Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-84369-0 — Honor and Shame in Early China Mark Edward Lewis Index More Information

Index

Abundant Dew of the Spring and Autumn assassins, 40, 42, 161 Annals associations of professionals, 162 on integrity to the death, 208 Jing Ke, 119 Achilles, 4, 23, 24 new ideal of self-sacrifice, 117 glory and early death, 6 administrative techniques (shu), 97 Balanced Discursive Judgments Agamben, Giorgio, 6–8 written in common language, 203 Agamemnon, 4 Ban Gu age, 23 cited by Wang Chong as the model for and fraternal feelings, 59 writing panegyrics, 197 integrity links generations, 63 on bravoes, 160–161 seniority versus youth, 17 on prevalence of bravoes, 160 shame and maturation, 126 praises Zhuang Zun as universal scholar, 191 writing account of self at end of life, 202 Two Capitals Rhapsody as a panegyric, 194 agon writers as opposed to statesmen, 188 and glory, 6 Ban Zhao alleys on three-year mourning for mothers, urban setting of eremitism, 190 176, 180 urban setting of poverty and criminality, 159, Bao Xuan, 166 160, 162 Barbieri-Low, Anthony anomaly accounts, 171 on Zhangjiashan legal texts, 139 apocryphal texts, 186 battle on ritual music and dance as forms of and hegemony, 21 praise, 197 defeat as shame, 13, 30, 33, 94 Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 8 honor through heroism, 14, 17, 115 Arendt, Hannah Benjamin, Walter on public realm constituted by honor, 6 messianism, 7 Aristotle, 8 Bi Gan basing moral consciousness on shame, 81 integrity to the death, 168 lyceum, 61 self-sacrifice for loyalty, 148 army Biographies of Exemplary Women, 144 and fixing hierarchy, 21, 23, 29, 47, 77, Bo Yi 86, 101 as deviant doctrine, 114 and legal codes, 24, 29 as incorruptible, 69 cleansing shame through vengeance, 167 classical precedent to justify refusing office commanded by affines, 125 to cultivate self at home, 212 military expertise, 48, 92 exemplary hermit, 68 Mohists as military units, 87, 90 ideal companion for writers, 202 place for redeeming shame, 94 in Shi ji biography that discusses writing ascriptive status, 1, 14, 17, 20, 21, 47 history, 143 and army, 27 model for yielding authority, 176 tension with heroism, 28, 30, 40 model of absolute purity, 68

243

244 Index

Bo Yi (cont.) self-cultivation through literature, 204 self-sacrifice for honor, 148 writes inscriptions to celebrate self- Yang Xiong’s model of a true hermit, 190 cultivation at home during the Zhuang Zun’s model of the true proscription, 212 hermit, 191 Cai, Liang, 132 Book of Lord Shang Campany, Robert Ford army as sole route to honor, 91 on new genres, 171 denunciation of scholars as parasites, 187 Canon of Filial Piety, 176 on army escaping conventional Cao Pei behavior, 103 account of swordsmanship, 162 ranks only through state service, 99 Cao Zhi, 162 Book of Submitted Doubtful Cases Changes,37 early examples of legal fiction, 140 on writing, 199 Book of the Later Han, 206, 207 written by the imprisoned Duke of Zhou, 187 Brashier, Kenneth charity, 3 on inscriptions creating a public celebrated in funerary inscriptions, 183 memory, 171 expression of contempt for wealth, 161 bravoes, 14, 15, 47 Greek and Roman elites, 7 as factions under Emperor Wu, 213 of powerful families, 15, 171, 182 celebrated by Sima Qian, 143 of the urban elite in the Roman Empire, improperly honored, 96 169 local rivals of powerful families, 160 rejecting it to seek celebrity, 211 model for bureaucracy, 117 ritual caring for the aged, 196 model for oaths, 87 Chen Fan, 214 model for self-sacrifice, 115 rated best of the partisans by Cai Yong, 210 moral contrast with powerful families, 159 Chen Zhongzi networks in local communities, 157 as excessively pure, 71 brilliant vessels, 172 as incorruptible, 70 Brown, Miranda Chunyu Kun, 109 categories of praise in inscriptions, 181 classical texts preponderance of inscriptions mourning and honor, 14, 124, 132–133, 135 mothers, 179 as standards for writing and models for all Brown, Peter genres, 192 Christianized local elites freed from the as writing to be enjoyed rather than center, 215 authoritative, 204 bureaucracy, 15, 47, 48, 86, 117 celebrations of ancient kings, 197 absence of classicists, 134 cited by women, 145 combined with powerful families, 169 imperial patronage of, 125 declining role in local government, 158 language adapted for Han decrees, 136 loss of power, 135 models for Han state documents, 138 tension with inner court, 144 studied by hereditary physicians, 160 under Qin, 124 clerks, 120 low-level foundation of bureaucracy, 134 Cai Yong, 181 target of vengeance, 166, 167 accounts of grieving for mothers, 179 cliques, 91, 144 See factions author of short rhapsodies to express false praise and slander, 97 feelings, 204 commentaries celebrates partisans for offending their prolixity forces partiality, 192 superiors, 210 written on imperial command for hymns of links stone inscriptions to inscribed praise, 194 bronzes, 173 common language (su yan), 203 on intensity of mourning a child, 177 employed by men at the School of the Gate praised by Liu Xie for creating a genre, 174 of the Vast Capital, 205 rhapsodies on women as early love linked to funerary inscriptions as means of literature, 204 transforming local communities, 203

