FÉDÉRATION INTERNATIONALE DE GYMNASTIQUE
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN AEROBIC GYMNASTICS
SUMMARY 2010 – 2014 / 1ST EDITION
Welcome Address by Prof. Bruno Grandi FIG president
Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear friends,
In my various functions and in a few words I would like to express my full support to this initiative which I warmly welcome. I have been for several years drawing the attention of our authorities and members to the need to provide our cultural component the place it deserves. Gymnastics is the depositary of the correct work of our own motor skills and of the motor skills of humankind as a whole. We can move through surrounding space from the very beginning of life. We can move, feed ourselves and get entertained because we have a motor system without which life is impossible. We must therefore take care of it and maintain it. This is the fundamental and cultural vocation of gymnastics. The Aerobic Gymnastics Technical Committee has adopted a scientific approach in order to know, study and conduct researches in all matters which may improve the general framework within which our gymnasts perform. Their health is of paramount importance. It is one of our primary goals.
I am therefore happy of such contribution and wish to commend their authors, in particular Technical President Mireille Ganzin, the chairman of the Scientific Commission Keith Russel and all those who worked at it.
With my compliments.
3 Welcome Address by Mireille Ganzin AER TC president
For ages, people have been trying to practice and understand the art of motion, to render it more and more complex, showing from year to year a high level of performance. From 1995, the year of the 1st Aerobic World championships, a long way has been done. Like all sports, Aerobic Gymnastics could not escape being a subject of investigation in the scientific approach.
The work and studies conducted provide essential information for those who seek to improve their knowledge of this discipline, sometimes even changing the way it is taught. The information gathered, combined with the results, provide food for thought and reasons to change the rules and regulations. The same research helps preserve the health of athletes by improving knowledge on human physiology and psychology, while optimizing performance, the latter being one of the priority objectives for the International Gymnastics Federation.
All this research work, conducted across the world, is a testimony of the growing interest for this new discipline accessible to the greatest number with acknowledged qualities for training and educating purposes. I cannot but rejoice that as a discipline, «Aerobic Gymnastics» fuelled so much research work that we now have to compile it before we can disseminate it. My heartfelt thanks to all the «co-workers» for them contribution to make this work, we owe them a lot for the efforts that went into this work and which will help «Aerobics» move forward globally.
I would also like to express my gratitude to Professor Bruno Grandi, the FIG President, Keith Russel, President of the Scientific Commission as well as Dr Michel Leglise, President of the Medcal Commission. They all know, even more than I do, that no sports discipline can progress without a scientific background. We also thank Alexandre Cola, FIG Sport Manager, for his help in completing this document.
4 Welcome Address by Keith Russell FIG Scientic Commission-President
I would like to congratulate the Aerobics Technical Committee, their president Mirieille Ganzin, and Maria Mineva for undertaking this publication. It was the result of a round table (colloquium) of Scientists and Researchers who were all interested in Aerobics Gymnastics.
The event was held in conjunction with World Championships in Aerobic Gymnastics and there is, to my knowledge, no other comparable on-going endeavor in any other FIG discipline. As president of the FIG Scientific Commission I would very much like to see it become a model for other disciplines to follow.
When you gather scientists from many fields together under a common theme it often produces the stimulating kind of results that you will see in this publication. And, of course, the intangible results from the cross pollination of different scientific fields - all focusing on a common sport - can have the most profound, and the most lasting effects.
I appreciate the difficulty of organizing an event such as the round table (that generated these papers) without any financial support and I also appreciate the difficulty of finding funds to publish such results. Yet, this group persisted and you will see their results in this collection. Hopefully these papers, and others that may come from future round tables, will be a milestone in the applied Gymnastics sciences.
Keith Russell PhD., Professor, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
5 Welcome Address by Maria Mineva AER TC responsible for Scientific Research
Dear colleagues, For a first time FIG AG TC organizes a discussion united under the theme of “Scientific research in Aerobic Gymnastics”. It includes the broad Aerobic Gymnastics field of study – from initial preparation to elite sport. In this initiative took part coaches, choreographs, judges, doctors, scientific workers, organizers, FIG and Continental Union members, etc.
It gave the opportunity to be collected new, interesting and current for the contemporary theory and practice scientific information in AG area. We are convinced that this will enrich the scientific knowledge and will ensure the future work contacts.
The thematic directions and scientific discussion include: 1. Medical – biological and physiological aspect of AG. 2. Preparation and training process. 3. Pedagogical, psychological and sociological aspects of AG. 4. COP and judging.
I hope that we all together will make a step forward in the integration process development in AG science.
6 CONTENTS FIRST PART MEDICAL-BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF AEROBIC GYMNASTICS 1. Haruhi Kikuchi, Hokusho, Hiroko Sasaki, Japan, A Study on the Special Characteristics of Aerobic Gymnastics Athletes, The capacity of Aerobic Power and Isokinetic Strength of Knee Joint.
2. Haruhi Kikuchi, Hokusho, Hiroko Sasaki, Takahiro Yunoki, Japan, A Study on the Special Characteristics of Aerobic Gymnastics Athletes and Movement of Blood Lactate.
3. Luisa Righetti, M. F. Piacentini, L. Capranica, F. Felici, Italia, Еnergy sources for Aerobic Gymnastics competition routines.
4. Maria Barroso, Portugal, Morfological profile in Aerobics Gymnastics.
5. Maria Eduarda de Oliveira Poli, Angela Patrícia Ramos, Mauro Fisberg, Roberto Fernandes da Costa, Brazil, Body composition of pan american adolescent athletes in Aerobic Gymnastics.
6. Maria Mineva, Bulgaria, Somatotype of elite Aerobic Gymnastics competitors.
7. Maria Mineva, M. Tarnichkova, Bulgaria, Research of blood lactate concentration after double load in competition conditions.
8. Maria Mineva, Emiliya Pavlova, Bulgaria, Aerobic, ergometric and physical working capacities in female athletes of Aerobic Gymnastics.
9. Marina Raposo do Amaral Santos, Maria Sylvia de Souza Vitalle, Isa da Padua Cintra, Maria Aparecida Zaneti Passos, Lisia Kiehl, Mauro Fisberg, Brazil, Aerobic Gymnastics athletes: antropometric and food intake profiles.
10. Marina Raposo do Amaral Santos, Maria Sylvia de Souza Vitalle, Isa da Padua Cintra, Maria Aparecida Zaneti Passos, Lisia Kiehl, Mauro Fisberg, Brazil, Intake risks for the sprouting of iron anemia in adolescent athletes of Aerobic Gymnastics from a club in São Paulo, Brazil.
11. Marina Raposo do Amaral Santos, Maria Sylvia de Souza Vitalle, Isa da Padua Cintra, Maria Aparecida Zaneti Passos, Lisia Kiehl, Mauro Fisberg, Brazil, Calcium intake in Aerobic Gymnastics adolescent athletes.
12. Ménétrier Arnaud, Doriane Baud, Johan Cassirame, Valérie Grandjean, Christophe Devillaine , Nicolas Tordi, France, Physiological effects induced by repetitive routines in Aerobic Gymnastics.
13. Xu Bo, China, Research on Factors of Anklebone Injury and its Preventing Treatment in Aerobic Exercise Training.
7 14. Yuliya Filippova, Russia, Morphological and functional characteristics of 11- to 22- year-old female athletes involved in Aerobic Gymnastics.
15. Young-hee Song, Korea, The Change of Fatigue Recovery Ability after Repeated Routine in Korea elite Aerobic Gymnastic athletes.
SECOND PART PREPARATION AND TRAINING PROCESS 1. Berenice Cordelia Muller, Zimbabwe, Maria Mineva, Bulgaria, Selection, initial preparation and skill development for FIG Sports Aerobic age groups in Zimbabwe.
2. Cheng Ruiqin, China, Analyze on Transformation of Group Six of Last the World Sports Aerobics Championship Contest.
3. Georgi Sergiev, Bulgaria, Method for teaching difficulty elements in Aerobics Gymnastics.
4. Jelena Obradović, Serbia, Motor skill analysis of some kinetic structure in Aerobics Gymnastics.
5. Ji Huajun, China, Restoration of Competitive Aerobics athletes′ means after the training.
6. Kátia Lúcia Moreira Lemos, Rodrigo César Ribeiro Diniz, Marcus Henrique Garcia Diniz, Hans-Joachim Menzel, Brazil, Biomechanical analysis of Aerobic Gymnastics jumps.
7. Kátia Lúcia Moreira Lemos, Rodrigo César Ribeiro Diniz, Brazil, Aerobic Gymnastics in Federal University of Minas Gerais – looking for the most efficient training.
8. Kuang Xiaohong, Xia Xiurong, Zhang Jin, China, Study of Competitive Ability Structure Model and Main Reason of Top Athletes of Aerobic Gymnastics in China.
9. Kuang Xiaohong, Wang Pei, Zhang Peng, China, Innovational Research of Aerobics Gymnastics’ New Difficulty—Explosive A-frame ½ turn to Flair to Wenson.
10. Li Xinhong, Li Fuju, China, A study on 15-17 year-old aerobics athletes’ selection index system.
11. LI Xianxiong, Yang Fang, China, The Analysis of Difficult Combination of Movements in the Ninth World Aerobics Championship.
12. Li Yu, China, On the Creation of the Six-people Team Item in Athletics Aerobic - Holding, Motivation Coordination and Team Form Change.
13. Luisa Righetti, Italy, Aerobic Gymnastics Performance Models (2009).
14. Maria Barroso, Portugal, Physical Profile in Aerobics Gymnastics.
8 15. Olga Kyselovicova, Erika Zemkova, Zcek Republic, Modified Aerobic Gymnastics Routines in Comparison with Laboratory Testing of Maximal Jumps.
16. Shi Qian, Kuang Xiaohong, China, The Research of Specific Strength Characteristic and Training Method of Lower Limb about Competitive Aerobics Athletes.
17. Svitlana Atamanyuk, Tetyana Pasichna, Evgen Mikhalyuk, Kateryna Ivanova, Ukraina, The building of the training process for women in Sports Aerobic.
18. Tamás Katus, Hungary, The competition system of Aerobic Gymnastics in Hungary.
19. Tang Xiaoyong, China, The Development of Aerobic in Colleges and Universities from the Analysis of the aerobics championship of younger in Zhejiang Province.
20. Wang Pei, Kuang Xiaohong, China, Analyses New Difficulties Explosive A-frame ½ turn to Flair to Wenson by use Three-dimensional Kinematics.
21. Wu DI, China, Analyze the Suitable Age of Talents’ Selection of Aerobic Gymnastics Athlete.
22. Yuliya Filippova, Lubov Matveeva, Russia, Parameters of fitness in the 11- to 22- year-old female athletes involved in Aerobic Gymhastics.
23. Yang Shu, Zhou Jianshe, China, Aerobics new cycle high level of athletic ability and its Constituent elements of the trial Analysis.
24. Zhang Xiao-ying, China, An Analysis on Women’s Single Difficult Movements of Three Top Commpetitions in Gymnastics Aerobics.
25. Zhang Xiao-ying, Luo Huang, China, Analysis Individual Men difficulty in the 9th World Sports Aerobics Championships.
26. Zhan Xiaomei, Xi Yilin, China, The Ninth World Aerobics Championships event finals difficulty motion analysis Athletes.
27. Zhong Yonghui, Kuang Xiaohong, China, Comparison research on the difficulty of mixed pairs In Aerobics Gymnastics.
9 THIRD PART PEDAGOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF AEROBIC GYMNASTICS
1. Carolina Reis, Dietmar Samulski, Felipe Matos, Kátia Lemos, Brazil, Changes in Stress and Recovery of high performance athletes of Aerobic Gymnastics after a period of recovery.
2. Chen Xiling, China, From the National Championships to Research the Actuality and Development of Aerobic in China.
3. Fang qi, Zhou Jianshe, Gao Qingqi, Lin Lin, China, College Sports Aerobics Teacher-led Educational Content “Supermarket” Construction Study.
4. Gu Yuxiang, China, How to improve the teaching and learning effectiveness Aerobics.
5. Ken Takeuchi, Japan, The Study on The Psychological Trait of National Level and Non- National Level Japanese Aerobic Gymnastic Athletes.
6. Kang Jinfeng, Zhou Yan, China, The Current Status and Dialectical Analysis of the Sports Aerobics in China.
7. Lian Ruowen, Zhang Jie, China, Investigation and Analysis of Current Situation of Aerobics Teaching in Colleges and Universities of Zhejiang Province.
8. Li Shuping, Liu Junyong, Ren Xiuhong, China, Study on the application of CAI technology in the aerobics teaching of middle school.
9. Luciana Pires, Maria Eduarda de Oliveira Poli, Teresa Helena Schoen-Ferreira, Brazil, Sportive Competition: Social competence and Behavior Problems.
10. Luiz Henrique Maciel, Luiz Carlos Moraes, Brazil, Excelence Model of expert Brazilian Aerobic Gymnastics coaches.
11. Li Xia, Zhou Jianshe, China, Study of College Entrance Examination’s Aerobics Test Standard in Hunan Province.
12. Li Ping, China, The Analysis of Advantages of the Value of Advertisement Market for Aerobics Stars.
13. Li Yulin, China, Research on Sport Art Course.
14. Maria Eduarda de Oliveira Poli, Priscilla de Souza Mattos, Cláudia Gomes Borelli, Marcello Borelli, Gilceu Emílson de Souza, Maria Sylvia de Souza Vitalle, Roberto Fernandes da Costa, Brazil, Development of Aerobic Gymnastics for adolescents in Brazil: Three level routines program.
15. Maria Barroso, Portugal, Psycological Profile in Aerobics Gymnastics.
16. Maria Barroso, Portugal, Modelling of the Sport Success. Morfo-functional and Psycological Profile in Aerobics Gymnastics.
10 17. Maria Mineva, Bulgaria, Place of Aerobics in the educational system of Republic of Bulgaria.
18. Maria Mineva, Bulgaria, Methods for realisation of Physical Activity in Aerobic Gymnastics.
19. Ma Zhibin, China, How to foster the confidence of athletic contests aerobics player.
20. Peng Nafen, China, Adult male athlete of outstanding Competitive Aerobics fitness level analysis.
21. Ren Xiuqi, China, The building of students’ Innovation and practical ability in high school’ Teaching of Aerobics.
22. Su Huixin, China, The Analysis of the Competitive Aerobics athletes art mark influencing factors.
23. Tang Suna，Diao Zaizhen，Li Zaixiang, China, The Present Situation in Bilingual Teaching of Aerobics in University.
24. Tang Suna, Diao Zaizhen, Li Shixiang, China, College Aerobics Bilingual Teaching Model Design and Methods.
25. Tao Lijun, Li Hai, China, University Athletics Aerobics Athlete’s Present Situation Investigation and Development Ponder in China.
26. Tetiana Pasichna, Nataliya Lozenko, Yuriy Novickiy, Uckaine, Technology of development and confession of sports aerobic in a student environment.
27. Xiang Hong, China, Analysis the Features and Functions of Modern Aerobics.
28. Xi Yilin, Zhan Xiaomei, China, Aerobics choreography and movement and winning factor relations explore-The Ninth World Aerobics Championships event finals schedule Difficulty Analysis.
29. Xu Songfeng, China, Chinese Competitive Aerobics Analysis of Socialization.
30. Wang Shuo, China, The Papers Status and Analysis of the Sports Aerobics in China.
31. Yan Feifei, Zhang Jie, China, Compose of teaching in the college public sports aerobics and discuss the implementation of the curriculum.
32. Zhang Ting, China, On sense of music cultivation on students while aerobics teaching.
33. Zhang Jie, Lv Heli, China, Twelfth, Zhejiang University Students Aerobics single items of art and the completion of the rationality of Scoring Assessment.
34. Reza Abdollahipour, IRI, Gabriele Wulf, USA, Rudolf Psotta, CZE, Palomo Nieto, CZE, Performance of a gymnastics skill benefits from an external focus of attention.
11 FOURTH PART COP AND JUDGING 1. Antonia Topliyska, Bulgaria, Development of the requrements and judging criteria for Sports Aerobics.
2. Laura Carolina Viveros Manjarrez, Mexico, Teaching methods in Aerobic Gymnastics artistic area.
3. Maria Mineva, Reny Damjanova, Bulgaria, Mathematical-Statistical Methods for measuring perfomance assesment test for the award of international category judge “brevet” in Aerobic Gymnastics
4. Sergio García Alcázar, Ignacio Marrón Moya, Spain, Difficulty elements and value for men and women.
5. Yu Changju, China, Change of Sports Aerobics Rules and its Developing Strategy Period.
6. Zhang Rongcun, China, A Study on the Continuous Assessment for Judges In the Competitions of Score-based Sport Events.
12
FIRST PART
MEDICAL-BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS
OF AEROBIC GYMNASTICS
A STUDY ON THE SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AEROBIC GYMNASTICS ATHLETES THE CAPACITY OF AEROBIC POWER AND ISOKINETIC STRENGTH OF KNEE JOINT Haruhi Kikuchi, Hokusho University, JPN Hiroko SASAKI, PhD, Hokusho University, JPN
Kew words: Aerobic power, Isokinetic strength, Knee joint
Introduction: Aerobic Gymnastics requires mainly anaerobic energy for competitive performance. But also it is very important to get the high capacity of aerobic power for performing the perfect execution. The purpose of this study is to make clear the physical characteristics of top athletes in Aerobic Gymnastics. We tried to find out the characteristics for aerobic capacity and leg muscle strength of knee joint in the Aerobic Gymnastics world champions (2 males and 1 female).
Aim and methods:
Subjects were 3 world champions. Table 1. Physical characteristics and Maximal Cardio respiratory responses Condition of measurement: W1 W2 W3 Sex Male Male Female 1) VO max was measured during bicycle 2 Age 26 28 34 ergo meter cycling, initial workload of Height (cm) 174.8 174.8 155.4 10W, increments of 18W/min (male) and Weight (kg) 69.0 68.0 52.5 12W/min (female). VO2max (ml/min) 3637 2413 2284 VO2max/wt(ml/kg/min) 53.5 36.6 43.9 2) Isokinetic strength of knee extension and flexion were determined. Maximum isokinetic strength was investigated by measuring the peak torque for 3) Continuous trials at the speed of 60deg/sec, 180deg/sec, and 300deg/sec by using a Biodex machine.
Results and discussion: VO2max were 3.641/min (W1), 2.411/min (W2), and 2.28l/min (W3). VO2max /weight were 53.5m1/kg/min (W1), 36.6m1/kg/min (W2), 43.9m1/kg/min (W3). Their numerical values were close to basketball players and synchronized swimming athletes and lower than long distance runners, skaters, and swimmers. These
13 findings suggest that training for Aerobic Gymnastics is effective in increasing VO2max but it is influential in demonstrating an excellent performance of technical skill.
The peak torque/body weight during the knee extension at 60deg/sec were 2.37Nm (W1), 3.05Nm (W2) and 2.51Nm (W3). The peak torque/body weight during the knee flexion at 60deg/sec were 1.54Nm (W1), 1.32Nm (W2) and 1.87Nm (W3). The peak torque was decreased following the velocity increasing. Flexion/Extension ratios at 60 deg/sec of each athlete were 65.1% (W1), 44.1% (W2), 58.1% (W3) and at 300 deg/sec were 73.0% (W1), 67.6% (W2), 68.2% (W3). Their numerical values were lower than jumpers and sprinters in the track & field, especially that is marked difference in high velocity.
There are many reports about relationship between isokinetic strength and performance level of jumpers, sprinters and cross-country skiers. Lots of reports say athletes of high level have high isokinetic strength of knee extension and flexion. Aerobic Gymnastics is different from track & field because athletes must perform using complex step movement in their own routine. But we suggest that muscle strength is necessities factor to improvement of the high performance in Aerobic Gymnastics. 250.0
200.0
150.0
100.0
peak torque (Nm) 50.0
0.0 60 180 300
velocity(deg/sec) Fig.1. Peak Torque during Isokinetic Knee Extension 3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50 peak torque (Nm)
0.00 60 180 300
velocity (deg/sec) Fig.2. Peak Torque during Isokinetic Knee Flexion
14 3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
peak torque (Nm) 0.00 60 180 300 velocity (deg/sec) Fig.3. Peak Torque / Weight during Isokinetic Knee Extension
2.00
1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40
peak torque (Nm) torquepeak 0.20 0.00 60 180 300 velocity (deg/sec) Fig.4. Peak Torque / Weight during Isokinetic Knee Flexion
80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0
30.0(%) 20.0 10.0 0.0 flexion/extension flexion/extension ratio 60 180 300
velocity (deg/sec)
Fig.5. Flexion / Extension Ratio of Peak Torque during Isokinetic Knee Extension and Flexion Conclusions: This study is very first time of measuring of Aerobic Gymnastics world champion. Fig.1 Changes of blood Lactate concentration after Wingate Test From these results, we can suggest the special characteristic of the elite athlete in Aerobic Gymnastics. Aerobic Gymnastics has been developing with revising the code of points and athletes will be required physical capacity higher than before. Bibliography: 1) Toshiharu Yamamoto, Leg muscle Strength and Power of Japanese Elite 100m Sprinter, Long Jumper and Triple Jumper Compared to Second- class Athletes, J. J. Sports Science Vol. 11, No.1, p. 72-76, 1992.
Correspondence: Haruhi Kikuchi Hokusho University, JPN E-mail: [email protected]
15 A STUDY ON THE SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AEROBIC GYMNASTICS ATHLETES AND MOVEMENT OF BLOOD LACTATE Haruhi Kikuchi, Hokusho University, JPN Hiroko Sasaki, PhD, Hokusho University, JPN Takahiro Yunoki, PhD, Hokkaido University, JPN
Kew words: Blood Lactate, Heart Rate, Routine
Introduction: Aerobic Gymnastics is an expressive and competitive sport performed within 1 minute and 45±5 seconds. Athletes must perform continuous complex and high intensity aerobic movement patterns to music incorporating difficult elements throughout the routine. Performances are graded by Artistic, Execution and Difficulty.
The purpose of this study was to clarify the characteristics of blood lactate concentrations for: Anaerobic power, Aerobic capacity and Changing of HR during the routine in the aerobic gymnastics world champions and Japanese representative athletes.
Aim and methods: Subjects were 2 world champions and 2 Japanese representative athletes (table 1). We tried to find the blood lactate concentrations after the: 1) Wingate test, 2) an incremental cycle ergometer test and 3) the competitive routine. Condition of measurement:
1) consisted of a 30-s all-out cycling, Table 1. Power and Maximal cardio respiratory set at 0.75 N/m/kg-1 body mass. responses 2) initial workload of 10W, W1 W2 J1 J2 increments of 18W/min. Sex Male Male Male Male 3) performed own routine(1 minute Age 26 28 28 20 History of Aerobic 11 5 8 5 and 45±5 seconds), measurement of Gymnastics (year) HR during the routine. Height (cm) 174.8 174.8 173.0 175.0 Weight (kg) 69.0 69.0 66.0 63.5 Results and discussion: Mean Power (W) 480 496 607 542 In the anaerobic power values were Mean Power (w/kg) 7.06 7.52 9.20 8.47 close to those of a middle distance Maximal Power (W) 596 705 790 715 athlete. During the routine, average Maximal Power (w/kg) 8.76 10.68 11.97 11.17 HR and maximal HR were VO2max (l/min) 3.64 2.41 3.60 3.22 161.0±30.07, 182 beat/min (W1), VO2max/wt (l/min/kg) 53.5 36.6 54.5 50.6
16 169.3±24.9, and 191 beat/min (J2). From the results of in this study, it was clarified that athletes performed at over 90% HRmax during the later 2/3 of the routine. Maximal blood lactate after their routine were 9.78 (W1), 13.77 (W2), 12.01 (J1), 14.36 (J2) mmol/l. The time for their peak values of blood lactate were 6 minutes (W1, J2) and 3 minutes (W2, J1) after the anaerobic test and 1 minutes (W1, J2) and 3 minutes (W2, J1) after their routine.
12
W1 W2
10
J1 J2
8
6
4
2 Blood Blood Lactate (mmol/l) Time (min) 0 Rest 1 3 6 9
Fig.1. Changes of Blood Lactate concentration after Wingate Test
10
W1
W2 8 J1
J2
6
4
2 Blood Blood Lactate (mmol/l)
0 Rest 8 11 14 17 Post
Time (min)
Fig.2. Changes of Blood Lactate concentration during Bicycle
16 W1
14 W2
12 J1
10 J2
8
6 Blood Blood Lactate(mmol/l) 4
2
0 Rest 1 3 6 9
Time (min)
Fig.3. Changes of Blood Lactate concentration after the Routine
17
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HR(beat/min) 100 W1
50 J2
0 0 30 60 90
Time(sec)
Fig.4. Changes of HR during the Routine Fig.5. Blood Lactate Ratio of Routine /Wingate Test
3 W1 W2 J1 J2
2
Test)
1 Blood Lactate (Routine/ Wingate (Routine/ Lactate Blood
0 Time (min) 1 3 6 9
Aerobic Gymnastics is a graded sport. As such, it is different from track and field and swimming in which competitions the physical ability can be ranked directly to the resulting record. Aerobic Gymnastics on the other hand requires the athlete to sustain high intensity with high ability during the competition. To achieve a higher score, athletes must expand their high physical capacity and execute polished movements perfectly.
Conclusions: It was suggested that in order to perform perfect execution throughout the routine, athletes must decrease their rising blood lactate. Anaerobic training and lactic training are effective tools for Aerobic Gymnastics. These results provide significant data for the coaching and training of Aerobic Gymnastics athletes.
Bibliography: Fig.1 Changes of blood Lactateconcentration after Wingate Test 1) Laurent Bosquet, Blood lactate response to overtraining in male endurance athletes, Eur J Appl Physiol, Vol. 84, p. 107-114, 2001.
18 2) Testuro Saeki, The relationship between change of oxygen uptake and blood lactate during the latter phase of anaerobic-aerobic maximal running at a constant speed, Japanese J of physical fitness and sports medicine, Vol. 47, p. 327-332, 1998.
Correspondence: Haruhi Kikuchi Hokusho University (JPN) E-mail: [email protected]
ENERGY SOURCES FOR AEROBIC GYMNASTICS COMPETITION ROUTINES (2004) Prof. Luisa Righetti, PhD, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”-FGI, ITA Prof. M. F. Piacentini, Prof. L. Capranica, Prof. F. Felici, IUSM Rome-ITA
Key words: Aerobic Gymnastics, Test, Performance, Energetic Mechanisms, Lactic Acid
Introduction: Defining the performance model for aerobic gymnastics is a precondition for providing pointers in order to optimise training. As it is not an Olympic discipline, this sport has undergone continuous changes to the scoring system, leading to changes to performance models. Considering the frequent changes to the competition routine and to relative techniques, the distribution of the aerobic and anaerobic lactic acid energetic mechanisms during competition routines was tested.
Aim and methods: The study examined seven gymnasts from the national aerobic gymnastics team (four males and three females) who were asked to undergo incremental tests on the treadmill to measure VO2max., and one week after the incremental test to do a competition routine with a metabolic unit (K4b2 Cosmed, Italy) to measure energetic costs during competition. At rest, at the end of the routine and at the 3rd, 6th, 9th minute of recovery a micro-sample of blood was taken to analyse haematic lactate.
Results and discussion: The analysis of data indicates an intensity corresponding to 85% of VO2max and heartbeat (HB) of 92% of FCmax. The energetic cost of the routine was 20±2.5 kcal, with an aerobic contribution of 85% and lactic acid anaerobic contribution of 15%.
-1 -1 Table 1. Average and standard deviation of the value of VO2max (ml kg min ), max hear frequency and max concentration of lactic acid calculated during incremental test
19
VO max FCmax Lattato 2 (ml kg-1 min-1) bpm mM Male 61.6+5.4 190.5+6.8 7.85+3.1
Female 51.7+3.5 192+6.6 8.6+2.3
Table 2. Oxygen consumption (ml kg-1 min-1) and FC average measured during the routine expressed as average plus standard deviation and as percentage of VO2max and FCmax
-1 -1 Routine VO2 (ml kg min ) FC bpm
Media + ds 41.7 + 3 174 + 7
% max 85 + 2.6 92 + 2
Table 3. Oxygen consumption and energetic cost of the routine calculated for the aerobic contribution and for the anaerobic lactacid contribution
ml kg-1 NEC (kcal) VO2ex 55.5 + 4.1 16.8 + 2.1 VO2la 10.3 + 1.9 3.2 + 0.7 VO2eq 65.8 + 4.4 20 + 2.5 * = significatively different from the rest value P<0.0
6,0
5,0
4,0
3,0 mM
2,0
1,0
0,0 riposo fine 3 rec 6 rec 9 rec
Fig.1. Lactic acid trend (mM) expressed like average plus standard deviation at rest, immediatly after the routine and during recovery
Conclusion: These results were compared with similar studies conducted previously to evaluate the effects of changes to the scoring system on the performance of current routines. In particular, the contribution of the lactic acid anaerobic energetic metabolism was lower than data reported in previous studies, indicating either a more rational distribution of the current twelve elements of difficulty within the routine or a
20 change in training methods.
