismic zone 2B as defined in UBC. However, studies and researches after deadly earthquake of 2005 shows that Karachi is E more vulnerable to earthquakes than it is been considered while planning and designing the buildings. In this research notable impacts on analysis and design of high rise buildings have been studied when seismic zone is changed from 2B to 3. It has been found that the existing and proposed tall buildings do not have sufficient capacity to withstand higher seismic risk. E Keywords: Earthquakes, design, high rise, seismic risk, seismic zone, tsunami.

Title: The Influence of CFRP Confinement on RC Circular Column I Author(s): Ayuddin, H. Parung, M.W.Tjaronge, R. Djamaluddin Pages: 46-52 Journal: IJCEE/IJENS Paper ID: 1214006-9393-IJCEE-IJENS Published:Dec-2012| Full Text (.pdf) |467 KB J

Abstract: The Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) have been increasingly used in concrete construction as the C confinement of RC columns. The purpose of this program is to investigate the effect of CFRP material as external reinforcement. Compressive strength analysis is done by creating several column interaction diagram in order to describe the column interaction diagram that does not have confinement, column confined with transverse reinforcement, column confined with transverse reinforcement and CFRP tensile, and interaction diagrams for E columns confined with transverse reinforcement and the CFRP tensile-compressive. Analytical results obtained from the increase in maximum compressive axial force between the column that are not confined to the column confined with transverse reinforcement is 16.75 %, the column that are not confined to the column confined with transverse reinforcement and CFRP tensile is 64.61 %, and the column that are not confined to the column confined with transverse reinforcement and CFRP tensile-compressive is 92.74 %. This analysis indicate that the effect of CFRP E confinement can increase the strength significantly. Keywords: Column, CFRP Confinement, column interaction diagram, maximum axial compression.

Title: Evaluation of Different Conditions on The Mixing Bitumen and Carbon Nano-Tubes I Author(s): Ziari Hasan, Rahim-of Kamran, Fazilati Mohammad, Goli Ahmad, Farahani Hosein Pages: 53-59 Journal: IJCEE/IJENS Paper ID: 120106-3838-IJCEE-IJENS Published:Dec-2012| Full Text (.pdf) |467 KB J

Abstract: Asphalt has been widely used for pavements building for long time. Actually, the increase in traffic loading C and in the number of vehicles together with the adverse environmental conditions, conduce to a rapid structural damage of pavements. In order to enhance the mechanical properties and the long time behavior, a new generation of blend asphaltic has been developed through the incorporation of different kind of polymers. Nano-reinforced materials hold the potential to redefine the field of transportation materials both in terms of cost effectiveness and E long term pavement performance. This study focuses on the exploratory analysis of the mixing procedure of carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) with asphalt cement (AC). In this paper, the impact of different mixers on the mixture conditions of asphalt and carbon nano tube is investigated. CNT, having three percent of asphalt weight, and asphalt are mixed together by using mechanical, high shear and ultrasonic mixer, and then examined by a scanning electronic microscope. According to the pictures of different samples, the ultrasonic mixer creates the best form of asphalt and E CNT mixture. Keywords: Bitumen, Carbon Nano Tube (CNT), mixing, Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM), Ultrasonic Mixer.

I Title: Study on Agricultural Production in Nepal: a Case Study in far Western Development Region Author(s): Govinda Bhandari Pages: 60-70 Journal: IJCEE/IJENS Paper ID: 121005-06-4848-IJCEE-IJENS Published:Dec-2012| Full Text (.pdf) |467 KB J

C Abstract: Agriculture is the largest sector and the backbone of the Nepalese economy and also it is the major source of livelihood of the majority of population in Nepal. In addition to modern technology, soil fertility, farm management practices, variety of seeds, prevalence of diseases and insects, and the weather are responsible for the variation of E agricultural production. The total yield and average yield of five major cereals (viz. paddy, wheat, maize, millet and barley) in the years 1979, 1982, 1986, 1992 and 1994 has been reduced sharply. Dadeldhura of far western development region is the district where the total yield of cereals has significantly reduced and is below average in all the five different years. E Keywords: Agricultural, far western region, yield, Nepal.

Title: Dam Flooding Caused A Prolonged Flooding. I Author(s): Caroline Peter Diman, Wardah Tahir Pages: 71-75 Journal: IJCEE/IJENS Paper ID: 127006-9393-IJCEE-IJENS Published:Dec-2012| Full Text (.pdf) |467 KB J

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to explain the potential of dam flooding caused a prolonged flooding. Dam flooding is a rapid and uncontrolled release of reservoir volume which, leads to severe flood at the downstream, E specifically towards the people and environment of the affected region. Apart from causing severe flood, dam flooding also can accumulate stagnant water within a second or worsen the stagnant water if it already exists due to heavy rainfall. In other words, it caused prolonged flooding. Due to significant impact at the downstream, it is important to evaluate the potential of dam flooding. This will enable the authorities to analyze the downstream human safety, especially where no dam flooding and prolonged flooding histories are documented. Furthermore, there is no warning E were issued for dam flooding. Keywords: Dam flooding, prolonged flooding, stagnant water; flood.