Index 245

commoners court-case literature as bestowers of fame, 113 celebrating triumphs of the Judiciary broad audience reached through using the Scribes, 140 common language, 203 courts honoring the partisans, 206 assisting the ruler, 86 ideally lowly and poor, 100 Bo Yi’s rejection of, 69 inability to match writers, 198, 201 de-centered as the site of literary mass mourning for Li Guang, 142 composition, 204 material bases of their morality, 78, 128, denounced by those claiming to be pure, 206 131, 147 dominated by cliques, 91 new sense of honor and shame, 91 dominated by eunuchs or imperial popular recourse to vengeance, 165 affines, 176 produce doggerel rumors that led to earliest site of rumors, 213 factions, 214 eunuch-dominated, 15 ranking through military service, 96 musical performances, 35 refusal to study, 80 object of criticism, 57, 74 ruled through shame and teachings, 77 ranking by office, 74, 77, 95 self-sacrifice for honor, 92 royal, 3 community scenes of literary composition at imperial physical form of partiality, 214 command, 188 Confucius, 15, 47, 108 shift of power inward, 125 and Lun yu,49 significance diminished in inscriptions, 180 and madman of Chu, 67 site of conflict between eunuchs and as a sage who names, 42, 170 affines, 206 as a writer, 186 site of social eremitism, 190 associating with the lowly to learn, 106 site of the performance of memorized celebrates serving bad rulers, 63 poems, 175 celebrating Zichan, 79 critical essay compromise on eremitism, 68, 211 as new genre, 186 confrontation with Robber Zhi, 74 cruel clerks, 157 critique of penal laws, 25 acting as bravoes, 161 editor of the Annals, 18, 34, 62, 142 and integrity to the death, 162 enduring hardship, 53 condemned by Sima Qian, 143 Han imperial sacrifices to, 138 confiscation of powerful families’ in the Zuo zhuan, 18, 51 wealth, 125 justification of state service, 52 manipulating the law to destroy powerful lament for his own failure, 62 families, 142 links to Zhuangzi,52 customs moving from state to state, 66 celebration of reckless critiques of the name endures through his writings, 202 court, 206 non-employment, 51 conformity in villages, 72 on decline of Lu, 37 corrected by the sages, 213 on family as the foundation of the state, 169 improved by hermits, 206 praises yielding authority, 176 improved by Zhuang Zun’s teaching in the ruling through names, 35, 58 market, 191 sage as a writer, 189 proper target for true writing, 201 shame over moral failings, 81 Wang Chong’s ideal of the literary Dark Classic, 201 classicist, 198 dark studies wins glory without a post, 111 as justification for writing, 190, 204 writing out of despair of gaining office, 187 as model for literary composition, 193 wrote the Annals while starving, 187 figure in funerary inscriptions, 181 conversation justifying life as a writer, 190 as a major social art, 187 provides rhetoric for withdrawal during the cosmopolitanism, 132 proscription, 206

246 Index

dark studies (cont.) marked in inscriptions through using taught by Zhuang Zun in the Chengdu poetry, 176 market, 191 officials’ sentiments guided by ruler, 128 Yang Xiong’s model for writing, 193 people’s response to charity of local Discourse on the Salt and Iron officials, 182 [Monopolies], 154 physical passion as a literary theme, 204 Dissolving Objections pride in reputation, 207 justifying devotion to literary produce omens by uniting crowds, 213 composition, 189 produce partiality, 213, 214 rhetoric from dark studies, 190 ruler extending private loves to all people, Documents, 52, 144, 194 81, 146 as one of “six parasites”, 104 shame, 2 commentary masters preserved by Sima suffering of mourners, 177 Qian, 202 suppressed by the over-virtuous, 71 in Qin inscriptions, 136 the heart of shame and loathing, 82 Dong Zhongshu, 208 the Mencius’s theory of shame, 50 as a literary classicist, 198 Emperor Guangwu, 158, 194 exemplar of not worrying about family, 150 admiration for avengers, 167 salaries to free officials from concern for receives panegyric for restoring the Han, 196 wealth, 148 Emperor Huan, 158, 207, 214 Dongfang Shuo Emperor Jing, 125 writers as jesters, 188 Emperor Ling, 207 Dou family establishes the School at the Gate of the Vast imperial affines with tradition of acting as Capital, 205 bravoes, 161 Emperor Ming, 158 dueling, 3 praised for early mastery of classics, 194 Duke of Zhou self-portrayal as a sage who supported as a writer, 186 classicists, 186 name endures through his writings, 202 Emperor Wen, 125 Emperor Wu, 125 elevating/honoring “unity (tong 同)”,88 and classicists, 132 elevating/honoring the worthy (shang xian), 87 and rise of inner court, 135 Elias, Norbert, 4 as patron of poetry, 195 emotions, 3 duped by sorcerers, 198 and psycho-genesis, 4 funding wars through heavy taxes on anger and war, 31 merchants and wealth, 157 as a factor in law, 130 reliance on cruel clerks, 142 as the basis of authenticity, 212 Emperor Xuan basis of ritual, 82 as patron of poetry, 195 commander’s shame as dangerous, 92 associated with bravoes in his youth, 162 danger of loving war, 95 reliance on affines, 144 expressed in brief rhapsodies, 203 Emperor Zhang, 158 fear of condemnation by the factional praised for early mastery of classics, 194 leaders, 214 empires, 4, 15 guide judgments of honor and shame, 209 “hub-and-spoke” model, 169 honor-shame as motivation, 8 endure through support of local elites, 170 increasingly define Eastern Han eremitism, 86 families, 171 and debate over service, 52, 68 love of collective study, 58, 59 as a theme for rhapsodies, 192 love of honor, 211 emperors celebrate hermits for improving love of literature expressed in collecting local customs, 206 texts, 195 honoring of, 14 love of reputation, 55 ideal of the retired social hermit, 157 made public in funerary inscriptions, 171 improperly honored, 96