Bibliography: 1) Brooks G. A , H. Dubouchaud , M. Brown, J. P. Sicurello, C. E. Butz, Role of mitochondrial lactate dehydrogenase and lactate oxidation in the intracellular lactate shuttle, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, Vol. 96, No.3, p. 129-134, 1999. 2) Brooks G. A, Current concepts in lactate exchange, Med Sci Sports Exerc, Vol. 23, No. 8, p. 895-906, 1991. 3) Davies G, Anaerobic training monitoring, atti dell’Intercontinental Coaches Course,Toronto, 2002. 4) Dal Monte A, M. Faina, Valutazione dell’atleta-Analisi funzionale e biomeccanica della capacità di prestazione, UTET, Torino, p. 206-208, 1999. 5) De Bruyn-Prévost P, X. Sturbois, Phisiological response of girls to aerobic and anaerobic endurance test, J. Sports Med., Vol. 24, p. 149-154, 1984. 6) Di Prampero P. E, Energetics of muscolar exercise, Rev Phisiol Biochem Pharmacol, Vol. 89, p. 143-222, 1981. 7) Federation Internationale de Gymnastique, Sport Aerobics-Code of Points, Sports Aerobics Committee (Fig), p. 10, 2002. 8) Federation Internationale de Gymnastique, Summary Report Anthropometric Measurament Project Sport aerobics World Championships Klaipeda, 2002. 9) Francescato M. P, T. Talon, P. E. Prampero, Energy cost andenergy sources in karate, Eur JAppl Phisiol, Vol. 71, p. 355-361, 1995. 10) Guidetti L, C. Baldari, L. Capranica, C. Persichini, F. Figura, Energy Cost and Energy Sources of Ball Routine in Rhythmic Gymnasts, Int J Sports Med Vol. 21, p. 205-209, 2000. 11) Jackson A. S, M. J. Pollock, Practical Assessment of Body Composition Physicianand Sports Medicine, Vol. 13, No. 5, p. 76-90, 1985.
12) Lemos K, D. Soares, C. Gomes Ie Flor, Body Composition assessment of elite sports aerobics athletes proceeding of the ECSS, Colonia, Germania, 2001. 13) Lupo S, www.sergiolupomedicinasport.it, 1996. 14) Palange P, F. Schena, Il test da sforzo cardiopolmonare-Teoria ed Applicazioni, Cosmed Pulmonary Function Equipment, Roma, 2001. 15) Ockert G, Sport-Aerobic Sportverlag, Berlin, p. 16-19, 1999. 16) Sasaki H, H. Kikuchi, A study on special characteristics of Sports Aerobics Competitors, ECSS, France, 2004.
Correspondence: Luisa Righetti University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, ITA E-mail: [email protected]
21
MORFOLOGICAL PROFILE IN AEROBICS GYMNASTICS Maria Barroso, Master-degree, FMH, POR
Kew words: Aerobic Gymnastics, Morphological characteristics, Success
Introduction: What are the morphological characteristics of female athlete praticants in sports aerobics? We want to know to if any characteristics can be changed explain high final scores and can discriminate gymnasts from different levels of sucess.
Aim and methods: Characterize the female athletes who practice Aerobics Gymnastics, through the application of a battery of tests. Find characteristics to discriminate the gymnasts who get greater success. Bio-social evaluation: Chronological age, Training days a week, Hours of training a week, Years federated. Morphologic and Maturacional evaluation: - Date of Menarche (retrospective method), - Sexual Maturation characteristics (Tanner Stages), - Skeletal Maturation (bone age)-method of Tanner-Withehouse (TW3), - Prevision of the adult height (TW3, based on the punctuation obtained in RUS scores),
22 - Anthropometric: body mass (kg), stature (cm), sitting height (cm), body mass index (kg/m2), span, - lengths (cm): superior member length, arm length, thigh length thoracic length, - Breadth (cm): biacromial bdth, torax transverse chest bdth, torax sagital chest bdth, biiliocristal bdth, bi-epicondylar humerus bdth, stylion-ulnar bdth, bi-epicondylar femur bdth, malleolar bdth., - Girths (cm): relaxed arm gth, tensed arm gth, thigh gth, calf gth, thoracic gth, abdominal gth, - Skinfold (mm): biceps sf, triceps sf, front thigh sf, medial calf sf, subscapular sf, thoracic sf, axilar sf, abdominal sf, iliac crest sf, - Corporal composition: weight of mass free from fat, percentage of fat mass (% fat),
Somatotype: méthod heath-carter (1967). Descriptive statistics for all the variables in study, considering the sample divided by stages: T- Student for a sample, Analysis of Variance and “P of Pearson” (with level of significância =0.05), Score-Z Analysis, Analysis of Multiple Linear Regression (considering the totality of the sample). Results and discussion: The four following models were created to explain the dependent variables (Final, Artistic, Execution and Difficulty scores), just through the morphologic characteristics (explaining variables): Final score = .58 - 4.22 (abdominal skinfold) + .67 (bicipital girth with contraction);
Artistic score = 5.13 - 2.10 (abdominal skinfold) + .34 (bicipital girth with contraction) – 1.34 (length of the thigh);
Execution score= 1.13 + .19 (Torax Transverse Chest Breadth);
Difficulty score = - 3.29 - .12 (abdominal skinfold) + .33 (malleolar Breadth) + .19 (Body Mass Index).
Conclusions: We concluded that high scores in Aerobic Gymnastics can be explained as follows: In morphologic and maturational terms mainly for reduced abdominal skinfolds and Tensed Arm Girths (both probably related with more muscular mass and significantly with larger strength index).
An elevated Index of Corporal Mass and a smaller length of the thigh seem to be positive factors to consider since they will probably also mean that the amount of muscular mass is larger and consequently a larger physical robustness will exist.
23 Last, the existence of two high diameters: theTorax Transverse Chest Breadth (a very visible morphologic characteristic in the gymnastics and associated to a trapezoidal trunk), and malleolar (resulting from the mechanical stress caused by the execution of jumps and basic stages consecutively).
If we isolate only the morphological characteristics the proportion of total variation of final score is explained in 41.2% for low values in abdominal skinfold and high values in perimeter bicipital with contraction.
Bibliography: 1) Baxter-Jones A, Intensive training in elite young family athletes, Br J Sports Med, Vol. 36, 2002. 2) Bouchard C, Long-term programming of body size, Nutr Rev, Vol. 54, No 2, Pt 2, p. 8-16, 1996. 3) Damagaard R, J. Bencke Petersen, J. H. Muller, Is prepubertal growth adversely affected by sport? Med Sci Sports Exerc, Vol. 32, p. 1698-1603, 2000. 4) Fragos I, F. Vieira, The morphological characteristics of Portuguese young athletes and non- athletes, Kinanthropometry, Vol. VI, In J. Dollman, Adelaide, Australia, ISAK, p. 37-60, 1999. 5) Harman E. J, Garhammer, C. Pandorf, Admnistration, Scoring and Interpretation of Seleced Tests, In R. Earle, Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning, Champaign, Illinois, Human Kinetics, Vol. XIII, p. 287-317, 2000. 6) Lohman G, F. Roche, R. Martorell, Anthropometric standardization reference manual, Champaign, Illinois, Human Kinetics, 1988. 7) Malina R, C. Bouchard, Growth, Maturation and Physical Activit, Champaign Illinois, Human Kinetics, 1991. 8) Moffitt C, S. Belsky, Childhood Experience and the Onset of Menarche, A Test of a Sociobiological Model, Child Development, Vol. 63, p. 47-58, 1992. 9) Sharkey B, Energy Balance, In B. J. Sharkey, Physiology of Fitness, Vol. 3, Champaign Illinois, Human Kinetics, p. 123, 1990. 10) Tanner H, C. Goldstein, Assessment of skeletal maturity and prediction of adult heigh (TW3 method), Physiology of Fitness, Vol. 3, London, W. B. Saunders, 2001. 11) Wells C, Women Sport & Performance, A Physiological perspective, Human Kinetics, 1991.
Correspondence: Maria Alexandra Barroso Clube de Actividades Gímnicas de Ponta Delgada Rua Monsenhor José Gomes, 4 9500-673 Ponta Delgada Azores Portugal E-mail: [email protected]
24 BODY COMPOSITION OF PAN AMERICAN ADOLESCENT ATHLETES IN AEROBIC GYMNASTIC Maria Eduarda de Oliveira Poli, Spec, UNIFESP, BRA Angela Patrícia Ramos, Spec, UNIFESP, BRA Mauro Fisberg, MD, PhD, UNIFESP, BRA Roberto Fernandes da Costa, PhD, CEPS, BRA
Key Words: Body Composition, Adolescent Athletes, Aerobic Gymnastics
Introduction: Aerobic Gymnastics is very recent discipline introduced by the FIG (Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique) in 1995, and inspired on the Aerobic fitness programs created during the 1980’s years in the USA. The actual world class routines are characterized for high intensity exercises during a short time performance (1min30sec-1min45sec), what may influence the body composition. This study intends to characterize the body composition, the nutritional status (BMI), and make a comparison between these athletes’ results, and what is suggested in the literature for healthy, and other gymnasts.
Aim and methods: The sample was composed by 45 female adolescent athletes from Pan American continent (Table 1). Classification of BMI follows CDC 2000 criteria’s. % Body Fat calculated as proposed by Slaughter el al. (1988) and calculated as proposed by Lohman (1992) for non athletes (15, 01%–25%) and for gymnasts (11%-19%).
Results and discussion: It was observed that 43 athletes (95,56%) are euthrofic considering BMI, and only 2 are overweight (4,44%) (figure1). Comparing these athletes with other gymnasts, the %BF is adequate for 25 (55,6%), 2 (4,4%) are bellow suggested values and 18 (40%) are above that (figure 2).
Table 1. Characteristics of sample
Mean Sd Min. Max. Age (yr) 14,97 1,72 12,2 18,8 Body Mass (kg) 51,08 6,26 37,6 63,1 Height (cm) 158 5,53 148,5 168,7
25 27 29 25 27 25 23 23 21 21 19 17 19 15 13 17 11 9 15 7 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 12 14 16 18
Euthrofic Overweight Above Adequate Bellow
Fug. 1. Correlation between BMI and age Fig. 2. Distribution of % body fat for age
Conclusions: The gymnasts have an adequate nutritional profile. Although Aerobic Gymnastics demands high energy production and may cause adaptations on lipidic metabolism, this discipline doesn´t seem to reduce significantly the body fat. It was already showed in past studies this discipline requires energy from anaerobic lactic system, what must be considered when selecting gymnasts profiles and training methods.
Bibliography: 1) Slaughter M. H, Skin fold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth, H. Biology, Goals, 1988. 2) Lohman T. G, Advances on body composition assessment, Champaign, Human Kinetics Publishers, 1992. 3) CDC on time: http/www.cdc.gov/grouthcharts, November, 2008.
Correspondence: Maria Eduarda de O. Poli Universidade Federal De São Paulo
E-mail: [email protected]
26 SOMATOTYPE OF ELITE AEROBIC GYMNASTICS COMPETITORS Full Prof. Maria Mineva, DSc National Sports Academy “V. Levski”, BUL
Kew words: somatotype, genetic prerequisites, sports elite, somatotype changes
Introduction: The somatotype is an integral evaluation for the form and structure of human body. Its use as an evaluation criterion reflects to: initial selection, forming a specific body structure of beginners to high qualified competitors, individualization of training program and preparation, orientation to sport activity selection.
Aim and methods: The aim is to be determined the influence of Aerobic gymnastics activities over structural (somatotype) characteristics of 7 to over 18 years-old competitors. There were examined 405 competitors from national and international competitions held in Bulgaria (I-st AG International Age Group Competitions, Balkan Games, World Cup Series, World Championships). The somatotype was defined by the Heath-Carter method (1990). The results were processed with computer software made by engineer N. Yordanov, NSA, Sofia, Bulgaria. On the basis of the gathered information the program calculates series of data necessary for evaluation of individual and group characteristics. In the coordinate system is marked the collective somatotype on the basis of the calculated coordinates X and Y, and also all individual somatotypes, which form the group one.
Results and discussion: We assume that the competitors were in the highest sports form and physical condition right before their participation in serious competitions and we can use the received results as model somatotype characteristics for sports aerobics. Somatotype is genetically predefined to a certain extent (Н=90-95%), but from the other side, purposeful activities and trainings can lead to essential changes in different somatotype components. In order to define the influence of organized Aerobic Gymnastics activities over children’s body structure we held a whole year pedagogic experiment. At the beginning of it children from two groups (C and E) didn’t distinguish by form and structure of their body. After the end of the experiment the endomorph component of the control group has increased a little. That according to us is due to the natural biological growth of children from the control group by the one year period. In the body structure of the children from the experimental group (training Aerobic Gymnastics) is observed great change in the endomorphy expressed by decreasing of the body mass and also by high increasing of the mesomorphy, determined by the high development of muscles. Regardless of the early start to participate in important competitions as
27 International Age Group Competitions (youth competitions), the somatotype model of 12-14 years-old Aerobic gymnastics competitors comes closer to the adults model, which can be explained with the initial preparation and the direct means of Aerobic gymnastics over constructing the children’s body – Table 1 and Fig.1, Fig.2.
Table 1. Somatotype of Aerobic gymnastics competitors – men and women
ENDO MEZO ECTO AGE women men women men women men 7-8 5.0 4.9 4.4 4.5 3.5 3.6 9-11 2.7 2.6 3.6 4.3 4.2 3.2 12-14 2.6 2.6 3.8 4.3 3.6 3.2 15-17 2.9 1.9 3.7 4.5 2.9 3.7 18+ 2.1 1.8 3.4 4.7 3.4 3.1
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
The examined elite Aerobic gymnastics competitors (women –Fig.1, men – Fig.2) have high determined mesomorphy component (women – 3.4, men – 4.7), strongly defined lineal proportions (ectomorphy) and very low body mass (endomorphy) – Table 1. The Sports Aerobics competitors are with average height, not very massive skeleton, well developed muscle and small body mass.
Conclusion: The organized Aerobic Gymnastics activities with proper volume and intensity lead to positive changes in somatotype of competitors: the endomorphy (fat component) decreases and the mesomorphy (muscles) increase. In reference, if the good muscle-skeleton development in an early age keeps through the years, it can be accepted that the somatotype is an index with prognosis significance meaning for future Aerobic gymnastics sport results.
28 Bibliography: 1) Carter J. E. L, B. H. Keath, Somatotyp-development and applications. University Press, Cambridge, 1990. 2) Clarey C, Sport and Genetics, International Herald Tribune, 2001. 3) Ridley M, Genome, Harper Collins Publishers, 2002.
Correspondence: Full Prof. Maria Mineva, DSc National Sports Academy, Gymnastics department, 1700 Sofia, Student town, Bulgaria, E-mail:[email protected]
RESEARCH OF BLOOD LACTATE CONCENTRATION AFTER DOUBLE LOAD IN COMPETITION CONDITIONS (AER -10 minutes rules) Full Prof. M. Mineva, DSc, National Sports Academy “V. Levski”, BUL Assistant M. Tarnichkova, National Sports Academy “V. Levski”, BUL, national coach
Kew words: competition routine, 10 minutes rules, blood lactate
Introduction: Examining the physiological efforts of Aerobic Gymnastics competition routines execution is necessary in order to be followed the adaptation of children’s organism to the intensity and volume of competition effect. To a high level that is valid for group execution, which requires equal preparation level of the competitors.
Aim and methods: The aim is to be followed the dynamics of blood lactate as a biochemical index and criterion for anaerobic metabolism during model training. That was a basis for keeping the specific for Aerobic Gymnastics “10 minute rule” for competitors taking part in more than one category. A subject of this research was Aerobic Gymnastics competitors from the youth Bulgarian national team (12-14 years). The analysis of the data was made by the Lactate Pro system (Kyoto, Japan).
Results and discussion: We defined the capacity and intensity of competition routine by formulae adjusted for Aerobic Gymnastics (M. Mineva, M. Tarnichkova, 2003). The duration of the routine is 1.30 min (90 sec.) and has a capacity of 49 elements, intensity is 0.54 – one second competition time is equal to 0.54 competition elements execution. Such measured capacity and intensity we take as parameters for standard competition load. Regardless of the standard conditions for execution of competition routine is observed different physiological effect by the individual lactate indexes (Figure 1). On the third minute after the end of the routine the average lactate indexes for the whole Group are 6.65 mmol.l-1. These indexes correspond to anaerobic- aerobic
29 energy provide. On the ninth minute the average La index is 4.43 mmol.l-1 and passes through the anaerobic threshold of 4 mmol.l-1. For the competitors in Trios Category the execution of the competition routine appears as double load with relatively short pause for rest and on the basis of remained fatigue (incomplete rest recovery period) – La concentration - 4.0 - 4.1 mmol.l-1.
Fig. 1. Blood lactate concentration -10 minutes rules The insufficient time for rest recovery period (10 min) and consecutive high intensive load leads to increasing of lactate for the three measures (third, ninth and fifteenth min.) is in the zone of anaerobic-glycolysis provide. That index is close to that of competitors from age group above 18 years old (women), M. Ganzin and oth, 1996 and confirms the necessity for development of anaerobic capacity of competitors. Conclusions: Blood lactate concentration level in execution of routines in competition conditions (modeled training) is into the limits of mixed anaerobic-aerobic and anaerobic-glycolysis and passes through the anaerobic threshold of 4 mmol.l- 1. That confirms the necessity for development of anaerobic capacity of competitors. We recommend that the aerobic gymnastics lactate research should be conducted during the competition period for objective report on competitors training level and their opportunity to participate in more than one competition category.
Bibliography: 1) Holmann W, Historical remarks on the development of the aerobic-anaerobic threshold, Int. J. Sports Med. 6, 1985. 2) Veltman А, Тhe Blood lactate Response to Exercise, Human Kinetics, Canada, 1995.
30 3) Ganzin M, A. Favre-Juvin, D. Castro, Aérobic Sportive : profil physiologique de l’équipe de France. Gym Technic, FFG, 1996. 4) Мone‘m M, Metabolic recovery during intensive male gymnastics training, Sports and Science, Sofia, 2008.
Correspondence: Full Prof. Maria Mineva, DSc National Sports Academy, Gymnastics department 1700 Sofia, Student town, Bulgaria E-mail: [email protected] Assistant M. Tarnichkova National Sports Academy, Gymnastics department 1700 Sofia, Student town, Bulgaria E-mail: [email protected]
AEROBIC, ERGOMETRIC AND PHYSICAL WORKING CAPACITIES IN FEMALE ATHLETES OF AEROBIC GYMNASTICS Full Prof. Maria Mineva, DSc Prof. Emiliya Pavlova, PhD National Sports Academy “V. Levski”, BUL
Key words: Eurofit, PWC170, sport aerobics, aerobic capacity, ergometric power
Introduction: Physical working capacity determined at a heart rate of 170 beats per minute is considered a parameter for estimating cardiovascular fitness [1, 2, 3]. The published physical working capacity (PWC170) data about girls aged 12-17 years are scanty [4, 5]. PWC170 tests appear to be suitable for assessment aerobic capacity in adolescent schoolchildren [6]. PWC170 and aerobic capacity (VO2max) are important components of functional state of aerobic gymnastics athletes.
Aim and methods: The aim is to study aerobic, ergometric and physical working capacities in female athletes of aerobic gymnastics in two competitive age groups using the PWC170 test included in Eurofit Programme. 54 girls taken part in I-st Sport Aerobics International Age Group competition for adolescents carried out PWC170 test included in Eurofit Programme. The subjects were divided into two competitive age groups: A group – 35 girls aged 12-14 years and B group – 19 girls aged 15-17 years. Subjects performed a submaximal cycle ergometer test, consists of three progressive workloads each for a period of 4 minutes preceded by a lighter warm up lasting 2 minutes. Monark cycle ergometer was used. Intensity was given according to sex, age and subjective estimation of physical fitness of individuals. Anthropometric parameters weight, height and BMI were measured.
31 Heart rate (HR) was monitored by Sport Tester and steady HR values from the three workloads were used for estimating absolute and relative PWC170. HRmax, absolute oxygen uptake (VO2max), relative oxygen uptake (VO2/kg), absolute ergometric power (Wmax) and relative ergometric power (W/kg) were computed by equations. Statistics analysis has been done by Descriptive Statistics, Two independent Samples Tests (Mann-Whitney Test) and Nonparametric Correlations (Spearman’s rho).
Results and discussion: Descriptive statistics results (M±SD) for A and B groups are as follows: Weight - 41.5±6.95 kg, 54.0±4.59 kg, Height - 151.0±7.27 cm, 162.4±4.52 cm, BMI 17.7±3.28, 20.5±1.51; HRmax – 207.6±1.06 bpm, 204.1±0.74 bpm, Wmax-125±33.20 watts, 156±34.15 watts, Wmax/kg -3.02±0.63 watts, 2.90±0.65 watts, VO2max - 1775±414 ml.min-1, 2162±426 ml.min-1, VO2max/kg-43.00±8.03 ml.min-1kg-1, 40.26±8.18 ml.min-1kg-1, PWC170 86±24.5 W, 109±24.5 W and PWC170/kg 2.1±0.48 W.kg-1, 2.0±0.46 W.kg-1. It was found significant differences between two age groups for anthropometric parameters weight, height, BMI and for HRmax, Wmax, VO2max and absolute PWC170 (p<0.05). Opposite to these results are insignificant differences of relative aerobic, ergometric and physical working capacities (p>0.05). Correlation analysis showed a variety of relations between parameters in A group and B group. Morphofunctional differences between the competitive age groups correspond to biological age of athletes. [7]. Comparison (Mann-Whitney Test) of absolute ergometric, aerobic and physical working capacity parameters differentiated significantly the two competitive groups as real independent age groups. On the grounds of VO2max/kg, Wmax/kg and PWC170/kg insignificant differences between A and B competitive groups it could be assumed that the ergometric, aerobic fitness components and relative PWC170 of 12-14 year girls and 15-17 year girls are developed equally refer to their age groups.
Conclusion: These findings reason the possibility PWC170 test (Eurofit Programme) to be suggested and applied for adolescents. Physical working, ergometric and aerobic capacities measured by this eligible PWC170 test characterize physical and cardiorespiratory fitness of both aerobic gymnastics competitive age groups.
Bibliography:
32 1) Wahlund H, Determination of physical working capacity, A physiological and clinical study with reference to standartization of cardio-pulmonary function tests, Acta Med Scand, Vol. 132, p. 215- 278, 1948. 2) Karpman V. L, Z. B. Belotzerkovskii, Y. A Gudkov, Study of physical working capacity in athletes [in Russian], Phyzcultura i Sport, Moskva, 1974. 3) Pavlova E, D. Dobrev, Study of heart rate variability changes after physical load through PWC170 [in Bulgarian], Experimental Medicine and Morphology, Vol. ХХХI, No 1-2, p. 1-6, 1993. 4) Malina R. M, G. P. Beunen, A. L. Classens Levefre, J. Vanden Eynde, B. V. Renson, R. Vanreusel, B. J. Simons, Fatness and physical fitness of girls 7 to 17 years. PMID: 7627770 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE], 2005. 5) Pefiffer K. A, M. Dowda, J. R. Dishman, R. Sirard, R. Pate, Cardiorespiratory fitness in girls, Change from Middle to high school, Med.&Sc. in sport and exercise, Vol. 39, No. 12, p. 2234-2241, 2007. 6) Boreham C. A, V. J. Paliczka, A. K. Nichols, A comparison of the PWC170 and 20-MST tests of aerobic fitness in adolescent schoolchildren, Am. J. of Epidemiology, Vol. 121, p. 382- 390, 1985. 7) Pavlova E, L. Borissov, E. Nikolova, Adapted Harvard step-test for children. 4th International Scientific Congress “Sport, Stress, Adaptation”, November 17-18, Sofia, p. 625-628, 2006.
Correspondence: Full Prof. Maria Mineva, DSc National Sports Academy ‘V.Levski” E-mail: [email protected], Prof. Emiliya Pavlova, PhD National Sports Academy ‘V. Levski” E-mail: [email protected]
AEROBIC GYMNASTICS ATHLETES ANTROPOMETRIC AND FOOD INTAKE PROFILES Marina Raposo do Amaral Santos, Spec, UNIFESP, BRA Maria Sylvia de Souza Vitalle, MD, PhD, UNIFESP, BRA Isa da Padua Cintra, PhD, UNIFESP, BRA Maria Aparecida Zaneti Passos, Ms, UNIFESP, BRA Lisia Kiehl, PhD, FMUSP, BRA Mauro Fisberg, MD, PhD, UNIFESP, BRA
Kew words: Food intake, Aerobic Gymnastics, Body Fat, Calorie Needs, athletes, adolescents
Introduction: Some sport disciplines, mainly those that advocate the low corporal weight and the esthetics, as gymnastics, synchronized swimming, running and ballet, use the low weight like a criterion for obtaining good results in competitions [1]. Many athletes, specially the female ones, find in the dietetic restraint, the way to
33 lose or adequate body weight and optimize the performance. Paradoxically, the standards of food delineated in those groups has involved a limited consumption of energy and important nutrients narrowly associated to the good performance [2, 3, 4, 5]. Despite the present development of Aerobic Gymnastics (AG), there are just few scientific researches carried out involving athletes of this sport, especially about anthropometric and food intake profiles.
Aim and methods: Determine the anthropometric profile and compare the caloric consumption with basal energy expenditure and the energy needs for Aerobic Gymnastics athletes. The study is retrospective of 17 adolescent athletes in AG, who participated in the National first class competition at least once. For analysis of record feed of seven days, the athletes were grouped in two age groups of nine to 13 and 14 to 18 years old.
The nutritional status was classified by means following CDC 2000, [6] the body fat percentage was calculated using the references of Slaughter 1988 and Lohman 1992 [7] (very low, <11%; low 11-15%; eutrophic, 15-25,5%), and the nutritional need was calculated using the Dietary Reference Intake, 2001, 2002. For statistical analysis, it was used the Mann Whitney test.
Results and discussion: There were a significant difference between the two groups only for weight and stature, and all the athletes were eutrophic.
Although, on average, the percentage of body fat (BF%) present itself great, there were athletes with BF% under the reference in both groups, athletes 9 to 13 years old (n=5) and 14 to 18 years old (n=2). Barely two athletes reached the energy needs recommended, and seven presented calorie intake below the Basal Energy Expenditure.
Table 1. Characteristics of study population
Athletes 9 - 13 years old (n=7) Athletes 14 -l 18 years old (n=10) Total (n=17) Variables X (Minimum-Maximum) Ad X (Minimum-Maximum) Ad X Ad Age (years) 13,3 (12,7-13,8) 0,49 15,57 (14,1-17,2) 0,97 14,6 1,39
Body mass (Kg)* 47,21 (44-50,6) 2,17 53,57 (46,5-60,3) 4,29 51 4,74
Height (m)* 1,57 (1,2-1,7) 0,05 1,62 (1,6-1,7) 0,05 1,6 0,05
BMI (kg/m2) 19,44 (17,9-21,3) 1,3 20,67 (18,2-23,6) 1,69 20,2 1,62
Body fat % 13,6 (9,2-18,5) 3 16,2 (9,4-22,8) 3,7 15,1 3,56 X: average; Adaverage deviation; * P<0,05
34
The adolescence period demands a big amount of energy and nutrients for the growth and development of puberty and when added of physical activity, especially in competitive level, the energy needs are higher.
16 14
12
10 8
6 Iron(mg) 4 2 0 Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl Girl A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q Athletes Iron consumption athletes 9 to 13 years old Iron consumption athletes 14 to 18 years old
RDA for iron - girl 9 to 13 years old RDA for iron - girl 14 to 18 years old
Graph 1. Calorie Intake (CI), Basal Energy Expenditure (BEE) and Energy Needs Recommended (ENR) for Aerobic Gymnastics athletes 9 to 18 years old
Analyzing the energy consumption, verified that, approximately 88% (n=15) presented negative energy intake. And among these athletes, 53% (n=8) presented consumption below the basic metabolic rate. Other studies with athletes of different modalities also verified that the athletes were consuming energy value below their needs [2, 3, 5] probably because low corporal weight is a lot valued in this kind of sport [8].
Conclusions: The inadequate calorie intake and low body fat percentage can be harmful for adolescents that demand energy for hormonal modifications and extra expense for training, what may cause nutritional and metabolic problems, as well disturbs in the athletic performance.
Bibliography: 1. Zucker P, J. Avener, S. Bayder, A. Brotman, K. Moore, J. Zimmerman, Eating disorders in young athletes, The Physician and Sports Medicine, Vol. 13, No. 11, p. 89-106, 1985. 2. Hassapidou M. N, A. Manstrantoni, Dietary intakes of elite female athletes in Greece, J Hum Nutr Diet, Vol. 14, No 5, p. 391-396, 2001. 3. Ribeiro B. G, E. A. Soares, A avaliação do estado nutritional de atletas de ginástica olímpica do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, Rev Nutr, Campinas, Vol. 15, No. 2, p. 181-191, 2002. 4. Mullinix M. C, S. J. Jonnalagadda, C. A. Rosenbloom, Thompson WR, Kicklighter JR, Dietary intake of female US soccer players, Nutr Res, Vol. 23, No. 5, p. 585-893, 2003.
35 5. Azevedo B. A. R, S. M. L. Ribeiro, Avaliação do estado nutricional e do balanço energético de um grupo de atletas de ginástica artística, Motriz, Rio Claro, Vol. 13 No. 3, p. 165-173, 2007. 6. CDC (2000) on time: http/www.cdc.gov/grouthcharts, November, 2008. 7. Lohman T. G, Advances on body composition assessment, Champaign, Human Kinetics Publishers, 1992. 8. Lopiano D. A, C. Zotos, Modern athletics, the pressure to perform, p. 275-292, 1992.
