Writing for Publication Guide

Writing for Publication Writing for Publication An easy-to-follow guide for nurses

www.facebook.com/wileynursing www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/subject/nursing INTRODUCTION Wiley has an extremely broad range of nursing journals Contents Wiley is a leading publisher of nursing and healthcare journals, presenting the very best in academic research and there is likely to be an appropriate journal for each type and clinical expertise. With many of the top-ranked* of article that you may be thinking of writing. However, the 1 Writing for publication 8 Copyright issues journals in the field of nursing and millions of articles guidelines in this booklet are relevant to almost all kinds of How do you get started? 3 What is copyright? 14 downloaded, our portfolio is highly cited and widely read, writing, whether for our journals, for other publishers, or for Who do you want to read your article? 3 Copyright transfer agreements (CTAs) 14 proving there has never been a better time to discover the assignments in your course of study. Don’t waste time and effort! 3 What rights do you retain? 14 quality and breadth of coverage of our journals. Some of How will you put your message across? 3 Open Access licenses 14 our journals’ top benefits for authors include: Wiley also provides a free online publication, Nurse Which journal to publish in? 3 Author & Editor. This is a ready source of advice for How do you write? 4 Now you are ready to start writing! 4 9 Publication ethics authors, editors, and reviewers, and also reports on new Wiley Online Library – Wiley’s state-of-the-art ORCID 4 Authorship 15 platform delivering nursing journals to institutions and developments within journal publishing. Duplicate and redundant publication 15 hospitals around the world Plagiarism 16 We wish you every success in your writing projects. 2 Writing an empirical research Other important issues 16 Online Open and Nursing Open – offering a variety article The Wiley Team of options for open access publishing Structuring the article 5 10 The Impact Factor Reporting guidelines – reliability and quality 5 What is an Impact Factor? 17 Note: Throughout this booklet ‘Wiley’ includes the ‘Wiley-Blackwell’ imprint. Author Services – to track your paper from What does a journal need to do to get an 17 submission to publication Impact Factor? Wiley Books and Journals 3 Writing an evidence synthesis Are Impact Factors important? If so, why? 17 For more information on Wiley nursing books and journals What about those journals that do not have an 17 Wiley Exchanges – our ideas, research, and article please visit: Why write an evidence synthesis article? 6 Impact Factor? discussion blog www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/subject/nursing Evidence synthesis article types and methods 6 Alternative methods for measuring impact 18 Which types of evidence synthesis article are 7

Convenient online submission – for easy Are you interested in having your journal likely to be published? management of submission and peer review What are the essential points to remember when 7 11 Making your article discoverable published by Wiley? writing an evidence synthesis article? 7 online Intellectual property and copyright 7 Early View – gets your research to the online field Search engine optimization (SEO) 19 For Societies/Editors interested in finding out more about Reporting guidelines and journal specific guidelines 7 ahead of print Promotion on social media 19 publishing their journals with Wiley please contact Griselda Campbell, Associate Editorial Director: *Ranked in Thomson Reuters (formerly ISI) Journal Citation Report 4 Writing a clinical article [email protected] Why don’t nurses read about and implement 8 Wiley first produced this complimentary Writing for research in their practice? 8 © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. How can you avoid these pitfalls? 8 Publication booklet in 2005. It has been extremely well Get some consumer feedback 9 received by the nurse author community and read by thousands of nurses in print and online. 5 Publishing from a research thesis The booklet aims to provide useful information and helpful First steps 10 suggestions for nurses who are thinking of writing and When should you publish from your thesis? 10 publishing an article. This latest version has been updated Publishing strategy 10 Is it easy to turn a thesis into articles for 10 and we hope it will be an essential resource for you publication? during your writing activities. While the art and science of Caution! 10 writing has not changed substantially over the years, most journals now operate an online submission and reviewing process, with the final version of the article assigned a DOI 6 Presentation of tables and figures (Digital Optical Identifier) and published online for rapid All tables and figures 11 dissemination within the community. These changes have For tables 11 been coupled with a growing awareness of the need for For Figures 11 authors to focus on good practice in the standard reporting of findings and to pay close attention to issues concerning 7 English and writing style publication ethics, including copyright. Reader-friendly scholarly writing 12 Singular, plural and gender 12 Avoid jargon 12 Abbreviations 13 National and international audiences 13 When English is not your first language 13 Checking and re-checking your article 13 Useful resources 13 www.wiley.com/go/nursing

1 2 Writing for publication

1. Writing for Publication

How do you get started? How do you write? something. Often the first word that comes to mind is the right one. Or, for example, if you cannot recall the word for You have decided that you want to publish an article because as your audience and to ensure that you address the kinds of One way of approaching your writing is to follow the ‘Four ‘sphygmomanometer,’ jot down in brackets ‘machine for you have something to say that you want to share with others. issues that the editor will have in mind, such as how well the Rules’ of writing: measuring blood pressure’ and move on. You can remember If you are uncertain about what you want to say it is worth article fits the journal, if the article is readable and follows the the name later. spending a short time thinking about it – but only a short time. structure required by the journal, and if it makes a contribution l Read the author guidelines The sooner you start writing, the better! Remember, data older to the field of knowledge in nursing. l Set targets and count words than five years will not be accepted by most journals. Editors l Seek criticism look for contemporary information and ideas to publish. Once Seek criticism l Treat a rejection as the start of the next submission you start writing then your ideas should begin to flow and, How will you put your message across? You will find it valuable to seek out a writing mentor. This rather than a blank screen, you will have something to edit. There are several different types of article; each journal will is someone who has published before, whose opinion you have its preferred types and may not accept others. The most respect and whom you can trust to provide honest feedback common types of article are: Read the author guidelines and guidance during the various stages of writing your article. Who do you want to read your article? Established journals usually have a website where you will be It may be a higher degree supervisor or a work colleague. The able to find their author guidelines. To find the aims and scope The answer to this question is crucial. It will help you to decide l Evidence synthesis articles (such as systematic ideal mentor is one who will be a constructive critic, informed of Wiley nursing journals, go to www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/ which journal is most appropriate so that you can aim your as to the intended journal audience, not someone who will review articles) subject/nursing. By looking at the Author Guidelines section of writing to increase your article’s appeal to your target readers. simply assure you that it is fine. Mentors are important for l Original research articles the individual journals’ websites you can also see how each all writers, novice or experienced, and especially for writers journal editor wants articles to be presented and submitted. If you want to reach clinical staff who give direct care, then you l Clinical articles whose first language is not English. Sometimes it might be need to choose a journal that is attractive to and read regularly l Discussion articles hard to find mentors who have experience of international The main things to pay attention to are: publications, so keep looking, as these mentors are critical to by this kind of readership. Articles published in these journals l Short reports will be written in a style that appeals to them and contains the the success of novice writers. l Case studies right amount of detail. They are likely to be shorter, use less l How long should the article be? l technical language, and include easy-to-read features such Opinion pieces l How should the article be structured Treat a rejection as the start of the next submission You are likely to be rejected in your early days of writing and as boxes and bullet points. The implications of the article for l Which headings should be used? clinical practice will be clearly stated. These journals may Read on for more guidance about writing the first three this also happens to experienced writers. The trick here is try l Which referencing system does the journal use also include commentaries on articles to help readers to types of article. not to be downhearted, think ‘where next?’ and follow the ‘Four understand and critique them. (Harvard, Vancouver)? Rules’ again.