Title: The Engineering Geology Of The Balkh University New Campus Of Mazar-i-Sharif I City, Afghanistan.

Author(s): Sabirullah Muradi

Pages: 76-84 Journal: IJCEE/IJENS Paper ID: 1214406-8585-IJCEE-IJENS Published:Dec-2012| Full Text (.pdf) |467 KB J

Abstract: The Balkh University New Campus construction area is situated in eastern part of Mazar-i-Sharif city. The city, the capital of Balkh province is located at the north of the Afghanistan and at the north foot hill of Allburz-Marmul C range. Preparation of engineering geology information on foundation practice and soil exploration for the area is a vital tool for planner and decision maker to reduce subsurface geo-environmental impacts from urbanization. In this paper, the foundation practice within Quaternary deposits of area is examined. The methodology comprises from desk investigation, field investigation, interviews as well as some laboratory works. For this purpose, a large amount E of surface and subsurface data derived from 5 boreholes and 5 test pits and information from field investigation was collected and analyzed The combinations of the collected geotechnical and geological information have led to the making of any hoped engineering geological evalvition of the area for the Practical applications of the preliminary design purposes of shallow foundations of engineering structures. Although, the results of the study are still limited due to the constraints from various situations, it is hoped that the findings could be utilized for the construction of the E area and all around it. Keywords: Balkh University, engineering geology, foundation practice, Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan.

Title: A Study of The Turbulent Flows in Sloping and Adversely Sloping Rectangular I Culvert

Author(s): Abdullah I Alhomidan

Pages: 85-99 Journal: IJCEE/IJENS Paper ID: 1216406-7373-IJCEE-IJENS Published:Dec-2012| Full Text (.pdf) | 4562 KB J Abstract: In this paper, an experimental investigation was carried out to study the turbulent flows and flow characteristics through sloping and adversely sloping rectangular culvert in rectangular channel of constant width using Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV). Also, experimental study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of the hydraulic jump occurring in a sloping and adversely sloping rectangular culvert with pressurized flow downsream from the jump and a submerged culvert outlet. Experiments were conducted on a culvert with relatively small slopes C to study the variation of the relative tailwater depth with the main parameters affecting the jump in sloping and adversely sloping culverts. These parameters include the channel bottom slope, the initial Froude number, and the ratio of the initial depth to culvert height. To study the turbulence characteristics, precise and accurate measurements of the mean fluctuating flow quantities such as streamwise and vertical mean velocity components, and streamwise and vertical turbulence intensity components and turbulence shear stress. Also, this paper presents the results of a E Laser Doppler velocimetry study of hydraulic jumps in a culvert with the different relative tailwater depth and different initial Froude number. Major how characteristics of hydraulic jumps were discussed and analyzed. Non – dimensional design curves are provided to relate the jump characteristics. The maximum vertical velocity in the recirculating zone for all jumps is about 6% of initial velocity. Also, the results show that the maximum streamwise velocity near the E center plane was smaller than that near the side wall. The turbulence shear stress near the center I about (35-45)% higher than that near the side wall. After the jump, the flow will recover into a two dimensional flow. Keywords: Turbulent flows, Laser Doppler Velocimetry, rectangular culvert, channel bottom slope, initial Froude number, ratio of the initial depth to culvert height.

I J ISSN: 2077-1207 (Online) 2227-2755 (Print) Impact Factor: 0.4571 Volume 12 Issue 05 V October 2012 I International Journal of Video & Image Processing and Network Security IJVIPNS International Journals of Engineering & Sciences IJENS P

IJVIPNS for list of Papers N

International Journals of Engineering & Sciences IJENS Vol 12 Issue 05 (October 2012)

Title: Image to Excel Sheet Conversion and Measurement of Similarity Using VB.Net I Author(s): Ebtesam Najim Abdullah Al-Shemmary Pages: 01-08 Journal: IJVIPNS/IJENS Paper ID: 120805-4343-IJVIPNS-IJENS Published:10-10-2012| Full Text (.pdf) | J 1446 KB

Abstract: In this paper we present a new algorithm to design and implement a fully automatic system with high level of I accuracy to convert digital image to Excel sheet and comparing two images to find the discrepancy between them. Matrix- based are a useful tool for exploring relationships between related records in a data set. Relationships can be any relation P between two records, but are generally similarity or dissimilarity measures. Converting image to Excel file provides the possibility of dealing with the image matrix and makes any mathematical operations on the image much easier to the user. Experimental results from test images data are given to demonstrate the performance of the proposed program and algorithms. The program was written in Visual Basic.Net. N Keywords: Digital Image, Excel Workbook, Spreadsheet, Similarity Measurement S

Volume 12 Issue 05 October 2012 ISSN: 2077-1207 (Online) 2227-2755 (Print) International Journal of Video & Image Processing and Network Security IJVIPNS International Journals of Engineering & Sciences IJENS IJENS Vol 12 Issue 05 (October 2012)

Title: Wavelet Image Compression Method Combined With The GPCA I Author(s): Indrit Enesi Pages: 10-17 Journal: IJVIPNS/IJENS Paper ID: 1213105-4747-IJVIPNS-IJENS Published:10-10-2012| Full Text (.pdf) | J 1286 KB