Correspondence: Marina Raposo do Amaral Santos Universidade Federal De São Paulo E-mail: [email protected]
INTAKE RISKS FOR THE SPROUTING OF IRON ANEMIA IN ADOLESCENT ATHLETES OF AEROBIC GYMNASTICS FROM A CLUB IN SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL Marina Raposo do Amaral Santos, Spec, UNIFESP, BRA Maria Sylvia de Souza Vitalle, MD, PhD, UNIFESP, BRA Isa da Padua Cintra, PhD, UNIFESP, BRA Maria Aparecida Zaneti Passos, Ms, UNIFESP, BRA Lisia Kiehl, PhD, FMUSP, BRA Mauro Fisberg, MD, PhD, UNIFESP, BRA
Kew words: Aerobic Gymnastics, Anemia, Iron Consumption, athletes, adolescents
Introduction: The inadequate intake of micronutrients increases the chance of people to develop illnesses, to affect mental capacity, beyond diminish the physical performance [1]. Nutritional anemia, frequently related in athletes, is a result of the iron deficiency [2], however the deficiency of others micronutrients, beyond the iron also can be an indirect cause of the nutritional anemia, by the fact, of the interconnection of micronutrients metabolism is associated. Vitamin B6, folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin C, zinc and vitamin A are essential for iron metabolism, acting like co-factors or for been involved in the normal maintenance of the hemoglobin synthesis. [3]. The Aerobic Gymnastics (AG) adolescent athletes find itself in risk of developing this condition due to the increase of the physiological needs and training.
Aim and methods: Retrospective study of 17 adolescents, athletes that participated at least once in the national first class competition in AG. For analysis of the record feed of seven days, the athletes were grouped in two age groups of nine to 13 years and 14 to 18 years. To calculate the nutritional needs, it was utilized the Dietary Reference Intake, 2001, 2002.
36 Results and discussion: Seven athletes were nine to 13 years and 10, 14 to 18 years (14.6 ± 1.39 years). On average, the consumption of vitamin A, folic acid and zinc were below the recommendations for both groups and the consumption of iron was below the recommendation for athletes 14 to 18 years. Individually, no athletes from 9 to 18 years-old presented adequate consumption of folic acid. The majority of the athletes presented consumption below the recommendations, also, for iron (82%), zinc (65%) and vitamin B12 (59%) despite of on average of vitamin B12 consumption be above the recommendation.
Table 1. Characteristics of study population
Athletes 9 - 13 (n=7) Athletes 14 - 18 (n=10) Nutrients X Dp RDA EAR X Dp RDA EAR Vit A (RE) 416,42 (126,2) - 420 573,67 (308,9) - 485 Vit C (mg) 71,68 (33,44) - 39 100,59 (48,86) - 56 Vit B6 (mg) 1,00 (0,19) - 0,8 1,47 (0,60) - 1 Vit B12 (mcg) 1,82 (0,88) 1,8 1,5 2,79 (1,55) 2,4 2 Folic acid (mcg) 73,24 (18,31) - 250 63,36 (23,50) - 330 Fe (mg) 9,17 (1,87) 8 5,7 10,00 (2,53) 15 7,9 Zn (mg) 6,04 (1,55) - 7 7,19 (2,36) - 7,3 Average consumption lower than the recommendation:
Similar results were found in studies carried out with athletes of other modalities, where the insufficient consumption of iron, zinc and folic acid were evident [4, 5, 6]. Athletes 9 to 13 years- old presented adequate consumption of iron, on average. However, all athletes 14 to 18 years presented inadequate consumption of iron, what shows a worsening tendency of food intake as increase of the age. It is important to stand out that, from 14 years old there is an increase of the needs of iron, mainly in consequence of the menstruation iron losses, but also by perspiration, excess of physical effort, loses by the urine, hemolysis intravascular and increase of physiological needs [7].
37 3000
2500
2000
1500
Calories (Kcal) 1000
500
0 Girl Girl BGirl C Girl Girl EGirl F Girl Girl Girl IGirl JGirl KGirl L Girl Girl Girl Girl P Girl A D G H M N O Q Athletes
CI (kcal) for athletes 9 to 13 years old CI (kcal) for athletes 14 to 18 years old BEE for athletes 9 to 18 years old ENR for athletes 9 to 18 years old
Graph 1. Iron consumption by athletes from 9 to 18 years old and its recommendation by age and gender (RDA)
The low consumption of iron and others micronutrients may cause low hemoglobin concentration on blood and, consequently, the diminution of oxygen maximum consumption and remains the physical work capacity, diminishing, therefore, the resistance and increasing the risk of muscular fatigue [2].
Conclusions: The low consumption of micronutrients involved in the normal synthesis of the hemoglobin can be a risk for the sprouting of anemia, beyond that, an inadequate food intake can be a positive factor to nutritional and metabolic problems and, reduction of athletic performance.
Bibliography: 1. Fogelholm M, Micronutrients, Interaction between physical activity, intakes and requirements, Public Health Nutrition, Vol. 2, No. 3a, p. 349–356, 1999. 2. WHO/UNICEF/UNU, Iron deficiency anemia: assessment, prevention, and control, Ginebra, Organización Mundial de la Salud, 2001. http://www.who.int/nut/documents/ ida assessment_prevention_control. 3. Silva R. C. R., A. Assis, M. L. P. Santana, M. L. Barreto, Brito L. L., M. G. Reis, I. M Parraga, R. E. Blanton, Relação entre os níveis de vitamina A e os marcadores bioquímicos do estado nutricional de ferro em crianças e adolescentes, Rev. Nutr, Campinas, Vol. 21, No. 3, p. 285- 291, 2008. 4. Ziegler P. J, S. J. Jonnalagadda, C. Lawrence, Dietary intake of elite figure skating dancers, Nutr Res, Vol. 21, No. 7, p. 983-92, 2001.
38 5. Ribeiro B. G, E. A. Soares, A avaliação do estado nutricional de atletas de ginástica olímpica do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo. Rev Nutr, Campinas, Vol. 15, No. 2, p. 181-191, 2002. 6. Azevedo B. A. R, S. M. L. Ribeiro, Avaliação do estado nutricional e do balanço energético de um grupo de atletas de ginástica artística Motriz, Rio Claro, Vol. 13 No. 3, p. 165-173, 2007. 7. Vitalle M. S. S, E. H. G. R. Medeiros, Deficiência de ferro na puberdade, Braga JAP, Amancio OMS, Vitalle MSS, O ferro e a saúde das populações, Editora Roca, São Paulo, p. 87-100, 2006.
Correspondence: Marina Raposo do Amaral Santos Institution: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SÃO PAULO E-mail: [email protected]
CALCIUM INTAKE IN AEROBIC GYMNASTICS ADOLESCENT ATHLETES Marina Raposo do Amaral Santos, Spec, UNIFESP, BRA Maria Sylvia de Souza Vitalle, MD, PhD, UNIFESP, BRA Isa da Padua Cintra, PhD, UNIFESP, BRA Maria Aparecida Zaneti Passos, Ms, UNIFESP, BRA Lisia Kiehl, PhD, FMUSP, BRA Mauro Fisberg, MD, PhD, UNIFESP, BRA
Kew words: Calcium, Osteoporosis, Adolescents, Aerobic Gymnastics
Introduction: Amenorrhea, anemia, osteoporosis and eating disorders are among the main disorders that affect female athletes, which seem to rely more on elite athletes [1]. The interrelation between these disorders has been described by the American College of Sports Medicine as the “Female Athlete Triad” because of its high incidence and the risk for the athletes´ health [2, 3]. One of the Triad consequences is bone demineralization [2, 4, 5]. And it is supposed to be related to low energy, intense physical training, low body fat percentage, changes in endocrine profile, anxiety and emotional stress [6]. The adequate intake of calcium is extremely important for athletes once the primary prevention of osteoporosis is related to achieving maximum bone mineral density by adequate intake of calcium, especially during childhood and adolescence [4]. The young Aerobic Gymnastics athletes are often at risk of developing this condition due to the increase of their physiological needs and training [7].
Aim and methods: Retrospective study of 17 adolescents, athletes that participated at least once in the national first class competition in AG. For analysis of the record feed of seven days, the athletes were grouped in two age groups of nine to 13 years and 14 to 18 years. To calculate the nutritional needs, it was used the Dietary Reference Intake, 2001,
39 2002, for calcium (1300 mg).
Results and discussion:
Seven athletes were nine to 13 years-old and 10 were 14 to 18 years-old (14.6 ± 1.39 years). Most of the athletes had calcium consumption well above the recommended intake for the mineral (94%). The average intake by athletes 9 to 18 years was less than half the recommendation, and only one adolescent presented consumption above the recommendation (2193 mg) (Graph 1).
Graph 1. Calcium consumption by Aerobic Gymnastics adolescent athletes 9 to 18 years old and its recommendation by age and gender (RDA).
Similar results were found in studies with athletes of other sports [1, 8]. Grooms [9], showed in his study, female athletes have not attained the peak bone mass during adolescence and may experience early bone loss and risk of premature osteoporosis.
Conclusions: The low consumption of calcium presented by Aerobic Gymnastic adolescent athletes can be a positive factor for nutritional and metabolic problems, as well disturbs in the athletic performance, requiring nutritional intervention with these athletes.
40
Bibliography: 1) Ribeiro B. G, E. A. Soares, A avaliação do estado nutritional de atletas de ginástica olímpica do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, Rev Nutr, Campinas, Vol. 15, No. 2, p. 181-191, 2002. 2) McArdle W. D, Katch F. I, V. L. Katch, Sports and exercise nutrition, Maryland, Lippincott Willians & Wilkins, p. 750, 1999. 3) Mantoanelli G, M. S. S Vitalle, O. M. S. Amancio, Amenorréia e osteoporose em adolescentes atletas, Rev Nutr, Vol.15 , No. 3, p. 319-340, 2002. 4) Putukian M, The female triad: eating disorders, amenorrhea and osteoporosis, Medical Clinics of North America, Philadelphia, Vol. 78, No. 2, p. 345-356, 1994. 5) American College of Sports Medicine, The female athlete triad, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Baltimore, Vol. 29, No. 5, p. 1-9, 1997. 6) Committee on Sports Medicine, Amenorrhea in adolescent athletes, Pediatrics, Evanston, Vol. 84, No. 2, p. 394-395, 1989. 7) Ruud J. S, A. C. Grandjean, Preocupações Nutricionais das Atletas, Wolinsky I., J. R. J. F. Hickson, Nutrição no exercício e no esporte, Vol. 2, São Paulo, Roca, p. 379-398, 1996. 8) Azevedo B. A. R, S. M. L. Ribeiro, Avaliação do estado nutricional e do balanço energético de um grupo de atletas de ginástica artística, Motriz, Rio Claro, Vol. 13, No. 3, p. 165-173, 2007. 9) Grooms A. M, The female athlete triad, Journal of the Florida Medical Association, Jacksonville, Vol. 83, No. 7, p. 479-481, 1996.
Correspondence: Marina Raposo do Amaral Santos Universidade Federal De São Paulo E-mail: [email protected]
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS INDUCED BY REPETITIVE ROUTINES IN AEROBIC GYMNASTICS Ménétrier Arnaud, CPP, Besançon, France Doriane Baud, CPP, Besançon, France Johan Cassirame, CPP, Besançon, France Valérie Grandjean, FFG, France Christophe Devillaine, national coach, France Nicolas Tordi, CPP, Besançon, France
Key words: Aerobic Gymnastics, stress level, repetition
Introduction: In Aerobic Gymnastics competitions, the athletes often realize several routines in the same day, with a very short duration of recovery.
Aim and methods: The aim of this study is to estimate the physiological impact of a succession of four competitive routines realized in the same day with short times of recovery. Five
41 athletes (four men and one woman), members of the French Team, participated in an experimental protocol. All presented four times their routines, twice in the morning (respectively R1 and R2) and twice in the afternoon (respectively R3 and R4). A free warm-up of one hour was performed before each session of two repetitions. Between the two repetitions the athletes stayed seated during ten minutes. Heart Rate (HR) was recorded with a Suunto Memory Belt, continuously during the day. Training Manager Software was used to store and analyze the data. The data were analyzed to assess the rate of cardiac adaptation during the routine, as well as peak heart rate. Blood lactate concentration was assessed at rest, after the warm-up and during the recovery phase: one minutes (Rec-1), three minutes (Rec-3), five minutes (Rec-5), and eight minutes (Rec-8) after R1 and R3; and additionally ten minutes (Rec-10) and fifteen (Rec-15) minutes after R2 and R4. Capillary blood samples were collected from the ear by three trained investigators. Initially, the ear lobe was warmed to induce vasodilatation and to facilitate the blood sampling. Lactate concentration was immediately assessed by a Lactate Pro analyzer. Physical tests were made just before every routine and fifteen minutes after R2 and R4. The first test, two Counter Movement Jump (CMJ) separated by ten seconds, informs about explosivity of the lower limbs, with a pliometric component. We use Opto Jump next to quantify the height of the jumps. The second test uses a Handgrip; the athletes realize two maximal isometric efforts with the strongest hand, separated by ten seconds. The handgrip quantifies the developed strength.
After every routine, subjective effort perception was measured on the Borg scale (CR10), on which the subject can indicate the level of effort on a numerical scale, rated from 0 to 10.
Results and discussion: No significant difference was noticed between the values of lactate measured at rest (before R1 and R3). Because the duration of the routines was different between the athletes and between the two sessions, the absolute lactate concentrations measured during the recovery phase have been divided by the duration of the routine performed previously. This allows us to compare the lactate concentrations measured during the recovery periods. The obtained results ([La]R1 < [La]R2 < [La]R3 < [La]R4) indicate that the stress is increased according to the repetitions.
42
Fig. 1. Comparison of the lactate concentrations during recoveries post routine
As well, the values of subjective perception of effort indicate that the routines seem beings lived more and more with difficulty by the athletes (6 after R1 and 9 after R4). Considering the number of our subjects, no statistical test has been conducted on the results of the physical tests. However the variations observed during the CMJ for all the subjects let think that the threshold of significativity can be reached with an important population. Indeed, analysis of the obtained results shows that the values decrease throughout the day. No variation was noticed on the level of the strength of tightening. All the gymnasts showed the same pattern of cardiac adaptation, namely a biphasic curve, with a fast phase of adaptation of some thirty seconds, reaching a steady- state near maximum heart rate (HR max) until the end of the exercise.
Conclusion: No problem was encountered during this protocol. The results are similar to those observed in previous studies [1, 2 and 3]. Our results clearly demonstrate that the fatigue is accumulated throughout the day. Accordingly, a meeting organized with short recovery periods between the routines can conduct to an excessive fatigue and lower the performances. This raises two questions: what is the best training protocol to prepare the athletes for this kind of event and how manage the recovery periods during such meeting to attenuate the fatigue induced by the repeated routines.
Acknowledgments: This project was realized with the financial support of the French Minister of Sports and the assistance of the French Federation of Gymnastics.
43
Bibliography : 1) Cassirame J, J. Imbert, N. Tordi, L’Aérobic, une discipline qui bouge, Gym Technic octobre/décembre, p. 26-30, 2007. 2) Le Chevalier J-M, C. Hausswirth, Etude des délais de récupération en Aérobic Sportive, Gym Technic, Vol. 35, p. 27-32. 2001. 3) Ganzin M, A. Favre-Juvin, D. Castro, Aérobic Sportive: profil physiologique de l’équipe de France, Gym Technic FFG, Vol. 15, p. 26-31, 1996.
Correspondence: Arnaud Ménétrier Doriane Baud Johan Cassirame Nicolas Tordi EA 3920 ‘Cardiovascular Physiopathology and Prevention’ IFR 133, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France E-mail: [email protected]. Valérie Grandjean BP 310, Fédération Française de Gymnastique, Pôle Espoir Aérobic, France Christophe Devillaine 62 Bd Pierpont Morgan, 73103 Aix les Bains Cedex 3, France
RESEARCH ON FACTORS OF ANKLEBONE INJURY AND ITS PREVENTING TREATMENT IN AEROBIC EXERCISE TRAINING Xu Bo Xian Institute of Physical Education, China
Key words: Aerobic exercise, anklebone, injuries, pretending, treatment
Introduction: Adopted the interview investigation, this study explored the reasons of anklebone injuries in aerobic exercises training among athletes of the aerobic exercise team of Xian Institute of PE. In particular, this research paid specific attention upon factors, which led to anklebone injuries in the view of anatomy structure of anklebone. The special preventing measures and treatment were proposed, in order to reduce the unnecessary injuries in the aerobic exercise training, thereby enhancing the development of the aerobic exercise in China.
Correspondence: Xu Bo Xian Institute of Physical Education, Xi’an China 710068, Department of Gymnastics
44 MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 11- TO 22- YEAR-OLD FEMALE ATHLETES INVOLVED IN AEROBIC GYMNASTICS Yuliya Filippova, DM Novosibirsk sport school “Nauka”, RUS
Key words: aerobic gymnastics, physical work capacity, somatotype
Introduction: During competitions, athletes involved in aerobic gymnastics demonstrate a high level of cardiovascular performance and a mixed (aerobic and anaerobic) type of energy production [1, 2]. The influence of aerobic gymnastics on morphological and functional status is not clearly understood.
Aim and methods: The purpose of my investigation is morphological and functional particularity of female’s organism from 11 till 22 ears old, who are practicing aerobic gymnastics. The main anthropometric parameters of physical development were measured according to standard methods [3]. The degree of pubescence was evaluated according to [4, 5] and somatotype was estimated according to the Heath-Carter protocol [6]. The main hemodynamic parameters were measured at relative rest, during a standard workload of 12 (kg m)/(min kg), and during a 3-min recovery. The heart rate (HR) was measured using a Polar S 120 heart rate monitor, the blood pressure (BP) was measured according to Korotkoff’s method. Cardiovascular adaptation to physical activity and the work capacity were studied using the ergometric step test. The absolute and relative parameters of aerobic productivity and physical work capacity (PWC170) and the rate of recovery (recovery index, RI) were determined according to [7]. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test.
Results and discussion: The anthropornetric parameters of physical development and body fat in the female athletes did not differ considerably from those of the controls in most age groups. When compared to the controls, the female athletes displayed lower endomorphy from the age of 11 years, the differences being significant from the age of 16 years, and higher mesomorphy in most age groups.
45 Table 1. Parameters of physical development and cardiorespiratory system in the female athletes (FA) involved in aerobic gymnastics and in the controls (С) (М ± m) Age group 11-12 years 13-15 years 16-18 years 19-22 years Parameter FA (21) С (12) FA (21) С (13) FA (22) С (13) FA (13) С (12) Body height, cm 149,7±1,4 153,6±1,6 159,6±1,1 161,3±1,4 162,5±1,0 161,0±0,9 161,2±1,0 162,9±1,2 Body weight, kg 38,0±1,1 40,3±2,2 47,9±1,1 51,6±2,3 54,7±0,8 52,6±1,1 54,6±2,21 54,0±1,9 Endomorphy 2,81±0,14 3,08±0,35 3,52±0,14 3,96±0,38 4,09±0,22 5,00±0,25* 3,65±0,21 4,92±0,18* Mesomorphy 3,76±0,11* 3,26±0,09 4,01±0,16* 3,49±0,13 4,32±0,16 3,94±0,2 4,30±0,16 4,60±0,26 Ectornorphy 4,05±0,20 4,42±0,40 3,67±0,17 3,31±0,38 2,77±0,22 2,88±0,13 2,42±0,21 3,21±0,40 Puberty, score 1,56±0,18 2,58±0,71 6,98±0,68 7,07±0,70 11,30±0,21 11,46±0,29 11,93±0,43 12,30±0,32 PWC170/kg, 12,39±0,37* 11,39±0,33 11,65±0,23* 10,35±0,20 11,88±0,24* 11,17±0,22 14,46±0,65* 10,41±0,42 kg m/min kg CO/PWC170/kg, 0,38±0,01 0,43±0,02* 0,42±0,01 0,49±0,03* 0,53±0,02 0,60±0,03* 0,49±0,02 0,78±0,06* l kg/ kg m MOC/ kg,, 43,15±0,81 41,25±1,15 39,60±0,52* 36,50±1,16 39,50±0,89* 37,09±0,75 49,44±2,79* 34,81±0,83 ml/min/kg Rl, arb.units 6,86±0,24 7,05±0,41 8,57±0,27 8,44±0,47 10,04±0,32* 9,28±0,21 12,42±0,47* 8,76±0,54 Kerdo’s index, 21,9±2,1 27,2±2,0 11,9±2,9 19,1±2,9 10,5±2,6 24,3±2,2* 5,31±2,72 25,53±4,01* arb.units Double product, 210,5±7,5 215,9±7,7 232,1±7,2 253,9±10,9 236,9±7,7 233,4±8,6 197,23±56,25 249,43±3,29* arb.units VLC, l 2,42±0,09 2,46±0,09 2,95±0,08 3,14±0,12 3,38±0,09 3,12±0,10 3,57±0,09 3,26±0,15 Vital index,ml/kg 63,7±1,3 62,2±2,9 61,8±1,7 61,7±2,6 61,6±1,1 59,3±2,0 65,44±1,19* 60,39±1,76 Maximum IFR, l/s 2,61±0,16 2,76±0,18 3,36±0,16 3,30±0,19 3,78±0,15 3,43±0,25 4,01±0,17 3,94±0,25 Maximum EFR, l/s 2,98±0,15 3,34±0,20 3,66±0,13 3,95±0,13 4,15±0,13 4,13±0,18 4,06±0,21 4,46±0,16 * Differences between the female athletes and the controls were significant at P < 0.05.
According to the findings, the degree of pubescence in the female athletes was lower than that in the control group (Table 1). In contrast to artistic gymnastics [8], this difference was insignificant in all age groups and may be explained by a lack of sports selection, lower loads, and/or the absence of strict food restrictions. From the age of 11 years, the female athletes involved in aerobic gymnastics demonstrated significantly higher parameters of PWC170 and significantly more efficient blood circulation per unit PCW170 (CO/PWC170/kg). The maximum oxygen consumption was higher in the female athletes (the differences were significant from the age of 13 years). They also had a higher recovery index RI from the age of 16 years. The data on the agerelated changes in Kerdo’s index, which reflected increasing influence of the parasympathetic nervous system, indicated cardiovascular efficiency in the female athletes. These differences became significant from the age of 16 years (Table 1). Analysis of the respiratory function revealed that the VLC was virtually unchanged and the vital index was significantly higher only in the female athletes from the oldest age group. A static load or a load with static elements or straining efforts caused fewer shifts in ail autonomic systems, including the respiratory system. With extended training, the inspiratory volume increases considerably as compared to the expiratory volume, indicating a great strength of inspiratory muscles [9]. Only in the female athletes aged 19—22 years was the IFR close to the EFR; the forced EFR prevailed in the other age groups and in the controls (Table 1).
46 Conclusion: The morphological characteristics whose improvement is promoted by aerobic gymnastics become more pronounced with age and higher ranking and are associated with greater mesomorphic and smaller endo- morphic components of the somatotype. Aerobic gymnastics has a profound influence on the cardiovascular function, leading to an increase in physical work capacity, maximum oxygen consumption, and circulatory efficiency, higher adaptive capacity to physical load and better recovery after exertion as compared with nonathletic subjects. Bibliography: 1) Borilkevich V. E, N. N. Kuzmin, A. A. Somkin, Comparative Physiological haracteristic of Sports Aerobics, Tear. Prakt. Fiz. Cull, Vol. 3, p. 44, 1998. 2) Filippova Y. S, Fiziologicheskie osnovi zanyatii po sportivnoi aerobike (Physiological basics of Aerobic Gymnastics Training) Novosibirsk, Parallel, 2006. 3) Kotz Y, Sportivnaya fisiologiya. Uchebnik dlya institutov fisitheskoii kulturi (Sports Physiology. Handbook for Higher-Sport-School Students), Moscow, VLADOS, 1986. 4) Stavitskaya A. B, D. I. Aron, Metodika issledovaniya fizicheskogo razvitiya detei i podrostkov (Methods for Estimating Physical Development of Children and Adolescents), Moscow, 1959. 5) Tanner J, Body height and Composition, in Biologiya cheloveka (Human Biology), Harrison, J. Winer, j.Tanner, Eds., Moscow, Mir, p. 336, 1979. 6) Heath B. H, J. Carter, Modern Methods of Somato-typing, Vopr. Antrop., Vol. 33, p. 19, 1969. 7) Karpman V. L, Z. B. Belotserkovskii, I. A. Gudkov, Testirovanie v sportivnoi meditsine (Testing in Sports Medicine), Moscow, Fizk. Sport, 1988. 8) Chernyshenko Y. K, Selection of Young Gymnasts Aged 7-10 Years on the Basis of the Motional Fitness, Cand. Sci., Pedag. Dissertation, Moscow, Malachovka, 1982. 9) Wagner P. D, Gas exchange and peripheral diffusion limitation, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 24, No. 4, p. 54, 1992. Corresponence Yuliya Filippova, Novosibirsk sport school “Nauka”, Russia E-mail: [email protected]
47 THE CHANGE OF FATIGUE RECOVERY ABILITY AFTER REPEATED ROUTINE IN KOREA ELITE AEROBIC GYMNASTIC ATHLETES Young-hee Song, PhD Sejong University, Professor, KOR
Key words: Aerobic Gymnastic, Lactic Acid, Respiratory Exchange Ratio
Introduction: Aerobic gymnastics is complex competition to perform continuous dynamic and high intensity movement patterns with music (FIG, 2008). The production of fatigue producing, metabolic by products is inevitable because of performance of high intensity and long duration nature of aerobic gymnastic competition. The AG athlete must also often perform the most difficult technical skills late in the performance and requires proper technique as well as maximum contraction velocity and power. Therefore, the toleration of fatigue is an imperative. However, the little is known regarding the ability of fatigue recovery of elite aerobic gymnastic athletes.
Aim and methods: The purpose of this study was to examine the changes of post-aerobic gymnastic routine on fatigue recovery variables as lactic acid (LA), oxygen uptake (VO2) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER). Subjects were 7 aerobic gymnastic athletes, aged 18-23 years, from national elite teams divided in two groups: 4 males (body weight: 61.0±4.4kg, height: 174.3±5.9cm) and 3 females (body weight: 51.3±2.9kg, height: 159.7.0±4.4cm).
Lactic acid was measured by fingertip with lactate and glucose analyzer system (YSI 2300, USA). VO2 and RER were measured by breath-by- breath system with O2 analyzer coupled to an open circuit spirometry system (Cosmed, Quark b2, Italy). Sargent jump was calculated average of value measured by five times jumps. Also, Grip strength was measured by maximal muscular strength of two times (Adams, 2003).
Results and discussion: The VO2 values in morning test was showed that male athletes (7.6±1.7mmol/L) was low than female (7.7±0.9mmol/L) at recovery 10min after 1 routine. In afternoon test was showed that male athletes (6.8±2.3mmol/L) was higher than female (6.3±1.5mmol/L) at recovery 15min after 2 routine. The RER values in morning test was showed that male athletes (0.79±0.12mmol/L) was low than female (0.82±0.18mmol/L) at recovery 10min after 1 routine. In afternoon test was showed that male athletes (0.66±0.10mmol/L) was low than female (0.76±0.8mmol/L) at recovery 15min after 2 routine.
48 The LA values in morning test was showed that male athletes (8.5±1.6mmol/L) was higher than female (7.5±3.3mmol/L) at recovery 10min after 1 routine. In afternoon test was showed that male athletes (11.0±1.5mmol/L) was higher than female (7.9±2.5mmol/L) at recovery 15min after 2 routine. The Sargent jump values of male athletes in morning test was showed that first (50.1±3.1cm) and second (48.7±5.4cm) post routine was decreased than pre-warm up (53.3±2.9cm). In afternoon test was showed that first (53.1±4.0cm) and second (53.0±3.3cm) post routine was decreased than pre-warm up (56.1±4.0cm). The female athletes in morning test was showed that first (41.7±3.6cm) and second (42.0±2.2cm) post routine was decreased than pre-warm up (43.8±5.1cm). In afternoon test was showed that first (42.8±3.4cm) and second 42.3±4.5cm) post- routine was decreased than pre-warm up (45.5±2.5cm). The right grip strength values of male athletes in morning test was showed that first (29.5±1.7kg) and second (29.7±1.7kg) post-routine was decreased than pre-warmup (30.5±2.1kg). In afternoon test was showed that first (32.1±0.6kg) and second (30.1±0.3kg) post- routine was decreased than pre-warm up (32.5±2.7kg). The female athletes in morning test was showed that first (19.9±4.3cm) and second (19.1±3.5cm) post-routine was decreased than pre-warm up (22.7±4.6cm). In afternoon test was showed that first (21.9±4.5cm) and second (20.0±3.0cm) post- routine was decreased than pre-warm up (27.3±4.8cm). The left grip strength values of male athletes in morning test was showed that first (29.6±2.0kg) and second (31.5±3.1kg) post-routine was increased than pre-warm up (30.3±4.1kg). In afternoon test was showed that first (31.7±2.1kg) and second (32.7±3.2kg) post- routine was increased than pre-warm up (30.1±4.3kg). The female athletes in morning test was showed that first (20.1±2.8cm) and second (19.2±3.5cm) post-routine was decreased than pre-warm up (22.5±2.8cm). In afternoon test was showed that first (20.9±3.2cm) and second (20.0±2.3cm) post- routine was decreased than pre-warm up (23.1±3.0cm). Both males and females have two times of mean VO2 during recovery after first and second routine in comparison with during pre-warming up. Both males and females have no the difference in RER after first and second routine in comparison with the before warming up. The level of blood lactate acid of the recovery 10min after first routine and the recovery 15min after second routine were higher of six times and eight time in comparison with the before warming up, respectively. There was no difference of power and muscle strength of men and women between the after first and second routine and the before warming up.