If your intended readers are researchers, then a more Which journal to publish in? specialized academic journal may be appropriate. Some of Researchers may choose journals based on the journal’s Set targets and count words Now you are ready to start writing! these journals accept longer articles up to 5,000 words, and Impact Factor (see page 17) as a means to help establish You should not become overwhelmed with the task of writing. We give more details about many of these aspects in the they are structured in a conventional format for research their reputation, in order to win further research grants or to Don’t think in terms of the finished article which may be following pages, so you might want to read through them studies. However, some journals aimed at clinicians also gain promotion. They may also consider whether the journal anything up to 5,000 words; think of it in small steps to be before putting pen to paper – or fingers to keyboard. publish short reports, perhaps in a simpler format designed is academic or clinical in focus. Research published in clinical achieved on a daily basis. Therefore, set yourself a daily target to be reader-friendly for clinical staff and less experienced journals is more likely to reach frontline practitioners, who or a target every time you sit down to write. A reasonable researchers. might use it to develop their practice and contribute to policy target is 500 words and you should not stop until you have IDEA changes, thereby demonstrating the impact researchers’ work reached that. Also, you should not go beyond that. If you have ORCID is a service for authors/researchers in the scholarly can have on improving health. Some researchers adopt a an idea for the next 500 words, then note them on the text as community that uniquely identifies your contributions to the dual strategy and publish related articles in both clinical and bullet points. This will give you a starting point the next time Don’t waste time and effort! scholarly literature. It is important to be clear about your target readers at the academic journals. you sit down to write. outset. Many people make the mistake of writing their article To obtain your unique ORCID identifier please visit Before starting to write, therefore, check the aims and scope of Don’t try to write the article from start to finish: start wherever and then looking around to see which journal to send it to. http://orcid.org/ This can mean that time is wasted having to rewrite the article a range of journals to see which would fit your article best. you have an idea and move between sections until you have reached your target. To help you do this create a file with to fit a journal’s requirements. Include your ORCID identifier when you submit publications, all the necessary headings and subheadings in it and then apply for grants, and in any research workflow to ensure you add text under these. Don’t edit as you go along. Wait until a However, remember that the first person to read your article IDEA get credit for your work. will be an editor who will decide quickly if your article is Most of Wiley’s subscription-based journals offer you an open complete first draft is done and then start to edit and revise, suitable for publication. It will then be read by reviewers who access option called OnlineOpen. Learn More. and expect several revisions. will advise the editor further on your article’s suitability for publication (the Guide to Reviewing Manuscripts which is Finally, don’t try to make your article perfect as you are available at: writing. This stops your flow and, anyway, you can edit it http://naepub.com/for-reviewers/ will give you some ideas afterwards. Don’t try to think of the best word to express about what reviewers are looking for).