Index 247

justification for both devotion to localities relations with sons, 35, 36, 38, 42, 58, and writing, 205 76, 138, 143, 151, 152, 160, 164, justification for factions, 186 176, 178 justification for retirement to local favor community for mourning, 177, 180 Ban Gu receives honors for writing justification for withdrawal from politics in panegyrics, 195 the proscription, 212 from ruler, 30, 34 justification for writers, 15, 186, 204 ruler’s indulgence as dangerous, 145 justifies life as a writer, 189 Fernie, Ewan praised in funerary inscriptions, 181 on Renaissance shame, 61 scholarly criticism of, 67 filiality spatial range of, 67 form of state service, 52, 78 Wang Chong’s model for leaving reaches completion in fatal grief for government service for a life of mother, 179 writing, 198 First Emperor erudites, 14, 110, 124, 136, 192 attempted assassination of, 119 condemned for focus on one classic, 191, self-proclaimed sage, 137 194, 198, 199, 216 Five Classics incorporating classics into legal as Confucius’s literary works, 198 decisions, 142 not social arts but texts, 189, 200 eunuchs, 125 followers ally with Emperor Huan to supplant abandonment by as a disgrace, 210 affines, 158 as avenging armed gang, 166 as lowest, 145 as evidence of charisma, 26, 28, 30, battle with affines to control the court, 206 31, 43 Cao Teng’s funerary inscription, 179 as private armies, 119 dominated reign of Emperor Yuan, 144, critique of private retainers in the 160 theoreticians of statecraft, 115 domination of court, 204, 206 empty fame of the masters, 75 target of the partisans, 186, 211 Jixia scholars as retainers, 109 expedient assessment, 104 large number of retainers of powerful hallmark of commander, 92 families, 157 praised in the Abundant Dew of the Spring large numbers attending bravoes’ and Autumn Annals, 209 funerals, 159 Explaining Names, 126 numbers as prestige, 33, 115 retainers gathered by Four Princes, 110 Fa yan retainers of eunuchs killed on legal pretexts patterned on the Lun yu, 189 by partisans, 207 face, 9, 12 young men who flock to bravoes, 159 factions. See cliques, partisan proscription Four Princes critique in Han Feizi,96 criticized by Ban Gu, 160 groups driven by emotions and gathering of retainers, 110, 118, 159 partiality, 214 lingering influence encouraged in the partisan proscription, 186 vengeance, 166 late Han criticism of the partisans, 211 fraternal feelings Fan Ye as social bonds, 59 criticizes offending the ruler, 210 between rulers and ministers, 81 emotions as people’s responses to between worthies and rulers, 65 objects, 213 Fu Xi model of history in which partiality causes sage as a writer, 189 decline, 213 funerals partisans showing off to win celebrity, 207 burial with collected writings, 194 Fang yan of celebrated bravoes, 159 patterned on the Er ya, 189 Pericles’s oration, 4 fathers viewing of tomb illustrations, 180

248 Index

Garden of Discourses, 144, 149 Hegel gender. See mothers “Master-Slave parable”,5 battle as manliness, 27 hegemon, 21, 22, 32, 116, 213 masculine warrior honor, 17 hereditary ministers, 36 men’s physical integrity, 5 hero women and children as the putative audience bravoes as, 159 of early lyric, 205 death in state service, 208 women resembling scholars, 145 literary men as, 195 gifts popular hero in funerary inscriptions, 182 circulation of, 160 tension with ruler, 23, 28, 30 Gongyang Commentary, 18, 42 heroism and names, 57 and honor, 4 on vengeance, 163 and removing ruler, 41 great services founded on shame, 30 of the state, 19, 33, 48 honor based on virtue, 1 Great Tradition of the Book of Documents, 101 marked by refusing all followers, 211 Grizzled Foursome, 190 object of debate between partisans, 210 Guan Zhong, 100, 116 of bravoes as political actors, 161 tactical acceptance of shame, 105 partisans fail through conspicuous Guliang Commentary,18 excess, 211 Guodian tension with ascriptive status, 28, 40 Collected Sayings, 66, 76 Homeric Greece, 6 texts on emotions guiding moral epics transmitted as “School of Hellas”, 174 judgment, 209 heroes as models, 24 Huan Tan Han Fei celebrates all-comprehending man, 192 wrote his work in prison, 187 justifies literary composition through model Han Feizi of the sages, 193 against affective ties of ruler and on sages as authors, 200 ministers, 66 on vengeance as private law, 166 controlling officials through honor and Huangfu Gui shame, 91 tries to be arrested for recommending criticism of rival scholars, 98 a partisan, 207 critique of honoring scholars, literary men, hunt hermits, and bravoes, 98 great service, 19 denouncing calls for scorning wealth, 99 Huo Guang denunciation of scholars as parasites, 187 domination of court, 133 denunciation of Yu Rang, 116 hypothetical discourse, 189 honor only from the state, 94 on law as language, 103 Imperial Academy, 126, 132, 158, 210 parallel critique of bravoes and classicists, as site of rumors, 214 115, 159 imperial affines, 144 state defined by universal ranking, 96 Ban Gu matches with bravoes, 160 Han Ying battle with eunuchs to control court, 206 contemporary of Dong Zhongshu, 209 domination of the Eastern Han court, 158 valuing state over parents, 152 need to control, 145 Heaven target of the partisans, 186 approval of local officials shown in good Wang clan, 125 harvests, 182 Wei Qing and Huo Qubing command fixer of life spans, 168, 177 armies, 135 imperial sacrifice to, 196 inner court in Mohist thought, 89 realm of ruler’s partiality, 146 instilled human nature through rise in the first century BCE, 133 emotions, 209 rise of, 135, 144 supporting vengeance, 165 inscription

