Archiv Für Naturgeschichte

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Archiv Für Naturgeschichte © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at Bericht über die Leistungen in der Naturgeschichte der Insekten während des Jahres 1869. Von Friedrich Brauer in "Wien. Marey hat ausführliche Studien über den Flug der Insekten veröffentlicht (Ann. des scienc. naturell. 5. ser. Zool. T. XII. p. 49 sq. Memoire sur le vol des Insectes et des oiseaux — Extr. in Ann. Mag. of Nat. Hist. 4. ser. T. IV. p. 216). Der Verf. bestimmt zuerst die Häufigkeit der Flügelbewegun- gen mit Hülfe der graphischen Methode, indem er das lixirte Insekt mit der Flügelspitze die Oberfläche eines berussten durch ein Uhr- werk in Bewegung gesetzten Cylinders berühren lässt. Dass die Zahl der Schwingungen nach der Art des Thieres wechselt, ist selbst- verständlich. Die grösste Zahl der Schwingungen fand der Verf. beiMusca domestica (330 in einer Sekunde), die kleinste bei einem Pieriden (9). Die Zahl der Schwingungen nach der Tonhöhe zu be- stimmen ist nicht zulässig, da das Summen u. s. w. von sehr ver- schiedenen Organen ausgeht und sich mit der Stimme vermischt. — Die Bewegungen der Flügel erfolgen synchronisch, obschon man auch eine gewisse Ausnahme, besonders bei gefangenen Insekten sehen kann. — Um die Flügelbewegungen für das Auge sichtbar zu machen, wurden die Flügelspitzen einer Wespe vergoldet. Wäh- rend des Flügelschlages geben diese im Sonnenschein die Figur eines in einer Ellipse gebogenen Achters, dessen Schleifen oben einander mehr genähert sind als unten. Dieses Experiment zeigt, dass wäh- rend des Fluges die Flügelfläche in Bezug auf die Körperachse ihre Lage verändert, d. h. während der Hebung sieht die Oberfläche Archiv f. Naturg XXXVI. Jahrg. 2. Bd. J) © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at 46 Brauer: Bericht üb. d. Leist. in d. Naturgeschichte etwas nach hinten, während der Senkung etwas nach vorne. Eben diese Bewegung wird auch durch die oben erwähnte graphische Methode bewiesen, indem der Flügel durch seine verschieden gebil- deten Ränder bald einen stärkeren, bald einen schwächeren Wisch auf dem Cylinder zurücklässt. — Der optische Ausdruck der Flügelspitzen- bewegung erscheint wie erwähnt in Figur eines Achters ; um nun die Richtung der Bewegung der Spitze an dieser Figur zu bestimmen, hält der Verf. an den verschiedenen Stellen des »Achters « eine geschwärzte Nadel hin und bestimmt, je nachdem dieselbe an der Ober- oder Unterseite abgewischt wird, genau die Hebung oder Senkung des Flügels und die Lage seiner Fläche in oben angegebener Weise. — Aus diesen Versuchen zieht der Verf. den Schluss, dass die kom- plicirte Bewegung der Flügel nicht die Folge von Muskelthätigkeit sein kann, weil die Anatomie einen hiezu erforderlichen Muskelap- parat nicht kennt, der vorhandene aber nur die Hebung und Sen- kung der Flügel bewirken kann. Die Veränderung der Lage der Flügelfläche wird durch den Widerstand der Luft hervorgebracht, indem jeder Flügel -an seinem Vorderrande derber und stärker ge- rippt ist, als an seinem Hinterrande und während der Bewegung der Luft einen ungleichen Widerstand entgegensetzt. Eben aber hie- durch wird die Vorwärtsbewegung eines fliegenden Insektes erklär- bar, indem die schiefe Flügelfläche nach Art einer schiefen Ebene wirkt. Durch eine pendelartige Oscillation der Flügelader und den Widerstand der Luft wird somit der Flug bei Insekten bewirkt und ist wesentlich von dem der Vögel verschieden. Durch einen am Schlüsse beschriebenen sinnreichen Apparat, ein künstliches Insekt, werden die Ansichten des Verf. vollkommen bestätigt. M. Girard hat ausgedehnte Studien über die freie Wärme der wirbellosen Thiere, insbesondere der In- sekten^ angestellt (Ann. des scienc. naturell. 5. ser. XI. p. 135 sq.). Nach einer ausführlichen Schilderung der von zahlreichen Be- obachtern gemachten Versuche, durch welche es hinreichend erwiesen wurde, dass die Insekten gewissermassen während ihrer vollen Le- bensthätigkeit als warmblütige Thiere aufzufassen seien, da sie mehr freie Wärme pruduciren als ihnen bis zu einem gewissen Grade von ihrer Umgebung entzogen wird, behandelt der Verf. die von ihm benutzten Messapparate — das Differencial-Thermometer von Leslie und den astatischen Galvanometer von Ruhmkofi". — Er stellte eine Reihe von Versuchen an einzelnen Insekten aus Ordnungen an, welche bisher wenig oder gar nicht geprüft wurden, Grylloden. Lo- custinen, Phryganiden, Libelluliden, Hemipteren, ferner an Hyme- nopteren in Bezug der Einflüsse der Muskelthätigkeit und der Stimme auf die Eigenwärme derselben, ferner der geschlechtlichen Einflüsse, © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at der Insekten während d. Jahres 1869. 