For these reasons, it is good to think first about these people

3 www.wiley.com/go/nursing 4 © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2. Writing an Empirical Research Article 3. Writing an Evidence Synthesis Article When carrying out a research study you need to think carefully information on standardized reporting guidelines. Its aim is to Why write an evidence synthesis article? Evidence synthesis article types and methods about your publishing strategy. IIt is best to start planning this improve the quality of health research internationally, and Being able to undertake and report a high quality evidence There is now a suite of synthesis approaches and when you first begin your research to avoid misunderstandings to encourage the use of specific checklists such as CONSORT, synthesis, or being able to interpret and use a report of methodological guidelines, ranging from non-systematic to as the work progresses to the publication stage. Plan where to STROBE, and PRISMA depending on the type of research synthesized evidence, is considered an essential skill in systematic, to help you in developing and writing submit the articles, who will be listed as authors, and in what study design. nursing and healthcare. High quality evidence syntheses are your article. Method specific reporting guidelines are order they will be listed. those which contain a high level of systematic processing, developed, published, and updated over time as methods and Using standardized reporting guidelines will help to ensure interpretation of evidence or theory development, and which reporting standards evolve. Structuring the article that your reporting is transparent, accurate, and presented in make a significant new contribution to understanding or Consult your chosen journal’s guidelines and published articles such a way that those reading your article are able to evaluate knowledge. The available synthesis approaches vary in the degree to to see if there is a preferred structure or format for headings the data and reach their own conclusions about it. Remember, which they are classified as systematic, and depending on and subheadings. If these are not specified, see below for a omitting key reporting items from your paper may result in it Evidence synthesis articles have many the approach can include different types of evidence (eg. being excluded from future studies that synthesize research general guide to help you construct your article. purposes, such as to: quantitative, qualitative, mixed-method, non-empirical or grey findings, such as systematic reviews. literature). Evidence synthesis approaches also vary in the degree to which evidence is synthesized, interpreted and Reporting guidelines – reliability and quality l Discuss a phenomenon of interest theorized. For example: The EQUATOR Network (available at: l Determine the current evidence base www.equator-network.org) is a useful resource for l Identify theories of interest l Knowledge maps and scoping reviews tend not l Develop theory to be informed by theory and aim to report the range and INTRODUCTION l Rationale, context l Better understand context type of evidence on a specific topic without quality appraisal BACKGROUND l Should be a substantial, critical literature review and with low level (if any) synthesis of findings. l l Should end with conclusions drawn from the review for the study Better understand complexity and heterogeneity l Develop an intervention THE STUDY l Narrative literature reviews tend not to be informed l l Identify outcomes of interest Aim/s Include research objectives/questions/hypothesis(es) if appropriate by theory, or include quality appraisal, and aim mainly to Design/Methodology l For quantitative studies this could be: survey, randomized controlled trial, quasi-experimental, l Determine the psychometrics of instruments aggregate evidence on a phenomenon of interest. descriptive, or cross-sectional l Determine intervention effectiveness l For qualitative study this could be: grounded theory, phenomenology, or ethnography l Determine cost-effectiveness l Concept analyses and clarifications in nursing are l Sample/Participants Do not give findings about the sample, but include: l Describe implementation barriers and facilitators usually located within a nursing theory and aim to produce l Type – for example random, stratified, convenience, purposive (state what purpose) l Describe stakeholder experiences new understanding of a concept. l Size l Report a review of reviews l Description (provide inclusion and exclusion criteria; a little about the setting) l Qualitative meta-ethnographies are likely to be l l Report a rapid review Justification for the above undertaken with a conceptual/theoretical framework l l Clarify a concept Was a power calculation done, if appropriate, and if not, why not? or proposition with the aim of interpreting synthesized l Response rate evidence to develop a new theory. Data collection l Subheadings for different types if appropriate, eg questionnaires, interviews, observation The reasons you have for undertaking an evidence synthesis may vary widely from being an academic requirement for a l Pilot study – if done, what changes (if any) did this lead to for the main study? program of study, a personal interest or research focus, or l Cochrane reviews of effectiveness begin with a proposition l When the data collection was undertaken meeting a contractual agreement with a funder. Conducting a or theory as to how the intervention works. The level of l Validity and reliability/ Statement of criteria used – should be appropriate to the design/methodology systematic review on what is known is now considered by key synthesis or ability to perform a meta-analysis will Rigour as appropriate l Steps taken to ensure this – such as audit trail or peer assessment. Describe results, do not authors and funders as a prerequisite to obtaining any new depend on the availability of clinical trials reporting just mention what was done research funding (Clarke et al 2010). Finally, a good reason similar interventions with similar populations with the same Ethical considerations l Conflict of interest statement for writing evidence synthesis articles, especially high quality outcome measures. Assessment of risk of bias is essential. l Ethics committee or institutional review board approval systematic reviews, is that these are the articles most likely l Information and guarantees given to participants read and cited by other people. l Any special considerations, and how they were dealt with Data analysis l Including software used, if appropriate, and the measures used to calculate findings RESULTS/FINDINGS l Start with description of actual sample studied l Subheadings as appropriate l For qualitative research – findings and discussion/literature may be integrated DISCUSSION l Start with limitations l Must be linked to the literature CONCLUSIONS l Real conclusions, not just a summary/repetition of the findings l Recommendations for practice/research/education/management/policy as appropriate, and l consistent with the limitations

5 www.wiley.com/go/nursing 6 © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Which types of evidence synthesis article are l Follow the reporting standards for the 4. Writing a Clinical Article specific evidence-synthesis type (if available) and make likely to be published? Writing a clinical article is an important way of getting your Many of the suggestions in other parts of this booklet will Academic journals are more likely to publish high transparent all methods and processes. message to frontline healthcare staff who are expected to help with this, but here are some points to bear in mind when quality evidence syntheses which contain a high level of l Follow generic reporting standards if method-specific implement evidence-based practice. Frontline healthcare staff planning and writing a clinical article: systematic processing, interpretation of evidence or theory are looking for ways to improve their practice and if this can development, and which make a significant new contribution reporting standards are not available. be found in well-written articles which explain clearly what l to understanding or knowledge. Evidence syntheses are most l Mention any conflicts of interest that may have an Make the article easy-to-follow. benefits the results have and how they can be used, then this commonly rejected due to poor planning, design, conduct, and l Use headings and subheadings to point the way for impact on interpretation of evidence. is likely to have a positive impact on healthcare. In addition, reporting. Syntheses with systematic processing of evidence l If appropriate, develop a plan for updating the review as research funders are also looking at the outputs from research readers. usually require more than one author to complete. new evidence is published. that demonstrate an impact on improving health, such as l Use bullet points, boxes, trigger questions, and other policy changes. Therefore, taking into consideration the Also be aware that searches for evidence are time limited and means to liven up the article and stimulate readers’ frontline users of your research when writing is an important very quickly become obsolete as new evidence is published. interest. part of any researcher’s publication strategy. Reviews that have taken a long time to complete can require IDEA l Use simple and direct language. Before you submit your article, ask an experienced colleague updating before they are publishable. l Write in the first person. to proofread for factual, abstraction and typographical errors, Why don’t nurses read about and implement and obtain pre-submission peer review from experienced research in their practice? l Address readers directly, eg ‘in your clinical area you What are the essential points to remember authors. Unfortunately, we know from a wealth of studies on may like to consider…’ when writing an evidence synthesis article? implementing evidence-based guidelines and other research l Avoid research jargon, and if technical terms are Your team should include members who have knowledge, material that some practicing nurses: needed, explain them or give explanations in a glossary experience, and expertise with evidence synthesis. Intellectual property and copyright Other key success factors include using a high quality or box. It is easy to inadvertently infringe upon intellectual property l do not read research articles methodological guide for the selected approach, following l Do not make the article longer than it needs to be – or copyright law when synthesizing and reporting evidence l do not read nursing journals regularly this faithfully, and making transparent any adaptations or from published sources. Copyright law varies from country include only the essentials. deviations. Producing a high quality evidence synthesis l are ‘turned off’ when they do try to read them to country, as does guidance on extraction and reproduction l Say why the points you are making are important and may take far longer than anticipated and can be as complex l find the language too complicated and full of jargon of copyright work in reports of evidence synthesis. If re- how they might be used to improve nursing practice. as undertaking primary research. The design and methods using published sources, it is your responsibility as the l do not understand statistics because they are not must be the most appropriate to address the question l Explain why the research you are quoting is rigorous author to find out which permissions are required and which used to them and accommodate the available evidence. For example, if acknowledgements need to be made. and suitable for clinical application, if appropriate. l cannot evaluate the quality of the research addressing an effectiveness question with a reasonable pool of l Consider whether the technical details you plan clinical trials, it is more appropriate to undertake a systematic If in doubt, check with the journal editor as to which copyright You can read more about these problems, and to include are really needed and understandable by Cochrane-type review, rather than an integrative review with a legislation applies and, if appropriate, confirm with the suggestions for overcoming them, in: non- specialists, eg research methodology, lower level of systematic processing. copyright holder. statistics. Brown, C.E., Ecoff, L., Kim, S.C., Wickline, M.A., Rose, B., Make sure that you: Further information is available at: l Consider omitting technical material, but giving a Klimpel, K. and Glaser, D. (2010), Multi-institutional study of l Select a journal that publishes evidence syntheses of authorservices.wiley.com/bauthor/faqs_copyright.asp barriers to research utilization and evidence- based practice reference to another article reporting this aspect in