Index 249

as a form of panegyric, 194 theories of honor, 50–51 panegyric on a ritual vessel at the Hall of theorizing new-style state, 86 Light, 197 women’s imitation of, 145 Inscription to the Spirit Lord of Baishi Mountain, 175 Jia Yi inscriptions contempt for clerks, 135, 141 account of funerary inscriptions, 170 lack of influence on policy, 139 articulate a different family than the ritual on “Four Princes”,118 classics, 178 on educating the heir, 139 as brilliant, 172 ritual to nourish the people, 131 as collective productions for public shame as a military issue, 129 consumption, 180 theory of rulers and officials united as one as poetry forming Han memorial culture, 174 body, 127–128 as song lyrics, 176 Jie Yu becoming illegible, 174 madman of Chu, 67 celebrate extreme emotions damaging the Jing Ke, 119 body, 179 Jixia scholars, 109 describe the masses’ emotional response to Judiciary Scribes the man’s death, 182 Han legal specialists, 139 First Emperor’s stone inscriptions, 136 junzi 君子 funerary inscriptions as literary genre, 170 marker of moralized honor judgments. See funerary inscriptions to celebrate local noble man elite, 157 Juyan Han excavations of inscribed bronzes, 172 textual evidence of legal process, 140 Han funerary inscriptions linked to Zhou bronzes, 171 Kanaya Osamu honor based in local community, 176, on Qin erudites, 136 177, 191 Kern, Martin honoring local service and the ties of on Qin inscriptions, 136 officials to neighbors, 183 king. See ruler lists of donors, 180 King Wen of Zhou on bronze vessels, 34 authors the Changes in prison, 187 on the imperishability of bronzes, 173 sage as a writer, 189 on the imperishability of stone stelae kinship inscriptions, 173, 178 basis of status, 4, 20, 27, 29 recording the Roman elite’s philotimia, blocks public spirit, 146, 149 169 contrast with scholarly ties, 59 themes from “dark studies”, 181 encourages concern for wealth, 146 using titles and stock phrases from the familial devotion as a hallmark of elite Odes, 175 status, 171 integrity family embodies partiality, 89 to the death, 117, 161, 162 increasing political significance of to the death among partisans, 208 family, 157 intellectual traditions, 3 larger elite kin groups in Han, 157 as factions battling over textual marked by obligation of vengeance, 164 interpretation in the early Han, 213 opposed to honor, 66 free-floating scholars, 49 Korff, Wilhelm, 8 inversion of conventional honor-shame, 55, 56, 57, 64, 73, 75, 79 landlordism merge with powerful families, 124 division of properties and scholarly polemics, 98 sharecropping, 157 state patronage of, 109–110 emergence of, 125 theoreticians of statecraft, 90 Lao Dan theoreticians of statecraft on state’s cited as a precedent for Yang Xiong, 193 monopoly of status, 170 sage as a writer, 189

250 Index

Laozi ranked on a par with classical studies as echoed in funerary inscriptions, 181 a path to office in the late Han, 205 theory of ruler as superhuman, 97 re-conceiving it as honorable, 188–190 law (fa), 97 shameful activity suitable only for Lee, Jen-der a jester, 188 on officials’ ambivalence about Shi ji as self-expression, 143 vengeance, 166 Wang Chong’s rating of all men by their legal codes, 26 writings, 201 and new-style state, 86 Liu Bang as a form of language, 14, 103, 124 against whipping, 101 based on honor-shame in military bravoes who in times of disorder become treatises, 93 political actors, 161 based on oaths, 47, 87 continuation of Qin institutions, 125 need for regular reform, 104 patronage of classical language, 137 legal proceedings, 25 tactical acceptance of shame, 107 and ideas of honor, 130 Liu Cang as the composition of texts, 139 imperial prince who authored hymns of of dead against living, 165 praise, 194 legal texts justifies writing panegyrics, 196 as a form of language, 139, 142 Liu Xiang manipulated by cruel clerks, 142 name endures through his writings, 202 Lendon, J. E., 10 on sages as authors, 200 Li Daoyuan on women and public spirit, 144 on ruined tombs, 174 Liu Xie Li Guang on the evolution of inscriptions, 173 celebrated by Sima Qian, 143 stelae inscriptions as hymns, 176 victim of legal clerks, 142 Liuxia Hui Li Si, 110 extreme of non-purity, 68 Li Ying, 210, 214 Liye leader of the proscribed faction, 207 Qin administrative documents, 102 Liang clan Lord Huan of Qi, 80, 95, 100 destruction of, 158 Lord Wen of Jin, 25, 28, 95 lineages, 19, 30, 33, 115 and re-structuring of ranks, 25 and honor, 4 Lü Buwei cadet, 26, 27, 47 patronage of scholars, 110 literary composition produced his great opus in exile, 187 all people ultimately honored only in Lu Jia, 137 writings, 201 name endures through his writings, 202 as compensation for a failed career, 186 Lü shi chun qiu,54 as entertainment, 186 on Mohist laws, 87 as honorable, 14, 15 Lucretius, 114 as part of the empires ritual/musical Lun yu complex, 197 ideas of honor, 49 at imperial command, 188 on age and reputation, 62 author’s formulation of original ideas as on teaching and war, 77 highest form, 201 responses to eremitism, 64 collective biographies based on region, lyric 215 as a basis of elite status, 204 comprehensive scholarship and writing as honorable, 192 Makino Tatsumi court-sponsored translation of foreign data on vengeance, 165 panegyrics, 195 marriage, 20 improperly honored, 96 good wives in literature, 144 justified as political criticism, 195 imperial affines, 125 proof of a dynasty’s greatness, 198, 200 political alliances, 28

