The Beachwatch Program: Hunter Region Beaches

Hunter Region Beaches

PORT STEPHENS

Zenith Beach NELSON Box Beach BAY Fingal Beach

One Mile Beach HUNTER RIVER

Stockton South Beach N Nobbys Beach Newcastle Beach NEWCASTLE Bar Beach Merewether Beach Burwood North Beach Burwood South Beach TASMAN Glenrock Lagoon Beach Dudley Beach SEA LAKE MACQUARIE Redhead Beach N

0 5 10 Kilometres Blacksmiths Beach Swansea Heads Little Beach

Caves Beach

82 The Beachwatch Program Hunter Region Beaches

Summary Newcastle City Council beaches

The good news from previous summer For the second consecutive summer season, seasons continued for the Hunter region all Newcastle ocean beaches recorded 100% beaches throughout summer 2000-2001, compliance with NHMRC water quality once again being the cleanest group of criteria for faecal coliforms and enterococci beaches monitored as part of the Sydney, (Figure 12). Hunter and Illawarra Beachwatch program. Lake Macquarie City Council beaches For the second consecutive season, all 17 Hunter beaches complied 100% with faecal All Lake Macquarie City Council beaches coliform criteria with fifteen beaches recorded 100% compliance with NHMRC complying 100% with the enterococcal water quality criteria for faecal coliforms criteria for the entire 2000–2001 summer (Figure 12). Five of the six Lake Macquarie season (Figure 12). City Council beaches complied 100% with Since the Beachwatch quality assurance enterococcal criteria for the summer 2000– program commenced in the Hunter region 2001 season. in summer 1996–1997, all monitored Hunter Only Swansea Heads Little Beach did not ocean beaches have complied 100% with comply 100% with enterococcal criteria, faecal coliform criteria. The four Port although compliance was still high at 90%. Stephens beaches have complied 100% with Discharge from the entrance of Lake both faecal coliform and enterococcal Macquarie during periods of heavy rain is a criteria for the last two summer seasons. potential source of beach pollution at this Only Merewether Beach and Swansea beach. Heads Little Beach did not comply 100% Plans for improvement with enterococcal water quality criteria for summer 2000–2001, although compliance Hunter Water Corporation operates 17 was still high at 97% and 87%, respectively. sewage treatment plants in the Hunter region, with four ocean outfall plants Hunter’s cleanest beaches located at Boulder Bay, Stockton, Newcastle The Hunter’s cleanest beaches were Zenith, and Belmont. Over the period from the mid Box, Fingal, One Mile Beach, South 1980’s to the late 1990s, Hunter Water Stockton, Nobbys, Newcastle, Bar, Corporation has focused on improving the Merewether, Burwood North, Burwood performance of the ocean outfall plants. South, Glenrock Lagoon Beach, Dudley, One small sewage treatment plant at Redhead, Blacksmiths and Caves Beach. Stockton remains, with a nearshore outfall off Stockton Beach discharging primary Port Stephens Council beaches treated effluent. A contract has been awarded for the construction of a For the second consecutive summer season, wastewater transfer system to take sewage all Port Stephens ocean beaches recorded from Stockton to a near by treatment plant 100% compliance with recreational water at Shortland. This will enable quality criteria for faecal coliforms and decommissioning of the Stockton plant and enterococci (Figure 12). outfall by around mid 2002.

Hunter Water is currently undertaking a detailed program of studies including the preparation of an Upgrade Management

The Beachwatch Program 83 Plan (UMP) to investigate sewer overflows Actions to improve beach water quality and impacts in the Hunter catchments. The undertaken by Port Stephens Council, UMPs for Newcastle and Lake Macquarie Newcastle City Council and Lake are expected to be completed during late Macquarie City Council are outlined in the 2001. The preparation and staging of UMPs Hunter council summary pages of this for other catchments including the Coastal report (pages 87, 95 and 105 respectively). and Port Stephens Catchments is currently being considered.

84 The Beachwatch Program Figure 12: Compliance of Hunter Region Beaches during Summer 2000–2001

Faecal coliforms Enterococci

Port Stephens Council

Zenith Beach 100 100

Box Beach 100 100

Fingal Beach 100 100

One Mile Beach 100 100

Newcastle City Council

South Stockton Beach 100 100

Nobbys Beach 100 100

Newcastle Beach 100 100

Bar Beach 100 100

Merewether Beach 100 100

Burwood North Beach 100 100

Burwood South Beach 100 100

Lake Macquarie City Council

Glenrock Lagoon Beach 100 100

Dudley Beach 100 100

Redhead Beach 100 100

Blacksmiths Beach 100 100

Swansea Heads Little Beach 100 90

Caves Beach 100 100

0 25 50 75 100 125 25 150 50 17575 100 200 % Compliance

The Beachwatch Program 85 Port Stephens Council

Beaches: Zenith, Box, Fingal and One Mile

PORT STEPHENS

Tomaree Head

Shoal Bay Rd CORLETTE Zenith Beach NELSON BAY SHOAL BAY

Box Beach

FINGAL BAY t Fingal Beach

ððð FINGAL BAY Gan Gan Road Boulder Bay Sewage Treatment Plant

STP Outfall

LEGEND ANNA s Surf Club BAY Sampling Site Major Road One Mile Beach STORMWATER SYSTEM

u Small Drain

u Medium Drain TASMAN u Large Drain ø Open Drain SEA Creek

SEWERAGE SYSTEM

0 0.5 1 Undirected Sewage Overflow Designed Structure Sewage Overflow Kilometres ! Sewage Treatment Plant

LANDUSE CLASSIFICATION National Park/Park/Open Space Other Landuse

86 The Beachwatch Program Port Stephens Council

Location Actions to improve quality

Port Stephens Council covers an area of 979 Actions specific to individual swimming square kilometres and has a population of locations are included on the beach pages. approximately 56 000 people. Improvements in water quality will also be The Port Stephens beaches lie along a six- achieved as a result of a stormwater kilometre stretch of coastline from Zenith management plan and several Stormwater Beach in the north to Fern Bay in the south. Trust grants.