the type/length/scope that you have undertaken and can among hospital nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing, more detail. Reporting guidelines accommodate the number of essential figures and 19: 1944-1951. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.03184.x l Give clinical examples. Visit the ‘Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health tables integral to your article. l Research’ (EQUATOR) network website for updated reporting State the clinical relevance of what you are writing l Follow the journal reporting requirements. Thompson, D.S., O’Leary, K., Jensen, E., Scott-Findlay, guidelines for your type of review: S., O’Brien-Pallas, L. and Estabrooks, C.A. (2008) The about. l Articulate a clear question, objective, and purpose. relationship between busyness and research utilization: it is l Give suggestions about how to find out more about l Report a named and cited evidence synthesis method/ www.equator-network.org about time. Journal of Clinical Nursing, the topic, including websites. design/process to address the specified question/ 17: 539-548. doi: 10.1111/j. 1365-2702.2007.01981.x objective/purpose that is appropriate for synthesizing Journal specific guidelines For more advice on English and writing style, see page 12. Journal of Advanced Nursing: and interpreting the available included evidence. How can you avoid these pitfalls? http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2648/ If busy clinical nurses are to read research, understand l Do not overstate the interpretation of evidence or homepage/jan_essentials.htm and evaluate it, and consider whether it is suitable to be make any conclusions or recommendations that are not implemented in their practice areas, articles need to be made supported by the evidence synthesis. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2648/ as reader-friendly as possible. homepage/concept_analysis.htm l Follow the methodological guidance for conducting the specific evidence synthesis. Your publication strategy might include writing two articles on Reference the same topic – one in a professional or clinical journal aimed l Make clear the strengths and limitations of the evidence Clarke M., Hopewell S., Chalmers I. (2010) Clinical trials at practitioners and another in a more academic journal for synthesis and the applicability of findings to different should begin and end with systematic reviews of relevant researchers, but see the advice on Publication Ethics contexts. evidence: 12 years and waiting, The Lancet 376 (9734), (page 15). 20-21. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61045-8 l Follow reporting standards for conducting searches for evidence.

7 www.wiley.com/go/nursing 8 © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 5. Publishing from a Research Thesis Get some consumer feedback Consider their feedback carefully and not defensively, and First steps Publishing strategy Find some practitioners who are potential readers of your make the necessary changes, checking back with them again. It is important to discuss a publication strategy at the very Discuss with your supervisor(s) how many articles you will article. Tell them about your ideas and ask them what Put their names in an acknowledgement to the article – this will beginning of your work for a master degree dissertation write, what will be included in each, the timetable for writing they would like to read about in the article. Draw up your plan reward them and encourage them to help you again next time. or doctoral thesis. Your supervisor(s) will play a major role in and submitting them, and how you will collaborate on the based on their suggestions and then check back with them Give them a copy of the article when it is published. helping to develop your ideas, carry out the work, and write up writing. again. the thesis. Therefore, it is appropriate that issues such as co- authorship have been discussed and agreed. From your work you may write: When you have written your first draft, consult your mentor, IDEA and perhaps also ask at least a couple of your potential Read our blog article 40 Things Editors Won’t Tell You (But Journals are likely to have a policy on who can be included as l a literature review article readers to read it and tell you frankly what they think: an author and who should be acknowledged as a contributor, You Need to Know) on Nurse Author & Editor for advice from l a methodological article editors on how to enhance your own publishing experience. but not as an author (see Publication Ethics on page 15). l one or more articles on study results. l Can they understand it? When your supervisor(s) has participated in writing an article, then it is probably most appropriate that you are the first l Is it interesting? named author, followed by the name of your supervisor(s) However, it is important to bear in mind that you should not l Is it relevant to their practice? in the order agreed. It is conventional that the first named submit for publication small sections of a study l Ask them to write in suggestions, corrections, author is recognised as doing the major part of the work, and in several separate articles (sometimes called ‘salami slicing’). See Publication Ethics (page 15). comments – whether positive or negative. the others are seen as making a lesser contribution. Authors

should adhere to journal rules about authorship convention rather than those of individual universities. Is it easy to turn a thesis into articles for publication? When should you publish from your thesis? Sometimes quite major modifications are needed before a It is usual to wait until your thesis is finished before writing thesis can be submitted as an article. articles for publication – unless you are undertaking a doctorate by publication. It might be appropriate to publish an A journal article is quite different in many respects from a article while you are still working on the study: thesis in terms of:

l if you are doing a multi-stage study and one part is l length and amount of detail needed on a topic completed l depth of methodological discussion needed l if you have material for a methodological article l language and style l if it is a requirement of your doctoral program that l interest value of the material you publish articles before the examination or defense l audience of your thesis. Please bear in mind, however, that the This brings us back to several vital issues: time from submission to publication varies from journal to journal, and journal editors won’t take into account l Work on the publications with your supervisor(s) – he/ your doctoral program deadlines. she is likely to be an experienced writer and so will

It is essential to discuss this with your supervisor(s) to judge be able to guide you on how to develop articles from the whether it is a good idea to write an article at this stage, or thesis. whether it would divert you from the main objective of finishing l Consult libraries or journal websites to identify the the project or thesis. It may also be premature to publish ideas most appropriate journals for your articles. or data that later need to be modified. l Make sure that you follow the journal’s author This may be the biggest piece of work you ever do, and it guidelines closely to improve the chances of is vital to publish your findings while they are still fresh and acceptance of your article. relevant. Once the relief of finishing the thesis, having the examination, and celebrating your success are over, it is Caution! tempting to move on to new work. However, be aware that Unfortunately, not all student projects are suitable for turning into an article journals may be reluctant to publish ‘old’ material; and data for publication. Some are just too small-scale and/or local. This does not collected over five years ago may be considered too out of mean that your work was not valuable – after all, you were awarded date to publish. the degree! But a piece of work done for one purpose does not always lend itself to another. If in doubt about whether to spend time turning your work into an article, write an abstract of the proposed article and email it to the journal editor asking if it will be suitable.