49 Conclusions: It often occurs that one player performs a series of competition in aerobic gymnastic competition. Thus, the capacity of recovery fatigue is very important factor in aerobic gymnastic players. It appears that the appropriate distribution of rest time is very important to perform excellent play and to prevent injury for aerobic gymnastic players.
Bibliography: 1) FIG Aerobic Gymnastics Code of Points, 2009-2012, Federation Internale de Gymnastique, 2008. 2) Adams G. M, Exercise Physiology Laboratory Manual, McGraw-Hill College, 3ed Edition, NY, 2003.
Corresponence: Younghee Song, PhD Vision 21 BD, 126-2, Myeongnyun-3-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea E-mail: [email protected]
SECOND PART PREPARATION AND TRAINING PROCESS
SELECTION, INITIAL PREPARATION AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT FOR FIG SPORTS AEROBIC AGE GROUPS IN ZIMBABWE Berenice Cordelia Muller, MSc, NUST, ZIM/NSA, BUL Fuul Prof. Maria Mineva, DSc, NSA, BUL
Key words: Aerobic Gymnastics, Selection, Initial preparation, Age groups, COP, Difficulty, Skill development, Control
Introduction: Difficulty rules from the F.I.G Code of Points from the core for determining the highest sport result .Uniform criteria form the basis upon which aspirant Aerobic Gymnastic athletes may be selected, trained and tested.
Aim and methods: This study is an attempt to elaborate on the characteristics of F.I.G. Aerobic Gymnastics. Characteristics for quality Selection and initial preparation of age groups in Zimbabwe and the possibility to apply The Code of Points and Technical Regulations for training through Sports Pedagogical testing will be examined. Requirements for a model skill development programme through multi-years preparation will be suggested: Literature analysis of various books, magazines and scientific journals on Aerobic Gymnastics, Sports Physiology and fitness was done.
50
Table 1. Differences between the groups
Variable F-Fisher Alpha 1-11 1-111 1-1V 11-111 11-1V 111-1V Arm length 12.54 0.00 * * * Calf 1 .21 0.80 Calf 2 .41 .66 Calf 3 .20 .81 * * * Calf lt 10.21 .00 * * * Calf rt 9.8 .00 * * * Chest circumf. 6.06 .00 Age 119.35 .00 * * * * * * Height 22.84 .00 * * * Weight Leg length 13.14 .00 * * * Ski tri 1 .148 .86 Ski tri 2 .311 .73 Ski tri 3 .333 .72 Subsc 1 .429 .66 Subsc 2 .170 .84 Subsc 3 .332 .72 U arm lt flex 7.98 .00 * * * U ARM lt relax 6.01 .00 * * * U arm rt relax 6.05 .00 * * * U arm rt flex 8.66 .00 * * * U thigh rt 7.59 .00 * * * U thigh lt 8.15
By surfing on the worldwide web for different materials and forums on the subject. Direct observation and experience – Observing different training sessions and competitions and also different Coaches and groups in training. Interviews with Coaches and Athletes, Sports Pedagogical Testing of 17 age-group Athletes from the Bulgarian National Aerobic Gymnastics Team aged 7-23 was done: To establish the average level of motor fitness for the motor qualities: muscular endurance, dynamic strength and power, flexibility and static strength, a test protocol was designed and administered , using an electronic
51 stopwatch ( for time in seconds) and a standard tape measure( for distance in cm). To identify the physiological variables which influence an athlete’s motor performance in the sports composition as relates to difficulty. To make the normative precedent for each motor quality for use in initial preparation and control. To try to find the similarities and differences amongst athletes tested
Anthropometric testing of all Athletes was carried out using: Height (cm), Weight (kg), Limb length (cm), Body circumferences (cm) and Skinfolds (mm)-table 1.
Results and discussion: The characteristics of the sport are such that one would require a high degree of co- ordination, flexibility and power as well as high aerobic and anaerobic capabilities. The average level of motor fitness in the Bulgarian National Team of 17 Athletes aged 7-23 using mean scores for 11 tests were computed. Variance analysis showed that the whole group showed great similarity in flexibility, average similarity in dynamic strength and great differences in static strength and muscular endurance. For all variables as related to Anthropometric indicators (V%) was less than 10, so there was a great similarity between all the athletes in the group. There were significant differences between the age groups, notably for age, height, then leg length but the amount of body fat variation was due to chance. Dynamic strength and muscular endurance seemed to increase with age.
Conclusions: The Normative Precedent for each motor quality and the Normative Precedent for anthropometric values were made. A detailed two year Initial Preparation skill development programme for Zimbabwe with stages of preparation, composition of training groups, normative test and suggestion on the modification of Difficulty rules was outlined.
Bibliography: 1) Matsudo V, Prediction of future athletic excellence, In Oded Bar-Or (ed) The child and adolescent athlete International Olympic Committee, Blackwell Science Ltd. , 1996. 2) Mero A, Power and speed training during childhood, In VanPraagh (ed) Pediatric Anaerobic Performance, 1998. 3) Mineva M, Sport Preparation for Girls in gymnastics, Sofia, 1988.
Correspondence: Berenice Cordelia, Muller, National University of Science and Technology, E-mail: [email protected]; Full Prof. Maria Mineva, DSc, NSA-Sofia, BUL, E-mail: [email protected]
52 ANALYZE ON TRANSFORMATION OF GROUP SIX OF LAST THE WORLD SPORTS AEROBICS CHAMPIONSHIP CONTEST Cheng Ruiqin Suzhou University, China
Key wards: competition aerobics, group six, transformations
Introduction: The election and application of formation is an important content in the competition aerobics of group six. The colorfulness and ingenious change of lines gave addition to the art and aesthetic values of the competition. By study of documents, video watching and statistics, this paper analyzes relative data on transformation of 12 exercises performed by top six team of group six at the 8th and 9th World Sports Aerobics Championship Contest in 2004 and 2006. It shows that the transformation at present gets more reasonable, innovative and various in the World Sports Aerobics Championship Contest to improve performances effect and aesthetic values of the competition. The regular formation is still the main part of a contest mainly including straight-line, oblique-line, triangle.
Correspondence: Cheng Ruiqin School of Physical Education, Suzhou University, Suzhou 215021, China
53 METHOD FOR TEACHING DIFFICULTY ELEMENTS IN AEROBIC GYMNASTICS Prof. Georgi Sergiev, PhD National Sports Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
Key words: aerobics gymnastics, teaching process, teaching methods, difficulty elements
Introduction: The rapid development of sports aerobics has put to trial not only competitors, but coaches as well in their efforts to successfully control the process of teaching of difficulty elements. The achievement of top results is not so easy task. It’s the consequence of hard work in relation to different aspects of sports preparation - technical, psychological, physical conditioning and theoretical as well. This process is accompanied by deep functional reorganizations of human body, manifested as high quality changes. Sports aerobics as comparatively new discipline has to lean on the scientific achievements of sports like artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics and acrobatics, as it comes from them and we can’t see radical differences in respect of sports preparation. The present examination was started approximately 12 years ago and researches about this matter are not stopped at the present stage. It’s a huge research what includes a variety of aspects with respect to athletes’ preparation, mostly technical and physical preparation.
Aim and methods: The main aim was: On the base of the scientific achievements of other gymnastics sports we have made a try to create and define a universal method for training and teaching difficulty elements in aerobics gymnastics. The main tasks were as follows: 1. To start examining (mostly performed and from different groups) difficulty elements and to create method for teaching them. 2. To find out the main supporting points to give reasons for our specific method. 3. To find out the main points in method’s structure. 4. To organize and to carry out practical pedagogical experiment in real conditions.
The main methods of the examination were as follows: biomechanical analyses, anatomical analyses, theoretical analysis and synthesis of the motor movements, systematically structural approach, mathematical and statistical methods.
Results and discussion: During execution of the first task a lot of difficulty elements have been examined,
54 some of the main ones are: straddle jump, straddle jump to push up, 1/1 turn straddle jump to push up, Gainer ½ twist and Gainer 1½ twist, free fall 2/1 twist airborne, ½ turn pike jump ½ twist to push up, scissors leap ½ turn switch split leap ½ turn to split etc. On the other hand families of elements like supports, kicks, scissors leaps, etc were examined in respect to different methods for teaching. After that to create a stable base of our method we examined basic prerequisites for motor movements’ practical training. They are: Physiological mechanism for building up motor habit, Motor apparatus anatomo-functional peculiarities, Biomechanical characteristics of movements, Pedagogical prerequisites, Difficulty elements’ performance by optimum technique. At the end we determined the main points of structure of the methods. They are as follows: Classification of the elements, Determination of elements’ phase structure, Motor qualities needed, Motor base needed, Algorithmic chains for teaching difficulty elements (fig.1), Special methodological guidelines for teaching elements, Technique building exercises and conditioning. This experimental method for teaching elements was tested during 2 years pedagogical experiment and as a result of that a great number of elements have been assimilated, so by that means we proved truth and practical workability of our method for teaching difficulty elements in aerobics gymnastics.
Conclusion. Examined method for teaching difficulty elements in aerobics gymnastics was found to be very successful due to its ground and contents. That method is a stable base for further improving and automation of technique of execution of the elements.
Fig 1
55 Using this approach we created 23 algorithmic chains for teaching almost all elements in aerobics gymnastics. If a new element will be created it will be put to the corresponding algorithmic chain in the right place.
Bibliography 1) Bogen M. M, Motor movements’ education, Moscow, 1985. 2) Gavriiski V, Motor habit and control of movements in gymnastics, manual, Sofia, BSFS, 1983. 3) Sergiev G, Research on the classification structure and methodology of teaching in sports aerobics, Dissertation, Sofia, NSA, 2001. 4) Sergiev G, Technique of execution and training methods of difficulty elements, Book, 2004, Sofia, Bulgaria. 5) Sergiev G, Algorithmic chains for optimization of teaching elements in sports aerobics, Sport and Science, Vol. 4-5, Sofia, Bulgaria, 1999. 6) Sergiev G, Technique of execution and method for training of free fall airborn 1/1 and 2/1 turn to push up, Sport and Science, Vol. 6, Sofia, Bulgaria, 2001. 7) Sergiev G, Motor abilities in sport aerobics, International symposium on sport in higher education, Meet’2002, Varna, Bulgaria.
Correspondence: [email protected] [email protected]
MOTOR SKILL ANALYSIS OF SOME KINETIC STRUCTURE IN AEROBICS GYMNASTICS Jelena Obradović, PhD, FSPE, SRB
Key words: Aerobic Gymnastics, Difficulty elements, Motor skills
Introduction: The difficulty elements in aerobics gymnastics (AG), according to the FIG Code of Points 1 were divided into the groups, and the group names carried the characteristics of its content elements fallowing the criteria of the motor skills which dominate the motion itself. Aim and methods: The problem of this study is the motor skill analysis of the difficulty elements in aerobics gymnastics, in fact, finding out the latent structure of motion space performed in realization of kinetic structure in aerobics gymnastics. The main aim is to make the model of motor skills necessary for generally successful performing of difficulty elements in aerobics, taken as the whole, not group elements. The sample of tested for studying the motor skills and their connection with the basic elements in aerobics was 100 tested females at the age of 19-21, the students of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education in Novi Sad.
56 To study the performing of the basic elements in aerobics gymnastics and its connection with the motor skills and the certain motor manifestations are used the basic elements in sports aerobics (taken from the FIG Code of Points and the list of elements brought by FIG in the Regulations of aerobics gymnastics) three elements from each group.Those elements were used as the tests to estimate the success in the performing of elements. The following research technique is used: measuring the motor manifestation (17 tests), watching and estimating the quality of performing the basic difficulty elements (12 elements) in aerobics gymnastics and the effects made up in vivo and using the technical devices.
For the variables got by the measuring the motor manifestations and anthropological dimensions the central and the dispersal statistical parameters are calculated. As for the estimating of performed elements in sports aerobics the date are got on the ordinate scale, the analysis of central and dispersal parameters could not be carried out, only the relation of the distance of result. Using factorial analysis of the main components, the factorization of the variables got by measuring motor manifestations was carried out and so the factorial structure of the watched motor space was got.
After that Klaster analysis of the results got by measuring the motor manifestations were taken and four groups were determined by t-test, the difference between each group by previous determined motor factors.
The result analysis got by the estimation of the performance the basic elements difficulties in sports aerobics was performed by the method of scaling (Lancaster) three marks got form three attempts of the tested, and the main component was determined by the factorial analysis of the scaled results.
The Klaster analysis was applied on the results of the motor tests and the classes exposed to analysis of varieties and discriminative analysis were got. The varieties of the groups were determined by t-test the importance of varieties. The same test was applied on the scaled results of sports aerobics. Using t-test the groups varieties on scaled results of the sports aerobics tests were determined.
Results and discussion: According to the factorial analysis the following motor skills factor exists: Coordination and general strength (F1), Legs and hips flexibility (F2), Explosive power of arms and shoulders (F3), as well as the strength of abdominal and hip joint flexors (F4). Klaster analysis divided the sample according to their motor skills into the four groups (g I, II, III, IV).
57 The significant differences between groups were found into the firs 3 factors (Table 1).Table 1. t-test g1 g2 A S t p The significant differences were found F1 I III -.619 1.568 4.949 .000 in the performing the AG difficulty F1 II III -.268 1.568 2.607 .012 elements between groups. F1 III IV 1.568 -.154 2.444 .019 For the successful performance of the F2 I II -.673 1.162 6.653 .000 sports aerobics difficulty elements, F2 I III -.673 .998 4.804 .000 F2 I IV -.673 -1.718 3.512 .001 group A, depending on the family to F2 II IV 1.162 -1.718 11.821 .000 which the element belongs, the F2 III IV .998 -1.718 8.905 .000 different motor skills are dominant. F3 I II 1.350 .355 6.137 .000 It is concluded that for the elements F3 I III 1.350 -1.390 10.849 .000 F3 I IV 1.350 -.672 8.958 .000 from push up family the general F3 II III .355 -1.390 7.207 .000 strength and explosive power are F3 II IV .355 -.672 5.306 .000 dominant. F3 III IV -1.390 -.672 2.599 .013 For the family of leg circles the legs and hip joint flexibility and the strength of hip joint muscles are dominant. For the successful performance of the difficulty elements, group B, are dominant: the strength of hip joints flexors and the legs and hips flexibility. For the successful performance of the elements from the group C, depending on the kind of jump or leap, dominant are: the strength of hip joint flexors, legs and hips flexibility, power and the coordination is dominant for the family of free falls. It is confirmed that for the successful performance of the difficulty elements from the group D are dominant: legs and hips joints flexibility and the strength of hip joint flexors.
Conclusion: Conceded by the all mentioned, analyzed and discussed above, the model of the motor skills necessary for the performance of aerobics gymnastics difficulty elements are: Legs and Hips flexibility, The strength of Hip joint flexors, Coordination, General strength and Power. It is confirmed that the space structure of difficulty elements in AG is not the same as in the FIG Code of Points, except in the case of B and D group.
Bibliography: 1) Code of Points Aerobics Gymnastics, 2009-2012, Federation Internationale de Gymnastique, 2009.
Correspondence: Jelena Obradovic, PhD. Faculty of Sports and Physical Education, Department of Motor Development Lovćenska 16, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]
58 RESTORATION OF COMPETITIVE AEROBICS ATHLETES MEANS AFTER THE TRAINING Ji Huajun East China Normal University, College of Physical Education and Health, Shanghai 200241, China
Key words: Competitive Aerobics athletes, Fatigue, Resumption means
Introduction: Through literature research, interviews and other investigation methods, according to Competitive Aerobics athletes training fatigue characteristics of the proposed resumption of targeted means, including Competitive Aerobics athletes physiological and psychological fatigue recovery means. With a view to improving the competitive aerobics training, the athletes improve athletic ability and enhance the physical and mental health of athletes to provide useful assistance.
BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF AEROBIC GYMNASTICS JUMPS Prof. Kátia Lúcia Moreira Lemos, PhD, UFMG, BRA Prof. Rodrigo César Ribeiro Diniz, Ms, UFMG, BRA Marcus Henrique Garcia Diniz, BRA Prof. Hans-Joachim Menzel, PhD, UFMG, BRA
Kew words: Biomechanical analysis, pike jump, Straddle jump, drop jump
Introduction: One of the criteria that generate a higher score on the elements of Group C (Jumps) in the Aerobic Gymnastics (AER) is the height of vertical jump1. Two basic jumps widely used in the modality are the Straddle jump and the Pike jump. In the last update of the COP, the pike jump had its value modified from 0,3 to 0,4. In these two specific jumps, in order to reach a higher height is necessary to make the most of the stretching-shortening cycle (SSC), reducing the time of ground contact after the preparatory jump2. In the literature, one of the jumps frequently used with the objective of improving performance through the SSC is the drop jump3. In another perspective, given the importance of jumps for the AER, it is necessary to assess the tendency to develop lesions caused by these jumps.
Aim and methods: The aim of the present study was to compare the height of center of mass, the total time of ground contact and the maximal force in landing during two specific jumps of AER (Straddle jump and Pike jump) with a standardized jump used in laboratory
59 conditions (Drop jump). Five female athletes, aged among 12 and 15 years and time in practice modality between 1 and 2 years participated in this study. A force plate, built in a rigid floor at the same level of surface and connected to a computer via an interface, was used to measure all jump data. Only data from vertical forces were analyzed. Total time of ground contact and maximal relative force in landing (related to their body weight) were determined from the data obtained in force-time curve. The height of center of mass was calculated through biomechanics equations applied to the obtained data of force and time (1/2 * (initial velocity)2/gravity). Each athlete performed three jumps with one of the techniques (Pike jump, Straddle jump and Drop jump from a 40-cm platform). Paired T-test was used to compare the three jump techniques in each of the variables. The level of significance adopted was p ≤ 0,05.
Results and discussion: Table 1 shows sample descriptive data (mean and standard deviation), considering the variables investigated in each of the three jumps. Inferential analysis showed a significant difference in the height of center of mass between the Drop jump and Pike jump (p = 0,018). Considering the variables total time of ground contact and maximal relative force in landing, only Drop jump was significant lower than the other specific jumps (p < 0,05).
Table 1. Means (±SD) of height of center of mass, total time of ground contact and maximal force in landing (related to the body weight) for each of the jump techniques.
Variable Drop jump Straddle jump Pike jump Height of center of mass (m) 0,30 (± 0,03) 0,29 (± 0,04) 0,28 (± 0,04) Total time of ground contact (ms) 152,8 (± 11,5) 201,9 (± 48,5) 206,4 (± 78,0) Maximal relative force in landing 3,03 (± 0,65) 4,49 (± 1,80) 4,15 (± 1,14)
According to the results, both specific AER jumps showed lower means than 250 ms, emphasizing the importance of SSC in the jump performance4. However, the higher total time of ground contact obtained in the specific jumps possibly contributed to the lower height found in the Pike jump when compared to the Drop jump. Thus, training programs that aim a reduction in the time of ground contact could maximize the height obtained in the specific jumps. The relative maximal force during landing strengthens the need for a specific preparation to Pike jump and Straddle jump performances. As it was observed, this variable was higher than the means obtained during Drop jump despite of the lower height reached. Improved landing technique was necessary to reduce the risk of injury in these specific jumps and also results in a lower reflex inhibition that could cause a decreased performance of a subsequent jump performed in combination.
60 Conclusions: Despite using SSC, specific AER jumps (Straddle and Pike jumps) were different from the standardized jumps (Drop jump), resulting in a lower height of center of mass, a higher total time of ground contact and maximal relative force in landing. Thus, specific training for these jumps in AER should include a reduction in the time of ground contact to maximize performance and an improvement in the landing technique to reduce the risk of injury during these jumps and increases the possibility to perform combined jumps successfully.
Bibliography: 1) Code of Points Sports Aerobics, 2009-2012. Switzerland, Copyright FIG, 2009. 2) Komi P. V, Stretching-shortening cycle, In: KOMI Ed., Strength and power in sport, Oxford, 2ed, Blackwell Siences, p. 184-202, 2003. 3) Markovic G, Does plyometric training improve vertical jump height? A meta-analytical review, British Journal of Sports Medicne, Vol. 41, p. 349–355, 2007. 4) Schmidtbleicher D, Training for Power Events, In: KOMI, P.V. Strength and power in sport, London, Blackwell Scientific Publication, p. 381-396, 1992.
Correspondence: Kátia Lúcia Moreira Lemos Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais E-mail: [email protected]
AEROBIC GYMNASTICS (AER) IN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF MINAS GERAIS – LOOKING FOR THE MOST EFFICIENT TRAINING Prof. Kátia Lúcia Moreira Lemos, PhD, UFMG, BRA Prof. Rodrigo César Ribeiro Diniz, Ms, UFMG, BRA
Kew words: Aerobic Gymnastics, Planning of training process
Introduction: Aerobic Gymnastics has a recent history as a sport modality. Nowadays, Brazil is considered one of the major nations in AER. Since 1996, when AER’s project in the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) was initiated, it has been offered with free cost for internal and external communities of university. Totally inserted in the three pillars of UFMG (graduation, research and extension), numerous nationals and internationals championships were conquested by the elite team of UFMG over the years.
Aim and methods: Currently, through voluntary work, we have a multidisciplinary technique team: biomechanics, physiotherapy, strength training, exercise physiology and sports psychology.
61 In 2007, we looked for a training program that integrates these research areas to attend the Elite team. Based on the data from 2006 and aiming upgrades on technical trainings and physical preparation of the athletes (considering the national and international competitions of 2007), we programmed this study with objective of realize one periodization including differentiated and integrated strategies of training. Initially, we carried out an analysis of the elements using videos and biomechanical studies. Also, the progression of learning elements of high degree of difficulty was accomplished with the help of artistic gymnastic’s coaches.
General Exercise Especific Exercise
Results and discussion: The strength training was realized initially aiming increases in strength through morphologic adaptations (muscular hypertrophy). The workload of training has been chosen based on the literature (1, 2, 3), using general and specific exercises related to the sport modality. After a specific technique analysis of each movement used by the gymnasts in their competition’s routines, the major goal was then focused on the neural adaptations, throught specific exercises, considering the individual demands of strength of each athlete. On the other hand, in technical training, the micro-cycles were designed considering the major requirement of AER’s Competitions: a perfect performance, including endurance methods developed in partnership with the physical trainer. The training was conducted in six weekly sessions with 5 hours a day; each session included the technical and physical preparation. An assessment of technical performance was made in each micro-cycle.
Conclusion: This interactive and multidiscipline dialogue became real with the active participation of the athletes who had understood, discussed and assisted the
62 professionals involved in each sphere of the sports training. As a result, we reached a better performance that was confirmed by various national titles and 12 gold medals won at the Pan Championship and World Cup Series of AER (2007).
Bibliography: 1. Kraemer W. J, N. A, Ratamess, Fundamentals of resistance training: progression and exercise prescription. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Vol. 36, No. 4, p. 674- 688, 2004. 2. Wernbom M, J. Augustsson, H. Thomeé, The influence of frequency, intensity, volume and mode of strength training on whole muscle cross-sectional area in humans, Sports Medicine, Vol. 37, No. 3, p. 225-264, 2007. 3. ACSM (American College of Sports Medicine), Position stand on progression Models in Resistance Training for Healthy Adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Vol. 41, No. 3, p. 687-708, 2009. 4. Code of Points Sports Aerobics, 2005-2008, Switzerland, Copyright FIG, 2005.
Correspondence: Kátia Lúcia Moreira Lemos Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais E-mail: [email protected]
STUDY OF COMPETITIVE ABILITY STRUCTURE MODEL AND MAIN REASON OF TOP ATHLETES OF AEROBIC GYMNASTICS IN CHINA Kuang Xiaohong， Xia Xiurong， Zhang Jin (Xi’an Physical Education University, Xi’an China 710068)
Key words: athletic ability, dominant factor, model
Abstract: Based on experimental method, the method of questionnaire investigation etc to 70 competitive aerobics athletes, 43 multiple objective indexes of factor analysis, and constructed a top competitive aerobics athlete’s competitive ability and its model, and dominant factor in aerobics 23, fills various insufficient of research in athletic ability. In order to better for athletic ability training objectives, and provide reference and guidance for athletes and early basic training. To promote the development of aerobic gymnastics surpassing the world advanced level.
63 INNOVATIONAL RESEARCH OF AEROBICS GYMNASTICS’ NEW DIFFICULTY— EXPLOSIVE A-FRAME ½ TURN TO FLAIR TO WENSON Kuang Xiaohong，Wang Pei，Zhang Peng (Art Department, Xi‘an Institute of Physical Education, Xi’an China 710068)
Keywords: aerobics gymnastics, Explosive a-frame ½ turn, Flair to Wenson, difficulties’ innovation
Abstract: In this study, a group of difficulty as the breakthrough point, following basic rules and procedures of innovating technology of difficulty and beauty sports project, successfully innovating a new difficulty movement. This new difficulty movement become the only one that declare to international federation of competitive aerobics at that time, here, the article expounded and analyzed this difficulty from innovation process, movement’s points and training side, and there will be a good value for the aerobics’ innovation of difficulty in future.
A STUDY ON 15-17 YEAR-OLD AEROBICS ATHLETES’ SELECTION INDEX SYSTEM Li Xinhong， Li Fuju (Liaocheng University Physical Institute, Liaocheng China 2520590)
Key words: competitive aerobics, selection, index system
Abstract: This study tests a number of quantitative index on female athletes who participate in the 2007 Youth Aerobics Championship at 15-17 years old, using literature, questionnaire surveys, expert interview, testing method, mathematical statistics and other research methods. This paper combining the characteristics of the project of competitive aerobics and aerobics athletes, from the theory of athletes’ selection, in accordance with the principles and methods of selecting athletes, through questionnaire and mathematical statistics , establish China’s 15-17 year-old aerobics athletes’ selection index and weight indicators and a detailed analysis was made on the index ,constructing a special selection index system, thereby strengthening the scientific of athletes’ selection and selection work.
THE ANALYSIS OF DIFFICULT COMBINATION OF MOVEMENTS IN THE NINTH WORLD AEROBICS CHAMPIONSHIP LI Xianxiong; Yang Fang 1 Institute of physical education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012 China, 2 Department of P.E., Hunan Finance Advanced Institute, Changsha 410205 China
Key words: Aerobics, difficult combination, analysis
64
Abstract: Using the ways of documentary, video observation and statistical analysis etc, the author conducts statistics and analyzes the difficult combination of set movements of the first eights in the following 5 sports items in the Ninth World Aerobics Championship 2006: Men’s Singles, Women’s singles, mixed doubles, three -persons and six-persons. The research findings show: The forms of difficult combinations in Singles, mixed doubles, three-persons and six- persons of the Ninth World Aerobics Championship have a good extensity, they are mainly in C-form and A-form, and what’s more they are good in innervations, flexibility and fluency.
ON THE CREATION OF THE SIX-PEOPLE TEAM ITEM IN ATHLETICS AEROBIC - HOLDING, MOTIVATION COORDINATION AND TEAM FORM CHANGE – Li Yu (Shang Qiu Teachers College, Shang Qiu 47600 China)
Key words: the athletic aerobic, group item, holding motivation coordination team form Abstract: By analyzing the rules of the aerobic competition from 2005-2008, we find that the following skills are paid more attentions to in competition of the consistence of the group, the symmetry and balance of the team form picture, the ingenious combination of the cooperation actions and the distinctiveness and creation of the holding and model in the whole item.
AEROBIC GYMNASTICS PERFORMANCE MODELS (2009) Prof. Luisa Righetti, PhD, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”-FGI, ITA
Key words: Aerobic Gymnastics, Test, Performance, Strength, Balance Introduction: Ever more detailed definitions of aerobic gymnastics performance models are fundamental for providing useful information in order to optimise training process. As it is not yet an Olympic discipline, this technical-combinatory sport undergoes continuous changes to its Scoring System, causing changes to the performance model.
Aim and methods: Taking previous studies as a starting point, the morphological and mechanical- muscolar properties of elite gymnasts were compared. Global and analytical postural evaluations were carried out, and testing of balance and some technical jumps, measuring strength and control, was performed.
65 Ten Italian gymnasts from the senior aerobic gymnastics national team (five males and five female) and nine gymnasts from the junior national team (all female), with six senior gymnasts (three males and three females) and two junior gymnasts (female) used as a control sample, took part in the study. After signing an informed consent form, gymnasts were asked to undergo a global postural appraisal using the Squat Test and analytical postural test using Sit & Reach Test and other guided stretching movements for the flexibility of some muscular districts. Static balance and the mechanical properties of two technical jumps (Tuck jump and Air turn) were evaluated using the Muscle-Lab Bosco System Force Platform, dynamic balance was tested with the Delos Postural System and explosiveness was tested using the bipodalic and monopodalic Squat Jump, the Counter Movement Jump with free arms and hands on hips using the Quattro Jump Force Plate.
Fig.1. Squat test
This position let the correct evaluation of the lumbar posture and permit to check what happen to the posture in case of squat exercises with overload on the shoulders.
