SAND AUDIT IN DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Irikkur Grama Panchayat, Govt.of

SAND AUDIT OF RIVER IN

KUTTAVU KADAVU IRIKKUR GRAMAPANCHAYAT

RE-COMPUTED SAND AUDIT REPORT

Submitted to

THE SECRETARY, IRIKKUR GRAMAPANCHAYAT

GOVERNMENT OF KERALA

By

CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

January 2017

Centre for Environment and Development 1 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Irikkur Grama Panchayat, Govt.of Kerala

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No

FOREWORD 3

1.0 INTRODUCTION 4

1.1 Background 4

1.2 Environmental Impact of Excessive Sand Mining in Streams 4

1.3 Sand and Gravel Mining Policy and Guideline 6

1.4 Sand Audit or Budget 9

1.5 Sand and Gravel Mining Management 9

2.0 OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT STUDY 12

3.0 STUDY AREA 12

4.0 METHOD OF STUDY 13

4.1 15 STUDY BY GIS APPLICATIONS

5.0 RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE STUDY 22

RESULT FROM GIS APPLICATIONS 5.1. 23

6.0 RE- COMPUTATION 2 9

7.0. DRAWINGS

Centre for Environment and Development 2 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Irikkur Grama Panchayat, Govt.of Kerala

FOREWORD

Kannur district is located in the northern part of the Kerala State with a geographical area of2966 sq.km. It is bounded by the Western Ghats in the east and Sea in the west.The major rivers of the district are Perumba, Kuppam, Valapatnam, , Mahi, andAncharakandy originated in the highlands of Western Ghats and drain in to the sea.

In recent years, rapid development has led to an increased demand for river sand as a source of construction material. This has resulted in a mushrooming of illegal river sand mining activities which have given rise to various problems that require urgent action by the authorities. These include river bank erosion, river bed degradation, river buffer zone encroachment and deterioration of river water quality. Very often, over-mining occurs which jeopardises the health of the river and the environment in general.

There is a need for the Revenue Department, Local Administration Department (LAD) and Irrigation Department to be equipped with the necessary planning and management tools to deal with the problems that arise from river sand mining and the preparation of this guideline is an effort in this direction. The District Collector, Kannur has conducted a DLEC meeting in his chamber on 24-02-2014 and taken a decision for carry out River Bank Mapping and Sand Auditing of 4 rivers in Kannur District and requested the Centre For Environment and Development, to carry out the study and submit the report based on it. Based on the above The CED has completed the study and submitted the detailed report to the District Collector, Kannur.

River Bank Mapping and Sand Auditing of the Valapattanam river from Neendunokki Bridge to Pazhasinikadave Bridge Has been completed and report submitted as per the request of the River Management Cell of Revenue Department.

As requested by the District Collector, Kannur, we carried out the study of the balance stretch of the Valapattanam river from Pazhasinikadave Bridge to Valapattanam Bridge and report has been submitted on June 2015. This report was prepared on the basis of the detailed Total Station survey and investigation carried out by our experts.

Again the District Collector requested to re-compute the volume of sand in the stretch of Valapattanam river from Pazhasinikadave Bridge to Valapattanam Bridge and submit the report. Accordingly the report is prepared and submitted on September 2016 based on the previous study and the volume of sand mined after the study. GIS application also adopted for the computation.

Now the Secretary, Irikkur Grama Panchayat requested to prepare the volume of sand in Valapattanam River in the area of Kuttave Kadave, Irikkur Panchayat. Accordingly the report is prepared based on the previous study and the report of September 2016. We sincerely hope that this report will be very useful for planning and management of sand mining in the above stretch of Valapattanam river of Kannur District. Dr. Babu Ambat Executive Director Centre for Environment and Development Centre for Environment and Development 3 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Irikkur Grama Panchayat, Govt.of Kerala

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Sand and gravel have long been used as aggregate for construction of roads and buildings. Today, the demand for these materials continues to rise. In Kerala, the main source of sand is from in-stream mining. In-stream sand mining is a common practice in the streams and rivers of Kerala.

In-stream sand mining can damage private and public properties as well as aquatic habitats. Excessive removal of sand may significantly distort the natural equilibrium of a stream channel. By removing sediment from the active channel bed, in-stream mines interrupt the continuity of sediment transport through the river system, disrupting the sediment mass balance in the river downstream and inducing channel adjustments extending considerable distances (commonly 1 km or more) beyond the extraction site itself. The magnitude of the impact basically depends on the magnitudes of the extraction relative to bed load sediment supply and transport through the reach.

1.2 Environmental Impact of Excessive Sand Mining in Streams

Excessive in-stream sand-and-gravel mining causes the degradation of rivers. In-stream mining lowers the stream bottom, which may lead to bank erosion. Depletion of sand in the streambed and along coastal areas causes the deepening of rivers and estuaries, and the enlargement of river mouths and coastal inlets. It may also lead to saline-water intrusion from the nearby sea. The effect of mining is compounded by the effect of sea level rise. Any volume of sand exported from streambeds and coastal areas is a loss to the system. The major impacts in Kerala due to excessive and illegal sand mining are :

 Sand mining from almost all the rivers in Kerala goes on unabated despite the restrictions and controls imposed by the State Government;

 It has not only deepened the river beds to below the sea level but threatens the existence of several road bridges across these rivers;

Centre for Environment and Development 4 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Irikkur Grama Panchayat, Govt.of Kerala

 As a result of the fall in the riverbed level to below the sea level, the water available in 20-30 km stretch of several rivers from their confluences to upward has become saline;

 Besides, the water level in the wells on the embankments has fallen sharply after the monsoon season ;

 Another concern is that the indiscriminate mining has bared the bases of the pillars of the

bridges to the extent that the well Fig 1 : Indiscriminate sand mining has exposed the foundation that are supposed to foundations of the bridge remain under the riverbed are now exposed by several metres;

 When the extraction rate exceeds the replenishment rate, significant and potentially irreversible changes occur in the hydraulic conditions and channel stability;

 Slumping of river banks, marked changes in riverbed configuration, mining of sand from prohibited areas close to engineering structures and over- deepening of river channels are Fig 2: Bared well-foundations of a bridge facing threat of collapse some of the problems that need immediate attention;

 Apart from in-stream mining, mining of sand from land areas such as paddy fields and floodplains is also practised in many panchayats;

 The layers of sand inter-bedded within floodplain areas have been exploited as an alternative to river sand;

 The floodplain mining also damages the environmental setting of the area;

 The removal of sediments and creation of deep pits by way of mining sand will result in lowering of water table to deeper levels.