9 www.wiley.com/go/nursing 10 © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 6. Presentation of Tables and Figures 7. English and Writing Style Here are some tips to help you with designing tables and For tables It is important to write in a manner that is accessible to your Singular, plural, and gender figures for your article. l Make sure that numbers, especially if they have intended audience, so that readers can easily understand In general it is best to avoid stereotyping with gender-specific and enjoy reading your article. As you may have noticed, language. For example, be especially careful to avoid defaulting decimal points, line up properly – using tabs or right each journal describes its aims and scope and positions itself to the feminine pronoun (she/her) for nurses and the male All tables and figures justification for these columns is the easiest way to do toward a particular audience – frontline practicing nurses in pronoun (he/his) for patients! general, nurses in a specific specialty field, nurse educators, l Simple and easy-to-follow tables and figures are best. this; do not use the space bar. l Round numbers to two decimal places, except for nurse philosophers, and so on. In your writing, it is important to Writing in the plural avoids: Too much detail can get in the way of understanding develop a voice that is appropriate to the style of each journal in statistical significance levels. your main message. reaching its intended audience. l l frequent repetition of his/her or she/he. Instead, use l Check the journal guidelines: If you are indicating that some numbers represent they. - Is there a limit on the number of tables or figures you statistically significant differences, give the test used While not all journals are explicitly international in their aims and scope, the fact that the majority of them are available l overuse of ‘the’, as in ‘the patient with diabetes…’ can use? and significance level – preferably in columns of the table rather than footnotes. online means that many of their readers will not use English as or ‘the nurse should…’ Instead, write ‘patients with - Does the journal use colour, or black and white? their first language. This is a further reason to ensure that you l diabetes…’ or ‘nurses should…’ - What guidelines should be followed when producing Give column and row totals where appropriate. use a clear writing style. l electronic artwork? Do not use lines to separate columns. It is also important to ensure that there is consistency in your l - If your article includes many tables and/or figures, Only use lines to separate rows if the rows deal with use of singular or plural nouns, for example, ‘When patients were intubated, they…’ is grammatically correct, whereas does the journal offer the option of posting different types of variable, eg age, income, nursing Reader-friendly scholarly writing The best scholarly writing communicates complex ideas in a ‘When the patient was intubated, they….’ is incorrect. supplementary material online? qualification. straightforward, clear, and elegant manner. Being scholarly l Place the tables and figures at the end of the article. in your writing does not require writing in a dense or obtuse If your paper has multiple authors be careful to write in the first Do not put them in the text – they will be placed For figures manner. person plural rather than singular. If there are sections of the paper where you are using first person singular because only appropriately when the printer prepares the page l With figures, avoid backgrounds, eg shading, patterned In many studies of nursing research utilization and knowledge one author voice is required, be explicit about why this is so. proofs. bars – use plain white, grey, or black. transfer, it has been reported that uninteresting or overly l Refer to all tables and figures in the text, for example l Label both axes of figures in a sans-serif font (eg Arial). complex writing, or too much use of language that requires Avoid jargon ‘See Table 1,’ ‘Figure 2 shows that…’ l If multiple parts exist in a figure then each part should interpretation, puts people off reading journals. So if your One person’s jargon is another person’s specialist, technical l intended audience is a clinical population, clear language In the text of the article, pick out the highlights or main be labelled with (a), (b), (c), etc. and have an explanation language. Sometimes shortened terms are used within points that the table/figure is telling your readers. and direct messaging is especially important. Simple, short specialist areas or even abbreviations are commonplace, but in the legend. sentences may work better than long and convoluted ones. l Number tables and figures in separate sequences, eg these need to be explained or written out in full to make sure Avoid trying to impress people with long words, and if you don’t that non-specialist readers can understand them. Examples Table 1, 2, etc, Figure 1, 2, etc. fully understand the meaning of a term, don’t use it (overuse of of jargon are ‘D & E grades’ instead of ‘staff nurses,’ and l Give each table/figure a concise heading that the thesaurus has gotten many authors into trouble!). ‘scope’ instead of ‘endoscope.’ Some journals focus on expert, summarizes its content. informed audiences, however, so not all scholarly writing needs The principles for readability are the same as those that you l Try to avoid abbreviations. If they are essential, give to be accessible to a non-expert reading audience. may have used already when writing patient information them in full in a footnote to the table, even if you have leaflets and health education materials – simple words, short Although writing with simplicity and using commonly understood already explained them in the text. sentences, direct speech, and no jargon. terms may work best for reaching the widest audiences, if you l Each separate table/figure should stand alone, that is, are writing for a journal with a specialized audience, attempting it should be understandable without having to refer As a general rule of thumb, write in the first person – ‘I’ to be overly simplistic may detract from the quality of your or ‘we’ – rather than the third person – ‘the author’ or ‘the back to the text. argument. For example, in a philosophical or theoretical article, researcher.’ So in a research-based paper, for example, write precise use of complex terminology may be an essential l Give the number of cases/sample size to which the ‘We interviewed patients postoperatively…’ rather than ‘The ingredient to a logically defensible claim. So the choice of table/figure refers, eg N=120. researchers interviewed patients postoperatively.’ Similarly, language and expression is highly related to the journal you are l Do not put a border around tables and figures. using the active voice creates better clarity and flow of your writing for and its intended audience. Ensuring you are familiar ideas than overuse of the passive voice. For example, ‘We with the journal’s author guidelines and reading a selection of interviewed patients…’ is better than ‘Patients were interviewed’ recently published articles will help you feel more confident in and ‘We found that this population had…’ rather than ‘This your assessment of how best to write for a successful outcome. population was found to have…’