Index 251

wives as critics, 55 tensions with ruler, 152 wives favoring own sons, 38 ties to sons as a political issue, 178 Master Guan, 131 vengeance for, 166 Master Sun,92 Mozi Master Wei Liao on avenging ghosts, 165 association with Qin, 93 relation to classicists, 87 masters, 14, 62 critical thinkers, 14, 47 names Master of Huainan, 193 and inscriptions, 34 McCloskey, Deirdre, 9 and reputation, 11, 34, 42, 57, 62, 64 meaningful pattern (wen), 199–201 and ritual, 19, 35, 41 Mei Gao based on “virtuous power”, 36, 39 writing rhapsodies as degrading, 188 empty honor, 74, 210 Mencius expression of character, 38 ideas of honor, 49 fame through assassination, 40 moving from state to state, 66 in the Spring and Autumn Annals,18 on necessity of ruler extending private mechanism for correcting the world’s loves, 146 injustices, 143 on teaching and war, 77 rectification of, 11, 35, 58, 113, 114 on the self/body, 59 rescue deceased from obscurity, 172 polemics as a model for writing, 193 robbing a reputation, 71 shame as basis of true humanity, 82 survival in writings, 193, 202 writing out of despair of gaining office, 187 survival through time, 63, 168 Methods of the Commander,93 universally assigned by First Emperor, 137 military treatises, 92 winning of fame through self-sacrifice, 116 Miyazaki Ichisada networks on swords and bravoes, 162 and classicist influence, 134 Mo Di, 193 and gift circulation, 160 Mohist canon empire-wide scholarly associations, 158 structure and themes, 87 factions as a form of, 186 Mohists formed around studying fencing, 163 preaching amid mutilated convicts, 75 formed by shared study with leading monopolies scholars, 186 salt and iron, 125, 148 linking officials and bravoes, 157, 162 morality markers of honor, 15, 47 as integrity, 13 of bravoes, 159 basis of honor, 1, 3, 14, 28, 47, 64, 77 of Judiciary Scribes, 141 displayed in creating inscriptions, 172 of powerful families alienated from the excellence of an official, 32 court, 176 forming groups, 58 of wandering bravoes, 159 of bravoes wins respect, 160 scholars as, 59 politicization of virtue in the Xunzi,113 self positioned through funerary standard for serving ruler, 51 inscriptions, 171 transcends political order, 50 New Discourses, 137 virtuous power, 28, 29, 30, 39, 40, 59, 64, 67, New Discursive Judgments, 193 74, 77, 199 New Preface, 144 mothers nobility, 3 as the focus of emotions, 176 all potential rivals, 117 basis of status, 20, 28 and shi,48 emotional bonds to sons, 177 define honor, 12 inscriptions elaborate sons’ emotional destruction of, 86 response, 179 hereditary offices, 26 mourning a dead child, 177 model for honoring officials, 128 power over sons based on emotional ties, 178 versus laws, 25 preponderance of funerary inscriptions, 171 warrior, 14, 17, 47, 94

252 Index

noble man. See junzi 君子 should honor and employ magnificent as reader of inscriptions, 172 classicists, 201 ashamed to be ranked with writers who used simultaneous honor and degradation, 126 the common language in petty arts, 205 single body with ruler, 15, 124 endorses dying for glory, 209 threatened by family loyalty, 149 endorses yielding the throne and condemns withdraw into associations for pure fleeing capture, 209 discussion, 206 marker of moralized honor judgments, 41, Ogata Isamu 43, 51, 55, 111 theory of state-family tension, 152 marker of virtue, 18, 34, 51, 53, 54, 57, 59, Outer Tradition of the Odes by Master Han 62, 63, 66, 69, 83, 100 celebrates dying for duty, 209 rejects wealth and partiality, 147 Owen, Stephen seeks capacity for shame in himself, 212 lyric verse as poetry in a low register, 205 shame over moral failings, 81 Zichan as, 79 panegyrics Nylan, Michael as court-sponsored literature in the Eastern reading and writing as an honorable Han, 194–196 life, 189 as culmination of ritual restoration, 196 pardons oaths, 47 empire-wide, 167 creating Mohist military units, 87 ignored by partisans, 207 to form leagues under political patrons, 163 received for writing literature, 195 Odes, 37, 39, 66, 144 partible inheritance as model for rhapsodies, 192 encouraged pursuit of office, 157 as one of “six parasites”, 104 partisan proscription as panegyrics for the Zhou, 195, 197 actions that set if off, 207 commentary masters preserved by Sima climax of attack on eunuch power, 206 Qian, 202 elicited by elite attacks on eunuchs, 158 core of Han memorial culture, 175 victims honored by local communities and Han panegyrics as heirs of, 195 commoners, 206 narrate the use of bronzes, 172 patronage quotation of, 135 and rulers, 47 rhyme scheme for Qin inscriptions, 136 Huo Guang’s support of scholars, 133 written by sages and worthies venting their of the cruel clerks, 162 rage, 187 state support of scholars, 109, 186, 198 officials, 14, 47 peasant army, 47, 86 as factions who retire from the court to philosophy oppose Wang Mang, 213 classical Western ideals of scholars, basis of ruler’s greatness, 89 60 buying up land, 158 honored under the Roman Empire, 114 careers mentioned in inscriptions, 181 physical hardships contrast with scholars, 51 measure of integrity, 53, 111, 187, 198, enforcing existing laws, 106 202, 211 feeling degraded to serve in a eunuch- Pines, Yuri dominated court, 207 on shi and state service, 52 friends with bravoes, 160 on the critique of venality, 54 hereditary, 95 on the Xunzi’s philosophical incorporation of honor depends on honoring ruler, 128 the state, 111 honoring avengers, 166 Plato, 61 imagining self as center of state, 126 academy, 61 imitate emperor in celebrating basing moral consciousness on shame, 81 eremitism, 206 polity instructed by bravoes, 159 and honor, 4 possibility of public spirit, 100 as patron of study, 112 resignation to observe full mourning, 177 as sole source of honor, 86