Land uses within the Port Stephens beach Port Stephens Stormwater Management Plan catchments include residential, commercial, recreational, rural and bushland. The stormwater management plan contains a range of initiatives including the Four beaches are monitored by Hunter implementation of a Stormwater Education Water Corporation. Campaign comprising brochures, Compliance with guidelines presentations, shopping centre displays, school talks and soon the incorporation of a Compliance with swimming guidelines was drain stencilling program to improve very high in the Port Stephens Council area community awareness throughout the during summer 2000–2001 (Table 9). Council area. Faecal coliform and enterococcal levels at all The plan also identifies the need to beaches complied with the guidelines 100% rehabilitate stormwater drains and install of the time. new stormwater infrastructure to reduce stormwater impacts on ocean and Port The range of bacterial levels measured at Stephens beaches. Hunter Region beaches during summer 2000–2001 is shown in Figure 13, with Port Stormwater Trust grants Stephens beaches highlighted in grey. Council received $82,500 in funding for the Levels of faecal coliforms and enterococci employment of a Stormwater Officer. The were consistently very low. officer has implemented a range of education programs to improve stormwater Ranking of beaches quality, including an environmental review All monitored harbour and ocean beach and education of local industry; a builders’ swimming locations in the Hunter, Sydney education project to minimise the impacts of and Illawarra regions were ranked on the erosion and improve sediment control; and basis of their compliance with swimming monitoring of water quality in stormwater guidelines during summer 2000–2001. A drains. total of 27 rankings was determined for 130 sites, with many sites ranked equally. The Port Stephens Council beaches were ranked very highly, with all beaches ranked equal first (Table 9).

The Beachwatch Program 87 Table 9: Compliance and Ranking of Port Stephens Beaches for Summer 2000–2001

Compliance (%) Overall ranking Site Faecal coliforms Enterococci (out of 27) Zenith Beach 100 100 1 Box Beach 100 100 1 Fingal Beach 100 100 1 One Mile Beach 100 100 1

Figure 13: Range of Bacterial Levels at Hunter Beaches during Summer 2000–2001

10000

1000

100

Faecal coliform Density (cfu/100 mL) Box Bar Zenith Fingal Caves Nobbys Dudley One Mile Redhead Newcastle Merewether Blacksmiths South Stockton Burwood BurwoodNorth South Glenrock Lagn Little Swansea

10000

1000

100

1 Enterococci Density (cfu/100 mL)

Box Bar Zenith Fingal Caves Nobbys Dudley One Mile Redhead Newcastle Merewether Blacksmiths South Stockton Burwood BurwoodNorth South Glenrock Lagn Little Swansea

88 The Beachwatch Program Zenith Beach

Description The beach is 400 metres long and is situated within Tomaree National Park. Beach conditions are usually

safe, but rips run out against each headland. Zenith TOMAREE Beach is not patrolled by lifeguards. NATIONAL PARK

Actions There are no actions specific to this beach.

See page 86 for key to map Zenith Beach Compliance Faecal coliform and enterococcal densities have consistently complied with the swimming guidelines for 100% of the time over the last five years.

Faecal Coliforms Enterococci

100100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

75 75 n winter season n summer season 50 50

% Compliance 25 25

0 0 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01

Response to Rainfall Faecal coliform and enterococcal densities display minimal response to rainfall, remaining consistently low and less than the median guideline across all rainfall categories. These trends can also be observed in the season data plots below.

10000 10000 Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000 1000

- - median guidelines 100 100

10 10

Bacterial count /100 mL 1 1 0 0 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 24hr Rainfall (mm) 24hr Rainfall (mm)

Season Data Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000000 0

½ rainfall 100000 50 o individual result 10000 ¾ rolling median 1000 100 - - rolling 80th percentile 100 150 Guidelines are also shown 10 Daily Rainfall (mm) (see page 5 for details) Bacterial count/100 mL 1 200

Apr-00Jun-00Aug-00 Oct-00Dec-00Feb-01 Apr-01 Apr-00 Jun-00 Aug-00 Oct-00 Dec-00 Feb-01 Apr-01

The Beachwatch Program 89 Box Beach

Description Box Beach is 350 metres long and lies within Tomaree National Park. Beach conditions are usually safe, but rips run out against the headlands during large swells.

PARK

Actions There are no actions specific to this beach. BOX BEACH RD Box Beach See page 86 for key to map

Compliance Faecal coliform levels have complied with the swimming guidelines 100% of the time over the past five years. Enterococcal compliance has also been high during this time, ranging from 88% to 100% of the time. High rainfall during the winter months of 1997, 1998 and 1999 may have contributed to the slightly lower enterococcal compliance levels recorded in these periods.

Faecal Coliforms Enterococci

100100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100100 100 94 100 100 88 89

75 75 n winter season n summer season 50 50

% Compliance 25 25

0 0 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01

Response to Rainfall Faecal coliform levels remain consistently low, regardless of rainfall. Elevated enterococcal levels are occasionally recorded in response to rainfall, but generally remain below the median guideline limit. These trends can also be observed in the season data plots below.