11 www.wiley.com/go/nursing 12 © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 8. Copyright Issues Abbreviations departments to facilitate this process, including services by What is copyright? l You retain various rights related to reuse and self- native English copyeditors. If this is not locally available, Wiley The general purpose of copyright is to provide the holder with archiving. These vary between publishers and journals, Explain abbreviations the first time you use them, for example: offers a service that you may wish to take advantage of. Visit rights to control the way in which the material they own can be so you should check the exact terms on the journal’s wileyeditingservices.com for details. used. The rights can cover any number of things including how National Service Framework (NSF) material is distributed, copied, and adapted. website before submission. Checking and re-checking your article l All requests by third parties to re-use or adapt your American Organization of Nurse Executives (AONE) Use spelling and grammar checkers to help you avoid most of Each publisher and journal will have its own copyright transfer article in whole or in part will usually be handled by the the common errors. agreement, which is a legal document generally used to publisher. National Health Service Executive (NHSE) transfer the copyright of journal articles from one party to When you think you have finished writing your article, there are another. Open Access journals, or journals which offer an Open Access Licenses Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) still several steps to be taken. Open Access publication option, will instead ask authors to Each journal that offers an Open Access publication option sign the relevant Open Access license. Once signed, the will again have its own licence, which you should check on the Where the location is not self-evident in the title, and the Read it out aloud to yourself to check that it makes sense, has signatory is contracted to the rules governing the agreement. journal’s website. Many Open Access licences are based on intended audience extends beyond your local region, you may a logical order, and the punctuation is in the right places. also need to provide further explanation (eg ‘In the United the Creative Commons Licences (http://creativecommons. Copyright transfer agreements (CTAs) org/licenses/). Creative Commons have several licences, Kingdom (UK), the National Health Service (NHS) is….’). Ask your writing mentor to review the article for you. You It is a legal requirement for publishers to receive a signed although not all journals will offer all of them, and these allow may also want to find someone to represent your target CTA before publication of an article can proceed. different levels of re-use (eg. commercial/non-commercial re- Remember that ways of expressing ideas that are readers, such as a staff nurse if it is a clinical paper or a new use). commonplace to you, in your region, may not be self-evident to researcher if it is a research report. Ask them to read the There are a number of reasons why a CTA is sought; not least others, even within a specialty field. For example, don’t use the article and tell you where you may need to write more clearly the fact that under European copyright law a publisher that Some funding bodies and universities have policies that single word ‘nurses’ as shorthand for ‘nursing staff.’ Generally, or in more detail. If they have contributed significantly to the must have explicit authority from the copyright holder to post require any authors funded or employed by them to publish ‘Nurse’ refers to a Registered Nurse (note the capital letters). If writing of the article, then remember to thank them in the an article online. If publishers did not have this authority for their work under certain licenses. Open Access is a relatively other kinds of worker are included, such as nursing aides, then Acknowledgements section. They will usually be more likely to all articles, it would prevent them from being able to easily new and rapidly-changing movement, and it is therefore ‘nursing staff’ would be the correct expression. Avoid using help you and others in future. disseminate articles in electronic format, and, consequently important to fully understand the different options and ‘etc’ at the end of a group of examples. limit the amount of exposure articles receive. Publishers requirements, and what they mean for the re-use of your Useful resources adopting a policy of obtaining CTAs provide the following article. National and international audiences Hall, George M. (Ed.) (2012) How To Write a Paper, 5th advantages: Some journals, such as national specialty journals, clearly aim edition. Oxford: BMJ Books Resource for a local audience. In writing for these journals you can safely l It facilitates international protection against assume that your readers have some knowledge of the local Holland, K and Watson, R (Eds.) (2012) Writing for infringement, libel, or plagiarism. Understanding copyright and license context and will understand your references to local conditions Publication in Nursing and Healthcare: Getting it Right. http://www.wileyauthors.com/license (popular policy frameworks, names of health authorities Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell l It enables the most efficient processing of licensing and professional organizations, and so on). However, many and permissions in order that the article can be made journals aim to communicate with an international audience, Nurse Author & Editor (Wiley): available to the fullest extent both directly and through Most of Wiley’s subscription-based journals assuming that their intended readers will come from a range offer you an open access option called www.nurseauthoreditor.com intermediaries, and in both print and electronic form. of communities and cannot be familiar with local context. In l OnlineOpen. this case, you should use accessible language and provide EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific It enables publishers to maintain the integrity of an sufficient detail to allow all readers to easily understand what Articles to Be Published in English, available at article once refereed and accepted for publication, by OnlineOpen provides: you mean, and follow your ideas. www.ease.org.uk/publications/author-guidelines facilitating centralised management of all media forms l High visibility as all articles are made freely available including linking, reference validation, and distribution. online for everyone immediately upon publication When English is not your first language Wiley Author Services l Easy compliance with open access mandates, as all If fluency in English is an issue for you, it is advisable to try to www.wileyauthors.com/books What rights do you retain? articles are Creative Commons licensed prepare your draft article in English. Even if this is somewhat The essential features of a CTA are usually as follows: difficult for you, it tends to make for a more successful article l Reuse and immediate deposit of final article in any than writing it in your preferred language and having it l website or repository translated into English afterwards. If there are problems with You will be identified as the author whenever and l the English writing, most journals will strongly encourage you wherever your article is published. Copyright retention – you retain the copyright for your to obtain editorial and/or proofreading advice prior to initial l You or, if applicable, your employer, retains all article at all times submission. If your article is not written in clear English, it proprietary rights (other than copyright), such as l Automatic export to PubMed Central/Europe PubMed is more likely to be rejected. There are now many services patent rights, in any process, procedure or Central (PMC) when appropriate available, regardless of your location, to provide this work, and l High-quality and authoritative publishing standards help you make the text as clear and comprehensible as article of manufacture described in your article. possible. Most health research units and universities have