Centre for Environment and Development 5 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Irikkur Grama Panchayat, Govt.of Kerala

Many bridges across rivers are facing threat of collapsing owing indiscriminate sand-mining. Though sand-mining from the 500-metre limits of bridges is strictly prohibited as per the River Bank Protection and Regulation of Sand Mining Act- 2001, sand is being mined illegally even from the close vicinity of the bridge piers, Figure 3: Exposed bank of a river due to unrestricted mining activities leaving the concrete structures in a precarious condition.

1.3 Sand and Gravel Mining Policy and Guideline

The following policies should be taken into consideration before approving sand and gravel mining permits.

a) Ensure conservation of the river equilibrium and its natural environment

b) Avoid aggradations at the downstream reach especially those with hydraulic structures such as jetties, water Figure 4: Exposed bridge foundation due to intakes etc. unrestricted mining activities c) Ensure that the rivers are protected from bank and bed erosion beyond its stable profile.

d) Avoid interfering the river maintenance work by Department of Irrigation and Revenue Department or other agencies.

e) No obstruction should be done to the river flow and water transport.

f) Avoid pollution of river water leading to water quality deterioration.

g) Outline the process required in determining the locations, periods and quantity for sand and gravel mining.

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The general guidelines for sand and gravel mining are as follows:

a) Parts of the river reaches that experience deposition or aggradations shall be identified first. Operators may be allowed to extract the sand and gravel deposit in these locations to lessen aggradation problem.

b) The distance between sites for sand and gravel mining shall depend on the replenishment rate of the river. Sediment rating curve for the potential sites shall be developed and checked against the extracted volumes of sand and gravel.

c) Sand and gravel may be extracted across the entire active channel during the dry season (January to May and August to November).

d) Layers of sand and gravel which could be removed from the river bed shall depend on the width of the river and replenishment rate of the river.

e) Sand and gravel shall not be allowed to be extracted where erosion may occur, such as at the concave bank.

f) Sand and gravel shall not be extracted within 500 meter from any crucial hydraulic structure such as pumping station, water intakes, bridges, buildings and such structures.

g) Sand and gravel mining could be extracted from the downstream of the sand bar at

River bends.

g) Flood discharge capacity of the river could be maintained in areas where there are significant flood hazard to existing structures or infrastructure. Sand and gravel mining may be allowed to maintain the natural flow capacity based on surveyed cross- section history

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Details of the criteria needed to ensure that sand and gravel extraction is carried out in a sustainable way are given in Chapter 6 of this guidelines

Start

The Cross – section survey should cover the entire length of the river except the CRZ zone at River Survey downstream. Minimum intervals of the cross section is twice the width of the river subject to the minimum of 500 M. Sediment Sampling The sediment sampling should be verified on the each cross-sections including the depth of the sand deposit by penetration of iron rod. Preparation of Cross Sections Cross section should be prepared with highlighting the cross section area of sand deposit and area of sand up to the depth of 2.00 M from the water level to be marked. Quantity Calculation Calculate the quality of the sand deposit for mining by Panchayat wise. Submission of the Proposal Submit the proposal with all cross sections longitudinal section of the river with quantity calculation and necessary instructions. Management Plan Concerned Local Body and Revenue Department should manage the sand mining as per the prepared management plan.

End

Centre for Environment and Development 8 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Irikkur Grama Panchayat, Govt.of Kerala

1.4 Sand Audit or Budget

Determining the sand budget for a particular stream reach requires site-specific topographic, hydrologic, and hydraulic information. This information is used to determine the amount of sand that can be removed from the area without causing undue erosion or degradation, either at the site or at a nearby location, upstream or downstream

1.5 Sand and Gravel Mining Management

A summary of recommendations for the management of sand and gravel mining is given herein. a) Permit mining volume based on measured annual replenishment

A volume equal to the estimated annual replenishment could be extracted from the reach of the channel. Replenishment (up to the elevation of the selected channel configuration) would need to occur before subsequent extraction could take place.

Maintain a record of annual replenishment accounts for the episodic nature of sediment transport. For example, during wet periods with high stream flows, and a high contribution of sediment from hillslopes and tributaries, the data through monitoring would show that sand and gravel bars are replenished quickly. During drought periods with low stream flow, and little sediment supply or transport, the data would likely show that bars were replenished at a slower rate. The use of monitoring data is essential in measuring when actual replenishment occurs. The use of the concept of annual replenishment protects long-term channel stability as well as aquatic and riparian habitat by extracting a volume sustainable by watershed processes.

It is important to develop a system to allocate the total estimated annual replenishment between all of the operators. b) Establish an absolute elevation below which no extraction may occur

(Minimum Enveloped Level or Redline)

The absolute elevation below which no mining could occur or “redline” would be surveyed on a site-specific basis in order to avoid impacts to structures such as bridges and to avoid impacts on vegetation associated with down cutting due to excessive removal of sediment. An extraction site can be determined after setting the deposition level at 2 m below the summer water level. c) Review cumulative effects of sand and gravel extraction

Centre for Environment and Development 9 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Irikkur Grama Panchayat, Govt.of Kerala

The cumulative impact of all mining proposals should be reviewed on an annual basis to determine if cumulative revering effects are likely and to ensure that permits are distributed in a manner that minimizes long-term impacts and inequities in permits between adjacent mining operations. d) Maintain flood capacity

Flood capacity in the river should be maintained in areas where there are significant flood hazards to existing structures or infrastructure. e) Establish a long-term monitoring program

Monitoring of changes in bed elevation and channel morphology, and aquatic and riparian habitat upstream and downstream of the extraction would identify any impacts of sand and gravel extraction to biologic resources. i) Retain vegetation buffer at edge of water and against river bank

Riparian vegetation performs several functions essential to the proper maintenance of geomorphic and biological processes in rivers. It shields river banks and bars from erosion. Additionally, riparian vegetation, including roots and downed trees, serves as cover for fish, provides food source, works as a filter against sediment inputs, and aids in nutrient cycling. More broadly, the riparian zone is necessary to the integrity of the ecosystem providing habitat for invertebrates, birds and other wildlife. So removal of the vegetation from the river bank while mining should be strictly restricted. j) Limit in-stream operations to the period between January to May and September to November.

The in-stream mining should only be allowed during the dry season. k) An annual Status and Trends Report

This report should review permitted extraction quantities in the light of results of the monitoring program, or as improved estimates of replenishment become available. The report should document changes in bed elevation, channel morphology and aquatic and riparian habitat. The report should also include a record of extraction volumes permitted and excavation location. Finally, recommendations for reclamation, if needed should be documented.

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Setbacks and Mining Envelope Levels for In-Stream Mining

. The excavation must be carried out giving a setback of minimum of 5 m from the main channel bank toward the flow channel (Figure 5).