Index 253

called upon to suppress deviant glorification through mountain doctrines, 113 inscriptions, 136 improperly honoring non-state actors, 98 links to the Master Wei Liao,93 marked by obligation of vengeance, 164 officials too limited in learning according to replaces ruler as focus of loyalty, 112 Jia Yi, 130 sole source of rank, 95 patronage of scholars, 110 source of income and prestige for powerful Qu Yuan families, 158 wrote “Encountering Sorrow” when positional authority (shi), 97 banished, 187 powerful families, 15 and study, 124, 126 ranking as “political entrepreneurs”, 15, 169 bureaucratic, 14 attacked by cruel clerks, 142 by place in military formations, 20 basis of the Eastern Han state, divergence from actual power, 135 158, 169 in court and village, 77 claiming status as shi, 157 in temple, court, and village, 74 combining agriculture, money lending, in the ancestral temple, 34 manufacture, and office holding, 158 in the kin structure, 38 elimination of the early Han examples, 133 restructured in legal codes, 25 honoring bravoes, 159 restructured in military reforms, 22, 29 identified by place-names, 215 through ascriptive status, 14, 19, 20 target of wealth tax, 125 through military service, 14, 86, 102 with traditions of violence, 161 through ritual, 3 Prince Mengchang, 118 recognition attracting followers, 119 and honor, 51 provocations total loyalty in exchange for, 116 prior to battle, 22 recommendation system public realm abandoned for the School at the Gate of the constituted by honor, 6–8, 13, 17, 146, Vast Capital, 205 166, 203 limited impact in Western Han, 135 punishments, 35, 86 Record of the State of Huayang, 191 based on ritual, 58, 78 Records of Ritual, 111 contrast with vengeance, 164 essays on emotions guiding moral manipulated by clerks, 141 judgments, 209 mutilating, 15, 75 on early memorization of the Odes, 175 of officials, 131 regional lords, 14, 32, 90 public degradation, 127 and reputation, 39 shame more important than pain, 147 early Han, 125 symbolic, 101 in an age of decline, 95 used to destroy early Han elite, 157 surpassing the king, 37 pure conversation Xiongnu as, 129 emerges from pure discussions, 215 Ren An moderated form of partisans’ purity, 212 Sima Qian’s letter to, 143 pure discussion, 15 renzi privilege, 132 hallmark of the partisans, 186 retainers. See followers Pythagoreans, 61 rhapsodies shift to shorter ones devoted to self- Qin, 28 expression, 192, 203 and universal military service, 86 status as a genre, 188 and universal ranking for service, 102 treated by Wang Chong as on a par with Eastern Han court compared to, 207 history, 198 fear of private retainers, 119 Zhang Heng as last great writer of, 203 First Emperor, 125 Rhapsody on Returning to the Fields First Emperor’s patronage of classical expression of Zhang Heng’s emotions, texts, 135 204

254 Index

ritual, 50 source of all power, 86 and ascriptive status, 38 tension with hero, 23, 28, 30 and naming, 35 tension with regional lords, 36 as one of “six parasites”, 104 threatened by those who are close, 96 as the mask of hypocrisy, 212 total devotion marked by self-sacrifice, 117 based on emotions, 83 universally extending private loves, 81 basis of military training, 92 yielding the throne, 74 basis of punishments, 58, 78 rumors classicist reforms in the Eastern Han, 196 associated with crowds and factions, 213 defines the classic model of the family, 178 circulation among communities and determines social order, 19, 83, 113 factions, 214 errors as shame, 33 doggerel circulating among illiterates, 213 expertise in, 48 give rise to pure discussions, 215 guides ideal conduct of officials, 168 ideal of frugality, 53 sacrifice instilling shame, 77, 128, 131 great service, 19 invented by sages to avoid extreme to establish own name/fame, 172 emotions, 179 sages ranking groups, 3 as authors are models for all writers, 200 Rituals of Zhou First Emperor as, 137 on vengeance, 164 hidden among the masses in Zhuangzi,73 Robber Zhi model for rulers, 65 denunciation of Confucius, 74 models of virtue, 77 linked to Bo Yi, 70 Mohist leaders as, 87 rejected as companion by writers, 202 must be great writers, 189, 192, 199 Roman refusing the throne, 74 blushing, 9 ruler proven to be one by greatness of writing early imperial critique of elite’s debasement, in his reign, 198 106, 126 shame over moral failings, 81 landowners and scholarship, 114 suppress excessive emotions, 213 local elites detach from the center, 215 salary manipular legion, 23 only to support parents, 151 philosophers under the empire, 114 to care for family, 52, 203 republic, 6 to maintain ancestral sacrifices, 176 terminology, 2, 10 Sanft, Charles urban elite under the empire, 169 on Qin’s giving ranks to peasants, 102 ruler schools as locus of universality, 89 official local ones that taught drafting as patron, 47 administrative documents and handling as pinnacle of ranks, 95 legal cases, 186 characteristics of, 30 private academies under leading checked by officials, 26, 63 scholars, 186 honor of, 4 private local ones teaching familial ideally honors morality and study, 64 commentaries on the classics, 186 improvement through shame, 81 Secretariat, 125, 158 links to worthies, 65 segmentary polity, 26, 86 one who must reform laws, 104, 105 self/body perceptions blocked by cliques, 97 debt to parents, 168 relation with ministers, 76 decays while names of writers endure, 202 resemblance with masses, 80 focus on immediate family, 176 sage as model, 58 ground of honor, 60 shame of, 32 single body of mothers and sons, 177 should not survive by enduring shame, 209 self-sacrifice single body with officials, 124 as death for moral integrity, 117 sole judge of merit, 143 as model for capital elites, 212