47 weitere Versuche an nackten Larven, über die äussere und in- nere Wärme der Nymphen, sowie über die Unterschiede der Tem- peraturen der einzelnen Körpertheile der Insekten und negative Un- tersuchungen der leuchtenden Kerfe. (In letzterer Beziehung fehlen Vergleiche mit den neuesten Untersuchungen des Lichtes solcher Thiere, Ref ). Von den Schlüssen, welche der Verf. aus seinen Ver- suchen zieht, heben wir folgende hervor: 1. Die reifen Insekten zeigen nie, selbst im Zustande der Erschöpfung und des Schlafes, eine tiefere Temperatur an ihrer Körperoberfläche als die Umge- bung, 2. Die Larven und Nymphen der Insekten mit unvollkom- mener Verwandlung verhalten sich wie die reifen Insekten (jene sind eben keine Larven, sondern junge Imagines Ref.), und zeigen meist eine höhere Temperatur als die Umgebung. 3. Bei Insekten" mit vollkommener Verwandlung verhält sich die Sache verschieden. Nackte Raupen haben an der Oberfläche oft eine niedrigere Tem- peratur, als das umgebende Medium, da die Respiration nicht genügt, die Verdunstung an der Körperoberfiäche zu decken. 4. Die Nym- phen in Gespinnsten zeigen bei Eröfi'nung der letzteren eine höhere Temperatur, die dann rasch aus gleichem Grunde fällt. 5. Im Winter zeigen die nackten Raupen die Temperatur der Umgebung oder dieselbe steigt etwas darüber und steht in Verbindung mit den Ent- wickelungsvorgängen im Inneren des Körpers bei den Nymphen. 6. Die Libellen besitzen während des Fluges eine mit den Hymenop- teren, Lepidopteren und Dipteren nahezu gleiche Temperaturerhö- hung über die der Umgebung, die Wanzen imd Käfer zeigen ge- ringe Temperaturerhöhung an der Oberfläche, was bei letzteren durch die dichte schwach leitende Körperbedeckung theilweise be- dingt sein mag. 10. Die Männchen zeigen bei vielen Insekten eine grössere Körperwärme als die Weibchen , im Einklang mit ihrer grösseren Beweglichkeit z. B. Liparis dispar u. s. w. 11. Bei den Larven ist die Körperwärme an allen Theilen eine gleichmässige, bei den vollkommenen Insekten zeigt sich eine höhere Temperatur am Thorax und zwar ist die Erhöhung der Temperatur daselbst proportioneil dem Flugvermögen. 12. Die Temperatur steigt wäh- rend des Summens gewisser Hymenopteren. 14, Die bei sehr grossen Larven ohne Verwundimg mögliche Messung der inneren Körper- wärme mittelst Einführung eines Thermometer durch den After, zeigte manchmal eine lOmal höhere innere Temperatur und beweist die grosse abkühlende Verdunstung an dem Hautskelet. 18, Da man bei gewissen Insekten in der erhöhten Lebensthätigkeit eine bedeutende Erhöhung der Körperwärme über die Umgebung sieht, während andere, sowie Larven und Nymphen nur geringe Erhöhun- gen der Temperatur zeigen, so reiht der Verf, die Insekten in eine besondere Gruppe, nämlich »der Thiere mit gemischter Tempe- © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at 48 Brauer: Bericht üb. d. Leist. in d. Naturgeschichte ratur,« welche sich von jener der Thiere mit veränderlicher (Repti- lien, Fische, Lurche u. s. w.) dadurch unterscheidet, dass bei diesen nie eine bedeutende Erhöhung über die Temperatur des umgebenden Medium eintritt. (Letzteres scheint mit Rücksicht auf die Wärme brütender Schlangen nicht ganz zutreffend. Ref.) P. Krämer giebt Beiträge zur Anatomie und Phy- siologie der Gattung Philopterus Nitsch. (Sieb, und Köll. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. p. 452. T. 34). Die untersuchte Art ist Lipeurus jejunus. Nachdem der Verf. eine kurze Schilderung der bisherigen Forschungen über diese Abtheilung gegeben, beschreibt er den Darmkanal, die Speichelgefässe, das Rückengefäss und in Kürze das auf 3 dicht gedrängte Knoten reducirte Nervensystem. Das haupt- sächlichste Augenmerk hat er den Geschlechtsorganen zugewendet. Er beschreibt den Eierstock ausführlich und ist der Ansicht, dass die äussere Haut des Insekteneierstockes, wie sie Stein beschreibt» kein allgemein vorkommendes Gebilde sei. In Bezug des Verbin- dungsfadens spricht er sich dahin aus, dass derselbe nichts als eine Fortsetzung der homogenen Haut der Keimfächer ist und keine Höhlung im Innern besitzt. Das Keimbläschen hält er mit Stein für eine weiter entwickelte Zelle der inneren Zelienschicht, d. i. eine Dotterbildungszelle und nicht entstanden aus dem Keimtleck. Weiter macht derselbe die Bemerkung, dass die Spermatophoren sich erst in der Samentasche des Weibchens, aus einer Zellschicht derselben bilden und keine männlichen Produkte sind. — Die männlichen Genitalien zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass die Vasa deferentia nicht durch einen Ausführungsgang mit der Sekretionsdrüse in Verbindung kom- men, sondern in diese selbst einmünden und gleichsam zu deren Ausführungsgang werden. Ein ähnliches Verhältniss dürfte nach Untersuchungen des Referenten bei Phryganiden und Panorpen der Fall sein. Leonhard Landois setzt seine anatomischen Un- tersuchungen der Bettwanze
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