Results and discussion:
Tab.1 Characteristics of the gymnasts’ senior top level EXPERIENCE IN MALE AGE WEIGHT HEIGHT TRAINING AEROBIC (n=5) (years) (kg) (cm) (h/week) (years) 12.8 + 4.8 +DS 22 + 3.5 66.4 + 2.3 171.7 + 4.7 8.2 + 1.3 (6-18) (range) (18-26) (63-69) (164.5-177) (7-10)
EXPERIENCE IN FEMALE AGE WEIGHT HEIGHT TRAINING AEROBIC (n=5) (years) (kg) (cm) (h/week) (years) + DS 20.2 + 2.4 50.3 + 6.6 157.7 + 5.1 7.4 + 1.1 15.4 + 1.8 (range) (18-24) (48-59) (153-165) (6-9) (13-18)
Tab. 2 Characteristics of the gymnasts’ junior top level EXPERIENCE IN FEMALE AGE WEIGHT HEIGHT TRAINING AEROBIC (n=9) (years) (kg) (cm) (h/week) (years) + DS 15.6 + 0.7 51.4 + 6 158 + 4 7.4 + 3.7 15 + 3 (range) (15-17) (43-60) (150-162) (3-14) (11-18)
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Tab. 3 Characteristics of the gymnasts’ senior medium level EXPERIENCE IN MALE AGE WEIGHT HEIGHT TRAINING AEROBIC (n=3) (years) (kg) (cm) (h/week) (years) +DS 26.7 + 7.57 67 + 2 167.7 + 6.6 8.7 + 3.51 7.7 + 0.58 (range) (18-32) (65-69) (162-175) (5-12) (7-8)
EXPERIENCE IN FEMALE AGE WEIGHT HEIGHT TRAINING AEROBIC (n=3) (years) (kg) (cm) (h/week) (years) + DS 23 + 8.6 50 + 8 161 + 7 6 + 3 9 + 2.6 (range) (18-33) (42-58) (154-168) (3-9) (7-12)
Tab. 4 Characteristics of the gymnasts’ junior medium level EXPERIENCE IN FEMALE ETA’ WEIGHT HEIGHT TRAINING AEROBIC (n=2) (years) (kg) (cm) (h/week) (years) + DS 15.5 + 2.12 59 + 5.6 171 + 4.24 5 + 2.8 11.5 + 0.71 (range) (14-17) (55-63) (168-174) (3-7) (11-12)
Fig. 2 Comparison between senior top level, junior top level and senior medium level in the application of strength during air turn
The analysis of acquired data shows that morphological properties as well as values for explosiveness and the reuse of elastic energy for elite gymnasts have remained unchanged over the years. The global postural appraisal highlighted the problems of varus/valgus, pronation of
67 the feet and hyperlordosis, especially among the elite groups. The analytical postural evaluation showed excellent flexibility in all the groups examined. Balance tests showed that elite gymnasts have a greater capacity to regain stability in particular males regain stability using more the vestibular system, while females favour the proprioceptor system. Elite gymnasts use a force for technical jump that ranges from 60% to 80% of their max. force, while the percentage for the control sample was 97% demonstrating that technique and coordination impact on muscular cost.
Conclusion: Comparing data on explosiveness from this research with previus studies, it is confirmed that changes to the rules of this sporting discipline have little bearing on muscular aspects, while they chiefly impact metabolic aspects of performance.
Bibliography: 1) Cassirame J, Imberte J-Tordi N, L’aérobic: une discipline qui bouge!, GYM Technic No 61, Ottobre-Dicembre, p. 26-30, 2007. 2) Davies G, Anaerobic training monitoring, Intercontinental Coaches Course, Toronto, 2000. 3) Fabellini F, relatore Prof. Colli R, correlatore Prof. ssa Ranuncoli C (a.a.2007-2008), Parametri della prestazione di salto e capacità di equilibrio in atleti di sport differenti e soggetti non sportivi, Master Universitario di 1° Livello Personal Training, Basi scientifiche e metodologiche, Corso di Laurea in Scienze Motorie-Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia- Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Fanasca C, relatore Prof. Colli R (a.a.2007-2008), Valutazione delle tendenze posturali e della flessibilità muscolare distrettuale in e tra sport differenti, Master Universitario di 1° Livello Personal Training, Basi scientifiche e metodologiche, Corso di Laurea in Scienze Motorie-Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia- Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 2008. 4) Federation Internationale de Gymnastique, Summary Report Anthropometric Measurament Project Sport aerobics World Championships, Klaipeda, Lithuania, 2002. 5) Federation Internationale de Gymnastique, Aerobic Gymnastics-Code of Points, FIG Aerobic Gymnastics Technical Committee, Ottobre, 2008. 6) Lupo S, www.sergiolupomedicinasport.it, 2001. 7) Ockert G, Sport-Aerobic, Sportverlag, Berlin, 1999. 8) Righetti L, relatore Prof. Caruso I, correlatore Prof. De Angelis M (a.a. 2003-2004), Costo energetico dell’esercizio di gara della Ginnastica Aerobica, corso di laurea Specialistica in Scienze e Tecnica dell Sport-Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia- Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 2004. 9) Righetti L, M. F. Piacentini, L. Capranica, F. Felici, Energy sources for aerobic gymnastics competition routines, SdS No. 62-63, Luglio-Dicembre, p. 83-86, 2004. 10) Sasaki H, H. Kikuchi, A study on Special Characteristics of Sports Aerobics Competitors, ECSS France, 2004.
Correspondence: Luisa Righetti University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, ITA E-mail: [email protected]
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PHYSICAL PROFILE IN AEROBICS GYMNASTICS Maria Barroso, Master-degree, POR
Kew words: Aerobic Gymnastics, Physical Characteristics, Success
Introduction: What are the Physical characteristics of female athlete praticants in sports aerobics? We want to know to if any characteristics can be changed explain high final scores and can discriminate gymnasts from different levels of sucess.
Aim and methods: Characterize the female athletes who practice Aerobics Gymnastics, through the application of a battery of tests. Find characteristics to discriminate the gymnasts who get greater success. Bio-social evaluation: - Chronological age (decimal age), - Training days a week, - Hours of training a week, - Years federated.
Physical Fitness evaluation: VO2 peak: Test Aaerobic fitness (program microfit faz- 2). Superior strength:
69 - Push’ups (extension of arms, 30 seg.), - Suspension in the bar, - Bicipital static strength (microfit faz-2), - Handgrip - manual strength.
Medium strength: - Abdominal test (1 min.), - Lumbar test (30 seg.), - Dorsal test (30 seg.).
Inferior explosive strength: - Horizontal jump, - Vertical jump.
Flexibility: - Sit and Reach, - Sagital split with dominant leg, - Flexiteste (araújo, 1987).
Descriptive statistics for all the variables in study, considering the sample divided by stages: T-Student for a sample (to test the existence of relationships among the indicators of our sample with other populations), Analysis of Variance and “P of Pearson” (with level of significance =0.05), Score-Z Analysis, Analysis of Multiple Linear Regression.
Results and discussion: The four following models were criated to explain the dependent variables (Final, Artistic, Execution and Difficulty scores), just through the Physical Fitness characteristics (explaining variables). Final score = 15.259 + .159 (flexibility Sit and Reach) + .135 (flexibility Sagital split with dominant leg) - .150 (Flexíndice). Artistic score = 2.890 + .042 (flexibility Sagital split with dominant leg) + 1.06 (lumbar strength). Execution score = 3.88 + .50 (Explosive strength in Vertical jump). Difficulty score = 1.09 + .054 (flexibility Sit and Reach) + .023 (flexibility Sagital split with dominant leg) - .036 (Flexíndice). In functional terms the flexibility at level of the inferior members in Sagital split and in the inferior part of the backs and subsequent muscles of the thighs (close) seem to be the physical capacity that larger influences exercises in different scores. The explosive strength of the inferior members evaluated in the height jump is the variable that best explains the execution score and the lumbar medium strength
70 appears to explain the artistic score. We also concluded that the more mature gymnasts and with larger physical robustness demonstrated smaller “general” flexibility. We would like to point out that although these variables statisticaly explain the high scores, we cannot assume that the others are not important, but probably were not discriminated enough in the selected tests.
Conclusions: If we isolate only the physical characteristics the proportion of total variation of final score is explained in 41.2% for the dorso-lombar and sagital flexibility in inferior members.
Bibliography: 1) Araújo C, Medida e Avaliação da Flexibilidade: da teoria à prática, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 1987. 2) Araújo C, O treino dos Jovens ginastas, Horizonte, XV, Vol. 85, dossier, 1988. 3) Armstrong N, Welsman, Peak oxygen uptake in relation to growth and maturation in 11- to 17-year-old humans, Eur J Appl Physiol, 85, Vol. 6, p. 546-551, 2001. 4) Bar-Or O, Importance of differences between Children and Adults for Exercise Testing and Exercise Prescription, In J. Skinner Ed., Exercise Testing and Exercise Prescription for Special Cases, Theoretical Basis and Clinical Application, 2nd ed, p. 57-73, Philadélphia & London, Lea & Febiger, 1993. 5) Baxter-Jones A, Intensive training in elite young family athletes, Br J Sports Med, 36, 2002. 6) Borms J, A criança e o exercício: Uma visão global, Motricidade Humana, 1, Vol. 2, p. 21-38, 1985. 7) Brown J, Sports Talent, How to identify and develop outstanding athletes, Human Kinetics, 2001. 8) Carvalho C, A Força em Crianças e Jovens, O seu desenvolvimento e treinabilidade, Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1996. 9) Cauderay M, A. Narring, Michaud, Cross-Sectional Survey Assessing Physical Fitness of 9- to 19-Year-Old Girls and Boys in Switzerland, Pediatric Exercise Science, 12, Vol. 4, p. 398-412, 2000. 10) Farinatti P, C. Nóbrega, Araújo Perfil da flexibilidade em crianças de 5 a 15 anos de idade, Horizonte, XIV, Vol. 82, p. 23-31, 1998. 11) Harman E, J. Garhammer, C. Pandorf, Admnistration, Scoring, and Interpretation of Seleced Tests, In T. Baechle & R. Earle Eds., Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning, Vol. XIII, p. 287-317, Champaign, Illinois, Human Kinetics, 2000. 12) Haywood K, Motor Behavior in Preadolescence through Adulthood, In K. M. Haywood Ed., Live Apan Motor Development, 2nd ed, p. 175-200, Champaign, Human Kinetics Publishers, 1993. 13) Manso J, J. Granell, P. Girón, C. Abella, El Talento Deportivo, Formación de Elites Deportivas, Madrid, 2003. 14) Miguel P, Programa de desenvolvimento da resistência, Treino Desportivo, 16, p. 22-29, 2001. 15) Rowland T. W, Exercise Testing. In T. W. Rowland Ed), Developmental Exercise Physiology, p. 27-48, Champaign, Human Kinetics, 1996. 16) Semenick D, Testing Protocols and Procedures. In T. R. Baechle Ed., Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning, p. 958-273, Champaign, Human Kinetics, 1994.
71 17) Sharkey B, Understanding Aerobic Fitness, In B. J. Sharkey Ed., Physiology of Fitness, 3rd ed, p. 15-37, Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics Books, 1990. 18) Sharkey B. J, Understanding Muscular Fitness, In P. Brian, J. Sharkey Ed., Physiology of Fitness, 3rd ed., p. 61-69, Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics Books, 1990. 19) Silva E, Selecção e detecção de talentos em actividades gímnicas específicas - estruturação de uma bateria de testes. Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Lisboa, 2001. 20) Weineck J, Manual de Treinamento Esportivo, 2nd ed, São Paulo, Editora Manole LTDA, 1986. Correspondence: Maria Alexandra Barroso Clube de Actividades Gímnicas de Ponta Delgada Rua Monsenhor José Gomes, 4 9500-673 Ponta Delgada Azores Portugal E-mail: [email protected]
MODIFIED AEROBIC GYMNASTICS ROUTINES IN COMPARISON WITH LABORATORY TESTING OF MAXIMAL JUMPS Associated Professor Olga Kyselovicova, PhD, UEG TC member Associated Professor Erika Zemkova, PhD Comenius University, Bratislava, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports
Kew words: aerobic gymnastics performance, explosive power of lower limbs, sport- specific aerobic gymnastics testing
Introduction: Explosive power is one of the most significant factor in aerobic gymnastics performance. The gymnasts must be able to demonstrate intensive, dynamic, rhythmic and continuous sequences of high and low impact aerobic movements with perfectly executed difficulty elements throughout the routine.
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Aim and methods: The study compares power in the active phase of take off and height of the jump in maximal and during a modified aerobic gymnastics routine. A group of 5 junior gymnasts (mean age 17,2 ± 1,64 years, height 161 ± 6,48 cm, weight 52,4 ± 6,43 kg and BMI 20,16 ± 1,42 kg.m-2) underwent in random order a 1.45 min maximal jumps and two trials of modified aerobic gymnastics routines, respectively. The diagnostic system FiTRO Jumper consisting of a special contact switch mattress connected by means of an interface to a computer was used. Jump parameters (power in the active phase of take off and height of the maximal jumps, as well as during two modified aerobic gymnastics routines) were calculated from the flight and contact times.
Results and discussion: The results compare jump parameters and fatigue index during 1.45 min trials of maximal jumps and modified sport specific aerobic gymnastics routines. Results showed that subject achieved the highest value in maximal jumps test. In contrary, during the second aerobic gymnastics trial the power in active phase of take off was almost the same as in the maximal jumps trial, but in combination of high impact aerobics and aerobic jumps the examined subjects were able to perform maximal power during the test with only slight decrease about 2% (Figure 1).
FATIGUE INDEX 16.00%
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Power of the active phase of take off (W/kg)off take of phase active the of Power Time (s)
Fig 1. Power in the active phase of take off and fatigue index during 1.45 min modified routine
Conclusions: These findings indicate that evaluation of modified aerobic jumps reflect better sport specific performance, and very probably also training adaptation in aerobic gymnasts compared to maximal jumps used in laboratory testing. Such a sport specific testing should be recommended. However, test of maximal
73 jump should provide additional information on anaerobic capacity of examined subject.
Bibliography: 1) Bacharová L, M. Tibenská, D. Kučerová, O. Kyselovičová, H. Medeková, J. Kyselovič, Decrease in QRS amplitude in juvenile female competitive athletes during the initial twenty-one months of intensive training, Cardiology Journal, 14, Vol. 3, p. 260-265, ISSN 1897-5593, 2007. 2) Tkáč M D. Hamar, Ľ. Komadel, O. Kuthanová, Measurement of anaerobic power of the lower limbs by a method of repeated jumps, Sports training, Med and Rehab, 1, p. 317-325, ISSN 1650- 1977, 1990.
Correspondence: Olga Kyselovicova Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University, L. Svobodu 9, 814 69 Bratislava, Slovakia E-mail: [email protected]
THE RESEARCH OF SPECIFIC STRENGTH CHARACTERISTIC AND TRAINING METHOD OF LOWER LIMB ABOUT COMPETITIVE AEROBICS ATHLETES SHI Qian Kuang Xiaohong (Art Department, Xi’an Institute of Physical Education, Xi’an China 710068)
Key words: gymnastic aerobics, specific strength, characteristic, method
Abstract: Specific strength is the key quality of top gymnastic aerobics, and it also is the foundation of developing difficulties. This paper through referring to literature has analyzed the concept of Specific strength and the important quality of lower limb Specific strength in competitive callisthenic sport. Accordingly, it put forward the methods of lower limb strength training in accordance with the aerobic characteristic and the technical require of leap difficulty, and it is in hopes of providing theory reference on training and helping to scientific research of future.
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THE BUILDING OF THE TRAINING PROCESS FOR WOMEN IN SPORTS AEROBIC Doc. Svitlana Atamanyuk, Zaporizhzhya national technical university, UKR Doc. Tetyana Pasichna, Kiev national technical university, UKR Doc. Evgen Mikhalyuk, Zaporizhzhya medical university, UKR Kateryna Ivanova, Zaporizhzhya national technical university, UKR
Key words: sports aerobic, menstrual cycle, training process, development of special endurance, rate-force qualities, individual approach
Introduction: Sport aerobics is one of the youngest kinds of sports which have won admirers all over the world thanks to its performance content, brilliance and artistry. Growing interest to sports aerobic, the expansion of the geography of World and European championships organizing, worthy participation of our sportsmen on the international areas are the evidence of this kind of sports onrush in Ukraine and throughout the world. All of these makes necessary to overlook the traditional method of sportswomen training and to search new means and methods for the building of the training process.
Aim and methods: The subject of our investigation is the search of the ways for the training process optimization in sports aerobic taking into account individual features of woman’s organism. The rise of the moving abilities level being the basis for reaching high sports results for women depends not only on the amount and intensity of the training load, but also on planning the training process subject to the specific biological cycle of
75 sportswomen. The subject of the investigation is to determine the peculiarities of building the training process for women in sports aerobic taking into account hormonal status of their organism. From the series of tasks stated the most interesting is the development of building the training meso-and microcycles directed on the progress of main physical features of sportswomen subject to their functional abilities during different phases of menstrual cycle. The efficiency of training planning during the period of carrying out the experiment was determined on the base of increase magnitude of different movement abilities characteristics with the help of control tests. Ascertained is that the best results are shown by the sportswomen during the postovulatory and postmenstrual phases of the cycle. An enough high result was fixed in the phase of ovulation, but with the great amount of mistakes in exercise performance. The execution of tests appeared to be more difficult during menstrual, and especially, befo remenstrual phases in spite of good physical qualification of sportswomen. Results and discussion: The received results give us an opportunity to recommend the distribution of training load in microcycles with respect to functional abilities of sportswomen in differentphases of MC. Optimal phases for the development and manifestation of main physical features, such as special endurance and rate-force qualities, appear to be postmenstrual and postovulatory phases, that is confirmed by the test results during different phases of MC. During the pulling in mesocycle prevails the load directed on the development of general physical preparation. Specially preparatory exercises can also be used for the development of basic physical abilities. The arrangement of the emulative composition and the formation of motor skills make conditional on the following work efficiency. The basic mesocycle (pic. 1) in sports aerobic is characterized by the load of special orientation that is accentuated on the development of main physical features, the increase of functional abilities of sportswomen organism and on the perfection of their technical qualification.
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Conclusion: That is why, when redistributing the load, we decrease its amount during the phases of physiological efforts, reducing the volume of work on developing special endurance and rate-force qualities with the parallel increase of exercises on flexibility. We consider, that during this preparation period it is reasonable to combine the days off in microcycles with the most functionally intensive for sportswomen days of MC. Bibliography: 1) Atamanyuk S. I, Peculiarties of Development of Special Endurance and Rate-Force Qualities of High-Skilled Sportswomen in the Sporting aerobic, Manuscript, Кiev, p. 18, 2006. 2) Короп Ю. А, Построение микроциклов при тренировке женщин-пловцов, Женский спорт, Киев, p. 40-45, 1975. 3) Korop Ju. A, Building the microcycles when training sportswomen-swimmers, Women sport, Kiev, p. 40-45, 1975. 4) Платонов В. Н, Современная спортивная тренировка, Киев, Здоров‘я, p. 336, 1980. 5) Platonov V. N, Modern sport training, Kiev, Zdorovja, p. 336, 1980. 6) Шахлина Л. Г, Функциональное состояние, физическая работоспособность квалифицированных спортсменок с учетом биологической цикличности женского организма, Наука в олимпийском спорте, Киев, 1, Vol. 6, p. 84-91, 1997. 7) Shakhlina L. G, Functional state, functional efficiency of skilled sportswomen subject to biological cycles of woman’s organism, Science in Olympic sport, Kiev, 1, Vol. 6, p. 84-91, 1997.
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THE COMPETITION SYSTEM OF AEROBIC GYMNASTICS IN HUNGARY Tamás Katus, Adjunct of University of PE and Sport Science, President of MATSZ Hungarian Gymnastics Federation Aerobic Discipline, HUN
Key words: Aerobic Gymnastics, basic level, increase nr. of athletes
Introduction: The Hungarian Aerobic Federation (MAESZ) was founded in1991. Since that time Hungarian youth and senior competitors participated in hundreds of competitions of different international federations.
Aim and methods: From the first moment, the Hungarian competition system developed a lot, always following international rules and trends with hundreds of athletes. From 1995, the main focus of the federation turned into the direction of FIG and its international
78 competition system. In the early 2000, we lost lot of competitors, because the level of beginners in the competitive sport was way too far behind the „professional” ones. So we have dozens of competitors left. That was the main reason why we created and developed our own competition system to make our sport bigger and more popular in Hungary as it was in 1992. The idea was based on, that fitness aerobics and sport aerobics is one sport, but different level.
Results and discussion: The federation has created new divisions for competition, like Challenge, Basic, Step beside Sportaerobics, separated levels and motivations from each other in different age groups and categories. The divisions are based on each other on systematic way. The goal was to make good base to support the high level sport with a lot of young people. More people, the better and easier selection for talented athletes. As the result of the changes now we have approx. 900 athletes.
Conclusion: The content of the presentation is to demonstrate the main rules of each division (Challenge, Basic, Step) and the development of aerobic gymnastics in Hungary, which could be a good example to different countries to make aerobic gymnastics stronger and successful in their own system.
Bibliography: 1) General Rules of MAESZ, Budapest, 2010. 2) FIG Code of Points, 2009-2012.
Correspondence: Tamás Katus Hungarian Gymnastics Federation, Aerobic Discipline E-mail: [email protected]
79 THE DEVELOPMENT OF AEROBIC IN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES FROM THE ANALYSIS OF THE AEROBICS CHAMPIONSHIP OF YOUNGER IN ZHEJIANG PROVINCE Tang Xiaoyong (Dept. of P.E. Zhejiang Sci-tech University, Hangzhou China 310018)
Key words: aerobics championship, aerobics in colleges and universities, development
Abstract: By using the methods of documentary, comparative analysis and interview, the paper studies on the aerobics champion of younger in Zhejiang Province, and puts forward suggestions for further development of aerobics in colleges and universities of Zhejiang Province.
ANALYSES NEW DIFFICULTIES EXPLOSIVE A-FRAME ½ TURN TO FLAIR TO WENSON BY USE THREE-DIMENSIONAL KINEMATICS Wang Pei, Kuang Xiaohong (Art Department, Xi‘an Institute of Physical Education, Xi’an China 710068)
Key words: aerobics gymnastics, Explosive a-frame ½ turn, Flair to Wenson, kinematical analysis
Abstract: In this research, the international master grade aerobics athlete Zhang Peng performed new difficulty movement as the research object to analysis the difficulties technology by use: three-dimensional kinematics, describes the kinematics’ characteristic of each stage, according to analyses the action principle and regularity of the difficulty, for provides valuable advice and technical parameter for athlete manage to learn it.
80 ANALYZE THE SUITABLE AGE OF TALENTS’ SELECTION OF AEROBIC GYMNASTICS ATHLETE Wu DI (Xi’an Physical Education University, Xi’an China 710068)
Key words: aerobic gymnastics, age latitude, selection of sports talent
Abstract: The relationship between age and selection of talented athletes are close. It impacts when to select and train athletes and the quality of effects. However, we are lack of scientific methods and systems to support that how can we ensure the appropriate age of selection of talented aerobic gymnastics athletes. In view of this problem, this essay shows that we should ensure: the age latitude according to the gender of athletes, age, exercise experience, the regularity of growth mechanism and other influence factors.
Therefore, we can scientifically ensure the suitable age of selection of talented aerobic gymnastics athletes.
81 PARAMETERS OF FITNESS IN THE 11- to 22- Year-Old Female Athletes Involved in Aerobic gymhastics Yuliya Filippova, DM, Lubov Matveeva, Federation sports and fitness aerobics of Novosibirsk region, RUS
Key words: aerobic gymnastics, push-ups, standing long jump, L-support, bends on a bench Introduction: The aerobic gymnastics is the new kind of sports. It is an acyclic sport with complex, coordinated movements and athletic sequences, which originates from standard aerobics and includes elements of artistic and rhythmic gymnastics and acrobatics [1, 2]. The exercises in aerobic gymnastics are like free exercises in gymnastics but are performed at a higher intensity and to dynamic music [3-5]. Children under 18 years of age are not admitted to world, European, or national championships. There are special children’s competitions with simplified rules. During competitions, athletes demonstrate a high level of cardiovascular performance and a mixed (aerobic and anaerobic) type of energy production [6, 7, 8]. Specialists have distinguished motor skills such as coordination; dynamic, explosive, and static strength; flexibility; general endurance; vestibular balance; and agility as the factors most important for aerobic gymnastics [9].
Aim and methods: The influence of aerobic gymnastics functional status is not clearly understood. Therefore, it is impossible to objectively estimate the effect of aerobic exercises on the body, individualize the load, and reveal the abilities of athletes. The study involved 77 female athletes aged 9-22 years who were trained for 2-10 years in aerobic gymnastics. They were divided into 4 age groups: 11-12, 13-15, 16- 18, and 19-22 years. The training load (12-18 h per week) depended on age. The control group included 50 schoolgirls and female students undergoing standard exercise training (2 h per week). The physical fitness assessment included the following components: maximum number of push-ups, maximum time of holding legs in the L-support, standing long jump, bends on a bench, and the muscle strength of wrist flexors and dorsal extensors.
Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test
82 Table 1. Parameters of fitness in the female athletes (FA) involved in sports aerobics and in the controls (С) (М ± m) Age group 11-12 years 13-15 years 16-18 years 19-22 years Parameter FA (21) С (12) FA (21) С (13) FA (22) С (13) FA (13) С (12) Number of pushups 29,3±3,1* 15,8±3,6 28,1±2,5* 6,6±1,5 26,6±3,0* 12,2±1,8 33,1±1,9* 14,8±1,6 L-support, s 22,0±2,1* 3,8±1,7 20,2±2,3* 1,7±1,0 20,0±2,3* 0,4±0,4 33,2±4,8* 0,4±0,3 Standing long 168,1±2,7* 157,3±4,3 178,7±3,6* 152,2±4,3 185,4±4,7* 160,5±5,7 186,4±2,3* 165,8±7,2 jump, cm Bend, cm 17,7±1,0* 9,0±1,7 21,2±1,8* 10,6±1,9 22,8±0,9* 14,3±1,8 26,5±0,9* 11,2±2,86 Handgrip dynamometry 37, 3±1,7 37,5±2,6 48,7±1,9 46,5±2,3 54,5±1,5 50,5±1,7 55,5 ±1,8 58,4±3,3 (right + eft), kg Trunk strength, kg 47,6±2,3 41,0±3,4 52,0±2,3 56,9±2,3 71,7±3,2 66,2±2,5 75,7±2,8 72,3±1,7 * Differences between the female athletes and the controls were significant at P < 0.05.
Results and discussion: In all age groups, the female athletes had higher fitness levels and demonstrated significantly higher results (P < 0.001) in exercises for dynamic and static strength and flexibility. In addition, the female athletes demonstrated significantly higher results in the long jump (explosive strength) (P < 0.05). Note that the female athletes aged 11-12 years with higher initial fitness levels keep these advantages in the future. However, analysis of the handgrip and trunk strengths revealed no apparent differences between the groups (Table 1). This can be explained by a lack of coaches’ attention to balanced development of the strength of different muscle groups. From the data presented, we can conclude that the differences in functional status between the female athletes involved in sports aerobics and the controls are the greatest at the age of 19-22 years. In this age group, high-caliber female athletes (four world-class athletes, five masters of sport, and four candidates of sport) were examined.
Conclusion: The female athletes had higher fitness levels and demonstrated better results in exercises typical of aerobic gymnastics as compared with subjects of the control group, which reflects the specific character of their training.
Bibliography: 1) Borilkevich V. E, N. N, Kuz’min, A. A, Somkin, Comparative Physiological haracteristic of Sports Aerobics, Tear. Prakt. Fiz. Cull, Vol. 3, p. 44, 1998. 2) Filippova Yu. S, Fiziologicheskie osnovi zanyatii po sportivnoi aerobike (Physiological basics of Aerobic Gymnastics Training) Novosibirsk, Parallel, 2006. 3) Kryuchek, E. S, Aerobika: Soderzhanie i metodika ozdorovitel’nykh zanyatii (Aerobics: the Theory and Methods of Health-Improving Training, Handbook), Moscow, Terra Sport, Olimpiya Press, 2001. 4) Menchin Yu.V, A. V. Menchin, Ozdorovitel’naya gimnastika: teoriya i metodika (Health-Improving Training: the Theory and Methods), Rostov on Don, Feniks, 2003.
83 5) Myakinchenko E. B, M. P, Shestakova, Aerobika: Teoriya i metodika provedeniya zanyatii, Uchebnoe posobie dlya studentov vuzov fizicheskoi kul’tury (Aerobics: Theory and Methods of Training, Handbook for Students of College of Physical Training Eds., Moscow, SportAkademPress, 2002. 6) Sportivnaya aerobika, Pravila sorevnovanii FIG 2001- 2004. Vserossiiskaya federatsiya sportivnoi i ozdorovi tel’noi aerobiki (Sports Aerobics: Competitions Rules FIG 2001-2004. All-Russia Federation of Sports and Health Aerobics), Moscow, 2001. 7) Gorbunov V. A, O. I, Demidenko, Gimnastika v sisteme spetsializirovannych sredstv podgotovki sportmenov v sportivnoi aerobike: Metodicheskaya razrabotka dlya slushatelei seminara trenerov po sportivnoi aerobike. Irkutskii technikum fizicheskoi kul’tury (Gymnastics as a Component of Specialized Training of Athletes in Sports Aerobics. Sports Aerobics Coach Seminar Participants Workbook, Irkutsk College of Physical Training, Irkutsk), 1999. 8) O,Connor John S, Physiology of physical training, John S. O,Connor, William Park, US Army Physical Fitness school Fort Benjamin, Indiana, USA, Ann Med Milit Belg., 8, Vol. 3, р. 10, 1994. 9) Skachkova E. Yu., Characteristic Features of Teaching Sports Aerobics in Institutions of Additional Education of Children, Extended Abstract of Cand. Sci. Pedag., Dissertation, St. Petersburg, 2002.