10000 10000 Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000 1000

- - median guidelines 100 100

10 10

Bacterial count /100 mL 1 1 0 0 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 24hr Rainfall (mm) 24hr Rainfall (mm)

Season Data Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000000 0

½ rainfall 100000 50 o individual result 10000 ¾ rolling median 1000 100 - - rolling 80th percentile 100 Guidelines are also shown 150

10 Daily Rainfall (mm) (see page 5 for details) Bacterial count/100 mL 1 200

Apr-00Jun-00Aug-00 Oct-00Dec-00Feb-01 Apr-01 Apr-00 Jun-00Aug-00 Oct-00Dec-00 Feb-01 Apr-01

90 The Beachwatch Program Fingal Beach

Description This 2.7-kilometre stretch of beach is situated within Fingal Bay. Beach conditions are generally safe, with best conditions in the patrolled area or towards the southern end of the beach. Fingal Pollution Sources Stormwater drains discharge to the beach. SLSC Beach FINGAL BAY PARK Actions The Fingal Bay Tidy Town Committee, with the support t of Port Stephens Council, has carried out drain stenciling and erosion control works in the foreshore area. Stormwater education material has also been distributed to residents in this area. See page 86 for key to map

Compliance Faecal coliform and enterococcal levels have complied with swimming guidelines 100% of the time over the last five years.

Faecal Coliforms Enterococci

100100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

75 75 n winter season n summer season 50 50

% Compliance 25 25

0 0 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01

Response to Rainfall Faecal coliform levels increase slightly when more than 10 mm of rain has fallen within the previous 24 hours, but values rarely exceed the median guideline limit. Enterococcal densities also show minimal response to rainfall and only rarely exceed the median guideline level after more than 20 mm of rainfall in 24 hours. These trends are also evident in the season data plots below.

10000 10000 Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000 1000

- - median guidelines 100 100

10 10

Bacterial count /100 mL 1 1 0 0 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 24hr Rainfall (mm) 24hr Rainfall (mm)

Season Data Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000000 0

½ rainfall 100000 50 o individual result 10000 ¾ rolling median 1000 100 - - rolling 80th percentile 100 Guidelines are also shown 150 10 Daily Rainfall (mm) (see page 5 for details) Bacterial count/100 mL 1 200

Apr-00 Jun-00 Oct-00 Apr-01 Apr-00Jun-00Aug-00 Oct-00Dec-00Feb-01 Apr-01 Aug-00 Dec-00 Feb-01

The Beachwatch Program 91 One Mile Beach

Description This 1.3-kilometre stretch of beach is situated at the southern end of Anna Bay. Beach conditions are relatively safe, with lifeguards patrolling the southern

end of the beach between late September and mid- PARK One Mile April. Beach

Pollution Sources Runoff from urban areas drains to the beach.

FISHERMANS Actions There are no actions specific to this beach. BAY PARK

See page 86 for key to map

Compliance Levels of both faecal coliforms and enterococci have consistently complied with swimming guidelines 100% of the time over the past five years.

Faecal Coliforms Enterococci

100100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

75 75 n winter season n summer season 50 50

% Compliance 25 25

0 0 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01

Response to Rainfall Faecal coliform and enterococcal densities display very little response to rainfall, with densities generally remaining below the median guideline limits. Enterococcal levels only rarely exceed the median guideline after more than 20 mm of rain has fallen in the previous 24 hours. These trends are also apparent in the season data plots below.

10000 10000 Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000 1000

- - median guidelines 100 100

10 10

Bacterial count /100 mL 1 1 0 0 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 24hr Rainfall (mm) 24hr Rainfall (mm)

Season Data Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000000 0

Apr-00 Oct-00 Apr-01 Apr-00Jun-00Aug-00 Oct-00Dec-00Feb-01 Apr-01 Jun-00Aug-00 Dec-00 Feb-01

92 The Beachwatch Program

Newcastle City Council

Beaches: South Stockton, Nobbys, Newcastle, Bar, Merewether, Burwood North and Burwood South

HUNTER Fullerton RIVER St Stockton South Beach

CARRINGTON STOCKTON

PORT HUNTER

Nobbys t Beach

Hunter St

NEWCASTLE t t t t

t HAMILTON Newcastle Beach EAST

Memorial Dr 0 0.5 1 Kilometers t t t Bar Beach LEGEND s Surf Club t Sampling Site Merewether Beach Major Road Scenic Dr t STORMWATER SYSTEM

u Small Drain

u Medium Drain Burwood Beach u Large Drain Sewage Treatment Plant ø Open Drain ø Burwood North Beach Creek

ø TASMAN SEWERAGE SYSTEM Burwood South Beach Undirected Sewage Overflow SEA Designed Structure Sewage Overflow ! Sewage Treatment Plant

LANDUSE CLASSIFICATION Burwood STP Outfall National Park/Park/Open Space Other Landuse