. The stockpile must be located beyond 20 m to the left or right of the main

channel bank (Figure 5). Figure 5: Setback, “dead line” and Maximum Allowable Mining Depth for In-Stream Mining . The maximum allowable mining depth is 2 m from the water level as shown in Figure 5.

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2.0 OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT STUDY

The District Administration is responsible to ensure that sand and gravel extraction is carried out in a sustainable way in the rivers, to maintain the river equilibrium with the application of sediment transport principles in determining the locations, period and quantity to be extracted and also to identify the suitable locations, period and quantity that can be extracted. Generation of necessary information is essential to plan the above mentioned activities.

The basic objectives of the present study and re-computing of sand volume are

(i) Re-compute the volume of sand deposit and the amount of possible extraction in the area of Kuttavu Kadavu,Irrikkur Panchayat in Valapattanam river from ParassiniKadave Bridge to Pazhassi Dam of Kannur District.

(ii) To set up guidelines for controlling and management of sand mining by the authorities and to formulate policies for sand and gravel mining.

(iii) To ensure conservation of the river equilibrium and its natural environment.

3.0 STUDY AREA

Kannur district is located in the northern part of the Kerala State with a geographical area of 2966 sq.km within the latitudes 110 40‟ to 120 48‟ North and longitudes 750 52‟ to 760 07‟ East. The boundary of the district are Kasargod district in the north, Western Ghats in the east (Karnataka) and Wayanad districts in the south and Lakshadweep Sea in the west. More than 50% of its residents living in urban areas. The district has good biodiversity including wetlands, Rivers, Mangroves and evergreen forests.

The district has two distinct monsoon seasons- South West Monsoon starts in June and continues till the end of September and the North East monsoon season is from October to end of February.

The study area is Kuttavu Kadavu,Irrikkur Panchayat in Valapattanam River starts from Pazhassi Dam to Parassinikadavu Bridge .

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Table 1

Details of the Study Area No Name of River District Panchayat Kadave Starting point End point

1 Valapattanam Kannur Irikkur Kuttavu Pazhassi Dam Parassinikadavu River Bridge

4.0 METHOD OF STUDY

The following methodology was adopted for the assessment of volume of sand

 Volume of the sand is assessed by re-computing the volume of sand submitted along with the previous report of 2014 and GIS studies. The methodology of the previous study is as follows.

 Divided the river channel in to segments, based on the reaches panchayat-wise;

 Calculated the thickness of the sand resource in the river channel using methods such as pitting, coring and spiking (measure the depth of sand deposit by penetrating an iron rod);

 Took profiles across the river at an interval of two times the width of the river or 500 m, whichever is less using leveling equipment;

 The profile should have a reading at the middle and two edges and in between every 20 m distance; Centre for Environment and Development 13 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Irikkur Grama Panchayat, Govt.of Kerala

 Took the water level during the time of survey and connected it to a permanent identified bench mark.

 Noted the thickness of the sand bed up to 2 m depth from the summer water level for computation purposes;

 Computed the volume of sand in Prohibited areas each reaches  Notified biological hot spots and sensitive areas  Reaches with placers and other economic minerals panchayat- wise;  River reaches critically affected by bank  Deducted the volume sliding/slumping/bank erosion  Constructed areas such as bridges, water intake, of sand deposit tanks etc. available in  Any other reach that need protection as decided by experts prohibited areas.  Areas mentioned in the Act (Kerala Protection of River Banks and Regulation of Removal of Sand  A map (longitudinal Act, 2001) section) of the river has been prepared marking the locations of all bench marks, profiles, permanent structures like bridges, water intake point, waste water/drainage discharge points, ferry gat/ boat landing centre, road very near to river, dam, check dam, kadave etc

 Compute the volume of sand in Kadave wise.

Field Program

The field operations have been suitably designed to conform to the activities suggested in the TOR. These are:

1. In this study a Total station is used for measuring distances and leveling for survey work.

2. Identified and established sites/locations of the cross profile (CP) in the field within the selected channel reach, i.e. from upstream of Valapatanam road bridge (VRB) and downstream of Pazhassi dam (PD) in 1st reach and Neendunokki Town Bridge to 3 km. upstream of Iritti Bridge in 2nd reach.

3. The permanent bench mark marked on the deck of the VRB transferred to several points on either side of the channel reach.

4. Along each CP, as prescribed in the TOR, channel mid-point and end-points on both shores, and one observation point one each in every 20.0 m along CP were identified. Centre for Environment and Development 14 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Irikkur Grama Panchayat, Govt.of Kerala

5. Along CP, after establishing markers as in step 3, the distances to identified observation points (OP) are rechecked. At each OP, by driving a calibrated mild-steel rod, depth to sediment-water interface is measured and recorded.

6. Once the depth from water surface to sediment water interface is assessed and recorded at each OP, the MS rod is pushed hard and down vertically to the “critical” depth of 2.0 m or 200 cm from water surface to measure and record the thickness of the sand layer.

7. In certain OPs, thickness of sand layer between two meter limiting depth and water surface is very little or the sediment water interface lay beyond stipulated 2.0m.

8. Both shores of river, along a swath or strip of 50.0 m, all cultural and manmade features were mapped (e.g., monuments, manmade features, ghats, ferry landing sites, temples, place of interest etc) in scale of 1:4000 and 1:5000.

9. All the deskwork like data reduction, data entry, creation of database etc and design of cross profiles, labeling and plotting have been carried out in the AutoCAD platform on a desktop.

10. Each CP, is identified by a profile tag or ID linking it to the site in surveyed channel reach between VRB and downstream of PD. Labels of shore side panchayats, 5.0 setbacks, from both shores, the elevation of water surface along the X-section, elevation of sediment water interface, the 2.0 m datum line from water surface below which sand mining is banned. Also labeled the basic cartographic map elements.

4.1 STUDY BY GIS APPLICATIONS Instream Minable Sand Supply to the River Channel between Parassinikadavu and Pazhassi Dam

The in stream minable river sand in Valapatanam River (VR) channel between Pazhassi Dam at (N.Lat 11.9991020 and E.Long. 75.6091320) and Parassinikadavu (N.Lat. 11.9847850 and E.Long. 75.4041560 ) over a channel length of 35.70 km, is scrutinized here in the following. [The river basin data set used is download from DIVA GIS data base.]

The VRB (Valapatnam River Basin), a six order interstate basin (area= 1867 km2 area) has 546 km2 in Karnataka and 1321 km2 in Kerala. The VR rises from Brahmagiri (elv.= 1350 m amsl) in the Western Ghats. Annual water discharge is 4779 Mm3. The av. annual rain fall stands at 3622 mm. The drainage net work of the VRB is fairly large and sum of the lengths

Centre for Environment and Development 15 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Irikkur Grama Panchayat, Govt.of Kerala of stream segments of all orders (1-6) is measured as 3036 km. and hence a stream density of 1.62 km/ km2. Out of this, major tributaries (viz., Srikandapuram puzha, Valiapuzha, Veni Puzha and Aralampuzha) contribute to a river channel length 625 km.