Correspondence: Yuliya Filippova, E-mail: [email protected] Lubov Matveeva, E-mail: [email protected] Federation sports and fitness aerobics of Novosibirsk region, Russia
84 AEROBICS NEW CYCLE HIGH LEVEL OF ATHLETIC ABILITY AND ITS CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS OF THE TRIAL ANALYSIS Yang Shu, Zhou Jianshe (Institute of Physical Education of Hunan Normal University, Changsha China 410012)
Key words: Aerobics, athletic ability, structure, strength of the arts
Abstract: To learn to rely on sports training, aerobics movement from the characteristics of the projects, through surveys, interviews with experts and relevant theoretical and empirical research, creative arts to the strength of this view, and pointed out that the arts aerobics athletes. Athletic ability should be the strength of the structure of competitive strength part of it is Aerobics athletes get high marks an important factor is the competitive strength training is essential part of the aerobics movement of athletes to complete a perfect expression of artistic ability. Aerobics high level of competitive ability of athletes can be divided into strength and athletic ability to play two parts. Aerobics which the athletes are competitive strength of the core competitive ability play a decisive role, including athletes of the physical skills and artistic strength. An aerobics athlete is the ability to play a catalytic factor in competitive ability, including athletes of the adjustment ability and willpower.
N ANALYSIS ON WOMEN’S SINGLE DIFFICULT MOVEMENTS OF THREE TOP COMMPETITIONS IN GYMNASTICS AEROBICS ZHANG Xiao-ying （Beijing Sport University，Beijing 100084，China）
Key words: Competitive Aerobics, women’s single, difficulty movement
Abstract: This paper analyzes the difficulty movements of the top 6 of woman’s single in the 9th World Aerobics Championship 2006, the 10th World Aerobics Championship 2008 and the World Sports Competition of Aerobics by means of video recording. Through comparing the selection, distribution, space transition, connection bonus, and the completion of the difficulty movements from the top 6 of each competition, the overall status of the complete sets of difficult movements will be evaluated. The results have showed that the high lever of diversity,difficulty and perfection of choreography and completion of difficulty movement in content are the purposes of the world aerobics women single’s in currently. The point of difficulty selection of the World Sports Competition 2009 concentrate at 0.6 and 0.8 , the space transition of the content become more balanced and smooth,
85 the distribution of difficulty movements is dispersion and equilibrium, but the utilization of combined difficulty is restraint for the premise of ensuring completion,and the completion of it is 66.67% . The point of single difficulty movement is higher, the evaluated point of content has increased and the percent of difficulty movements completion is larger than that in World Aerobics Championship in 2006 and 2008, but its lower in artistic and execution score comparing with the two World AerobicsChampionships, and so is the totle score. The high lever of competition ability and movements completion are demanded by the new aerobic gymnastic code 2009, the judgement will be more strict, so the development of difficulty movements will be more difficult, equitable and perfect inevitably.
ANALYSIS INDIVIDUAL MEN DIFFICULTY IN THE 9TH WORLD SPORTS AEROBICS CHAMPIONSHIPS ZHANG Xiao-ying, LUO Huang (Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China)
Key words: World Sports Aerobics Championships, Individual Men, difficulty acts
Abstract: Difficulty is the expression of the aerobics sets it is also one of the most important essences of judging. The marks of it affect the result of the competition directly, and what’s more, the Individual competition can express the capacity of the attractor more seriously and usually is a good stand for the lever of the whole country. Through the analysis to realize the whole level of the Individual Men difficulty in the world is the pursers of it.
This treatise is based on: the literatures, expert interviews, video analysis and mathematical statistics to analyzing the interrelated information and data.
It choose some indexes that include the points and amount from the difficulty acts, the difficulty sorts and difficulty distributions, the space transition from the difficulty acts, 0.1 difficulty connecting in plus fractions.
According the Individual Men difficulty in the 9th World Sports Aerobics Championships to analyzing the 96 difficulty acts from the top 8 sets. The result of the analysis expressed that in this championship the difficulty acts of Individual Men is high, and lots of them lay between 0.5-0.8.
86 The difficulty C-sort take the most up, the space transition from the difficulty acts is smooth and glide.
0.1 difficulty connecting in plus fractions were used frequently, and generally to say all sorts of difficulties complete well, but there are still some problems which should improve in the future, the incomprehension of the turns and some other difficulties.
THE NINTH WORLD AEROBICS CHAMPIONSHIPS EVENT FINALS DIFFICULTY MOTION ANALYSIS ATHLETES Zhan Xiaomei， Xi Yilin (Jiangxi Normal University, Institute of Physical Education, Nanchang China 330027)
Key words: aerobic, individual man, categories, final, element
Abstract: In order to investigate the relation between the difficulty movements order and the scoring, we analyzed the relation of the elements arrangement of the first 8 in individual man categories final and their results in Nanjing tournament by kinescope, literature information and statistics.
The outcome indicates: to achieve excellent score, the arrangement of the whole elements set is an important point in training work.
Only combine the feature of physical motion transition with the individual diathesis of the athlete by avoiding the faults and developing the excellence, we could get to the ideal situation.
COMPARISON RESEARCH ON THE DIFFICULTY OF MIXED PAIRS IN AEROBICS GYMNASTICS Zhong Yonghui, Kuang Xiaohong (1 Xi’an Institute of Physical Education, Graduate Division, Xi’an China 7100682; 2 Xi’an Institute of Physical Education Department of Art, Xi’an China 710068)
Key word: The Aerobic Gymnastics, Mixed pair Categories, Difficulty, Comparison Abstract: By the methods of: literature search, study video, comparing and analytical method, to analyses the difficulty of our Mixed pair Categories.
Technically compared our Mixed pairs with the first eight players in the 8th and the
87 9th Word Sport Aerobics Championship. it shows that the designing methods and developmental directions of our Mixed pairs athletes routine are consistent with the national high level athletes’. The select completion quality of difficulty movement and the new create of the dynamical cooperation of our athletes need to a further improved.
THIRD PART PEDAGOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF AG
CHANGES IN STRESS AND RECOVERY OF HIGH PERFORMANCE ATHLETES OF AEROBIC GYMNASTICS AFTER A PERIOD OF RECOVERY Carolina Reis, UFMG, BRA Dietmar Samulski, PhD, UFMG, BRA Felipe Matos, UFMG, BRA Kátia Lemos, PhD, UFMG, BRA
Key words: Stress, Recovery, Aerobic Gymnastics
Introduction: High training loads are necessary for the acquisition of high levels of sports performance and for their maintenance. However, excessive loads, exceeding the regenerative capacity of athletes, may lead to losses on exercise performance and achieving an unbalance between too much stress and recovery, and thus the overtraining (Kellmann, 2002).
The over-training and deficit recovery by being detrimental to sports performance and the health of athletes (Steinacker and Lehmann, in Kellmann, 2002), becomes critical, not only by controlling the workload, but also by understanding the processes of recovery. Few studies address the recovery issue, making the knowledge about it still limited. Thus, studies to understand the effects and recovery processes are essential for planning training programs, its control, the health of athletes and sports performance.
Objective and method: This research aimed to identify possible changes in the perception of stress and recovery of high performance athletes of aerobics after a pre-competition training, followed by two weeks of recovery (transition). The sample consisted of nine athletes, 7 women and 2 men, aged 16.66 ± 2.55, where all signed a consent form (ICF), in which they had volunteered for the study. As for the under-age athletes, a FICT was presented for their parents, which allowed the participation of athletes in the survey.
88 To identify levels of stress and recovery, we used the questionnaire of stress and recovery for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) from Kellmann and Kallus (2001), validated in Portuguese Language in Brazil by Costa and Samulski (2005), which presents significant reliability, Cronbach’s Alpha greater than 0.70, on most of the scales.
There were two data collection: The first after a period of training (pre-competitive) prior to the Brazilian Championship Aerobic Gymnastics 2008. This period of training culminated in the participation of athletes in competition. The second gathering was held two weeks after the first collection, featuring the transition period (post-competition), so that the effects of rehabilitation over the states of stress and recovery of athletes could be observed.
For statistical analysis, comparison test re-test, we used nonparametric statistics because of the nature of the data observed after normality test. Thus, we performed the Wilcoxon test to identify differences before and after the recovery adopting 5% significance. In addition, we made a descriptive statistics of the levels of stress and recovery of the sample. All procedures were performed using SPSS for Windows 15.0.
Results and discussion: Significant differences were found in 4 of the 19 scales of the questionnaire RESTQ- Sport which are “Lack of energy (p = 0.27),” somatic complaints “(p = 0.26),” Success “(p = 0.28), and “Self regulation” (p = 0.18). The scale of “Lack of energy had a higher score after the transition period, this may be related to detraining of athletes during the period without training, which can lead to perception of lower capacity for physical activities, especially high intensity ones, such as aerobics. This explanation can also be considered for the scales of “Success” and “Self regulation”, which are related to the perception of recovery, in which case, the athletes at the end of the competitive period showed higher scores on these scales during the training in the post recovery, perhaps because they perceived themselves well prepared and ready for competition, which did not happen after the transition period without training.
The scale of “somatic complaints” scores were lower after the transition than in the competitive period, which corroborates with the literature (Kellmann, 2002), showing that recovery periods are needed to decrease the perception of aches and pains and muscle joint distress, due to large loads of training.
The study found a good list of states of stress and recovery, with possible problems
89 only on the scales of “Conflicts / Pressure (3.86 and 3.25 in the respective periods), considered high scores, which can be explained by the high collection of results in pre-competitive, and the results obtained in the (transition). The “Quality of sleep” (2.39 and 2.89 respectively) showed lower scores demonstrating possible sleep disturbances and difficulties to rest of gymnasts.
Conclusion: Recovery period (transition) was sufficient to bring about positive differences in the states of stress and recovery of athletes considering the reduction in somatic complaints. And that greater attention should be given in relation to levels of “Conflicts / Pressure” and “Quality of sleep” of these athletes during periods of training, competition and rest.
Bibliography 1) Costa L. O. P, D. M. Samulski, Processo de validação do questionário de estresse e recuperação para atletas (RESTQ-Sport) na língua portuguesa, R. Bras. Ci, Mov, Vol. 13, No 1, p. 79-86, 2005. 2) Kellmann M, K. W. Kallus, Recovery Stress questionnaire for athletes, User manual, Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics, 2001. 3) Kellmann, M, Enhancing Recovery, Preventing Underperformance in Atlhetes, Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics, 2002.
Correspondence: Kátia Lúcia Moreira Lemos Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais E-mail: [email protected]
FROM THE NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS TO RESEARCH THE ACTUALITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF AEROBIC IN CHINA Chen Xiling (Xi’an Institute of Physical Education, Xi’an China 710068)
Key words：Aerobics, athlet, Physical Education University, current, development
Abstract: Through the spots research and investigation, to contrast and analysis the competitive actions and achievements of competitor in 2005 “shanchuan-cup” the national aerobic championships. Find out the aerobic performance developmental current. Put forward the analyzing
90 and suggestion. For promote sustainable development of aerobics in China.
COLLEGE SPORTS AEROBICS TEACHER-LED EDUCATIONAL CONTENT “SUPERMARKET” CONSTRUCTION STUDY Fang qi，Zhou Jianshe， Gao Qingqi，Lin Lin (1Xiamen Polytechnic public Sports Ministry, Xiamen 361005 China; 2 Hunan Normal University Institute, Changsha 410012 China)
Key word: Aerobics, Teacher-led, Teaching, Building Supermarket
Abstract: In this paper, using the method of literature, logic analysis and other methods to school sports development, teaching objectives. The needs of the community project development, curriculum, student interest in building a basis for the aesthetic quality of the teacher-led premise, “Supermarket” Construction of Sports Aerobics educational content ideas. Supermarket management operation under way to build a philosophy from the pledge (teaching goal setting), commodity devices (teaching design), Shopping Guide (teacher-led arrangements) online stores (distance education, technical assistance) and tracking (tracking feedback from teaching) five healthy part of building a professional college sports U.S. Teaching specific content areas to give full play to the rich content stored items Aerobics, adaptation projects and social development, self development and the actual needs of students. Train the students with the comprehensive ability to provide quality information.
HOW TO IMPROVE THE TEACHING AND LEARNING EFFECTIVENESS AEROBICS GU Yuxiang （Shenyang No.11 Middle School, Shengyang, Liaoning, China）
Key words: Aerobics, classroom, teaching effectiveness, expressiveness, attention
Abstract: How to improve classroom teaching aerobics class effective becomes a priority in our aerobics teacher in front of the primary topics. 1. To begin with, it sets a higher teaching of the main requirements on the performance of students within the emotional and the ability. First of all, aerobics teachers should develop their own right Aerobics feelings of love and patience of the students. Secondly, teachers should broaden their horizons and devote ourselves to research business in order to improve their professional quality. What’s more, it is the teachers’ responsibility to update knowledge to establish their own aesthetic
91 standard aerobics. In addition, the teachers should also enhance their language skills as well as teacher- student communication skills. 2. It is necessary to improve and innovate in the curriculum and teaching methods: Expression is a kind of consciousness, a feeling. This awareness does not depend on teachers or students to teach deliberate imitation of several operas, but a quantitative change to qualitative change process. 3. It is the medium of instruction in a serious manner to attract and keep students attention. In the classroom, teachers will lead students to the attention of the teaching content and to enable students to generate the necessary perception, memory, imagination, thinking ability in order to achieve the purpose of improving teaching effectiveness. 4. Grasp the difference, individualized teaching. Because of the students enrolled relatively large gap between the conditions, the quality of students and acceptance of understanding are quite different, so teachers should address all the students in the actual situation and take various measures individualized. 5. To improve self awareness, to cultivate good mental qualities: Different social environment and family determine the student’s personality and their temperament is different. This determines the psychological differences between the students. Thus, while asking students to action specifications, style, grasp, the children must not lose sight of the train movements within the modality so as to really achieve aerobics class teaching.
THE STUDY ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAIT OF NATIONAL LEVEL AND NON- NATIONAL LEVEL JAPANESE AEROBIC GYMNASTIC ATHLETES Ken Takeuchi KIBI International University (JPN)
Key Words: Aerobic Gymnastic, Personality, MPI, psychological-competitive ability, DIPCA
Introduction: In many kind of sports the psychological research have completed for long years. And much important knowledge have served for caches and athletes. As well known the psychological aspects are so important for the coaches. The coaching without psychological consideration seems not to be effective and efficient. We could see the much psychological research of artistic gymnastic and rhythmic gymnastic. In aerobic gymnastic there are some research on physical training and physiological aspects etc. But psychological research of aerobic gymnastic athletes was not seen. Then the purpose of this study is investigating on personality and psychological competitive ability of aerobic gymnastic athletes.
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Method: This study includes two research. (research1) The Maudsley Personality Index (MPI) was administered to 33 male and 73 female aerobic gymnastic athletes in 1999. And the data of 32 male and 62 female athletes were analyzed using ANOVA.
(research2) The Diagnostic Inventory of Psychological Competitive Ability 2(DIPCA2) was administered to 12 male and 93female aerobic gymnastic athletes in 2000. And the data of 93 female athletes were analyzed using ANOVA and MANOVA.
Result and discussion: The results are as follows: (research1) The female athletes reported higher score of E scale significantly. There were no significant differences in all scales between national level and non-national level athletes in both sex. The male athletes who experienced longer and who practice longer time reported higher score E scale significantly. The female athletes who practice longer time and is higher level reported lower score E scale significantly. (research2) There were significant differences in mental stability and concentration, and ability of enhancing confidence in factor, and self control and confidence in scale between national level and non-national level athletes. MANOVA showed that the intention to win, self control, ability of relax in scale and athletic motivation, ability of enhancing confidence in factor contributed to the level of national or non-national.
Conclusion: Above all it seems that the personality of athletes doesn’t determine the level of national or non-national.
And because psychological competitive ability were different between national level and non-national level athletes, it seems important to enhance it intentionally.
Correspondence: Ken Takeuchi Dept. of Sociology, Faculty of sport sociology, Kibi International University E-mail: [email protected]
93
THE CURRENT STATUS AND DIALECT ICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SPORTS AEROBICS IN CHINA Kang Jinfeng, Zhou Yan (College of P. E. &Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241 China)
Key words: the sports aerobics, research, dialectical analysis
Abstract: With the statistics and analysis of research papers on sports aerobics published on 13-type core sports academic journals in China, by literature researching, statistics, comparison, systematic logical analysis and interviewing, the concerned main contents, research methods and the distribution of the research papers of sports aerobics in China during 1995-2007 have been discussed and the present situation and problems in the scientific research of sports aerobics in China has also been illustrated. This study has proposed some scientific and advanced methods and will improve the theory of methodology on sports aerobics in China.
INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS OF CURRENT SITUATION OF AEROBICS TEACHING IN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES OF ZHEJIANG PROVINCE Lian Ruowen, Zhang Jie (Dept. of P. E. China Academy of Art, Hangzhou China 310002)
Key words: aerobics, current situation of teaching, analysis and suggestion
Abstract: By using the method of documentary, investigation, and questionnaires, the paper analyzes the current situation of aerobics in colleges and universities of Zhejiang Province, and puts forward suggestions for further development of aerobics in colleges and universities of Zhejiang Province.
STUDY ON THE APPLICATION OF CAI TECHNOLOGY IN THE AEROBICS TEACHING OF MIDDLE SCHOOL Li Shuping, Liu Junyong, Ren Xiuhong （Xinzhou Teachers College Department of Physical Education, Xinzhou China 034000）
Key words: CAI technology, aerobics, teaching
94
Abstract: This paper do deep research on the application of CAI technology in the aerobics teaching, regarding students of grade one of junior high school of affiliated school of teachers college in Xinzhou as the target, using questionnaire surveys, literature, experimentation method, aiming at seeking a more valid and more rational teaching method for the teaching of aerobics, raising the teaching result of the aerobics lesson, so as to adapt the development of modern teaching. The experimental result shows: CAI technology shortened: - the teaching hours, - increased the time of student’s free practice and movements realizing, - shifted students’ many kinds of sense organs which were stimulated at the same time, - stimulated students’ study interest and improve teaching result and so on.
SPORTIVE COMPETITION: SOCIAL COMPETENCE AND BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS Luciana Pires, Spec Maria Eduarda de Oliveira Poli, Spec Teresa Helena Schoen-Ferreira, PhD UNIFESP, BRA
Key Words: Sport, Aerobic Gymnastics, Youth, Social Competence, Behavior
Introduction: The sportive practice has being considered as a protection factor for human development. Aerobic Gymnastics is a sport discipline, defined in the FIG (Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique) Code of Points, as the ability to perform continuous, complex and high intensity movement patterns with music. This discipline requires flexibility, strength, using basic steps and difficulty elements with high degree of perfection [1].
Aim and methods: This study intends to compare the perception of social competence and behavior problems between female athletes and non athletes. Participants: Study Group: 24 high level female Aerobic Gymnastics athletes, age 12 – 16 years old. Control Group: 72 adolescents non athletes, paired per gender and age a ratio of 3 controls to a participant in the study group. Instrument: It was used the Youth Self Report – YSR [2], which allows a perception by the adolescent about his/her self competence and troubles.
95 The sum of all scores obtained on the social competence part allows grouping in three scales, where, as long the mean score is higher, the competence is better. The behavior problems part allows the draw of a behavior profile, resulting in 17 scales and sub-scales. As long the mean score is higher, more behavior problems are presented. Procedures: The athletes answered the instrument at home, and the students at school. The YSR instrument was corrected on own program, and the scores of variable with regular distribution where compared using Mann-Whitney test.
Results and discussions: With regards to the behavior problems scales, in all cases, the Study Group had lower scores than the Control. Concerning the social competence, the Study Group had higher scores with statistic significance on the scales of Anxious/Depressed, Withdrawn/Depressed, Somatic Complaints, Internalizing and Total Problems, Affective Problems, Somatic Problems, Conduct Problems, Social Relationship and Total of Competence.
Conclusions: For this study group, the competitive Sport practice was a protection factor for social and behavior problems. The sportive group provides support for a healthy development of capacities and abilities required, not only on sportive life, but also on their quotidian.
Bibliography: 1) Aerobic Gymnastics, Code of Points 2005-2008, FIG, Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique, Edition 2009. 2) Achenbach T. M, L. A. Rescorla, Manual for ASEBA School-Age Forms & Profiles, Burlington, VT, University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth & Families, 2001.
Correspondence: Teresa Helena Schoen Ferreira Universidade Federal De São Paulo [email protected]
96 EXCELENCE MODEL OF EXPERT BRAZILIAN AEROBIC GYMNASTICS COACHES Prof. Luiz Henrique Maciel, Ms. Prof. Luiz Carlos Moraes, PhD EEFFTO-UFMG, BRA
Kew words: Aerobic Gymnastics, Cognitive map, Coaches, Expert performance
Introduction: Brazil is a diverse country, although with strong characteristics in their aerobic gymnastics athletes (Maciel, Moraes, 2008). Regarding worldwide expert performance studies, the coach is considered the mentor of the sports context (Salmela, Moraes, 2003; Ericsson, Charness, Feltovich, Hoffman, 2006). From that spot emeged the question, “How are the expert brazilian coaches working on their teams?” Through this study we tried to identify and undersand the concepts of which the expert Brazilian aerobic gymnastics coaches reach and support their successful leading.
Aim and methods: This study of cognition decodes and analyzes the verbal accounts of Brazil’s leading recognized aerobic gymnastic technical, performance and training coaches according to the proceadures of Protocol Analysis, as outlined by Ericsson & Simon (1984). The main objectives of this content analysis were to identify and describe the main factors, techniques, forms and methods of excellence in performance that are demonstrated to athletes by their expert coaches and trainers during the execution of a specific competitive techniques or exercises. In particular, during the presentation and evaluation of shared video recorded performaneces, the particular and specific evaluations, critiques, interventions, advice, and verbal transmission of the knowledge from the coach to the athlete, during the viewing, are the data for this study and are the component elements evaluated herein. The study’s sample was composed of four Brazilian national level aerobic gymnastics coaches, all of whom are associated with the gymnastics asocciations at both the levels of their individual states and with the national Confederation of Brazilian Gimnastics. Also the coaches trainined athletes who had achived at least, as the minimum accomplishment in the sport, the title, ranking, or classification of qualifying to participate in the international competitions sponsored by the International Gymnastic Federation.
Results and discussion: Aside from the use of autoverbalization as suggested by protocol analysis, the narratives of the coaches were taped, transcribed and organized logically into meaning units so that they could later be organized to construct descrete and informative of the cognitive maps.
97
CHOREOGRAPHY
Elaboration Level Presentation Choreography moves execution
Basic
TRAINING MENTAL CONDITIONING
Mental Mental Physical Organization Athlete level Group work Capacity conditioning Capacity Identification and competition
ELEMENTS
Execution Difficulty
Posture
The results indicated four categories that guided the action of the coaches’ focus: choreography, mental training, training and elements. The dimensions are related for the pursuit of the athletes’ excelence, through the coaches’ way of coach. Coreography –Divided in four dimensions and one sub-dimension: elaboration, routine level, presentation, coreography execution and basic steps, this was the most important characteristic of Brazilian aerobics routines, regarding the coaches’ narratives. Mental Training – This category represents the meaning of mental training techniques used by the coaches, they were divide in three dimensions: mental skills, group work and competition for the mental improvement. Training – In this category, the sample showed the necessity of organize the training process respecting athletes individual characteristics. This category was sub-divided in three dimensions: organization, physical capacities training and athletes’ level identification. Elements – Following the FIG code of points, the coaches highlight the significance of the perfection in the elements execution, related to that, two dimensions and one sub-dimension emerged: execution, posture and difficulty.
98 Conclusions: Regarding the research results it´s possible to conclude that the sample of top level aerobic Brazilian coaches think, organize and act mostly the same. The coaches seek the same target the high level of their athletes, all of them focused in four dimensions choreography, mental training, training and elements.
Bibliography: 1) Maciel L. H. R, L. C. Moraes, Investigação da espertise de treinadores de ginástica aeróbica brasileiros usando análise de protocolo, Revista Iberoamericana de Psicologia del Ejercicio y el Deporte, Vol. 3, No 2, p. 241-257, 2008. 2) Salmela J. H, L. C Moraes, Development of expertise, The role of coaching families and cultural contexts, Starkes J. L, K. A. Ericsson eds., Expert Performance in Sports, Champaing, IL, Human Kinetics, p. 275-293, 2003. 3) Ericsson K. A, N. Charness, P. J. Feltovich, R. R. Hoffman, The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance NY, Cambridge University Press, 2006. 4) Ericsson K. A, H. A. Simon, Protocol analysis, Verbal reports as data, USA, MIT Press, 1984.
Correspondence: Prof. Luiz Maciel, Ms. EEFFTO/UFMG E-mail: [email protected]
STUDY OF COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION’S AEROBICS TEST STANDARD IN HUNAN PROVINCE Li Xia Zhou Jianshe (Institute of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012 China)
Key word: the college entrance examination of P. E., aerobics, test standard
Abstract: Using questionnaires, expert interviewer and the statistics, to study the rationality and the scientific of Aerobics Testing Standards of the Entrance Exams for Universities, to present the suggested changes,and set experiment for scientific examination.
THE ANALYSIS OF ADVANTAGES OF THE VALUE OF ADVERTISEMENT MARKET FOR AEROBICS STARS Li Ping (Hunan Mass Media Vocational Technical College Department of Public course, Changsha China 410100)
Key words: aerobics stars, value of advertisement, advantages
Abstract: Basing on literature, expert interviews, and the author carefully analyses the value of
99 aerobics stars advertising on the aspects of time advantage of improving aerobics stars visibility, space superiority of leading cultural currents, and the match of good personal charm and fashion products, designed to provide references on the cultivation of the aerobics stars advertising market.
RESEARCH ON SPORT ART COURSE Li Yulin (Hohai University Physical Education Department, Nanjing 210097 China)
Key word: Artistic sports, curriculum
Abstract: The understanding and the study on the Sport Art Course which constructs Sport Art Course theory provides the strut to the new sports curriculum reforms. The education for all-around development and the new curriculum reformed had provided the turning point for the sports art curriculum implementation. This article makes a comprehensive use of many kinds of research methods such as documentations, questionnaires, logical analytic method, statistical and conducts survey on the research to get such ideas: (1) Sport Art Course is in developed country. Although they have different names, the goals are the same. Therefore, the kind of deepened research (name, goal, content, method and so on), is one of the regarding this tendencies. (2)Under the background our country’s curriculum reforms, this kind of research is summoned to deepen. Both the fundamental research and the practice research are the time requirement. (3) Desalinates the discipline as well as strengthened the curriculum is the thought and tendency to the art class sports curriculum constructs. So the construction of “assimilation” on curriculum manifests foundationally.
DEVELOPMENT OF AEROBIC GYMNASTICS FOR ADOLESCENTS IN BRAZIL: THREE LEVEL ROUTINES PROGRAM Maria Eduarda de Oliveira Poli, Spec, UNIFESP, BRA Priscilla de Souza Mattos, Lice, USP, BRA Cláudia Gomes Borelli, choreographer and coach, BRA Marcello Borelli, trainer, BRA Gilceu Emílson de Souza, judge, BRA Maria Sylvia de Souza Vitalle, MD, PhD, UNIFESP, BRA Roberto Fernandes da Costa, PhD, CEPS, BRA
Kew words: Aerobic Gymnastics, Development Program, Adolescents
Introduction:
100 The first fitness programs in Aerobics emerged in the USA during the 1980’s years, using music, dance steps and callisthenic exercises [1]. The inclusion of Aerobics as new sport discipline inside Brazilian National Gymnastics Federation, in 1995, expanded its popularity to the sports clubs, schools and universities, demanding new strategies for promotion and development for all age groups starting from 9 years old, as established on the regulations for all gymnastics disciplines. Although Aerobic Gymnastics is a very attractive sport, fun, danced, and accompanied by modern music, many coaches didn´t know how to start working with this new sport in Brazil. The national and regional committees, after years experiencing and studying the development programs for Aerobic Gymnastics, created a three level compulsory routines program in 2005, with the main purpose to provide the introduction in this new sport with conditions for development in a healthy, secure, effective, and easy learning progress. This program intends to active all age groups, starting from 9 years old till adults. As well known, the adolescence is an important maturation period of life, when many behavior changes occur. It´s also an optimal period for learning and developing an active life style for adulthood [2].