V Abstract: In the most common standard coding schema of the image, coder has greater complexity than the decoder, usually 5-10 times higher. In wireless sensor networks is the opposite, the coder is implemented in a battery feed device, having so very limited power resource, while the decoder is typically implemented in a powerful computer. The paper will I focus on a combination of wavelet technique with algebraic GPCA method, realizing an improvement of traditional wavelet technique, providing a suitable compression of multimedia information without reducing its quality. Simulations in MATLAB P provide desired compression levels. The proposed method, unlike other existing methods, takes into account the structure of multi-modal data, except the correlation in 1 D and 2 D it takes in consideration correlation between color channels. The method gives a significant improvement in the PSNR values ??reaching an average of 15% compared with traditional wavelet compression. N Keywords: Wavelet, GPCA, multi-modal, linear, hybrid S

Title: Data Temporal Organization for Problems Solving of CIS I Author(s): Ahmad Ali Al-Zubi , Zafer Al-Makhadmee

Pages: 18-21 Journal: IJVIPNS/IJENS Paper ID: 1216005-2323-IJVIPNS-IJENS Published:10-10-2012| Full Text (.pdf) | J 275 KB

Abstract: Vendors of Database Management Systems (DBMS) and Enterprise Platforms, actively compete between each V other to develop new features of their products. However, many problems, such as joint data processing or management of Data Lifecycle can be solved easier and more efficient with the Data Management Technology (DTM). Increasing amount of information and rapid development of Information Systems (IS) –are two interrelated processes: the high growth of data I requires a similar development of its processing tools, which’s improvement stimulates the processing of ever larger amounts of data. Today, practically in every more or less large organization, activities are being built around the Corporate P Information System (CIS) (and often multiple systems), most of which are built on Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS) with three-tier architecture: client applications - application servers - databases servers. When designing every such system several problems related to data management have to be solved. Keywords: Temporal Data Organization, Information Systems, Tracking, Electronic Digital Signature, Problem Solving, N Database Management Systems S

Title: Reactive, Proactive MANET Routing Protocol Comparison I Author(s): K. Ramesh Reddy, S.Venkata Raju, N.Venkatadri Pages: 22-27 Journal: IJVIPNS/IJENS Paper ID: 122005-8484-IJVIPNS-IJENS Published:10-10-2012| Full Text (.pdf) | 403 J KB Abstract: Ad-hoc networking is a concept of computer communications is that the users wanting to communicate with each other form a temporary network, without any form of centralized administration. The purpose of a routing protocol is each node participating in the network acts both as host and a router and must be --- to forward packets for other nodes. An ad- hoc network has certain characteristics which imposes new demands on the routing protocol. The most important V characteristic is the dynamic topology, which is a consequence of node mobility. Nodes can change position quite frequently, which means that we need a routing protocol that quickly adapts to topology changes. The nodes in an ad-hoc network can I consist of laptops and personal digital assistants and are often very limited in resources such as cpu capacity. Storage capacity, battery power and bandwidth. With this protocol should try to minimize control traffic, such as periodic update P messages. Instead of routing protocol only reactive can be calculate routes based on specific request. Here we have two protocols like reactive and proactive. In this paper we can try to compare the protocols, then we can identify which is perform well when mobility is high. The size of the network and the traffic load affects protocols based on source routing like DSR to some extent. A large network with many mobile nodes and high offered load will increase the overhead for DSR quite drastically. By observation a hop-by-hop based routing protocol like AODV is more desirable. N Keywords: Wireless Ad-hoc Networks, Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET), Reactive and Proactive Protocols Comparison, Simulation Environment, Simulation Study S

Title: Photography Analysis Study of Remote Images in Digital Cameras I Author(s): Ebtesam Najim Abdullah Al-Shemmary, Hindrostom Mohammed, Laith M. Kadhom Pages: 28-34 Journal: IJVIPNS/IJENS Paper ID: 124305-7676-IJVIPNS-IJENS Published:10-10-2012| Full Text (.pdf) | 435 J KB

V Abstract: Image processing algorithms are being developed for enrollment and correction of multiple adjacent images, channeling the stitched results to an image database for storage/retrieval adapted to the needs of users. The aim of this work is to facilitate the capture of high-resolution digital images of decorated surfaces in historical buildings. It will be I possible to position the camera repeatedly to an accuracy of 1 mm, using laser positioning devices, with three degrees of freedom on top of the robotic mast, including 360° horizontal rotational movements for the capture of full panoramic P images. This paper will refer to the issues of planning on-site photography, positioning of camera and illumination relative to the surface, control of the robotic apparatus, use of calibration charts, processing and database storage of images, and evaluation of the results. The image acquisition software chain and image processing applications including mosaicing techniques will be described in relation to the image capture of faraway surfaces including stained glass windows. N Keywords: Photographic Techniques, Image Processing, Digital Camera S

International Journals of Engineering & Sciences N

IJENS Vol: 12 Issue 06

December 2012 Contact: [email protected] [email protected] www.ijens.org

International Journals of Engineering & Sciences