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Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

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Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy BOUNDARY MATTERS: THE DYNAMICS OF BOUNDARY OBJECTS, INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURES, AND ORGANISATIONAL IDENTITIES by URI GAL A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Information Systems CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY May, 2008 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the thesis/dissertation of Uri Gal______________________________________________________________ Candidate for the Ph.D._________________________________________ degree*. (Signed) Kalle Lyytinen________________________________________________ (Chair of the committee) Richard Boland________________________________________________ Susan Leigh Star_______________________________________________ Youngjin Yoo_________________________________________________ (date) 11/02/07 * We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein 2 Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………...6 1. Introduction............................................................................................................... 7 2. Theoretical Foundations......................................................................................... 15 2.1. Information infrastructures ................................................................................ 15 2.2. Organisational identities .................................................................................... 22 2.3. Boundary objects ............................................................................................... 28 3. Research Context .................................................................................................... 36 3.1. The AEC industry .............................................................................................. 36 3.2. 2D and 3D modelling technologies in the AEC industry .................................. 41 4. Research Methodology ........................................................................................... 46 4.1. Empirical case: Changes in modelling technologies in the AEC industry ........ 46 4.2. Research Sites: Hoffman Construction Company and A. Zahner Company..... 48 4.2.1. Hoffman Construction Company............................................................ 48 4.2.2. A. Zahner Company................................................................................ 48 4.3. Research design ................................................................................................. 50 4.4. Sampling ............................................................................................................ 51 4.5. Data collection and analysis............................................................................... 55 5. Results ...................................................................................................................... 59 5.1. Hoffman ............................................................................................................. 60 5.1.1. The poker dealer: Hoffman in typical 2D construction projects............. 60 5.1.2. The dispersed collaborator: Using 3D modelling technologies with Gehry Partners .................................................................................................. 67 5.1.3. The Air-traffic controller / knowledge broker: The Seattle library project.................................................................................................... 72 5.2. Zahner ................................................................................................................ 76 5.2.1. The Detached Worker: Zahner in typical 2D construction projects ....... 76 5.2.2. The Fixer – Zahner in the construction of the Hunter Museum of American art...................................................................................................... 82 5.2.3. The seamless collaborator: Using 3D modelling technologies with Randall Stout Architects ................................................................................... 90 6. Discussion................................................................................................................. 99 7. The Interrelationships of Boundary Objects, Organisational Identities, and Information Infrastructures .................................................................................... 113 7.1. How do 2D and 3D modelling technologies, as boundary objects, shape or are shaped by organisational practices and patterns of communication? ............... 113 7.2. How do 2D and 3D modelling technologies shape or are shaped by the identities of the organisations that use them? ......................................................... 115 7.3. What are the implications of changes in modelling technologies for the identities, practices, and interactions of the organisations that share them? .......... 116 8. Contribution to Existing Literature.................................................................... 122 9. Implications ........................................................................................................... 132 10. Limitations and Future Research...................................................................... 137 Appendix 1. Company Interview Guide………………………….………….……140 References.................................................................................................................. 141 3 List of Tables 1. Number of interviews and interviewees ……………….……………………………56 2. A summary of findings for Hoffman ………………….…………………………….99 3. A summary of findings for Zahner ...………………………………….…………….101 4 List of Figures 1. A process model of relationships in 2D-based construction projects………...……….63 2. A process model of relationships during the EMP project……………………...…….71 3. A process model of relationships during the Seattle Library project………………….76 4. A process model of relationships in 2D-based construction projects……………....…81 5. A process model of relationships during the construction of the Hunter Museum…...88 6. A process model of relationships during the AGA project…………………………....97 7. Interrelationships of Boundary Objects, Organisational Identities, and Information Infrastructures……………………………………………………………………….….113 5 Boundary Matters: The Dynamics of Boundary Objects, Information Infrastructures, and Organisational Identities Abstract by URI GAL In this work I set out to examine the organisational implications of the introduction of new information systems that are designed for the sharing of information and collaboration across organisational boundaries. I highlight the social processes within and across organisations in which information systems are implicated. To do so, I conceptualise information systems as boundary objects and examine them in relation to the information infrastructures within which they are embedded and the identities of the organisations that share them during a process of technology-enabled change. I present four case studies that describe the introduction of a new collaborative technology, 3D modelling tools, into the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry, and the accompanying organisational changes. Based on the case studies I suggest that boundary objects are used not only to facilitate cross-organisational communication and collaboration, but also as a resource to form organisational identities. I further suggest the occurrence of a dynamic process whereby changes in boundary objects enable changes in information infrastructures and identities in one organisation. These changes, in turn, create the conditions for change in bordering organisations through joint boundary objects and boundary practices. 6 1. Introduction Today, more than ever, organisations rely on information technologies (IT) to accomplish their tasks. A vast array of IT are used in organisations to support production activities, store, retrieve, and transfer information across organisational units, maintain relationships with customers, suppliers, and other external stakeholders, and facilitate communication within and across organisational boundaries. Technologies such as enterprise resource planning systems, supply chain management systems, product lifecycle management systems, CAD/CAM systems, and e-commerce applications have become an integral part of organisational functioning to the point that it is hard to imagine organisational life without them. Furthermore, new technologies have brought with them novel forms of representing information that are growing richer and more complex. Given their growing centrality to organisational and inter-organisational activity, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the organisational changes that are associated with new IT. Previous studies on the impact of IT on organisations have emphasised the capacity of technology to cause desired organisational changes (e.g., Mukhopadhyay et. al., 1995; Brynjolfsson et. al., 1998) while others have highlighted the ability of managers to strategically direct organisational change by purposefully designing and utilising technology (e.g., Henderson & Venkatraman, 1999; Sambamurthy & Zmud, 2000). Markus and Robey (1988) suggested adopting an emergent perspective that sees the organisational effects of IT as materialising from the dynamic interplay among actors, structures, and technology (Barley, 1986; Orlikowski & Robey, 1991; Orlikowski, 2000). While rooted in different theoretical perspectives, these approaches
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