Aim and methods: The three level routines program is based on compulsory routines, using exercises from the FIG (Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique) Code of Points [3] and their progressive level of difficulty and complexity. Considering the sports activities during adolescence period should provide interest and pleasure to become part of their life [4], the progressive system, from the very easy and basic steps, combinations, linkings, transitions, lifts and difficulty elements, may help development of Aerobic Gymnastics, allowing participation of many adolescents, independently of their initial technical level. In this system, coaches should teach, at the same time, the importance of perfect execution showing self confidence. The routines have 24x8counts of music and exercises for all levels and categories: individuals, pairs, trios and groups. The frequency of recommended music in this program is 130-150 bpm, then, the duration of routines is 1min20sec till 1min 30sec. It´s necessary to take into consideration the motor development of adolescents during their different age groups and the correct learning process, depending on their initial technical level [5]. By any doubt, the professionals should start from level 1 for any beginner, even an adult one. It is also important to consider the number of body parts supported on floor when building the lifts, and the compression on spine. A resume of the exercises distribution and progression in each level are in the diagram bellow (Table1):
101 Results and discussion: The program material was composed by video examples, showing three different categories for each level, optional recorded music, and a detailed written manual with routines description. It was distributed for 19 regional affiliated federations in Brazil, which redistributed for affiliated clubs, schools and universities, in the beginning of the year 2005. Since then, every year, a National Tournament brings all the youngest regional aerobic gymnasts inside one national event, were everybody is awarded, but the talents also may show their existence. DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3
Basic steps Difficulty Basic steps Difficulty Basic steps Difficulty elements: elements: elements: without arm with simple with simple but movements and asymmetrical or very Simple transitions Simple but creative Very simple transitions 1- Push up with 1- Regular push 1- Wenson push and linkings. transitions and and linkings. knees on the floor up (A101), up (A143), linkings. (A101),
Lifts with 3-4 Lifts with 2-3 Lifts with 5-6 2- Straddle 2- Straddle supported supported body supported body 2- Seated support support, with one support (B102), body parts. parts. parts. (B102), hand in front and one hand back (B102),
It may seem a controversy in Aerobic Gymnastics to use compulsory routines when the creativity and originality are so important for the artistic content in the high level routines, but it was observed during these years of experience that new professionals need something concrete and simple to start Aerobic Gymnastics. The video examples may encourage new adepts to create new transitions, linkings and lifts, as well to use the space and travelling orientations in a different way of the showed examples.
Conclusions: Nowadays, considering the reports and information we receive from our regional affiliated Federations every year, we calculate about 5000 Brazilian adolescents taking part in Aerobic Gymnastics events around Brazil using this program. It´s important to mention that some of these new athletes became national first class competitors after one year training, showing the effectiveness of this development program for beginners, helping many coaches to find new and undiscovered talents. It is important to consider that even for those who are not talents, there will be gain on physical, social and psychological aspects, associated with the practice of this sport.
102 Bibliography: 1) Da Costa, Lamartine et al., Atlas do Esporte no Brasil, Capítulo Ginástica Aeróbica, Rio de Janeiro, Confef, 2003. 2) Fisberg M, Obesidade na infância e adolescência, In. Fisberg M, editor, Obesidade na infância e adolescência, São Paulo, Fundo Editorial BYK, p. 9-13, 1995. 3) Aerobic Gymnastics, Code of Points 2005-2008, FIG - Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique, Edition 2009. 4) Lazzoli J. K, A. C. L Nóbrega, T. Carvalho, M. A. B. Oliveira, J. A. C. Teixeira, M. B. Leitão et al., Atividade física e saúde na infância e adolescência, Posicionamento Oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, Rev Bras Med Esporte, No. 4, Vol. 4, p. 1-3, 1998. 5) Kock K. A, Ginástica de Aparelhos nas Escolas, Compendium, 1980.
Correspondence: Maria Eduarda de O. Poli Universidade Federal De São Paulo E-mail: [email protected]
PSYCOLOGICAL PROFILE IN AEROBICS GYMNASTICS Maria Barroso, Master-degree, POR
Kew words: Aerobic Gymnastics, Psychological Characteristics, Success
Introduction: What are the psychological characteristics of female athlete praticants in sports aerobics? Tthis is the problem of our study. We want to know to if any characteristics can be changed explain high final scores and can discriminate gymnasts from different levels of sucess.
Aim and methods: Bio-social evaluation: Chronological age (decimal age), Training days a week, Hours of training a week, Years federated. Psychological evaluation: - Attention and Concentration-Test of Attention of Toulouse Piéron (BATP), - Anxiety-Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT), - Motivation-Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ), - Self-concept-Clinical questionnaire of Self-Concept of Vaz Serra (ICAC).
Descriptive statistics for all the variables in study, considering the sample divided by stages, T-Student for a sample, Analysis of Variance and “P of Pearson” (with level of significance =0.05), Analysis of Multiple Linear Regression.
103 Results and discussion: The four following models were created to explain the dependent variables (Final, Artistic, Execution and Difficulty scores) just through the Psychological characteristics (explaining variables). Final score = .129 + 2.35 (Motivation: orientation to the task) + .018 (Attention: Concentration/Velocity); Artistic score = 3.02 + .875 (Motivation: orientation to the task); Execution score = .370 + 1.02 (Motivation: orientation to the task) + .006 (Attention: Concentration/Velocity); Difficulty score = - .848 + .006 (Motivation: orientation to the task) + .356 (Motivation: orientation to the ego).
Conclusions: We concluded that high scores in Aerobic Gymnastics can be explained as follows: In psychological terms for the variables: motivation for the task and for the ego and attention: concentration/velocity. A gymnast with high scores feels that her sport success is a consequence of her effort in learning. A gymnast with large orientation for the ego, the one that defines her success by her hability in comparation with others had better score of difficulty. If we isolate only the psycological characteristics we can explain that the motivation orientated to the task is the psychological characteristics more important for a high final score, so, the gymnasts feel more characteristics if they apply high level of quality in performance.
Bibliography: 1) Brito A. A, Psicologia do Desporto e a Selecção de Talentos, Horizonte,Vol. XIII, p. 10-13, 1996. 2) Brown J, Sports Talent, How to identify and develop outstanding athletes, Human Kinetics, 2000. 3) Corte Real A, O Talento em ginástica desportiva feminina, Revista Horizonte, Vol. XIII, No.76, p. 14-17, 1997. 4) Cruz J, Stress e Ansiedade na Competição Desportiva, Natureza, Efeitos e Avaliação, In J. Cruz Ed., Manual de Psicologia do Desporto, p. 173-203, 1996. 5) Cruz J, Stress, Ansiedade e Competências Psicológicas em Atletas de Elite e de Alta Competição, Relação com o Sucesso Desportivo, In J. Cruz Ed., I Encontro Internacional de Psicologia Aplicada ao Desporto e à Actividade Física, p. 111-140, Braga, Lusobraga, 1997. 6) Duda J. L, Advances in Sport and Exercise Psychology Measurement, Morgantown, Fitness Information Technology inc., 1998. 7) Fonseca A, P. Brito, Las concepciones sobre la competência deportiva y los objectivos de logro, Revista de Psicologia del Deporte, 9, No. 1-2, p. 159-176, 1999. 8) Franchini E, K. Rubio, Aspectos psicológicos, Judô, Desempenho Competitivo, São Paulo, Editora Manole Ltda, p. 161-182, 2001. 9) Freitas M, Trabalho de síntese, Medir a Personalidade-Análise das características psicométricas de 3 Questionários - QPS - EPI – SCAT, Unpublished Provas de Aptidão Pedagógica e Capacidade Científica, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Lisboa, 1991.
104 10) Manso J, J. Granell, P. Girón, C. Abella, El Talento Deportivo, Formación de Elites Deportivas, Madrid, 2003. 11) Moreira M, Caracterização Psicológica dos Praticantes de Trampolins, Contribuição para a detecção e orientação de talentos, Unpublished Monografia para obtenção do grau de Licenciatura em Educação Física e Desporto, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, 1994. 12) Ponte A, R. Barroso, S. Portugal, P. Neves, Influência do Contexto Sócio-Desportivo na Formação do Auto Conceito, In J. Bento & A. Marques Eds., As Ciências do Desporto e a Prática Desportiva, Actas do II Congresso de Educação Física dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, As Ciências do Desporto e a Prática Desportiva no Espaço da Língua Portuguesa, Desporto na Escola, Desporto de Reeducação e Reabilitação, Porto: Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e de Educação Física da Universidade do Porto, p. 207 – 211, 1991. 13) Serra A, H. Firmino, A. Matos, Influência das relações pais/filhos no auto-conceito, Psiquiatria Clínica, Vol. 8, No.3, p. 137-141, 1987. 14) Serra V, O Autoconceito, Análise Psicológica,Vol. 2, No 6, p. 101-110, 1988. 15) Veiga A, Níveis de Atenção e de Ansiedade em Ginástica Artística, Unpublished Tese de Doutoramento, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, 1995. 16) Viana M, Competição, Ansiedade e Autoconfiança, Implicações na preparação do jovem desportista para a competição, In C. d. E. e. F. Desportiva Ed., O Melhor da Revista Treino Desportivo, 2000. 17) Viana M, J. Cruz, Atenção e Concentração na Competição Desportiva, In J. Cruz Ed., Manual de Psicologia do Desporto, Braga, Lusografe, p. 287-304, 1996. 18) White S, Adolescent Goal Profiles, perceptions of the Parent-Initiated Motivational Climate, and Competitif Trait Anxiety, The Sports Psychologist,Vol. 12, p. 16-28, 1998. 19) Williams A, T. Reilly, Talent identification and development in soccer, Journal of Sports Science, Vol. 18, p. 657-667, 2000.
Correspondence: Maria Alexandra Barroso Clube de Actividades Gímnicas de Ponta Delgada Rua Monsenhor José Gomes, 4 9500-673 Ponta Delgada Azores Portugal E-mail: [email protected]
MODELLING OF THE SPORT SUCCESS MORFO-FUNCTIONAL AND PSYCOLOGICAL PROFILE IN AEROBICS GYMNASTICS Maria Barroso, Master-degree, POR
Kew words: Aerobic Gymnastics, Morphological characteristics, Physical Characteristics, Psychological Characteristics, Sucess
Introduction: What are the morphological, physical and psychological characteristics of female athlete praticants in sports aerobis this is the problem of our study. We want to know to if any characteristics can be changed explain high final scores and can discriminate gymnasts from different levels of sucess.
105 Aim and methods: Bio-social evaluation: Chronological age (decimal age), Training days a week, Hours of training a week, Years federated. Morphologic and Maturacional evaluation: • Date of Menarche (retrospective method), - Sexual Maturation characteristics (Tanner Stages), - Skeletal Maturation (bone age)-method of Tanner-Withehouse (TW3), - Prevision of the adult height: TW3, based on the punctuation obtained in RUS scores.
Anthropometric: Body mass (kg), Stature (cm), Sitting height (cm), Body mass index (kg/m2), Span; Lengths (cm): Superior member length, Arm length, Thigh length, Thoracic length; Breadth (cm): Biacromial bdth, Torax transverse chest bdth, Torax sagital chest bdth, Biiliocristal bdth, Bi-epicondylar humerus bdth, Stylion- ulnar bdth, Bi-epicondylar femur bdth, Malleolar bdth; Girths (cm): Relaxed arm gth, Tensed arm gth, Thigh gth, Calf gth,Thoracic gth, Abdominal gth; Skinfold (mm): Biceps sf, Triceps sf,Front thigh sf, Medial calf sf, Subscapular sf, Thoracic sf, Axilar sf, Abdominal sf, Iliac crest sf.; Corporal composition: Weight of mass free from fat, Percentage of fat mass (% fat). Somatotype: méthod Heath-Carter (1967), Physical Fitness evaluation: VO2 peak: Test Aerobic fitness (program microfit faz-2); Superior strength: Push’ups (extension of arms, 30 seg.), Suspension in the bar, Bicipital static strength (microfit faz-2), Handgrip-manual strength; Medium strength: Abdominal test (1 min.), Lumbar test (30 seg.), Dorsal test (30 seg.); Inferior explosive strength: Horizontal jump, Vertical jump; Flexibility: Sit and Reach, Sagital split with dominant leg, Flexiteste (araújo, 1987). Psychological evaluation: - Attention and Concentration-Test of Attention of Toulouse Piéron (BATP), - Anxiety-Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT), - Motivation-Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ), - Self-concept-Clinical questionnaire of Self-Concept of Vaz Serra (ICAC).
Descriptive statistics for all the variables in study, considering the sample divided by stages: Analysis of Variance and “P of Pearson” (with level of significância =0.05); Analysis of Multiple Linear Regression (considering the totality of the sample); Analysis of the Discriminant Function (stagewise): 1) group of larger success juvenile gymnasts, juniors and seniors that obtained 1st, 2nd or 3rd places in the
106 National Championship, 2) group of smaller success, gymnasts that obtained very low score. The used program was SPSS 11,5 for Windows. Results and discussion: The four following models of Linear Regression were created to explain the dependent variables (final, artistic, execution and difficulty scores) with all the explanatory areas: Final score = - 13.03 + .435 (Hours of training/week) + 1.81 (malleolar Breadth) + .145 (Superior Strength Push-up) + .279 (Lumbar Strength); Artistic score = - 2.659 + .204 (Hours of training/week) + .063 (Superior Strength Push-up) + .039 (Explosive strength Height jump) + .231 (Selfconcept Acceptation/Rejection); Execution score = .380 + .183 (Hours of training/week) + .144 (Lumbar strength); Difficulty score = - .651 + .126 (Years federated) + .247 (Number of training/week) + .545 (malleolar Breadth) - .019 (Explosive strength Height jump).
Conclusions: The proportion of total variation of final score is explained in 94.2% with many trainning hours, high values in maleolar diameter, superior strength (push-up’s) and medium strength lombar. The discriminant function analyse (stepwise) show that three variables significant contribute for maximise the differences between the two groups of different success: number of training sessions in a week, abdominal strength and flexibility (sagital split): F1 = -10.458 + .712 (Number of training/week) + .169 (Abdominal strength) + .131 (flexibility- Sagital split with dominant leg). When we remove the effect of maturation (bone age) only the sagital split discriminate the two levels of success: F2 = - 1.646 + .122 (flexibility: Sagital split with dominant leg)
Bibliography: 1) Bompa T, Periodization Training, Long-Term Planning and talent Identification, In T. O, 1999. 2) Bompa Ed, Periodization, Theory and Methodology of Training, 4d ed., Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics, p. 253-291, 2000. 3) Brandão E, J. Maia, A Modelação da Performance Desportiva em Basquetebol, Horizonte, XIV, No. 84, p. 17-20, 1998. 4) Brito A, A Psicologia do Desporto e a Selecção de Talentos. Horizonte, XIII, p. 10-13, 1996. 5) Corte Real A, O Talento em ginástica desportiva feminina, Revista Horizonte, XIII, No. 76, p. 14-17, 1997. 6) Csikszentmihalyi M, K. Rathunde, S. Whalen, What is talent? Talented teenagers, the roots of success and failure, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 21-39, 1993.
107 7) Davids, Understanding and measuring coordination and control in kicking skills in soccer, Implications for talent identification and skill acquisition, Journal of Sports Science, No. 18, p. 703-714, 2000. 8) Dyhre-Poulsen P, An analysis of splits leaps and gymnastic skill by physiological recordings, Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, No. 56, Vol. 4, p. 390-397, 1987. 9) Esikszentmihalyi M, K. Rathunde, S. Whalen, Talented Teenagers, The Roots of Success and Failure, 1997. 10) Franchini E, Detecção e Promoção de Talentos Esportivos - Considerações Gerais, Judô, Desempenho Competitivo, Editora Manole São Paulo, p. 217-221, 2001. 11) Harman E, C. Pandorf, Principles of Test Selection and Admnistration, In R. Earle Ed., Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning, 2d ed., Champaign, IL. Human Kinetics, p. 275-286, 2000. 12) Hyllegard R, Parental Attribution of Artistic Ability in Talented Children, Perceptual and Motor Skills, Vol. 91, p. 1134-1144, IL, 2000. 13) Maia J, A Modelação da Performance Desportivo-Motora, Treino Desportivo, No. 16, p.10- 18, 2001. 14) Manso J, J. Granell, P. Girón, C. Abella, El Talento Deportivo, Formación de Elites Deportivas, Madrid, 2003. 15) Marques A, Bases para a estruturação de um modelo de detecção e selecção de talentos desportivos em Portugal, Espaço, No.1, p. 47-58, 1993. 16) Morris T, Psychological característics and talent identification in soccer, Journal of Sports Sciences, No.18, p. 715-726, 2000. 17) Reilly, A multidisciplinary aproach to talent identification in soccer, Journal of Sports Sciences No.18, p. 695-702, 2000. 18) Sobral F, Algumas considerações sobre detecção dos talentos desportivos, Ludens, No. 6, Vol. 3, p. 8-13, 1982. 19) Sobral F, Desporto Infanto-Juvenil, Prontidão e Talento, 1994. 20) Williams T, Talent indentification and development in soccer, Journal of Sports Science, No.18, p. 657-667, 2000.
Correspondence: Maria Alexandra Barroso Clube de Actividades Gímnicas de Ponta Delgada Rua Monsenhor José Gomes, 4 9500-673 Ponta Delgada Azores Portugal E-mail: [email protected]
108 PLACE OF AEROBICS IN THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA Full Prof. Maria Mineva, DSc NSA, BUL
Kew words: Aerobic Gymnastics, educational system, worldwide tendencies
Introduction: Our country’s policy for accession to the European Community brought about the necessity of Bulgarian experts harmonising our national requirements in the area of education with those of the leading European and world nations. Worldwide tendencies in the organization of education require availability of State educational standards as a basis for development of Curricula. Regarding worldwide tendencies, as well as in demand by the socio-economic changes in modern society, a reform in the educational system becomes necessary to be implemented. By adoption of a number of governmental documents [1, 2] a framework of the standards has been set up reflecting the trends in the development of education.
Aim and methods: It is well known that aerobics enables development and maintenance of the physical capability of the trainees and their preparation for systematic sports training and healthy way of living, which are also some of the objectives in the cultural and educational area “Physical Culture and Sports”, as in this connection we set ourselves the objective to elaborate on the place of aerobics in the educational system of the Republic of Bulgaria. We used the bibliographic approach. We subject to study Bulgarian references, as well as official school documents, which formed the curriculum of education at every stage of its development.
Results and discussion: Long-year researches of Bulgarian specialists contributed to creating a Bulgarian model of aerobic activities. As a result of intensive creative and scientific activity, the foundations of the Bulgarian experience in the area of aerobics were laid down [3]. The pursuit of promoting aerobics amongst different layers of population and introduction of this type of motor activity as widely accessible, applicable and effective form of popular and systematic practising of physical exercises has been supported by governmental organizations even till present. In the beginning of 21th c. through the outline of new tendencies and requirements to the educational process aerobics is once again searching for a place at school by: making it a gymnastic subject in the core of “Gymnastics”, a fitness subject in the supplementary group of Fitness and Bodybuilding, a module training – Gymnastics and Dances[4].
109 The prerequisites for а mass introduction of aerobics in school and university can be allotted and reviewed in two main groups: objective and subjective factors (Scheme 1). The objective factors include the legal basis and the available sports facilities and premises, which ensure the conduct of the academic process in Physical education. Subjective factor is the motivation of all people, whose part for inclusion of this type of gymnastics in school is crucial, those are teachers, students and their parents. Teacher - The basic factor for his/her motivation to teach aerobics is found in the confidence of positive results in solving the tasks of physical education, level of qualification, specific knowledge related to application of specific means and methods. The teacher is stimulated for self-perfection through additional acquisition of qualification, attendance at courses, seminars, etc. Students - Another reason for this type of gymnastics to be included in the curriculum is found in the students’ interest. Parents - Undeniable is the parental impact on the grown-ups, which is to be taken into account in the pedagogic occupation. Culture, value orientations in family invariably affect the quality of living of the grown-ups.
It is well-known that aerobics has a complex in its character impact on human body. It simultaneously develops the physical and motor capacity, balances the psycho- emotional background, and reduces the negative tension in the organism by neural and humoral regulation as a result of practising aerobics. Use of a musical accompaniment further contributes to education of rhythmic and aesthetic values in trainees. These features stimulate a successful introduction of Aerobics in school and university.
OBJECTIVE SUBJECTIVE FACTORS FACTORS
legal basis premises and motivation to practise facilities aerobics
teachers students parents
1.Knowledge - impact Positive attitude of: Positive attitude from: of aerobics. Teachers, own experience Acquisition of knowledge and skills in Aerobics 2.Level of Parents, mass media training at NSA; qualification. classmates special courses and seminars; 3.Interest of students specialized literature. and parents
Scheme 1. Factors for en masse inclusion of aerobics in the academic content of Physical education
110 Conclusion: The legislation of the Republic of Bulgaria has secured all necessary prerequisites for an effective training in Physical education and aerobics sessions in conformity with the European requirements in the area of academic education.
Bibliography: 1. State educational requirements for academic content, Cultural and educational area, Physical culture and sports, Promulgated in the State Gazette, No. 48, Sofia, 2000. 2. Act of Physical Education and Sports, Promulgated in the State Gazette, No. 58, July 9, Sofia, 1996. 3. Mineva, M, Aerobics at School, Physical Education and Sports in the Educational System, Blagoevgrad, 2001. 4. Curricula Part VII for mandatory and profiled training of IX, X, XI, XII, Grade Cultural and educational area, Physical Culture and Sports, Ministry of Education and Science, Sofia, 2003.
Correspondence: Full Prof. Maria Mineva, DSc National Sports Academy, Gymnastics department 1700 Sofia, Student town, Bulgaria E-mail:[email protected]
METHODS FOR REALISATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN AEROBIC GYMNASTICS Full Prof. Maria Mineva, DSc NSA, BUL
Kew words: Aerobic Gymnastics, methods of education, teaching, learning, control
Introduction: Among the research workers of this subject there is no team position on this problem. Each author or collective, depending on the viewpoint, give proof of the right of existence of one or another methods, of one or another classification, and also not seldom one and the same methods are indicated with different terms.
Aim and methods: In order to improve the theoretic – practical work of the sport pedagogue and in relation with the executive significance of the methods, we posed a purpose to systemize the basic methods in the aerobic gymnastics and to discover their practical subject. Our research approach could be defined as bibliographical with elements of purposeful analysis of the classification and subject of methods used in the physical education and gymnastics.
Results and discussion: Considering the complexity of the process in theoretical and practical physical skills,
111 it will be more successful to be presented criteria and contact points for the classification of education methods accordingly their purpose: I. Methods for organization, II. Methods for realization of physical activity of the participants, III. Methods for control and score evaluation. For organizing the activity are applied: Flow, serial – flow methods - the exercises are executed consecutively without break. For organizing the participants (location, placement and order) are used: Frontal method-all competitors execute at the same time equal movements. Group (team) method: differentiation of the loading – the group of the beginners work without load and the group of advanced with additional load, etc. Methods for realization of physical activity are divided into methods of teaching and methods of learning:
1. Methods for teaching:
Speech methods - they give an opportunity for organization of the activity, for guiding of the performance and for understanding of the movements. - • Demonstrative methods are based on the natural senses, through the different perceptions. - The usage of combined method gives an opportunity for the participants in the aerobic classes to apprehend figuratively and terminologically the movements and the exercises by means of more perceptions (visual- physical).
2. Methods for learning: - Basic method is the method of the physical exercising. The repeatedly attempt of particular movements, steps, aerobic movement patterns and combinations is typical. Each attempt must be purposeful, controlled and regulated.
3. Methods for education for physical actions: - Integral method – with that method the exercise is completely assimilated. It is used in physical actions with simple structure. - Divided (analytic) method – it supposes systematically structured division of the tasks in strict logical sequence. - Algorhythmic method – performance of sufficient number of actions, which are combined together at the basis of the cybernetic principle “information-operation- control-correction”.
4. Methods for improving physical skills: Repeated, Regular, Variable, Circuit. Character for the regular and variable methods is that the loading is not interrupted, whereas the quantity of the intensity is changing. In the repeated method, the exercise is repeated in several series, while in the circuit is effected complex over the
112 organism with alternation of exercises for the different muscular groups.
Specific for the aerobics classes is that all participants make the exercises together with the instructor. The combined method (speech and demonstrative methods) and the physical exercising of the participants are applied simultaneously. That method is known as Simultaneous method.
5. Methods for control: One of the basic problems of the aerobic gymnastics classes is its efficiency. A subject to periodical control is: - Physical improvement – Anthropometrics, Height – Weight Index, Somatotype, etc. - Physical ability – Heart rate (pulse) measurement at the beginning of the activities and at the end of the aerobics classes.
METHODS FOR REALISATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
SUBORDINATION OF THE MOVEMENTS TO THE MUSIC RHYTM
Methods for TEACHING Methods for LEARNING (for the activity of the (for the activity of the coach, teacher) participants)
Methods of the EXERCISING
learn the develop the DEMONSTRATIVE SPEECH methods physical physical (visual) methods activities skills
etc.
circuit
demonstratio n gestures terminology explanation description direction complete divided algorhythmic regular variable repeated
Means of making exercises COMBINED METHOD SIMULTANEOUS, FLOW; SERIAL-FLOW
SIMULTANEOUS METHOD
Scheme1. Methods for realization of physical activity
113 Conclusions: The experience for systemizing of the methods used in the aerobics summarizes the achievement of common and particular sport sciences and can help the specialists, who teach that type of gymnastics.
Bibliography: 1. Мineva М, М.Тarnichkova, Practical guidance of Aerobic Gymnastics, Sofia, 2006. 2. Мineva М, 10 years Aerobic Gymnastics specialty in NSA ”V.Levski”, Sofia, Sport and Science, 2008.
Correspondence: Full Prof. Maria Mineva, DSc National Sports Academy, Gymnastics department 1700 Sofia, Student’s town, Bulgaria e-mail:[email protected]
HOW TO FOSTER THE CONFIDENCE OF ATHLETIC CONTESTS AEROBICS PLAYER Ma Zhibin （Number: 03091067, Class: P. E Institute 2003 class 2, Counselor: Tu yunyu）
Key words: self-confidence, aesthetic body building, fostering strategy, effect
Abstract: The article narrates the factors which influence the aesthetic body building athlete’s confidence , emphasizes to discuss the effect of fostering their confidence and strategies and problem in developing self-confidence.
ADULT MALE ATHLETE OF OUTSTANDING COMPETITIVE AEROBICS FITNESS LEVEL ANALYSIS Peng Nafen (Jiangxi Normal University, Institute of Physical Education, Nanchang China 330027)
Key words: Aerobics Gymnastics, Physical Ability, The Level of Physical Ability
Abstract: Aerobics Gymnastics has experienced the beginning, developing and maturing since it came into china twenty years ago. And now, our abilities of aerobics gymnastics are in a top position on the world. In order to further improve this item and keep our competition ability on a high level on the world, it is necessary to make related researches on it. This thesis makes use of literature method, questionnaire survey, expert interviewing, mathematical statistics and data menstruation and takes the adult national team athletes, who are training for the 10th World Aerobics tournament, as researching objects, measuring
114 every physical datum. According to analysis of measured data.
THE BUILDING OF STUDENTS’ INNOVATION AND PRACTICAL ABILITY IN HIGH SCHOOL’ TEACHING OF AEROBICS Ren Xiuqi (Xi’an College of Arts and Physical Education Department, Xi’an 710065 China)
Key words: high school, aerobics teaching, innovation ability, small group
Abstract: The education reform has been the point that the institute carries out the innovative education to bring up the students’ enterprising spirit and ability. In the aerobics teaching, the innovative teaching method not only can train students’ sense of innovation and participation but also can accelerate their individuality. The small group study provided the students for association space, train their team spirit, and start a new mode that students study actively.
THE ANALYSIS OF THE COMPETITIVE AEROBICS ATHLETES ART MARK INFLUENCING FACTORS Su Huixin (Langfang City, Hebei Province Secondary School, Langfang 065000 China)
Keywords: competitive aerobics; art dynamics; factor
Abstract: Athletes art mark is quite important in the Competitive Aerobics and the art dynamics impact the mark directly which is the key to the athlete to get competition victory. The art dynamics of the Competitive Aerobics athletes is the combination of athlete’s inherent spirit and external action in competition which also is the horizontal embodiment of performance. A complete exquisite aesthetic body building will lose the vitality if it lacks the vivid artistic expressive force. But the Simple, natural, real, the rich fervor’s artistic expressive force can give the human enjoyment , which can impact people’s emotion as well as lift the audience up, that is main point to improve the mark.
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THE PRESENT SITUATION IN BILINGUAL TEACHING OF AEROBICS IN UNIVERSITY Tang Suna，Diao Zaizhen，Li Zaixiang (1 Department of Physical Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070 China;2 Central China Normal University, Institute of Physical Education, Wuhan 430070 China;3 Department of Physical Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070 China)
Key words: University, aerobics, bilingual teaching, present situation, attitude
Abstract: This article takes the aerobics course in university as its object of study, makes a comprehensive use of many kinds of research methods such as documentations, questionnaires, expert interviews, statistical and contrastive analysis, conducts survey on the bilingual teaching of aerobics course among 20 key sports colleges as well as comprehensive universities, summing up the ideas and suggestions of many experts, scholars and teachers on aerobic course, and makes an analysis and discussions on the main factors which influence the implementation of this course so as to provide a referential basis for the development of bilingual teaching of aerobics course.