94 The Beachwatch Program Newcastle City Council

Location Actions to improve quality

Newcastle City Council covers an area of Actions specific to individual swimming 183 square kilometres and has a population locations are included on the beach pages. of approximately 140 000 people. Improvements in water quality will also be The Newcastle beaches lie along a 20- achieved as a result of a stormwater kilometre stretch of coastline from Fern Bay management plan and several Stormwater in the north to Glenrock Lagoon Beach in Trust grants. the south. Land uses within the Newcastle beach catchments are varied and include Newcastle Stormwater Management Plan residential, rural, commercial, recreational, The Newcastle Stormwater Management industrial and bushland. Plan has identified a range of programs and Seven beaches are monitored by Hunter initiatives for improving stormwater quality Water Corporation. flowing to the Newcastle beaches. These have included the implementation of a Compliance with guidelines Stormwater Education Project, which is a joint initiative between Council, Hunter Compliance with swimming guidelines was Water and the Hunter Catchment very high in the Newcastle City Council Management Trust. Council staff have also area during summer 2000–2001 (Table 10). attended TAFE stormwater training and Faecal coliform levels at all beaches Stormwater Industry Association complied with the guidelines 100% of the workshops to increase awareness of these time. Enterococcal levels also complied with issues. the guidelines 100% at time at all beaches. Stormwater Trust grants The range of indicator bacteria levels Council secured $107,657 of funding for the measured at Hunter Region beaches during ‘Nobbys Where the Source Meets the Sea summer 2000–2001 is shown in Figure 14, Project’. This project includes a community with Newcastle City beaches highlighted in education program that has been running grey. Levels of faecal coliforms and since January 2001 with the aim of enterococci are consistently low, although educating users of Nobbys Beach of the slightly higher than levels measured at the impact dog faeces, litter, cars and car park Port Stephens beaches. use can have on water quality. Ranking of beaches The project also involves the installation of 20 stormwater pit devices to screen litter All monitored harbour and ocean beach and coarse sediment from stormwater swimming locations in the Hunter, Sydney discharging to Nobbys Beach, and a sand and Illawarra regions were ranked on the filter on stormwater draining from the car basis of their compliance with swimming park to trap hydrocarbons and heavy guidelines during summer 2000–2001. A metals. The installation of the sand filter total of 27 rankings was determined for 130 and five stormwater pit controls has been sites, with many sites ranked equally. completed. Installation of the remaining pits will occur once the coastal walking path The Newcastle City Council beaches are has been upgraded. ranked very highly, with all beaches ranked equal first (Table 10). Council also secured $185,649 in funding for the ‘Throsby Streets to Creeks Project’. As part of this project, surveys to fine tune and target a community education program

The Beachwatch Program 95 have been completed. A project providing sediment traps and screens have been stormwater education material to 18 000 installed in the Throsby Creek catchment, supporters at Marathon Stadium has also with more to follow. been successfully completed. A number of

Table 10: Compliance and Ranking of Newcastle Beaches for Summer 2000–2001

Compliance (%) Overall ranking Site Faecal coliforms Enterococci (out of 27) South Stockton Beach 100 100 1 Nobbys Beach 100 100 1 Newcastle Beach 100 100 1 Bar Beach 100 100 1 Merewether Beach 100 100 1 Burwood North Beach 100 100 1 Burwood South Beach 100 100 1

Figure 14: Range of Bacterial Levels at Hunter Beaches during Summer 2000–2001

10000

1000

100

Faecal coliform Density (cfu/100 mL) Box Bar Zenith Fingal Caves Nobbys Dudley One Mile Redhead Newcastle Merewether Blacksmiths South Stockton Burwood BurwoodNorth South Glenrock Lagn Little Swansea

10000

1000

100

1 Enterococci Density (cfu/100 mL)

Box Bar Zenith Fingal Caves Nobbys Dudley One Mile Redhead Newcastle Merewether Blacksmiths South Stockton Burwood BurwoodNorth South Glenrock Lagn Little Swansea

96 The Beachwatch Program South Stockton Beach

Description The beach is located at the southern end of a 32- kilometre stretch of beach that extends north to Birubi Point. Beach conditions are generally safe, and lifeguards patrol the beach year round. South Stockton Beach Pollution Sources Stockton STP discharges primary treated effluent to SLSC the ocean via a shoreline outfall.

Actions Coastcare groups have recently been formed to LYNN PARK remove introduced plant species and plant native flora. The groups also plan to improve fencing and beach access.

See page 94 for key to map Compliance Faecal coliform levels have complied with the swimming guidelines 100% of the time over the past five years. Enterococcal compliance has also been high, with levels in all but two seasons complying 100% of the time.

Faecal Coliforms Enterococci

100100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100100 100 100 100 100 100

72 75 75 n winter season 61 n summer season 50 50

% Compliance 25 25

0 0 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01

Response to Rainfall Faecal coliform levels show little response to rainfall and remain below the median guideline limit in all rainfall categories. Enterococcal densities occasionally exceed the median guideline limit in response to small amounts of rainfall, and frequently do so after more than 20 mm of rain has fallen in 24 hours. These trends are also apparent in the season data plots below.

10000 10000 Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000 1000

- - median guidelines 100 100

10 10

Bacterial count /100 mL 1 1 0 0 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 24hr Rainfall (mm) 24hr Rainfall (mm)

Season Data Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000000 0

Apr-00 Oct-00 Apr-01 Apr-00Jun-00Aug-00 Oct-00Dec-00Feb-01 Apr-01 Jun-00Aug-00 Dec-00 Feb-01

The Beachwatch Program 97 Nobbys Beach

Description The beach is one kilometre long. Swimming conditions are safest at the southern end. Lifeguards patrol the RESERVE beach all year round.

Pollution Sources Stormwater drains discharge to the beach. Occasional Nobbys pollution problems occur when coal ships release ballast Beach SLSC water containing oil and other materials offshore. tt

Actions A community education campaign targeting users of Nobbys Beach began in January 2001 as part of the ‘Nobbys Where the Source Meets the Sea Project’.

See page 94 for key to map PARK Compliance Faecal coliform and enterococcal densities have complied with the swimming guidelines 100% of the time over the past five years.

Faecal Coliforms Enterococci

100100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

75 75 n winter season n summer season 50 50

% Compliance 25 25

0 0 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01

Response to Rainfall Faecal coliform densities generally increase with increasing rainfall, but remain below median guideline limits. Elevated enterococcal densities are apparent after more than 20 mm of rain in 24 hours. These trends can be seen in the season data plots below.