The Pazhassi Dam at (N.Lat 11.9991020 and E.Long. 75.6091320) at Kuyilur is only a barrage and not a dam across the VR, commissioned in 1979 has a maximum spillway capacity of 3510 m3/sec and a catchment area of 1028 km2.

During the monsoon season in Kerala, unlike a dam, this Barrage allows free flow of sediment and water through all or some of the sluice gates freely to maintain a through flow of water and sediment to the downstream section of the VR channel to finally reach the ultimate sink or the ocean.

The barrage however has not blocked the free flow of sediment and water during bankful or flood flows. Interestingly the reservoir on the upstream side of the reservoir is also not threatened by sediment accumulation and consequent decline of storage, compared to the other lower head dams and reservoirs.

MINABLE SEDIMENT VOLUME ESTIMATION Sediment storage sites Bed load of the rivers is the class of natural fine aggregates. Obviously, flood plains or alluvial plains are customarily the largest sites of bed load sediment in respect of rivers. However, these deposits are not available for active downstream transport as the stream or water surface gradient is so low that the channel swings laterally forming a meandering channel.

Critical shear stress This parameter is what determines the efficacy of sediment transport in channels and is related to shield‟s criterion. The critical shear stress is a function of flow depth, flow gradient and constant of gravitation. In stream segments with higher gradients the critical shear stress is larger (e.g., in stream channels of highland and midland of Kerala) and the opposite is true in channel segments with low gradient (e.g., alluvial plains). Obviously, flood and bankful flows (with higher depths of flow) are the events with higher critical shear stress.

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In the upper reaches, due to the higher channel gradients the critical shear stress is a relatively larger number or has a higher value and hence higher the efficiency to transport of sediment as bed load. At any point of time the sediment that covers the bed is a signature of the competence of the river flow at that site.

In the upper reaches the channel is a vast storage site of sediment in the form of different types channel bars, and sediment fill in the channels. In addition, the debris flow into channel shaped as cones and fans are also examples of accumulated sediment available for transport.

We need to see the channel main stem as the transport zone much similar to a conveyor belt. The tributary net work of various orders in the source zone are „gatherers‟ of sediment load for throughput in the transport zone, and is headed to the sink zone- ultimate or the penultimate sink.

Role of Kuyilur (Pazhassi) Barrage As was pointed out earlier this barrage is a structure allowing through flow of sediment and water and consequently does not make the downstream channel to starve for water and sediment. To put this in another way, the VR system has not been significantly affected by the barrage in respect of hydrology or sediment discharge. All the suspended and dissolved load yielded from the VRB of 1867 km2 area is conveyed through the main stem to the ultimate sink. The bed load travelling downstream through the net work of lower order channels and finally through the main stem are under transport only intermittently. Huge volume of sand grade or coarser sediment is thus stores in the channel as fills and bars.

This process of sediment transport modeled in the foregoing therefore does not deprive the Paz to Prassinikadavu segment from sediment trough put in respect of volumes year after year as long as the water discharge during the monsoon season stays nearly the same.

Role of Monsoon The Asian Monsoon is a great boon not only to humanity in this part of the world but also to the small medium and large rivers of this region to keep those systems actively discharging their functions. In fact the monsoon triggered flood/bank ful flows of water are the prime movers of sediment in the river systems and the net work of channels in the river basin. The hinterland or upland soil cover is eroded, altered and dismembered sheet rock is eroded and

Centre for Environment and Development 17 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Irikkur Grama Panchayat, Govt.of Kerala lithomarge exposed down below the soil profile is also eroded, transported and deposited in temporary sinks in the channels where ever there is a drop in the bed shear stress. The hydrograph, a two variable graph, i.e., stage vs. time graph, typically has a rising limb and a falling limb. In most rivers of Kerala the graph would not touch the X axis as there will be a base flow before the onset of monsoon and after peaking of flood flow, the stage falls and so does the curve that translates into falling limb, but would not touch the X axis again as a base flow will continue to exist.

As the river stage rises erosivity of water flow will be on the rise – sediment of all possible sizes eroded for downriver transport. But once the stage begins to drop sedimentation will restart and the eroded channel will be filled with sediment. In other words, in the absence of a less than normal monsoon for several consecutive number years will certainly jeopardize the sediment transport and consequently replacement of channel sediment removed by in stream mining.

On the upstream of the Parrassinikadave Bridge and Pazhassi Dam minable sand volumes have been estimated for 2014, and stands at 302894 m3 , only 212596 m3 was lifted. Channel sediment storage in the form of bed sediment and sand bars rises proportionately with increasing stream order as well as cumulative channel length. Within channel sediment storage is also in the form of debris cones and fans, which is available for erosion and transport at times of bank full or flood discharges.

Empirical estimates by Richards (1982) suggest that sediment transport increases as a power function of flow i.e., as flow doubles there is more than a doubling of sediment transport and most sediment transport is associated with flood or bank full flows.

Rate of denudation Rate of denudation or wearing down of earth‟s surface by the running water (or the rate of erosion), differs from one geologic and climatic setting to another. For example 0.01 mm/y is the estimate for the Appalachian region of USA (Leopold and Wolman, 1964), while central Sierra Nevada of California rate is .1 mm (Kandolff and mathews, 1993). The Alpine region of New Zealand the rate is 11.0 mm /y (Griffiths and Mac Saveny, 1983). The rise in rate of denudation is correlated to (a) regional climate (b) gradient of the channel as well as the grand gradient of the bare earth surface in the particular area and (c) soil and /or rock cover.

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The monsoon climate (with alternating wet and dry spells) of Kerala is unique to the west coast of and much suited for deep chemical weathering of the surface or basement rocks. The depth of chemical weathering of is unusually deep reaching depths of 30.0 m or occasionally even more. In general the midland of Kerala is covered with readily erodible lithogenic materials. The VRB (Valapattanam River Basin) is no exception.

In the west coast of India where rocks chemically transform to laterite, denudation rate can be as high as 10.00 mm annually. The VRB is no exception. The intersection of short run rivers, steep channel gradients and the very high rain fall jointly promote such denudation rates which prevails in parts of the world like the alpine New Zealand, or Taiwan. The rate of denudation in Himalayas is also high but the dissolved load content in the ganges is only 8% of the total load.

The VRB The river channel and VRB is no exception, is like a conveyor belt or transport zone receives the sediment and water from the production zone in the upstream and finally delivering to the sink zone. The large net work tributaries of different orders make the production zone. Out of the 1867 km2 basin area, relatively small area (~ < 5%) falls under the coastal land zone (<7.5 m amsl). Remainder of the basin area is dominantly shared dominantly by midland (7.5 - 75.0 m amsl) while a smaller share goes to the highland (>75.0 m amsl).