Index 255

devotion to the death for patrons, 159 contempt for clerks, 135, 141 elicited from peasants, 91, 92 criticized by Emperor Ming for attacking for state and not family, 152 rulers, 196 historical models of, 148 follows model of Confucius, 62, 124, 142 justified in defensive wars, 90 laudatory account of bravoes, 159 new celebration of honor through defeat, 117 name endures through his writings, 202 of the commander, 92 on “Four Princes”,118 subjects’ collective death for the state, 208 on routine debasement of scholars and to avenge a lord or patron, 115 writers, 108 to gain posthumous glory in the on vengeance for money, 165 proscription, 207 proves self to be all-comprehending through Seven Worthies of the Bamboo Grove, 212 denouncing fake sorcerers, 198 shame rivalry with Emperor Wu, 143 cleansed through vengeance, 167 Sima Tan ideally based in oneself rather than in classification of intellectual traditions, 190 others, 212 Sima Xiangru motivation for study in Jia Yi, 130 described as a writer of remonstrances, 195 physical aspects, 9 lauded by Emperor Ming for praising shame cultures, 9 ruler, 196 tactical acceptance of, 33, 76, 105, 209 love of swordsmanship, 162 Shang Yang, 101 Six Quivers Shen Buhai, 167 on uxorilocal sons-in-law, 93 shi Spring and Autumn Annals, 18, 57 definition of ideal, 78 model for literary creativity, 193 judged through their writing, 199 model of rule through history writing, 142 loyalty for recognition, 116 to record the rulers’ words and actions, 197 material conditions of, 60, 64 state records men of service, 48 bestowing honor or shame, 42 mocked by commoners for not denouncing status groups, 3 court, 206 elective ties, 47 moral integrity threatens ruler, 94 scholarly groups criticized in Zhuangzi,75 moving from state to state, 66 scholars as, 59, 62 new ideal of self-sacrifice, 116 story telling (xiao shuo) Qin legal restriction on “wandering”, 120 on petty affairs of the lanes and villages, tactical acceptance of shame, 105 205 value reputation over wealth, 147 Stratagems of the Warring States, 54, 71 Shu Qi, 68 defeat in battle as greatest shame, 94 Shuihudi on Jixia scholars as retainers, 109 Qin laws on private retainers, 119 on the First Emperor memorizing Qin legal documents, 102 classics, 135 Shun tactical acceptance of shame, 107 classical precedent for First Emperor’s study progresses, 136 basis of highest virtue, 77 model minister, 58, 65 celebrated in funerary inscriptions, 183 tactical acceptance of shame, 105 forming groups, 47, 58 Shuxiang, 26 improperly honored, 96 Sima Qian, 15 justifies poverty, 53 account of Han founder, 107 leading to honor, 14–15, 64 accused of writing history to criticize love of, 52, 59 rulers, 195 route to office, 186 all great texts produced by men frustrated in scholars as model for the ruler, 57 their careers, 187 social utility of the scholars, 67, 202 as all-comprehending man, 192 sponsored by the state, 112 castration of, 130 tension with the family, 150 claim to authority through language, 142 traveling to find eminent teachers, 158

256 Index

suicide, 15 transmitted in rhymed formulae, 174 as legal precedent, 131 temple, 19, 130 for the sake of honor, 210 and wars, 21, 34 of Li Guang, 142 contrast with grave-side worship, 174 of Wi Zixu, 168 ranking by kinship, 74 privilege of officials, 127, 130 territorial lords Sun Bin and state formation, 47 wrote his military treatise after legs were cut totality off, 187 cosmopolitanism, 132 Sunzi ideal of the “complete man”,53 on “expedient assessment”, 104 love of one’s entire body, 60 supreme autocrat, 49, 86 the perfect man, 73 honor depends on honoring officials, 128 threatened by familial attachment, 146 new-style state defined by total threatened by partiality for imperial subordination, 115 affines, 146 Qin invention of emperorship, 124 universal claims of Qin inscriptions, 137 total submission marked by self-sacrifice, travel 117 as theme of rhapsodies, 192 treat Xiongnu chief as brother, 129 Cai Yong’s rhapsody “Recounting swordsmanship, 162–163 a Journey”, 204 of an avenger, 167 First Emperor’s progresses through newly conquered lands, 136 Tai Bo for purposes of study, 186 model for yielding authority, 176 literary spirit journey patterned on Tai Gong Wang “Encountering Sorrow”, 204 tactical acceptance of shame, 105 panegyrics for ruler’s tours of Tai xuan jing inspection, 197 creative work modeled on a classic, 193 Shun’s tours of inspection, 136 patterned on the Changes, 188 Two Capitals Rhapsody Tang Yongtong preface argues that Odes were panegyrics for on eccentric behavior to win fame in the late the Zhou, 195 Han, 212 two handles, 86, 101 Taniguchi Hiroshi in the army, 93, 94 Yang Xiong as first self-directed author in lead commoners to sacrifice self for the Chinese civilization, 189 state, 90 Tarnopolsky, Christina punishments as ruler’s tool, 35 on Plato’s theory of honor, 61 teachers universal military service as highest ministers, 145 abandonment of, 158 hermits/writers as the instructors of their universality communities, 203 and the Son of Heaven, 89 key points in scholarly networks, 158 as ideal of scholarship, 191 men in retirement from public life, 181 defined by the ideal state, 214 multiplication of bickering state-sponsored ideal of the all-comprehending man, 192, scholars, 192 198, 201 of fencing, 162 ideal of the polymath, 187 prestige of, 139 partiality of scholars, 98 state scholars disseminating partiality, 192 totality versus partiality, 88, 149 study with those outside the family, 186 universal glory of the Han due to literary withdrawal into the wilds, 206 praise, 197 Zhang Zun as, 191 Wang Chong adopts ideal of the all- technical arts comprehending man, 198 as family tradition, 160 contrast with true scholarship, 54 vengeance in serving the state, 48 affronts to honor, 166