10000 10000 Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000 1000

- - median guidelines 100 100

10 10

Bacterial count /100 mL 1 1 0 0 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 24hr Rainfall (mm) 24hr Rainfall (mm)

Season Data Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000000 0

Apr-00 Oct-00 Apr-01 Apr-00Jun-00Aug-00 Oct-00Dec-00Feb-01 Apr-01 Jun-00Aug-00 Dec-00 Feb-01

98 The Beachwatch Program Newcastle Beach

Description The beach is 650 metres long. Swimming can be PARK dangerous, as there are three permanent rips along the length of the beach. Lifeguards patrol the beach from PACIFIC PARK September to April.

PARK

t t t Pollution Sources Stormwater drains discharge to the beach. Occasional

pollution problems arise when coal ships release ballast SLSC water containing oil and other materials offshore. t t Newcastle Beach Actions Council is proposing to construct a coastal walk through this area. The work will involve drainage, sediment control, a pathway, fencing and a shade shelter.

See page 94 for key to map Compliance Faecal coliform levels have complied with swimming guidelines 100% of the time over the past five years. Enterococcal compliance has also been consistently high, ranging from 83% to 100% of the time.

Faecal Coliforms Enterococci

100100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100100 100 94 100 100 89 83 75 75 n winter season n summer season 50 50

% Compliance 25 25

0 0 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01

Response to Rainfall Faecal coliform densities tend to increase with increasing rainfall. The median guideline limits for both indicators are occasionally exceeded when more than 20 mm of rainfall is received in 24 hours. These trends are also apparent in the season data plots below.

10000 10000 Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000 1000

- - median guidelines 100 100

10 10

Bacterial count /100 mL 1 1 0 0 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 24hr Rainfall (mm) 24hr Rainfall (mm)

Season Data Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000000 0

Apr-00 Oct-00 Apr-01 Apr-00Jun-00Aug-00 Oct-00Dec-00Feb-01 Apr-01 Jun-00Aug-00 Dec-00 Feb-01

The Beachwatch Program 99 Bar Beach

Description The beach is approximately 500 m long and is bordered by rock platforms. Conditions can be hazardous, as it is an open beach with numerous rips. Lifeguards patrol the beach all year round. BAR BEACH AV

EMPIRE PARK Pollution Sources Stormwater drains discharge to the beach. DIXON

t PARK SLSC Actions Council is proposing to construct a coastal walk t through this area. The work will involve drainage, t Bar Beach sediment control, a pathway, fencing and a shade shelter. See page 94 for key to map

Compliance Faecal coliform levels have complied with the swimming guidelines 100% of the time over the past five years, with only one exception. Enterococcal levels have also generally been high, ranging from 76% to 100% of the time. Enterococcal compliances have been consistently high over the last three seasons.

Faecal Coliforms Enterococci

100 100 100100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100100 100 100 94 100 94 83 83 76 75 75 n winter season n summer season 50 50

% Compliance 25 25

0 0 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01

Response to Rainfall Faecal coliform densities generally increase with increasing rainfall, but only rarely exceed the median guideline limit. Enterococcal densities show a less consistent response to rainfall, and occasionally exceed the median guideline when more than 20 mm of rain has fallen in the previous 24 hours. These trends are also apparent in the season data plots below.

10000 10000 Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000 1000

- - median guidelines 100 100

10 10

Bacterial count /100 mL 1 1 0 0 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 24hr Rainfall (mm) 24hr Rainfall (mm)

Season Data Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000000 0

Apr-00 Oct-00 Apr-01 Apr-00Jun-00Aug-00 Oct-00Dec-00Feb-01 Apr-01 Jun-00Aug-00 Dec-00 Feb-01

100 The Beachwatch Program Merewether Beach

Description Merewether Beach is located at the southern end of a

900-metre stretch of beach that extends north to Dixon t Park Beach. There are two ocean pools on the southern rock platform. The beach is patrolled from SLSC Merewether October to April. Beach DIXON Pollution Sources Stormwater drains discharge to the beach, and PARK t stormwater may be contaminated from residential land behind the beach. Actions Council is proposing to construct a coastal walk through Ocean Pools this area. The work will involve drainage, sediment control, a pathway, fencing, and a shade shelter. See page 94 for key to map Compliance Faecal coliform levels have complied with swimming guidelines 100% of the time over the last five years. Enterococcal compliance has generally increased over the last five years, with compliances of 100% of the time recorded during 2000– 2001.

Faecal Coliforms Enterococci

100100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100100 100 96 94 100 100 89 78 79 75 75 67 n winter season n summer season 50 50

% Compliance 25 25

0 0 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01

Response to Rainfall Faecal coliform and enterococcal levels display little response to rainfall and generally remain below the median guideline limits. Occasionally, enterococcal results exceed the median guideline limit after little or no rainfall. These trends are also apparent in the season data plots below.

10000 10000 Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000 1000

- - median guidelines 100 100

10 10

Bacterial count /100 mL 1 1 0 0 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 24hr Rainfall (mm) 24hr Rainfall (mm)

Season Data Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000000 0

Apr-00 Oct-00 Apr-01 Apr-00Jun-00Aug-00 Oct-00Dec-00Feb-01 Apr-01 Jun-00Aug-00 Dec-00 Feb-01

The Beachwatch Program 101 Burwood North Beach

Description This beach is located toward the northern end of an 800-metre stretch of beach. It is backed by Glenrock State Recreation Area and Burwood STP and is accessible by the Great North Walk. The beach is not PARK patrolled. ø Burwood Pollution Sources The creek discharges stormwater to the beach during Beach Burwood STP heavy rain. Burwood STP discharges secondary North treated effluent via an extended offshore outlet. Beach

Actions There are no actions specific to this beach.

See page 94 for key to map

Compliance Faecal coliform levels have complied with swimming guidelines 100% of the time over the last five years. With the exception of the 1997 and 1998 winter seasons, enterococcal levels have also complied 100% of the time.