Chief sources of sediment to the stream net work are (a) river banks (b), debris cones/fans in the channel (c) sediment stored as channel fill and instream bars and (d) the hinterland. Sediment movement or transport to downstream, through channels takes place only during the phases of bankful and flood flows and in the context of VR, during the monsoon season.

In the VRB, the main channel is like a conveyor belt enabling transport of sediment and water,. Only the coarser bedload equivalent of fine aggregate moves at a lower velocity (in a stop, rest, roll and go fashion) whereas suspended load and dissolved load in the water column has the same velocity as the water. ------

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5.0 RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE STUDY OF JUNE 2014

Re-computation of the sand volume is assessed based on the study carried out during June 2014 and its report. The volume of sand allowed for mining during the period of 2014 and 2015 are also considered. Detailes of the study carried out during 2014 is described below.

The result of the study carried out in Valapatanam River is described below:

 The Valapatanam River is flowing from the Western Ghats to the Sea. The survey works started from the Pazhassi dam outlet to Parassini Bridge with a total length of 35.75 km. Length in 1st reach and Neendunokki Town Bridge to 3 Km. upstream of Iritti Bridge of 27.83 Km length in 2nd reach.

 Width of the river is varying from 30.00 m to 569.00 m. and the maximum depth recorded is 10.69 m at Kuttiyattur panchayat, 800.00 m to Paavannur Bridge.

 The river is passing through 9 panchayats (4 in left bank, 5 in right bank) and two municipalities in first reach from Pazhassi Dam to Parassinikadavu Bridge and 7 panchayats (2 in right and left Bank, 2 in right bank, 3 in left Bank) in second reach from Neendunokki Town Bridge to 3 km. upstream of Iritti Bridge.

 The panchayats in first reach are Koodali, Kuttiyattur, and Thannoor in left Centre for Environment and Development 22 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Irikkur Grama Panchayat, Govt.of Kerala

bank and Malappattanam, Chengali,Irrikur, and Kurumathoor in right bank. The Thalipparambu municipality is in right bank and Mattannur Municipality is in left bank of the river. The panchayats in second reach are , Kelakam, and Payam in right bank and Kottiyoor, Kelakam, Kanichoor, Muzhakunnu and Keezhoor Chavacheri in left bank.

 Total 8 bridges are crossing this river in the first reach of Pazhassi dam to Parassinikadavu bridge (Valapatanam railway bridge,Valapatanam road bridge, Parassini bridge, Therthala bridge, Malappattanam Munambu bridge, Manpur bridge, Irrukur bridge and Paavannoor bridge). A total of 13 bridges are crossing this river in second reach of Neendunokki Town Bridge to 3km. upstream of Iritti Bridge (Neendunokki bridge, Thalakkani bridge, Chugakunnu bridge, Thookupalam at Kottiyoor panchayat, Erattathode bridge, Poiyamala bridge, Kelakam bridge, Kunderi bridge, Thookupalam at panchayat, Kalikayam bridge, Anugodu steel bridge, Palapuzha bridge and Aralam bridge).

 Total 120 profiles (cross sections) in first reach and 141 profiles (cross sections) in second reach has been taken at a distance varying from 150 m to 500 m according to the width of the river. The profiles are marked on the longitudinal section.

 The bench mark from the top of the Pazhassi Dam top has been transferred to the permanent structures available on the bank of the river in first reach and top duck slab of the Neendunokki Town bridge to the permanent structures available on the bank of the river in second reach for further reference.

 All the permanent structures such as bridges, kadavus, Parassini temple, panchayat well and islands are marked on the longitudinal section.

5.1 Results from GIS application: TABLE 1. PROJECTED UNIT-SEDIMENT-STORAGE IN TRIBUTARIES, VALAPATANAM RIVER BASIN Item Length, km Remark Tributaries + mainstream 625.0 ( 625x1000 m) Diva GIS data Channel fill thickness 0.1 (or 10cm) Reckoned Channel width 1.00 (or 1.0 m) Stored Sediment volume 62,500 m3

Scientific Basis

1. At any point in time the unit volume of sediment stored in the basin, reckoning only the major tributaries, is an eye opener of the sediment stored in channels. Assumption Centre for Environment and Development 23 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Irikkur Grama Panchayat, Govt.of Kerala

is idealistic, in that thickness of 0.10 m and channel width 1.00 m are assumed. It is a practice in hydrology to asses sediment and water discharge on the basis of such inputs. 2. Secondly and obviously the rivers or tributaries are not of uniform width from the source zone through the transport zone. Width can change and does to accommodate the volume of sediment and water entering at different nodes from the sub water sheds. 3. However, this unit sediment discharge is a dependable floor figure in respect of sediment storage and hence the volume available for transport, provided the hydraulic regime exits. 4. As we go down stream in any river system the unit storage is less likely to change but total sediment volume transported will be a function of channel width. 5. The sediment storage estimate is ample proof for in ample in stream sediment storage to enable designed rates of sediment extraction. 6. Therefore ample scope exists for removal of instream sand at the rate of not exceeding say 200,000 m3 annually after monsoon – roughly a only third of in channel storage. The quantities can be verified after periodic surveys following the principle of restricting to two meter below the summer water level. 7. The rate of denudation of the upland and interfluves of the basin shall provide the sediment quanta estimated to reach the channels and replenish the channel storage. 8. If the instream sediment.is left untouched it will go to the ocean and stored there. 9. Hence instream mining of channel sediment within the prescribed limit is recommended.

Table 2. SEDIMENT VOLUME ESTIMATE: CHANNEL SEGMENT BETWEEN PARASSINIUKADAVU – PAZHASSI DAM

Channel Channel unit Channel fill, Sediment volume, m3 length, km width, m m 35.70 1.0 0.1 3570 m3 For a channel width in the range of 550.0 m to 50.0 m or for an av. width of 300.0 m 35.70 300.0 0.10 35700 x 300 x 0.1 m3 or 1071000 m3 For an av. channel width of 150.0 m 35.70 km 150 0.10 35700x150 x o.10 = 535500 m3

The projected sediment fill assumes a uniform thickness of 0.1M thick channel sediment fill and 2.0 m of summer water depth and an average channel width of 300.0 m. Even by

Centre for Environment and Development 24 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Irikkur Grama Panchayat, Govt.of Kerala allowing a lower average channel width of say 150.0 m between the points of reference, the projected sediment storage will be 5,35,500 m3).