Index 257

and civil war, 28 linked to concern for family, 144 and heroism, 40 versus honor, 5, 14, 33, 47, 50, 53, 54, 56, 58, avenging ghosts, 165 71, 111, 124, 128, 145, 148 central to Han honor, 163–165 versus intellect, 199, 202 for friends, 167 whipping for insults, 27, 208 degrading punishment, 127, 130, 147 marker of kinship, 15 White Tiger Hall Discourses provoked by shame, 31 on vengeance, 164 release of avengers as legal precedent, 166 Wu Zixu through war, 22, 31 avenging father, 168 villages integrity to the death, 168 hypocrites criticized in the Mencius,72 ranking by age, 74, 77 Xiang Yu, 101, 161 realm of local reputation, 78 inability to accept shame, 107 retreat of officials during the Xiongnu proscription, 206 division of world between sedentary and settings for “petty talk”, 205 nomadic, 129 site of conformity to custom, 72 Jia Yi on, 129 site of retirement for mourning, 177 ultimately defeated by Han, 196 state-sponsored drinking ceremony, 196 war with Emperor Wu, 125 sub-bureaucratic, 158 Xu Fuguan violence, 4 Yang Xiong’s later writings as new era in and honor, 3 Chinese literature, 188 constant increase in use by cruel clerks, 142 Xu Gan, 168 marginalized in defining bravoes, 157 celebration of Bi Gan and Wu Zixu, 208 Xu Xing Wang Chong debate with Mencius, 67 Emperor Ming as a patron of panegyrics, 194 Xun Shuang, 168 his writings made known by Cai Yong, 204 Xun Yue literary composition to encourage correct critique of seeking honor through actions, 198 conspicuous deeds, 212 on naming, 36 on vengeance, 165 on texts about fencing that were more Xunzi popular than those of Confucius and appeal to state as patron, 111 Master Mo, 162 appeal to state to suppress deviant praises Emperor Ming for assembling doctrines, 113 literary heroes, 195 makes ritual basis of social order, 113 the Han’s achievements require on fame as a reward for scholarship, 111 panegyrics, 197 ritual to nourish the people, 132 writing as glorious, 199 Wang clan, 133, 144 Yan Yuan bravo followers, 160 enduring poverty, 53, 55 Wang Fu Yang Xiong on tension between study and family, 150 abandons rhapsody writing because it failed Wang Mang, 125, 213 as criticism, 195 bravoes participating in resistance to, 163 as a literary classicist, 198 resisted by powerful families, 158 as all-comprehending man, 192 Wang, Fuzhi criticized as a non-sage who tried to write categories of Eastern Han intellectuals, 205 classics, 193 warrior criticizing Dongfang Shuo as “comedy nobility, 19–20 hermit”, 190 wealth critique of writing rhapsodies, 188 antithetical to concern for public good, 129 name endures through his writings, 202 celebrated in Han Feizi,99 re-conceiving writing as honorable, 188 justified service for a salary, 52 sages must be great writers, 189

258 Index

Yang Xiong (cont.) shame as basis of courage, 94 second sage to Confucius, 201 Zhongchang Tong uses dark studies to justify writing, 190 critique of partisans, 211 Yang Zhu, 193 Zhu Mu Yao, 105 letter to Liu Bozong, 211 model ruler, 58, 65 Zhuang Zun not choosing son as successor proves public Yang Xiong’s model of the hermit/ spirit, 149 scholar, 191 Yates, Robin Zhuangzi on Zhangjiashan legal texts, 139 as deviant doctrine, 114 Yellow Turban Rebellion, 159 echoed in funerary inscriptions, 181 Yi Yin, 105, 116 hidden sages as writers, 186 Ying Shao ideals of reclusion, 72–76 critique of partisans, 211 links to Confucius, 52, 64 Yu Rang on antiquity, 74 celebrated by Sima Qian, 143 on Robber Zhi, 71 model of the self-sacriﬁcing retainer, 115 on sages hidden among the masses, 73, 111 on debts of vengeance, 163 Zichan, 27, 75 maker of laws, 26 Zhang Heng on reputation, 39 idea of original literature as highest self- on shame, 33 expression, 203 on wealth versus honor, 40 Zhang Tang praised by Confucius, 79 leading example of a legal clerk, 142 Zuo Qiuming, 57 network of patronage with business wrote the Zuo zhuan after losing eyesight, people, 162 187 Zhangjiashan Zuo zhuan,58 legal texts from, 139 citing “Junzi”,51 Zhao Yi defeat in battle as shame, 94 self-sacriﬁce to win fame ignored the fate of nature of text, 17–18 the dynasty, 208 on naming, 35, 38, 41, 57, 62 Zhao, Lu on teaching and war, 77 on peripatetic scholarly culture, 186 vengeance causing war, 95 Zhi Bo, 116 writing as a poor alternative to political Zhong yong success, 187