Faecal Coliforms Enterococci

100100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100100 100 100 100 100 100 83

75 75 67 n winter season n summer season 50 50

% Compliance 25 25

0 0 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01

Response to Rainfall Faecal coliform and enterococcal levels show little response to rainfall. While bacterial densities generally remain below the median guideline limits in all rainfall categories, occasional exceedences are apparent after more than 5 mm of rainfall in 24 hours. These trends are also apparent in the season data plots below.

10000 10000 Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000 1000

- - median guidelines 100 100

10 10

Bacterial count /100 mL 1 1 0 0 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 24hr Rainfall (mm) 24hr Rainfall (mm)

Season Data Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000000 0

Apr-00 Oct-00 Apr-01 Apr-00Jun-00Aug-00 Oct-00Dec-00Feb-01 Apr-01 Jun-00Aug-00 Dec-00 Feb-01

102 The Beachwatch Program Burwood South Beach

PARK Description The beach is located toward the southern end of an 800-metre stretch of beach. It is backed by Glenrock ø State Recreation Area and Burwood STP and is Burwood Beach accessible by the Great North Walk. STP

Pollution Sources The creek discharges stormwater to the beach during ø heavy rain. Burwood STP discharges secondary treated STP Outfall effluent via an extended offshore outlet. Burwood South Actions There are no actions specific to this beach. Beach

See page 94 for key to map Compliance With the exception of one season, faecal coliform levels have complied with the guidelines 100% of the time over the last five years. Enterococcal compliance has also generally been high, remaining at 100% of the time over the last two years.

Faecal Coliforms Enterococci

100 100 100100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100100 100 100 100 94 100 93 96 83

75 75 67 n winter season n summer season 50 50

% Compliance 25 25

0 0 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01

Response to Rainfall Faecal coliform and enterococcal levels display little response to rainfall. While bacterial densities generally remain below the median guideline limits in all rainfall categories, occasional exceedences are apparent after more than 5 mm of rainfall in 24 hours. These trends are also apparent in the season data plots below.

10000 10000 Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000 1000

- - median guidelines 100 100

10 10

Bacterial count /100 mL 1 1 0 0 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 24hr Rainfall (mm) 24hr Rainfall (mm)

Season Data Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000000 0

Apr-00 Oct-00 Apr-01 Apr-00Jun-00Aug-00 Oct-00Dec-00Feb-01 Apr-01 Jun-00Aug-00 Dec-00 Feb-01

The Beachwatch Program 103 Lake Macquarie Council

Beaches: Glenrock Lagoon, Dudley, Redhead, Blacksmiths, Swansea Heads Little Beach and Caves

Glenrock Lagoon Burwood Beach STP Outfall ø Dudley Beach ø DUDLEY

Pacific Hwy t

Redhead Beach

TASMAN BELMONT SEA LAKE MACQUARIE 0 1 2 Kilometres

Belmont STP Outfall LEGEND s Surf Club Sampling Site Major Road STORMWATER SYSTEM

u Small Drain u Medium Drain

Blacksmiths Beach u Large Drain Swansea Heads Little Beach ø Open Drain Creek

SEWERAGE SYSTEM Undirected Sewage Overflow Designed Structure Sewage Overflow ! Sewage Treatment Plant

LANDUSE CLASSIFICATION ø National Park/Park/Open Space Caves Beach ø Other Landuse

104 The Beachwatch Program Lake Macquarie Council

Location ranked equal first, with Swansea Heads Little Beach ranked equal fifth (Table 11). Lake Macquarie City Council covers an area of 749 square kilometres and has a Actions to improve water quality population of approximately 183 000 Actions specific to individual swimming people. locations are included on the beach pages. The Lake Macquarie beaches run along a 26- Improvements to water quality will also be kilometre stretch of coastline from Glenrock achieved as a result of a stormwater Lagoon in the north to Catharine Hill Bay in management plan and several Stormwater the south. Land uses within the Lake Trust grants.

Macquarie beach catchments include Lake Macquarie Stormwater Management Plan residential, commercial, recreational, rural, industrial and bushland. The majority of stormwater runoff in the Council area flows into Lake Macquarie, Six beaches are monitored by Hunter Water and, as a result, Council’s stormwater Corporation. management plan essentially addresses Compliance with guidelines stormwater issues within the Lake Macquarie Catchment. Stormwater Compliance with swimming guidelines was improvement activities within the lake’s high in the Lake Macquarie City Council catchment area will ultimately result in area during summer 2000–2001 (Table 11). improved water quality at ocean beaches in Faecal coliform levels at all beaches the vicinity of the lake’s entrance. complied with the guidelines 100% of the The stormwater management plan is time. Levels of enterococci complied with currently being implemented and contains the guidelines 100% of the time at Glenrock initiatives such as design and construction Lagoon, Dudley, Redhead, Blacksmiths and of stormwater treatment devices and Caves beaches. Enterococcal compliance at wetlands; community and industry Swansea Heads Little Beach was also education and regulation programs; policy relatively high at 90% of time. development; and stormwater maintenance, The distribution of bacterial levels monitoring and research programs. measured at Hunter Region beaches during Stormwater Trust grants summer 2000–2001 is shown in Figure 15, with Lake Macquarie beaches highlighted in Council received a grant of $172,500 to grey. While levels of faecal coliforms and implement an Integrated Stormwater enterococci were generally very low, levels Project. As part of this project, a stormwater at Swansea Heads Little Beach can be seen quality improvement device has been to be slightly elevated. constructed in the Warners Bay catchment and a community education program has Ranking of beaches been completed. All monitored harbour and ocean beach Council also received a grant of $59,910 to swimming locations in the Hunter, Sydney implement the Lake Macquarie Adopt a and Illawarra regions were ranked on the Stormwater Quality Improvement Device basis of their compliance with swimming Project. This project has been very guidelines during summer 2000–2001. A successful, with over 100 people involved in total of 27 rankings was determined for 130 ongoing monitoring and reporting of the sites, with many sites ranked equally. performance of 10 stormwater quality Glenrock Lagoon, Dudley, Redhead, improvement devices in the Lake Blacksmiths and Caves beaches were Macquarie catchment. The results of the monitoring program are then used to target

The Beachwatch Program 105 education of the wider community by way Construction of the wetland has begun, as of stormwater drain stencilling and the has a community education program distribution of pamphlets. involving Landcare and a local high school. A grant of $173,500 was received by Council to construct a stormwater pollutant removal system on Stony Creek.