Ethical issues are important for everyone involved in both to the work and to the article. If not, the supervisor(s) Plagiarism Other important issues: journal publishing including authors, reviewers, editors, and should be acknowledged, but not listed as co-authors. As you are aware, you need to take care to avoid plagiarism. l Conflict of interest The US Office of Research Integrity (ORI) offers this working publishers. Adhering to a standard of ethical authorship and If there are financial or personal interests which could publication is good practice and furthers the concept of good Other people who you may wish to acknowledge, rather than definition of plagiarism: affect your ability to present your work science. Violation of publication ethics standards could have list as authors, could be managers who have granted research serious implications for your career and reputation, so it is access, or graduate students who have checked the accuracy ‘ORI considers plagiarism to include both the theft or objectively, then these should be disclosed. Check important to address ethical issues carefully – at the time of references. misappropriation of intellectual property and the substantial the author guidelines to find out how the journal you are of writing your article. This section outlines some of the key unattributed textual copying of another’s work.’ submitting to wants declarations to be made. ethical considerations for you as an author, but publication You may like to read this editorial about authorship: http://ori.hhs.gov/ori-policy-plagiarism l Registering clinical trials ethics is a complex subject and we recommend that you access the listed resources for further information. Hayter, M., Noyes, J., Perry, L., Pickler, R., Roe, B. and Many journals screen submitted articles by using plagiarism Clinical trials should be registered in publicly Watson, R. (2013), Who writes, whose rights, and who’s right? screening services such as CrossCheck, which is a multi- accessible registries, before participants are enrolled. The Wiley Best Practice Guidelines on Publication Ethics can Issues in authorship. Journal of Advanced Nursing, publisher initiative to screen published and submitted content l Respecting confidentiality for originality. To find out more about CrossCheck visit: be accessed at: exchanges.wiley.com/ethicsguidelines 69: 2599–2601. doi: 10.1111/jan.12265 You should write in such a way as to protect research www.crossref.org/crosscheck.html participants from being recognised in your article. Wiley, like many publishing companies, is a member Duplicate and redundant publication l of the Committee for Publication Ethics (COPE). COPE offers If you are preparing more than one article from the same Due to copyright issues it is unacceptable to reuse text or If your research involves human participants, you are a wide array of guidelines and flow sheets to assist editors in study, these should be submitted as separate articles. Each figures from your own previously published work without required to obtain ethical approval from an appropriate appropriately referencing (and seeking permission in managing the ethical issues they confront in their roles. COPE article should address different aspects of the study, or report body and many journals will require you to indicate is also available to authors and can be accessed at some cases). Visit: http://olabout.wiley.com/WileyCDA/ the study in distinctly different ways for different readerships. how you obtained ethical approval for your study. www.publicationethics.org. Academic writers are When there are several articles from the same study you Section/id-828023.html for further information. There are recognized international standards to encouraged to visit the site and make use of the resources that should alert the editor to this in your cover letter for each are free to all. article at the time of submission. ensure that studies involving human participants are conducted in such a way as to minimize harm to If you have queries or concerns which aren’t answered by You should not submit for publication small sections of a study participants. referring to the above website, it’s a good idea to contact the in several separate articles (sometimes called ‘salami slicing’). editor of the journal to which you are planning to submit your When more than one article is prepared from the same study article. there should be minimal duplication and no cut and paste of material across the articles. Authorship Journals’ definitions as to what constitutes authorship will vary, It might be appropriate, for example, to describe the research so it is important to consult the specific journal’s guidance methods fully in one article and give a summary of these in about this. Definitions are also provided by various bodies a second article, with reference to the fuller description in including the International Council of Medical and Journal the first article. However done, there must always be direct Editors (ICMJE) which offers guidance on authorship issues, in referencing to any other articles from the same study that have this case for submissions to biomedical publications: been published (or are ‘in press’). www.icmje.org

Establishing authorship and order of authors at the start of For further information please see JAN editorial ‘How many your project can help to avoid embarrassment and confusion papers can be published from one study?’ at the later stages. You should not list people as authors who have had little or no part in the research. Similarly, it is It is never acceptable to submit the same article to more than unethical to leave out the names of individuals who contributed one journal at a time. If you wish to submit to another journal, substantially to the research. the original article must be withdrawn from the journal where it is being reviewed. If an article is rejected by a journal, you are Normally, the person who has played the major role in free to submit to another. research design, data generation and analysis, and in writing the article, will be the first named author. If you wish to publish a translation of your article from English, or into English, remember that this would be duplicate Research teams may divide up the publications so that each publication, and permission would need to be sought from both member has one for which he/she is the first named author. of the journals’ publishers. Publications resulting from student projects should have the student as the first named author, and the supervisor(s) afterwards, but only if he/she has made a major contribution