If channel width is estimated through say transects of 500 m of river lengthy the projected volumes will be more precise. But the current estimate provides the ceiling figures. The earlier estimate of in stream minable sand for 2014 of 302894 m3 is not only well founded but it can be floor figure of the estimate.

We recommend that as only 212596 m3 was removed up to 2015-2016, there is ample ecologically justifiable scope for instream mining to the tune of the detailed estimate of 302894 m3 annually from this segment of 35.70 km.

Detractors might pose a question of sand availability in the VR main stem. I answer that aspect below.

1. The VR main channel through Aralampuzha over a river distance of several tens of km and other main tributaries function as a conveyor belt for sediment shed by the nearly 1800 km2 of land area of VR Basin, enjoying a monsoon climate driven deep chemical weathering for the last 65 My., and annual rain fall of 3300 mm or more. 2. The Barrage at Kuliyoor is not a dam and so allows through flow of sediment and water through the channels and the peak discharges are characteristics of monsoon season. The erosion of upland of the interfluves, derivation of sediment load and transport of the same to the channel net work as bedload is during the monsoon season only. 3. The rising limb of the hydrograph implies erosion and and the falling limb denotes deposition. Suppose a designed quantity of sediment is not removes that excess sediment will go to the ultimate sink or the ocean. The bedload transport does not follow the style of suspended oor dissolved load transport. Instead, bed load is transported downstream in several scores of instances of deposition in the channel and resuspension for transport downstream. 4. The base flow stage channel configuration with flowing water in between different types channel bars and over the sediment fill in the channel is a snap shot of the type sediment that is conveyed to the ultimate sink. 5. Foremost of all we have to reckon the huge volume sediment stored in the channels of the stream net work in the VRB. This is indicated in Table. 1.

Centre for Environment and Development 25 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Irikkur Grama Panchayat, Govt.of Kerala

Table 3. THE VALAPATANAM RIVER BASIN- VITAL METRICS (Primary Data source: Diva GIS; CWRDM Water Atlas and open domain literature)

Attribute Details Remark Basin area, km2 1867( includes 546 in Ka) .. Physiographic setting Lowland, <7.5 m:130 km2 Midland and highland Midland, 7.50-75.0 m: 666 supply sediment load km2 to stream net in Highland, >75.0 m: 541 km2 monsoon. Chief Tributaries Srikandapuram puzha .. Valia puzha, Veni puzha & Aralam puzha Stream length, km 1st order: 1597; 2nd order: 471; .. 3rd order:239; 4th order:102; 5th order:0.11; tributaries:625; Sum of all orders: 3036 Climate Monsoon with clear cut wet Av. rainfall: 3622 and dry spells mm/y Dominant weathering Chemical weathering, gruss or Good source of weathered basement very deep sediment of all grades Rate of denudation Very high, say 10 mm/y Value adopted from averaged over millennia regions of similar climatic, tectonic and physiographic frame work Water utilization Kuliyoor Barrage, 1979; Spill Allows through flow way capacity:3510 m3/sec. of sediment and water Operates only in bank full or in monsoon season. flood stages Site in mid midland Annual water discharge 4779.0 M m3

Table 4. Estimated fine aggregate yield based on denudation rates under different climates

Region Denudation rate, Proportionate sand Remarks mm/y (research yield in m3/y VRB & based)_ Basin area =1867 km2 ; Appalachia, 0.01 5,601.0 Humid climate USA Central Sierra 0.1 56,000.0 Semi arid climate Mt, USA New Zealand 11.00 6,161,100.0 Alpine climate & relief VRB 0.5 (assumed) 280,050.0 Hence, there is a through put of at least 280,000.0 m 3 fine aggregate. Allowing a fine sand (0.0625 mm dia) of 20 to 30 % the through put stands at 196,000 to 224,000 m3.

Centre for Environment and Development 26 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Irikkur Grama Panchayat, Govt.of Kerala

The VRB enjoys a tropical monsoon climate very clear wet and dry spells. The rate of denudation 0.01 mm/y estimated for humid climate of Appalachia or the 11.0 mm/y of New Zealand can be the ceiling and floor figures in respect of sand yield in the VRB.

The coastal plain of <7.5 m elevation does not supply any sizable volume of sand to the main channel, so also the annual yield from the bare rock exposed high ridges of the Western Ghats of the VRB.

Considering the vegetation/forest cover and the land management and soil erosion prevention measures implemented in the VRB, an annual denudation rate of 0.5 mm/y is assumed/adopted in estimating the sand discharge through VR main channel. Assumptions. 1. Fine aggregate (Sand content) in the av. Basement rock, Kerala = 30% 2. FA in 1.0 km2 area of basement for a thickness of 1.0 mm = 1000 m * 1000 m *0.001 m *0.3 = 300.0 m3 Area, VRB = 1867.0 km2 So, annual yield of fine aggregate in VRB = 560,100 m3 In Table 1, a denudation rate of 0.5 mm is assumed for the VRB..

Therefore, in the VR channel there is an estimated through discharge of at least 196,000 to 224,000.0 m3 . These VRB estimate is based on assuming a denudation rate appropriate to the climate, basin size, relief and denudation rate as well as the type of basement rocks.

The basin area of VRB is 1867 km2 . The 0.01 mm /y denudation and corresponding fine aggregate yield is a projected rate of annual sand grade sediment discharge in the system.

The upstream of Parassinikadavu bridge is in the midland (Elv. Range = 7.5-75.0 m m). At Parassinikadavu the water surface eklevation is 12.0 m (amsl) while the rocky channel floor immediately downstream of Pazhassi dam stands at 19.0 m. (or a range of 7.0 m. But channel floor elevation at Parassininkadavu is roughly 3.0 m. Or a channel floor depth of 9.0 m.

Inspection of the Google earth image for the 3-4-2016 timeline shows more or less “braided” nature of summer flow due to exposures of rocky floor and / or river alluviam occurring as channel floor sheet sand along straight channel reaches, side bars, mid channel bars and point bars at arcuate channel /river bends. In fact the summer aerial scene is the signature of presence and extent of river channel sand in the segment under scrutiny here. .

Centre for Environment and Development 27 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Irikkur Grama Panchayat, Govt.of Kerala

While assessing the volume minable sand, one need to exclude the channel bends and rocky channel floors laced with sand anyway.

It is recommended that the sand occurring in the channel floor as sheet sand, mid channel bars, or side channel bars are minable within the regulations stipulated by the apex court ruling and the River Protection Act, Kerala.

Assessment of Gross volume of sand available in the VR, is based on the assumptions of VR basin characteristics (Table 3), the late Pleistoocene sea level stand (that stood below 120 m from the current amsl in the Laccadive sea), the consequences of continued chrmical weathering under protomonsoon climate to begin with and Monsoon climate since early Tertiary to modern times, and the charnockitic/granitic gneissic bedrock.