Table 11: Compliance and Ranking of Lake Macquarie Beaches for Summer 2000–2001

Compliance (%) Overall ranking Site Faecal coliforms Enterococci (out of 27) Glenrock Lagoon Beach 100 100 1 Dudley Beach 100 100 1 Redhead Beach 100 100 1 Blacksmiths Beach 100 100 1 Swansea Heads Little Beach 100 90 5 Caves Beach 100 100 1

Figure 15: Range of Bacterial Levels at Hunter Beaches during Summer 2000–2001

10000

1000

100

Faecal coliform Density (cfu/100 mL) Box Bar Zenith Fingal Caves Nobbys Dudley One Mile Redhead Newcastle Merewether Blacksmiths South Stockton Burwood BurwoodNorth South Glenrock Lagn Little Swansea

10000

1000

100

1 Enterococci Density (cfu/100 mL)

Box Bar Zenith Fingal Caves Nobbys Dudley One Mile Redhead Newcastle Merewether Blacksmiths South Stockton Burwood BurwoodNorth South Glenrock Lagn Little Swansea

106 The Beachwatch Program Glenrock Lagoon Beach

Description Glenrock Lagoon Beach is 300 metres long and is

backed by Glenrock State Recreation Area. Swimming Glenrock State can be dangerous because of rips, and the beach is Recreation Area not patrolled by lifeguards.

Glenrock Pollution Sources Lagoon outflow during wet weather can be a source of Lagoon Glenrock beach pollution. Lagoon Beach Actions The NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service have upgraded walkways through the Glenrock State Recreation Area to improve community access to Glenrock Lagoon Beach. See page 104 for key to map Compliance With the exception of the 1997–1998 winter season, faecal coliforms have complied with swimming guidelines 100% of the time. A high level of compliance has also been recorded for enterococci, again with the exception of the 1997– 1998 winter season.

Faecal Coliforms Enterococci

100 100 100100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100100 100 100 100 100 92

72 75 75 n winter season 50 n summer season 50 50

% Compliance 25 25

0 0 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01

Response to Rainfall Faecal coliform and enterococcal levels show little response to rainfall. Faecal coliform levels occasionally exceed the median guideline limit after 5 mm of rainfall in 24 hours. Elevated enterococcal levels are occasionally recorded after more than 10 mm of rainfall in 24 hours.

10000 10000 Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000 1000

- - median guidelines 100 100

10 10

Bacterial count /100 mL 1 1 0 0 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 24hr Rainfall (mm) 24hr Rainfall (mm)

Season Data Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000000 0

Apr-00 Oct-00 Apr-01 Apr-00Jun-00Aug-00 Oct-00Dec-00Feb-01 Apr-01 Jun-00Aug-00 Dec-00 Feb-01

The Beachwatch Program 107 Dudley Beach

Description The beach is one kilometre long. It is situated in the Glenrock State Recreation Area and is backed by ø bushland. The beach is not patrolled by lifeguards. Glenrock State Recreation Area Dudley Pollution Sources Stormwater from two small creeks that discharge to the Beach northern and southern ends of the beach.

Actions There are no actions specific to this beach.

See page 104 for key to map

Compliance Faecal coliform levels have complied with swimming guidelines 100% of the time over the last five years. A high level of compliance has also been recorded for enterococci, with compliances of 100% of the time recorded during 2000–2001 winter and summer seasons.

Faecal Coliforms Enterococci

100100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100100 100 100 100 100 100 100 89 92 79 75 75 n winter season n summer season 50 50

% Compliance 25 25

0 0 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01

Response to Rainfall Faecal coliform levels do not appear to increase with increasing rainfall, with a similar range of values measured in all rainfall categories. Elevated enterococcal levels are occasionally measured in response to more than 10 mm of rainfall in 24 hours.

10000 10000 Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000 1000

- - median guidelines 100 100

10 10

Bacterial count /100 mL 1 1 0 0 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 24hr Rainfall (mm) 24hr Rainfall (mm)

Season Data Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000000 0

Apr-00 Oct-00 Apr-01 Apr-00Jun-00Aug-00 Oct-00Dec-00Feb-01 Apr-01 Jun-00Aug-00 Dec-00 Feb-01

108 The Beachwatch Program Redhead Beach

Description Redhead Beach is located at the northern end of a 10- kilometre stretch of beach and is backed by extensive sand dunes and a grassy reserve. Rips are common and create hazardous swimming conditions. Lifeguards BEACH RD patrol the beach from mid-September to the end of April. PARK t

Pollution Sources Second Creek and a stormwater drain discharge to the SLSC beach. Redhead Beach Actions Lake Macquarie Council has recently adopted a Plan of Management for Redhead Beach, and are currently working on a Masterplan for the beachfront. Dune stabilisation plantings is an ongoing project. See page 104 for key to map

Compliance Faecal coliform levels have complied with the guidelines 100% of the time over the past five years. With the exception of last summer season, enterococcal levels have also complied with the guidelines 100% of the time.