15 www.wiley.com/go/nursing 16 © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 10. The Impact Factor While the Impact Factor remains the most widely known and research funding or determine academic promotion, but this is Alternative methods for measuring impact Online usage statistics and usage-based metrics are becoming used measure of a journal’s impact, exactly what it tells us is changing. More and more, the quality of an article is considered There are also other metrics and methods for evaluating the increasingly important, and COUNTER (Counting Online often the cause of considerable confusion and debate. Many on an individual basis rather than on the basis of the journal’s impact of journals. Many rely on the same data as the Impact Usage of Networked Electronic Resources) is currently alternative metrics are available, some of which are based (like Impact Factor in isolation. Assessing articles at an individual Factor, but use it in a slightly different way. working towards developing a Journal Usage Factor the Impact Factor) on citations, while others are based on other level makes a lot of sense as, in theory, a journal could receive (www.projectcounter.org/usage_factor.html). ways of measuring impact, such as online accesses to articles a high Impact Factor by publishing one heavily cited article, The Five Year Impact Factor looks at citations from a certain (usage) and dissemination through social media. alongside a number of articles that are seldom cited. year to articles published in the previous five years, rather than Article-level metrics that are not based on citations are the previous two years as the Impact Factor does. becoming more widely accepted, and these are often referred This section looks first at the Impact Factor and then at Furthermore, not only is it contentious to assume any link to as altmetrics. There are several companies, websites, and alternative methods for measuring impact. between citation numbers and the quality of material published, The Eigenfactor (and related metric Article Influence) also groups that calculate altmetrics, including Altmetrics.com, a journal may receive fewer citations because the material it looks at a five-year window, but additionally seeks to resolve ImpactStory, CitedIn, and Plum Analytics. The most common What is an Impact Factor? publishes has been less widely disseminated compared to some of the problems of the Impact Factor by removing self- altmetrics relate to online views and mentions on social media, The Impact Factor was devised by the Institute of Scientific competitor journals (not that the quality of the journal is any citations from the calculation and weights citations by the blogs, or news media. Information (ISI), now part of Thomson Reuters. Thomson worse than other journals in its field). impact of the citing journal. Reuters’ Journal Citation Reports are published annually and list the Impact Factors of the indexed journals, of which there What about the journals that do not have an The SCImago Journal Rank does not rely on ISI’s data but IDEA are now over 11,000. Impact Factor? rather Elsevier’s competitor index, Scopus. Like the Impact Wiley helps you measure the impact of your research – So where does this leave journals that do not have an Factor, it essentially measures citations per article, but supported through our specialist partnerships with Kudos and Broadly speaking, the Impact Factor is a measure of Impact Factor? Firstly, not having an Impact Factor does not removes self-citations and weights cites as the Eigenfactor Altmetric, as well as citation tracking on Wiley Online Library. the journal’s influence – as measured by the number of citations automatically mean a journal is not publishing material equal to, does. it receives. Specifically, the Impact Factor for or even better than, material published in journals that do have a given year is defined as the total number of citations received an Impact Factor. In addition to the above, the journal could Not all metrics look at journals. The h-index is used to evaluate by the journal in that year to articles published over the previous be new, and therefore has not published sufficient material to individual authors; An author has an h-index of, say, five when two years, divided by the total number of citable items published receive a full ISI assessment. Likewise, the journal could focus he/she has published at least five articles, each of which has by the journal in that two year period. on material that is less likely to gain (or indeed increase) an been cited at least five times, or an h-index of ten when he/ Impact Factor – for example, case reports, which tend to be she has published at least ten articles, each of which has been For more information about ISI, visit: less frequently cited. This does not necessarily mean that the cited at least ten times. There are numerous similar metrics thomsonreuters.com/thomson-reuters-web-of-science/ journal is of any lesser value – perhaps just that its editorial that evaluate authors in the same way. team has chosen to publish articles more suited to a specific What does a journal need to do to get an target audience. Other metrics are not based on citation data. Impact Factor? To merit inclusion in the ISI database (and therefore to receive In addition, some subject areas (including nursing) are less an Impact Factor) a journal must pass a vetting procedure time-sensitive. Consequently, the two-year timeframe for which begins with an ISI in-house editor, with appropriate assessing a journal’s Impact Factor is not always a true subject expertise, and concludes with a review and confirmation reflection of the worth of a journal; some journals have articles by the entire ISI editorial team. The assessment involves a which continue to be highly cited – or start being cited – three number of parameters, including regularity of publication, profile or four years after publication, but are not included within the of the editorial team, whether the journal is peer-reviewed, current ISI calculation for assessing an Impact Factor. the relevance and topicality of the contents, and whether the speciality is sufficiently covered already within ISI. For more The Impact Factor tends to dictate which journal some authors information, see the Thomson Reuters Journal Selection (particularly academics) choose to submit to, and this is likely Process Essay at to continue for the reasons (and misunderstandings) outlined wokinfo.com/essays/journal-selection-process/ above. Given that there is no obvious alternative for measuring the relative quality of a journal, this is understandable. However, Are Impact Factors important? If so, why? the Impact Factor should not be the only factor considered when choosing which journal to publish in. Referring back to the For some authors – rightly or wrongly – the Impact Factor is earlier section entitled ‘Who do I want to read my article?’ (page a significant criterion when selecting a journal for the article 3) is a better starting point! they want to publish. The reason for this is that, for many people, a journal which has an Impact Factor/high Impact Factor is deemed to be one of high quality (relatively speaking). Historically, this has been the view of those who allocate

17 www.wiley.com/go/nursing 18 © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 11. Making your Article Discoverable Online Notes Search engine optimisation (SEO) Build links Increasing the readership of your article will raise the visibility Link to your article across your social media, networking and of your research. Search engine optimization (SEO) is a key institutional sites. The more inbound links to your article, the factor in ensuring your research is discovered and available to more search engines will value and highlight your content. read or download. Encourage colleagues to link to your article because links from trusted sites and individuals have a powerful effect on search Here are a few tips to help you with this: engines.

Article title Promotion on social media Once your article is written and published, you can promote it l Make sure you have a SEO friendly title for your article on your academic and social networks. Linking to your article l The title needs to be short but descriptive and must on platforms such as those listed below will also influence incorporate 1-2 keywords related to your topic. You search engine rankings. should place your keywords within the first 65 l LinkedIn characters of the title. l Facebook Article Abstract l Twitter l Choose the appropriate keywords and phrases for your l Your blog, or websites that you contribute to article. Think of a phrase of 2-4 words that a researcher l Your institution’s repository might search on to find your article. l Your academic institution’s website l Place essential findings and keywords in the first two l Mendeley sentences of your abstract. Note that only the first two l ResearchGate sentences normally display in search engine results. Article sharing l Find specific keywords on Google Trends and Google You can share your article at any stage of publication. For Adwords keyword tools. public sharing of your article, please read our full article l Repeat your keywords and phrases 3-6 times sharing policy. throughout the abstract in a natural, contextual way. http://media.wiley.com/assets/7323/93/Sharing-guidelines-for- Wiley-journal-articles.pdf Article l Don’t go overboard with repetition as search Wiley Twitter Accounts engines may un-index your article as a result. Wiley has a number of Twitter accounts that you can follow l Provide 5-7 keywords or phrases in the and interact with: keywords field @Wiley_Health @WileyOpenAccess @WileyUK l Include the keywords and phrases you repeated in @WileyOnc_Hem @WileyResearcher @WileyAsiaBlog @WBmeded @WileyNews @CochraneLibrary your abstract as well as any additional, relevant @Wiley_Nursing @WBPsychology @WileyGenetics keywords. @WileyAdvisors @WileyExchanges @cochranecollab l All keywords should relate to your research topic and paper. Keywords are important for abstracting and Resources indexing services as a mechanism to tag research You may find the following online social media resources content as well as SEO. useful: l Stay consistent with authors’ names Wiley’s Twitter Guide for Editors l Refer to authors’ names and initials in a consistent Search Engine Optimization and Your Journal Article manner throughout the article and remember to be Optimizing Abstracts for Search Engines 10 easy ways to make sure your article gets read consistent with any previous online publications.

Headings Headings for the various sections of your article tip off search engines as to the structure and content of your article. Incorporate your keywords and phrases in these headings wherever it’s appropriate.

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