The low SL stand of 120 m made the rivers of Kerala to make deep cuts in their channels to reach the past low base level, resulting later in deposition huge volumes of alluvial sediment in the post Tertiary or modern coastal plain. That is the simple reason for abundance of river alluviam down stream of Parassinikadavu bridge.

The Pazhassi Barrage is actually sited in the first “knick point” upriver in the Valapatnam Basin or the extent upto which the river channel has succeeded in back wearing to create the graded channel.

The estimated sand storage in the basin is based on the unit sediment discharge through the system of channels in the VR basin. This value is actually a ceiling value and finer tuning of the value need to be carried out to exploit the available sand that could be ecologically safely removed

Centre for Environment and Development 28 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Irikkur Grama Panchayat, Govt.of Kerala

6.0. SAND VOLUME BASED ON THE RESULT OF STUDY CARRIED OUT DURING MAY TO JUNE 2014 :

Valapatanam River 1st reach from Pazhassi Dam to Parassinnikadavu Bridge Sand Volume Calculation Sheet Zone of Area of Volume of Volume of sand Average Average influence cross Volume of sand for for LB PF. distance distance L= L1+L2 section sand (m3) RB Panchayat Panchayat V/2 No. before (L1) after (L2) /2 m (m2) V V/2 (m3) (m3) 1 500 500 500 0 0 0 0 2 500 350 425 0 0 0 0 3 350 300 325 19.44 6318 3159 3159 4 300 350 325 19.31 6275.75 3137.88 3137.88 5 350 200 275 0 0 0 0 6 200 470 335 5.11 1711.85 855.93 855.93 7 470 250 360 4.91 1767.6 883.8 883.8 8 250 100 175 8.19 1433.25 716.63 716.63 9 100 300 200 6.12 1224 612 612 10 300 150 225 5.41 1217.25 608.63 608.63 11 150 530 340 3.42 1162.8 581.4 581.4 12 530 970 750 6.16 4620 3137.88 3137.88 13 970 170 570 11.81 6731.7 3365.85 3365.85 14 170 500 335 7.34 2458.9 1229.45 1229.45 15 500 270 385 0 0 0 0 16 270 220 245 0 0 0 0 17 220 540 380 7.26 2758.8 1379.4 1379.4 18 540 350 445 6.1 2714.5 1357.25 1357.25 19 350 320 335 5.5 1842.5 921.25 921.25 20 320 450 385 13.66 5259.1 2629.55 2629.55 21 450 450 450 10.73 4828.5 2414.25 2414.25 22 450 300 375 9.8 3675 1837.5 1837.5 23 300 470 385 8.76 3372.6 1686.3 1686.3 24 470 170 320 28.78 9209.6 4604.8 4604.8 25 170 580 375 9.9 3712.5 1856.25 1856.25 26 580 300 440 17.1 7524 3762 3762 27 300 600 450 4.5 2025 1012.5 1012.5 28 600 660 630 0 0 0 0 29 660 350 505 0 0 0 0 30 350 280 315 0 0 0 0 31 280 440 360 9.52 3427.2 1713.6 1713.6 32 440 290 365 8.51 3106.15 1553.08 1553.08 33 290 230 260 12.85 3341 1670.5 1670.5 34 230 450 340 11.98 4073.2 2036.6 2036.6 35 450 250 350 12.46 4361 2180.5 2180.5

Centre for Environment and Development 29 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Irikkur Grama Panchayat, Govt.of Kerala

36 250 405 327.5 11.08 3628.7 1814.35 1814.35 37 405 330 367.5 8.92 3278.1 1639.05 1639.05 38 330 295 312.5 9.23 2884.38 1442.19 1442.19 39 295 470 382.5 9.05 3461.63 1730.82 1730.82 40 470 315 392.5 10.32 4050.6 2025.3 2025.3 41 188.34 157.86 173.1 9.32 1613.29 806.65 806.65 42 157.86 221.99 189.925 3.36 638.15 319.07 319.07 43 221.99 176.82 199.405 2.49 496.52 248.26 248.26 44 176.82 139.71 158.265 13.1 2073.27 1036.64 1036.64 45 139.71 142.71 141.21 0 0 0 0 46 142.71 207.28 174.995 1.17 204.74 102.37 102.37 47 207.28 198.79 203.035 0 0 0 0 48 198.79 191.28 195.035 3.65 711.88 355.94 355.94 49 191.28 246.93 219.105 4.59 1005.69 502.85 502.85 50 246.93 249.58 248.255 0.15 37.24 18.62 18.62 51 249.58 209.95 229.765 3.83 880 440 440 52 209.95 202.19 206.07 0.3 61.82 30.91 30.91 53 202.19 132.17 167.18 0 0 0 0 54 132.17 173.02 152.595 4.54 692.78 346.39 346.39 55 173.02 248.07 210.545 2.12 446.36 223.18 223.18 56 248.07 160.74 204.405 2.15 439.47 219.74 219.74 57 160.74 176.6 168.67 0 0 0 0 58 176.6 151.56 164.08 0 0 0 0 59 151.56 175.67 163.615 0 0 0 0 60 175.67 209.43 192.55 0 0 0 0 61 209.43 213.6 211.515 12.97 2743.35 1371.67 1371.67 62 213.6 182.82 198.21 50.25 9960.05 4980.03 4980.03 63 182.82 140.66 161.74 0.13 21.03 10.51 10.51 64 140.66 214.44 177.55 7.44 1320.97 660.49 660.49 65 214.44 225.77 220.105 0.22 48.42 24.21 24.21 66 225.77 175.31 200.54 0.94 188.51 94.25 94.25 67 376.98 402.01 389.495 4.2 1635.88 817.94 817.94 68 175.31 251.84 213.575 8.07 1723.55 861.78 861.78 69 251.84 293.5 272.67 8.5 2317.7 1158.85 1158.85 70 293.5 338.24 315.87 16.6 5243.44 2621.72 2621.72 71 338.24 275.55 306.895 9.26 2841.85 1420.92 1420.92 72 275.55 260.3 267.925 11.5 3081.14 1540.57 1540.57 73 260.3 140.67 200.485 8.75 1754.24 877.12 877.12 74 140.67 348.09 244.38 1.04 254.16 877.12 877.12

75 348.09 411.25 379.67 33.19 12601.25 6300.62 6300.62

76 411.25 308.82 360.035 12.03 4331.22 2165.61 2165.61 77 308.82 238.21 273.515 0.66 180.52 90.26 90.26 78 238.21 248.78 243.495 0 0 0 0 Centre for Environment and Development 30 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Irikkur Grama Panchayat, Govt.of Kerala