Faecal Coliforms Enterococci

100100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 88

75 75 n winter season n summer season 50 50

% Compliance 25 25

0 0 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01

Response to Rainfall Faecal coliform levels do not show a consistent response to rainfall, with only slightly elevated values recorded after more than 10 mm of rain in 24 hours. Enterococcal levels also show only a limited response, with levels occasionally exceeding the median guideline limit after more than 10 mm of rain has fallen in the previous 24 hours.

10000 10000 Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000 1000

- - median guidelines 100 100

10 10

Bacterial count /100 mL 1 1 0 0 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 24hr Rainfall (mm) 24hr Rainfall (mm)

Season Data Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000000 0

Apr-00 Oct-00 Apr-01 Apr-00Jun-00Aug-00 Oct-00Dec-00Feb-01 Apr-01 Jun-00Aug-00 Dec-00 Feb-01

The Beachwatch Program 109 Blacksmiths Beach

Description Blacksmiths Beach is located toward the southern end of a 10-kilometre stretch of beach. A sea wall runs along the southern end at the mouth of Lake Blacksmiths Macquarie. Beach conditions are safe, with lifeguards Beach patrolling the beach from mid-September to the end of SLSC April.

Pollution Sources Discharge from the lake entrance during periods of RESERVE Breakwater heavy rain is a source of beach pollution.

Actions Lake Macquarie Council continues to maintain planted areas designed to stabilise the sand dunes. Council has also allocated funds for the Lake Macquarie Coastline Management Plan. See page 104 for key to map

Compliance Faecal coliform and enterococcal levels have complied with swimming guidelines 100% of the time over the last five years.

Faecal Coliforms Enterococci

100100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

75 75 n winter season n summer season 50 50

% Compliance 25 25

0 0 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01

Response to Rainfall Faecal coliform and enterococcal levels generally remain below the median guideline limits and show only a limited response to rainfall. This can also be seen in the season data plots below.

10000 10000 Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000 1000

- - median guidelines 100 100

10 10

Bacterial count /100 mL 1 1 0 0 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 24hr Rainfall (mm) 24hr Rainfall (mm)

Season Data Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000000 0

Apr-00 Oct-00 Apr-01 Apr-00Jun-00Aug-00 Oct-00Dec-00Feb-01 Apr-01 Jun-00Aug-00 Dec-00 Feb-01

110 The Beachwatch Program Swansea Heads Little Beach

Description This 60-metre-long beach is located directly south-east Swansea of the entrance to Lake Macquarie. It is bounded by a Heads Breakwater Little sea wall to the north-west and by a rock platform Beach backed by steep vegetated bluffs to the south-east. Lifeguards do not patrol the beach. PARK

Pollution Sources Discharge from the lake entrance during periods of heavy rain is a potential source of beach pollution.

PARK Actions Lake Macquarie Council continues to maintain planted areas designed to stabilise the sand dunes.

See page 104 for key to map

Compliance Faecal coliform levels have complied with swimming guidelines 100% of the time over the last five years. Enterococcal compliance has been varied, ranging from 71% to 100% of the time, with generally high levels of compliance recorded in recent seasons.

Faecal Coliforms Enterococci

100100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100100 100 100 100 90 78 77 75 75 71 n winter season n summer season 50 50

% Compliance 25 25

0 0 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01

Response to Rainfall Faecal coliform and enterococcal levels show only a weak response to rainfall and generally remain below the median guideline limits. Elevated enterococcal levels are occasionally measured after more than 10 mm of rainfall in 24 hours. These trends are also apparent on the season data plots below.

10000 10000 Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000 1000

- - median guidelines 100 100

10 10

Bacterial count /100 mL 1 1 0 0 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 24hr Rainfall (mm) 24hr Rainfall (mm)

Season Data Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000000 0

Apr-00 Oct-00 Apr-01 Apr-00Jun-00Aug-00 Oct-00Dec-00Feb-01 Apr-01 Jun-00Aug-00 Dec-00 Feb-01

The Beachwatch Program 111 Caves Beach

Description Caves Beach is located at the southern end of a 1.8- THE ESPLANADE kilometre-long beach that stretches north toward ø Swansea Heads. Beach conditions are relatively safe SLSC for swimming. Lifeguards patrol the beach from mid- Caves Beach September to the end of April.

Pollution Sources Open drains discharge to the beach. ø PARK Actions Lake Macquarie Council continues to maintain planted areas designed to stabilise the sand dunes. An anti- littering campaign has also been established for the Caves Beach area.

See page 104 for key to map Compliance Faecal coliform levels have complied with the swimming guidelines 100% of the time over the last five years. A high level of compliance has also been recorded for enterococci.

Faecal Coliforms Enterococci

100100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100100 100 100100 100 100 100 89 78 75 75 n winter season n summer season 50 50

% Compliance 25 25

0 0 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01

Response to Rainfall Faecal coliform levels increase only slightly with rainfall and generally remain below the median guideline limit. Elevated enterococcal levels are occasionally measured after more than 5 mm of rainfall in 24 hours. These trends are also apparent in the season data plots below.

10000 10000 Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000 1000

- - median guidelines 100 100

10 10

Bacterial count /100 mL 1 1 0 0 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 0 - 5 5 -10 10 -20 20+ 24hr Rainfall (mm) 24hr Rainfall (mm)

Season Data Faecal Coliforms Enterococci 1000000 0

Apr-00 Oct-00 Apr-01 Apr-00Jun-00Aug-00 Oct-00Dec-00Feb-01 Apr-01 Jun-00Aug-00 Dec-00 Feb-01

112 The Beachwatch Program