79 248.78 245.32 247.05 1.12 276.7 138.35 138.35 80 245.32 225.92 235.62 9.66 2276.09 1138.04 1138.04 81 225.92 207.08 216.5 5.03 1089 544.5 544.5 82 207.08 358.05 282.565 5.62 1588.02 794.01 794.01 83 358.05 352.75 355.4 4.96 1762.78 881.39 881.39 84 352.75 305.56 329.155 13.14 4325.1 2162.55 2162.55 85 259.72 195.34 227.53 4.57 1039.81 519.91 519.91 86 195.34 219.47 207.405 19.57 4058.92 2029.46 2029.46 87 219.47 156.02 187.745 3.62 679.64 339.82 339.82 88 156.02 96.79 126.405 5.19 656.04 328.02 328.02 89 96.79 202.1 149.445 12.81 1914.39 544.5 544.5 90 202.1 214.47 208.285 3.65 760.24 380.12 380.12 91 214.47 175.45 194.96 10.04 1957.4 978.7 978.7 92 175.45 129.96 152.705 1.65 251.96 125.98 125.98 93 129.96 151.67 140.815 1.18 166.16 83.08 83.08 94 151.61 264.17 207.89 0 0 0 0 95 305.56 398.07 351.815 13.71 4823.38 2411.69 2411.69 96 398.07 403.38 400.725 7.8 3125.66 1562.83 1562.83 97 403.38 222.34 312.86 0 0 0 0 98 222.34 277.35 249.845 18.05 4509.7 2254.85 2254.85 99 277.35 257.09 267.22 22.59 6036.5 3018.25 3018.25 100 259.72 176.49 218.105 14.35 3129.81 1564.9 1564.9 101 257.05 338.29 297.67 14.7 4375.75 2187.87 2187.87 102 338.29 294.82 316.555 28.72 9091.46 4545.73 4545.73 103 294.82 447.05 370.935 9.46 3509.05 1754.52 1754.52 104 381.53 391.72 386.625 9.87 3815.99 1907.99 1907.99 105 447.05 179.58 313.315 9.35 2929.5 1464.75 1464.75 106 179.58 269.87 224.725 13.39 3009.07 1504.53 1504.53 107 269.87 251.78 260.825 24.07 6278.06 3139.03 3139.03 108 251.78 323.74 287.76 11.16 3211.4 1605.7 1605.7 109 323.74 267.01 295.375 10.37 3063.04 1531.52 1531.52 110 267.01 251.98 259.495 12.74 3305.97 1652.98 1652.98 111 251.98 391.26 321.62 11.3 3634.31 1817.15 1817.15 112 391.26 244.34 317.8 14.49 4604.92 2302.46 2302.46 113 244.34 307.18 275.76 12.52 3452.52 1726.26 1726.26 114 307.18 380.27 343.725 9.92 3409.75 1704.88 1704.88 115 380.22 495.73 437.975 33.51 14676.54 7338.27 7338.27 116 495.73 468.18 481.955 6.92 3335.13 1667.56 1667.56 117 468.18 518.69 493.435 5.89 2906.33 1453.17 1453.17 118 518.69 516.99 517.84 4.88 2527.06 1263.53 1263.53 119 516.99 391.32 454.155 0.72 326.99 163.50 163.50 120 391.32 510.41 450.865 0.96 432.83 216.42 216.42 Total 302893.80 M3 Centre for Environment and Development 31 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Irikkur Grama Panchayat, Govt.of Kerala

Estimated Volume of Sand in Irikkur Panchayat

Volume of Volume of PF. No. sand in RB sand in LB Total Volume Remarks 20 2629.55 0 2629.55 Near Manpure bridge 21 2414.25 0 2414.25 Near Manpure bridge 22 1837.5 0 1837.5 23 1686.3 0 1686.3 24 4604.8 0 4604.8 25 1856.25 0 1856.25 26 3762 0 3762 Near Irrikkur bridge 27 1012.5 0 1012.5 Do 28 0 0 0 Do 29 0 0 0 Near Irrikkur bridge 30 0 0 0 31 1713.6 0 1713.6 32 1553.08 0 1553.08 33 1670.5 0 1670.5 34 2036.6 0 2036.6 35 2180.5 0 2180.5 36 1814.35 0 1814.35 37 1639.05 0 1639.05 Kuttavu Kadavu 38 1442.19 0 1442.19 Kuttavu Kadavu 39 1730.82 0 1730.82 Kuttavu Kadavu Total 35583.83

Deduct volume of sand in prohibited area 20 2629.55 0 2629.55 Near Manpure bridge 26 3762 0 3762.00 Do 27 1012.5 0 1012.50 Do 28 0 0 0 Do 29 0 0 0 Near Irrikkur bridge Total deduction 7404.05 Net volume of sand 28179.78

Centre for Environment and Development 32 SAND AUDIT IN KANNUR DISTRICT - Re-computed Report Irikkur Grama Panchayat, Govt.of Kerala

Estimated Volume of Sand in Kuttavu Kadavu in Irikkur Panchayat

PF. Volume of Volume of Total Volume Remarks No. sand in LB sand in RB 37 0 1639.05 1639.05 Kuttavu Kadavu 38 0 1442.19 1442.19 Kuttavu Kadavu 39 0 1730.82 1730.82 Kuttavu Kadavu Net Volume of sand 4812.06 Quantity of sand in Irrikkur as per the 4812.00 statement Deduct volume of sand mined during Considered 1Tn. = 27 Cft. and 4585.00 2015-2016 as per record is 5944 Tn 35 Cft = 1 m3. Expected balance quantity of sand 227.00

Expected quantity of sand accumulated 535500 /35700 x 625 9375.00 during the last monsoon 2016 (channel length of the kadave) Expected quantity of sand drained out 2813.00 30% of to sea during the last monsoon 2016 Net expected quantity of sand 6789.00 allowable for mining during 2016-17

Re-computed Volume of sand for mining in Kuttavu Kadavu, Irikkur Panchayat for the period of 2016-17 based on the study carried out during May to June 2014 and sand mined during 2015-16 and GIS application for sand accumulation in the river for a stretch of Parassinnikadavu Bridge to Pazhassi Dam of Valapattanam river 35.7 km. length, Kannur District, Kerala Volume of Volume of Expected Expected sand for sand volume of sand volume of Remarks Sl. Name of Local Kuttavu mining mined accumulated sand for 75% of the volume is Body Kadave computed on during during the last mining during allowable 2014 2015 monsoon 2016 2016-17 M3 3 No. M3 M3 M M3 Irikkur Kuttavu 1 4812.00 4585 6562 6789.00 5092.00 Panchayat Kadave

Consider 1 m3 = 35 Cft and 27 Cft equal to 1 Tone

5092.00 M3 equal to 6600.00 Tone

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