116 COLLEGE AEROBICS BILINGUAL TEACHING MODEL DESIGN AND METHODS Tang Suna， Diao Zaizhen， Li Shixiang (1 Department of Physical Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070 China; 2 Central China Normal University, Institute of Physical Education, Wuhan 430070 China; 3 Department of Physical Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070 China)
Keywords: university, aerobics, bilingual teaching, design, method
Abstract: In this paper the integrated use of literature, questionnaire surveys, expert interviews, statistics, comparative analysis and other scientific research methods to aerobics class teachers and college students in the class as an object of study options, collecting eight key national experts and scholars, and the National Physical Education Institute more than 20 key comprehensive university aerobics teachers college bilingual teaching aerobics classes, recommended by the colleges and universities aerobics class design and implementation of bilingual education programs to further promote bilingual teaching in college calisthenics classes ? of empirical research.
UNIVERSITY ATHLETICS AEROBICS ATHLETE’S PRESENT SITUATION INVESTIGATION AND DEVELOPMENT PONDER IN CHINA Tao Lijun，Li Hai (Hunan Institute of Science Department of Physical Education, Changsha China 414006)
Keyword: university, athletics aerobics, movement
Abstract: In this paper, using the method of literature, questionnaire survey, expert interview, Data method of average and other methods, research has analyzed Our country University athletics Aerobics team athlete present situation and the development ponder. The result indicated that athletics Aerobics athlete’s cultural quality and the technical level are high, the personnel fluidity is big, the training period is short, the athlete mostly once had accepted the difficult beautiful project related training as well as the athlete training time is insufficient, between study and training contradiction still exists.
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TECHNOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT AND CONFESSION OF SPORTS AEROBIC IN A STUDENT ENVIRONMENT HCU Tetiana Pasichna, National technical university of Ukraine „KPI” UKR (HCU Honoured coach of Ukraine) Teacher Nataliya Lozenko, National technical university of Ukraine „KPI” UKR Docent Yuriy Novickiy, National technical university of Ukraine „KPI” UKR
Key words: credit-module technology, aerobic gymnastics, FIG, university games
Introduction: Actuality is confession of mass types of sport for development and improvement of physical culture of students.
Aim and methods: Rising of problem: who is accountable for a health and bodily condition of students in a period their studies in educational establishments. Purpose: To enter in on-line tutorials from the physical culture of educational establishments sports aerobic as mass, modern, accessible and claimed type of physical activity. Physical education is considered one of base disciplines in preparation of students to professional activity of teacher and is the integral system of studies, maintenance of which is differentiated lecture, practical, seminar and survey-methodical employments, and also independent work of students. The feature of module technologies of studies consists in that, which does an accent to independent work of student, which needs methodical providing after the types of educational activity of student. It follows to take into account at development of methodical materials, that to independent work of student the considerable particle
118 of educational time is taken, but as a type of educational activity independent work will be realized a student mainly at preparation to the control measures and at implementation of individual tasks (3) of V.A. Khor’yakov, L.I. Bezugla . It is today needed to ask and students, that they like from facilities of physical education for the sake of that these facilities became select and held interest of students all of term of studies. Sports aerobic, as a type of sport and mean of physical education, has such structure which is well correlated with module technologies of studies. Separate disciplines and types of the programs of sports aerobic grow into the educational modules due to which students support the physical activity and preparedness during 5-6 of studies. Structure of sports aerobic: Discipline is an aerobic gymnastics: individual women, individual men, mixed pairs, trios (be what correlation of men and women), groups (6 participants - be what correlation of men and women).
Discipline is command aerobic: command funk (5-8 participants - be what correlation men and women); command step ( 5-8 participants - be what correlation men and women); basic commands (5-8 participants - be what correlation men and women);
Discipline - strenflex are individual appearances from separate exercises of fitness: power exercises, exercises are on power endurance, exercises are on aerobic endurance, exercises are on flexibility.
Conclusions: Due to that sport aerobics, as a type of sport, Fitness of industry and newest Wellness of the programs is the constituent of modern, there will always be a place sportsmen for subsequent work by a trainer, choreographer, instructor of the health programs and continuation of socializing with the supporters of healthy way of life. Thus, getting in the environment of the aerobic trainings, a student can find on your own a place, both in the years of studies and in all of subsequent life. Command kinds of sports aerobic (command step, command funk and basic aerobic commands, is 8 persons) which is most widespread in educational establishments of Ukraine brings over to itself new participants by beauty and availability of exercises and compositions, by a bright sporting dress and possibility of intercourse, both in a command and with other commands of Ukraine and world in the period of competitions.
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Bibliography: 1) Zuravskiy V S, M. Z. Zgurovskiy, Bolonskiy process, Main principles of included in European space of higher education, K. Publishing house Politekhnika, p. 200-2006, 2003. 2) Mel’nichenko A. A, I. V. Pigolenko, Quality of education is in NTUU KPI and modern development of labour of students-senior men eyes: results of sociological research, K. Publishing house Politekhnika, p. 84, 2005. 3) Horyakov V. À, L. I. Bezugla, Module technology of studies is from physical education of students of VNZ in the context of Bolonskogo of process. 4) Getman V. O, Yu. V. Novickiy, Bases of preparation of students are in the leading types of sport of NTUU KPI, Navchal’no metodichniy manual, KPI-Kiiv; 136p 2007. 5) Pasichna T. V, Governed competitions from sporting aerobic, Ukraine. 6) Davidenko D. N, V. P. Petlenko, Yu. V. Novickiy, V. A. Pasichenko, Valeologiya of as scientific basis of healthy way of life, Train aid. Spb. Spbgpu, p.169-175, 2007. 7) Filippova Yu. S, Physiological bases of employments sports aerobic with practical recommendations, Novosibirsk, Parallel, p. 100-107, 2006.
Correspondence: Tetiana Pasichna HCU – Honoured coach of Ukraine National technical university of Ukraine KPI UKR
ANALYSIS THE FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS OF MODERN AEROBICS Xiang Hong
Key words: modern aerobics, feature, function, analysis
Abstract: Basing on approaches of references and investigations, and associating with experience in aerobics teaching, the author carefully analyses the features and functions of modern aerobics, and advances what are worth noticing in aerobics training.
AEROBICS CHOREOGRAPHY AND MOVEMENT AND WINNING FACTOR RELATIONS EXPLORE The Ninth World Aerobics Championships event finals schedule Difficulty Analysis Xi Yilin, Zhan Xiaomei (Jiangxi Normal University, Institute of Physical Education, Nanchang China 330027)
Key words: aerobic, action, arrangement, get victory
Abstract: In order to investigate the relation between the elements arrangement and the elements to get victory, we analyzed the elements arrangement of individual man
120 categories final of the 9th Aerobic Gymnastics World Championship in NangJing and the every element that made the victory by kinescope, literature information and statistics, in according with the 2005-2008 score rules issued by International Aerobic Exercise Union. The research indicates: to arrange the combination of the elements must comply with the spirit of the new competing rules. When arrange a whole set of the movements we should pay attention to the proportion of the each combination, at the same time, think fully of the integral effect the organization of the difficulty movements would show, moreover, the arrangement of difficulty movements should be accord with the movements transition rules of human body.
CHINESE COMPETITIVE AEROBICS ANALYSIS OF SOCIALIZATION Xu Songfeng
Key words: competitive Aerobics, socialization
Abstract: China’ s athletic aerobics movements in recent years in the world aerobics Championships, World Games and Asian indoor sports competition and made outstanding achievements and into the first group, but its sustainable development and by the prevailing conditions of the constraints are reflected in the development of the project funding, competition system, venues and facilities is still not perfect, and engaging in sports aerobics training reserve shortage of staff[1], and these issues to be fun aerobics movements of socialization, and therefore explore fun aerobics movements socialization of important practical significance. This article for fun aerobics movements’ social status, with a view to my aerobics functions management and researchers with theory.
THE PAPERS STATUS AND ANALYSIS OF THE SPORTS AEROBICS IN CHINA Wang Shuo (Xi‘an Physical Education, Xi’an China 710068)
Key words: the sports aerobics, research, analysis
Abstract: In order to statistics and analysis the sports aerobics through 13 types of the sports core journals show my sports aerobics research and development lags behind, not balance, the theory frame is not establish. Many studies are fewer even blank. We through the analysis of problems for the sports aerobics scientific research and to perfect the methodology theory of sports
121 aerobics scientific research in China.
“COMPOSE” OF TEACHING IN THE COLLEGE PUBLIC SPORTS AEROBICS AND DISCUSS THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CURRICULUM Yan Feifei, Zhang Jie (China Academy of Fine Arts Physical Education Department, Hangzhou China 310002)
Key words: aerobics courses, compose, teaching
Abstract: Through the questionnaire survey, experiment, literature survey method such as research methods, physical fitness exercises in public colleges and universities curriculum implementation, “compose” of the mode of teaching and experimental research and design a reasonable mode of teaching aerobics for the training of university students. Compiling Aerobics awareness, ability and life long fitness ability to compose lay a certain foundation for teaching aerobics to provide a set of effective teaching.
ON SENSE OF MUSIC CULTIVATION ON STUDENTS WHILE AEROBICS TEACHING Zhang Ting (Xi’an Physical Education University, Xi’an China 710068)
Keywords: aerobics teaching, sense of music, cultivation Abstract: The sense of music in aerobics teaching plays an important role in the cultivation, through to cultivation, it can make the students in the learning process training better quality of music, complete each movement better and improve teaching effect.
TWELFTH, ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AEROBICS SINGLE ITEMS OF ART AND THE COMPLETION OF THE RATIONALITY OF SCORING ASSESSMENT Zhang Jie，Lv Heli (1 China Academy of Fine Arts Physical Education Department, Hangzhou China 310002; 2 the Sports Ministry of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou China 310027)
Key words: aerobic exercise, referee, scoring assessment, rationality
Abstract: A literature survey, scoring method, mathematical statistics, systems analysis method and other research methods, on the twelfth, Zhejiang University Games aerobics male, the women’s singles competitions were the project of art and the
122 completion of preliminary ratings to mathematical statistics, analysis Art and the completion of referees in two games scoring accuracy and rationality of the province to fully understand the referee judged the level of Calisthenics for the relevant management departments in charge of coaches provide a theoretical basis.
PERFORMANCE OF A GYMNASTICS SKILL BENEFITS FROM AN EXTERNAL FOCUS OF ATTENTION Reza Abdollahipour, PhD Student, FTK, Palacky University in Olomouc, CZE & Gymnastics Federation of Iran Prof. Gabriele Wulf, PhD, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA Prof. Rudolf Psotta, PhD, FTK, Palacky University in Olomouc, CZE Miriam Palomo Nieto, PhD, FTK, Palacky University in Olomouc, CZE
Key words: Attentional focus, sport skills, jump, movement form
Introduction: Numerous studies have demonstrated performance or learning benefits of instructions promoting an external focus of attention on the movement effect (e.g., movement of an implement) rather than an internal focus on body movements. Yet, only few studies have used tasks that did not involve the use of an implement.
Aim and methods: The present study examined whether the advantages of an external focus of attention, relative to an internal or no particular focus, would generalize to a form- based (i.e., gymnastics) skill without the use of an implement. Participants (22 females, 2 males; mean age: 12.0 years, SD: 2.1) were asked to perform a vertical jump with a 180-degree turn in the air, with the hands crossed in front of the chest during the turn. A piece of yellow tape (2 x 5 cm) was attached to the participant’s chest and served as the attentional cue in the external focus condition. In a counter- balanced order, all participants performed five trials under each of three conditions: Internal focus (“While airborne, focus on the direction in which your hands are pointing after the half turn”), external focus (“While airborne, focus on the direction in which the tape marker is pointing after the half turn”) and control conditions (no focus instruction). Performance was evaluated in terms of both jump height and movement quality. Jump height was measured by an Optojump-Next instrument. To assess movement quality, two expert judges rated each movement by taking deductions based on the International Gymnastics Federation’s Code of Points in Aerobic. The data were analyzed in 3 (conditions) x 5 (trials) analyses of variance with repeated-measures on both factors. Results and discussion: Results indicated that jump height was significantly higher in the external focus condition (23.88 cm) than in the internal focus (22.54 cm) and control conditions (22.73 cm), which did not differ from each other. In addition, the number of
123 deductions was significantly smaller in the external focus (0.019) relative to the two other conditions, and in the internal focus (0.042) relative to the control condition (0.054).
Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that adopting an external focus of attention can enhance the performance of a form-based motor skill.
Bibliography: 1) Lawrence G. P., V. M. Gottwald, J. Hardy, M. A. Khan, Internal and external focus of attention in a novice form sport, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Vol. 82, № 3, p. 431- 44, 2011. 2) Peh S. Y., J. Y. Chow, K. Davids, Focus of attention and its impact on movement behavior, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, Vol. 14, p. 70-78, 2011. 3) Wulf, G., Attention and motor skill learning, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2007. 4) Wulf, G., Attentional focus and motor learning, A review of 15 years, International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Vol. 6, № 1, p. 77-104, 2013.
Correspondence: Reza Abdollahipour Department of Natural Science in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacky University, Olomouc, CZE E-mail: [email protected]
FOURTH PART
COP AND JUDGING
DEVELOPMENT OF THE REQUREMENTS AND JUDGING CRITERIA FOR AEROBIC GYMNASTICS Prof. Antonia Topliyska, PhD Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Key words: Sports Aerobics, requirements, judging criteria
Introduction: This paper deals with the development of the judging criteria and requirements for a competitive routine since 1990 till now. It goes through the various routine content and judges’ obligations during these years. The changing considerations of the judge’s criteria for execution and artistic merit of the routines are analyzed.
Aim and methods: We shall see how the present state of our sport has been reached. I am going to trace in three tables the stages of this development, which are tagged by the consecutive Guidelines and Codes.
124 Results and discussion: Let us see two definitions of Sports Aerobics: 1990 - Aerobic sport, derived from aerobic exercise is an athlete’s ability to perform stylized movements with an ideal execution of exercise technique, body alignment, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, cardiovascular endurance, maximization of choreography and movement integration. 2009 – Aerobic gymnastics is the ability to perform continuous complex and high intensity movement pattern to music, which originate from traditional aerobics exercises. The routine must demonstrate continuous movement, flexibility, strength and utilization of the seven basic steps, with perfectly executed difficulty elements. If we compare the two definitions, we will easily conclude that the essence of the Sports Aerobics is the same. What was important in the beginning is important nowadays, and it is to save the specific features of our favorite sport. But a routine from the dawn of Sports Aerobics looks amazingly different from a contemporary one. It is obvious that the understanding of Sports Aerobics has changed and undergone a considerable development during these years. In the beginning the criteria for evaluation weren’t clear and it was most applicable to use compulsory moves in order to compare competitors’ skills (Table 1). Later on, when the compulsories dropped out, another tendency occurred – the competitors tried to perform more and more difficulty moves without being able to do most of them. That is why a limitation was put and the number of difficulty elements was fixed, together with precisely described requirements for a correct and save execution. Although the seeming similarity of the judging criteria in different Codes (Table 2 and 3), their meaning has undergone an enormous development and especially Artistic criteria. Each of the Codes uses all positive features from the previous one and adds new concepts and a better understanding of judges’ responsibilities.
Conclusion: The permanent clarifications made by the AGTC and a continuous updating of the criteria in accordance with the competitors’ achievements and newest tendencies have contributed for a new quality level of Aerobic Gymnastics.
Correspondence: Prof. Antonia Topliyska, PhD E-mail:[email protected]
125 Routine REQUREMENTS Table 1. 1990 1993 1995 1997 2001 2005 2009 Length: Length: Length: Length: Length: Length: Length: 2 ‘ 10 “ 2’ 10 “ 1’ 55” 10 “ 1’ 45” 5 “ 1’ 45” 5 “ 1’ 45” 5 “ 1’ 45” 5 “ for MP, TR and GR Compulsories: Compulsories: Compulsories: 20 elements from 6 12 different base 12 elements from 4 1’ 30” 5 “ for IW - 4 push ups - 4 push ups - 2 x 8-count families- at least one named elements groups - at least one and IM - 4 sit ups - 4 sit ups - Sequence of basic from family, 16 of the from 4 groups- at from group 12 elements for MP, highest value are least one from group TR, GR - 4 high leg kicks - 4 high leg kicks steps (16 counts) All elements must be counted Only 6 elements on from different families 10 elements for IW - 4 jumping jacks - 4 jumping jacks - Corridors the floor 2 elements from and IM - 4 x 8-count - 4 x 8-count - Compulsory 6 2 elements landing in different families can - 2 compulsory elements from 6 push up and 2 in split (for be combined All requirements difficult moves Free number of groups group C) Only 6 elements on from the Code from 4 groups difficult moves Balance between: For Seniors 0.1 and the floor 2005-2008 remain Additional 10 0.2 elements not - aerobic movement 2 elements landing in in force. 126 40% Compulsories elements allowed counted Free number of patterns (high and low), push up and 2 in split (for additional difficult 40% Aerobics styles and difficulty Balance between group C) moves 20% Strength and Balance between: elements aerobic dance 0.1 and 0.2 elements not flexibility - floor work movement patterns counted - surface (high and low), and Balance between difficulty elements - airborne aerobic dance Balanced use of all space, movement patterns floor and (high and low), and airborne difficulty elements. Balanced use of all space, floor and airborne
125 EXECUTION CRITERIA Table 2. 1990 1993 1995 1997 2001 2005 2009
Execution Alignment and Co-ordination Co-ordination Technical Skill Technical Skill Technical Skill - Alignment Execution - Active parts - Body parts Form, Posture and Form, Posture and Form, Posture and - Range of motion - Alignment - Traveling involved Alignment Alignment Alignment - Range of motion - Directions - Asymmetry - Precision - Precision - Precision - Completion Exercise selection - Frequency - Orientation - Strength, power, - Strength, power, - Strength, power, - Precision - Aerobics quality - Rhythm change and muscular and muscular and muscular - Choice of moves Intensity - Planes Intensity endurance endurance endurance - Contraindicated moves- Muscular - Cross directions - Frequency - Cardiovascular - Speed/Amplitude Trainable Physical Force/Velocity Synchronicity - Endurance Components - Intensity Timing& Synchronization - Matched skill - Muscles in action - Endurance Synchronization Synchronization 127 - Matched timing - Strength - Gravity
- Flexibility - Traveling Skill Synchronization
- No errors - Timing Technical Skill - Spacing - Co-ordination - Alignment - Amplitude - Agility - Precision
Synchronicity - Balance
- Matched skill - Matched timing Synchronization - Matched skill - Matched timing
126 ARTISTIC CRITERIA Table 3. 1990 1993 1995 1997 2001 2005 2009 Choreography Aerobic composition Choreography Choreography Composition of Choreography Choreography - Complex moves- Sport specific - Area - Sport specific Choreography - Composition of AMP, composition - Transitions - Variety - Levels - Transitions - Music suitability elements, - Dynamism& - Linking - Complexity - Travel - Linking - Intensity transitions/linking fluency - Opening& Ending - Transitions - Planes - Variety - Creativity and lifts - Complexity& - Linking - Volume - Use of area - Originality - Use of the music creativity Musicality - Planes - Variety - Volume -Variety - Combination - Variety - Suitability - Use of stage - Opening& Ending- Opening& Ending - Partnership of AMP - Use of space - Use of phrases, - Use of space accents, tempo Musical Musicality Presentation Sports Aerobics - Presentation& Aerobic content interpretation - Rhythm change - Showmanship Content partnership - Variety of AMP Physical appearance- Suitability - Suitability - Confidence - Basic steps and - Complexity of - Attire and - Use of phrases,- Expression - Projection specific content AMP appearance accents, tempo- Timing - Transitions - Amount Balance 128 Musicality - Linking Showmanship Presentation Presentation - Suitability - Space Presentation and - Expression - Attire and - Confidence - Timing musicality - Projection appearance - Projection - Quality Presentation - Presentation - Enthusiasm - Showmanship - Enthusiasm - Showmanship - Construction of Originality Partnership - Natural facial music Creativity - Creativity Transitions - Physical interaction expression - Use of the music - Variety of moves - Memorable identity- Levels - Variation of stage - Travel - Unpredictable- Linking positions, figures, - Directions sequences - Sport specific formations, lifts - Planes Partnership -Physical interaction Partnership Creativity Partnership - Relationship - Formations - Memorable routine -Physical interaction - Variation of stage- Positions - Creation of new - Eye contact positions and - Relationship difficult element, - Positions configurations Artistic bonus move, transition, lift - Unique routine -Original and unique - Signature moves showmanship
127 TEACHING METHODS IN AEROBIC GYMNASTICS ARTISTIC AREA Dr. Laura Carolina Viveros Manjarrez, FMG, international judge, MEX
Key words: Aerobic Gymnastics, Artistic Area, Teaching
Introduction: Throughout 13 years, I have been the national lecturer of judges’courses in Mexico, as well as in some countries like Venezuela and Colombia, where I lectured national judges’ courses in the year 2001; and during all these years, I have noticed that most of the participants have problems when trying to judge the Artistic Area. In the present Code of Points 2009 – 2012, the Artistic Area has so many different items to judge, in such a little period of time, that participants, as well as many judges, really don’t know how to judge the area, because, at present, there is not a method, a system that teaches us, both judges and participants, how to judge Artistic. Because of this, they don’t feel self-confident while judging this area. To me, the Artistic Area is mainly the one that distinguishes our sport discipline from other gymnastic sport disciplines as Rhythmic Gymnastics, Artistic Gymnastics, Trampoline, Acrobatics and Gymnastics for All. I truly believe it is the area that determines the sport discipline that we are. And because of this situation, since 13 years ago, I developed a personal system, a method, that would allow me, as well as the judges and participants to whom I lectured the courses, to be able to judge the Artistic Area in the most fair and correct way, trying also to guarantee the most objective, just and correct artistic scores for the athletes. (Table 1: Artistic Scoring Sheet) With every different Code of Points, 4 so far (1996 – 2000; 2001 – 2004; 2005 – 2008 and the present one, 2009 – 2012, I have been changing the items in the method, updating it, in order to apply it to each one of the 4 different Codes of Points we have had so far.
Aims and methods: I use an Artistic Scoring Sheet: a scoring table to try to guarantee the most objective, fair and correct artistic scores for the athletes.
Results and discussion: At national level, this method allows the judge to give a correct feedback to the coaches, in case they are interested in knowing the weak points of their athletes. At international level, this method might allow the judge to explain his/her score to the Superior Jury, in case he/she is requested to do it.
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129 COREOG.COMP. (4) AC (3) PRES. /MUS. (3) *D/F (1) *AMPS (CC/RP.) - (1) *PRES. (1) - I/SH/PRO/CH
*COMPL. / CREA. (OR)(1) *CC (+)/CC (-)/CC (M)/CC (x) - (1) * CM (1) – OP/EN/SE/T/C (RH) *S/RP. (1) *A/B AMP (CC) - (1) *MS (1) *CO/DI /LE/PL (1) SYMBOLS: MEANINGS: D/F: Dynamism and fluency OR: Original S: Selection/RP: Repetition TRANSITION: CO: Corners DI: Directions LE: Levels LINKING: PL: Placement AC: Aerobic Content CC: Complex Combinations / RP: Repetition DIF. ELEMENT: E CC (+): Of high level of Body Coordination (BC) INTERACTION: INT. CC (-): Of low level of Body Coordination CC (M): Of medium level of BC FORMATION: FO CC (X): NO Complex Combination and/or Incomplete Complex Combination LIFT: LT. I: Sharp and clear movements SH: Showmanship PRO: Projection CH: Charisma OP: Opening EN: Ending SE: Sound Effects T: Timing C: Countable (RH: Rhythm) CM: Construction of the Music MS: Music Suitability SCALE: EXCELLENT 1.0 The criteria described is met with Excellency. VERY GOOD 0.9 – 0.8 A small deviation from the criteria. GOOD 0.7 – 0.6 A medium deviation from the criteria. SATISFACTORY 0.5 – 0.4 A large deviation from the criteria. POOR 0.3 – 0.0 Unacceptable for an AG routine. **Once you have filled in the scores for each item, IF YOUR FINAL SCORE is 10.0, the routine is EXCELLENT.
Between: 9.9 – 8.0, the routine is VERY GOOD.
Between: 7.9 – 6.0, the routine is GOOD.
Between: 5.9– 4.0, the routine is SATISFACTORY.
Between: 3.9 – 0.0, the routine is POOR.
Conclusions:
Throughout my 12 years of judging, nationally, as well as internationally, I have always used this method for judging Artistic, and to me, it has been very useful.
Bibliography: 1) Code of Points 2009 – 2012, Artistic Area Correspondence: Laura Viveros FMG (Federación Mexicana de Gimnasia) E -mail: [email protected]
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130 MATHEMATICAL-STATISTICAL METHODS FOR MEASURING PERFOMANCE ASSESMENT TEST FOR THE AWARD OF INTERNATIONAL CATEGORY JUDGE “BREVET” IN AEROBIC GYMNASTICS Full Prof. Maria Mineva, DSc, NSA, BUL Prof. Reny Damjanova, DSc, NSA, BUL
Key words: aerobic gymnastics, knowledge tests, evaluation, statistics
Introduction: International judges’ category “Brevet” in Aerobic Gymnastics is obtained on the basis of developed by the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) specialized system for training and evaluation of knowledge. The system includes training curricula, and utility literature all necessary acts (internationally recognized rules, regulations, evaluation systems, etc.). Assessment of judges’ knowledge be done using a validated test battery of FIG and a scale.
Aim and methods: The goal that we set is to optimize measuring characteristics and quality of the knowledge tests for judges applying international category “Brevet” in Aerobic Gymnastics. The tasks are by statistical methods to identify the following characteristics of knowledge tests of: 1. Difficulty each question by two indices of difficulty (value from 0 to 100) and their z-Transformation,
2. Discriminative power of each issue through the index of difficulty (-100 to 100), its z- Transform and discriminatory probability (P, which varies from 0 to 1); graded biserial correlation and correlation coefficient of Pirson, 3. Compositional reliability and validity of the entire test, with α of Kronbah.
Test battery was treated with a specialized program for the evaluation of teaching performance tests TESTAN 6.5 1. Specialized program automatically ranges of issues relating to the correlation of each subject with the general score made in the index test and its difficulty and its discriminative power. This allows: - Test battery to be improved and adjusted, - Test battery will serve to create a database from which to generate equivalent versions of knowledge tests. The entire test to evaluate the preparation of an international “Brevet” judge category included two parts - theoretical knowledge and practical skills.
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131 Test battery to assess the knowledge of judges consists of 100 questions with closed answers (multiple choice). In some of the questions distractors contain one correct answer, while the rest of them the correct answer is composed of two or more distraktors. For a true answer to such questions is considered only a total combination of all possible distrastors. Assessment tests are currently being carried out based on the total number of correct answers, each question is a factor weight (IAE- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA).
Results and discussion: Analysis of the primary measuring characteristics for knowledge test (α Kronbah a) indicates that there is a very good compositional reliability (α = 0.896).
This means that: - All questions in to the knowledge test are reliable measurements, - All questions measure the same thing - the actual score that is single quantifiable assessment of the knowledge of judges. Compositional reliability of the test can be further increased. The chief reserve for optimization of the test is the introduction of different weight factors issues. Additional reserve is measuring and improving the individual characteristics of the questions: zero correlation with the overall scale (r = 0): 2, 3, 6, 47, 49, 53, 66, 67, 72, 84, 88, 89, 90 and 91, a negative correlation with total scale (r ≤ 0): 1, 9, 40, 46, 48, 51, 65, 68, 70, 79 and 92.
Conclusion: 1. Weight (values) to each question in the evaluation must conform to the index to its difficulty and its correlation with total score. 2. The questions are multiple distraktori and suggest a true indication of the overall response to a combination of correct answers to:
a) decomposed and simplified and b) to maintain this look, but to change the way their evaluation by the introduction of assessment factors (eg in 6 possible answers of which 5 are correct and 1 is incorrect and 4 are set as correct this person to receive correct answers Assessment 4 / 6).
Bibliography: 1) Hennis G. M, Construction of Knowledge Tests in Selected Physical Education Activities for College Women, Research Quarterly, No. 27, p. 301-309, 1956.
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132 2) Hooks F, Comprehensive Knowledge Tests in Selected Physical Education Activities For College Men, Research Quarterly, No. 37, p. 506-514, 1966. 3) Shick J, Written Tests in Activity Classes, JOPERD, No. 52, p. 21-22, 1981. 4) Sports Aerobics Code of Points 2009 - 2012, FIG, Mountier, Switzerland, 2009. 5) Thorndike R. L, E. P. Hagen, Measurement and Evaluation in Psychology and Education, 4 th Edition, New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1977. 6) Correspondence: Full. Prof. Maria Mineva, DSc, NSA, BUL, E-mail: minevafig@ hotmai.com; Full. Prof. Reny Damjanova, DSc.,NSA, BUL, E-mail: [email protected]
DIFFICULTY ELEMENTS AND VALUE FOR MEN AND WOMEN Sergio García Alcázar, RFEG, ESP, FIG TC memler Ignacio Marrón Moya, RFEG, ESP, UEG TC member
Kew words: Aerobic Gymnastics, Code of points, Difficulty elements, Men versus women Introduction: This analysis is based in the difficulty sheets presented by the individual competitors (men & women) in senior category during the World Championships 2008, and the Appendix III from the COP 2005-2008. Aim and methods: After the review and analysis of the competition in Ulm, comparing the individual men versus the individual women category, we have realised that the women are in disadvantage against the men due to her physical capacities (flexibility vs. strength) in the difficulty score. Results and discussion: In the code of points, there are much more elements from strength than from flexibility, The number of elements with value 0.7 or more in strength are much higher than flexibility. The value of some flexibility elements could be low in some cases comparing to the complexity of these elements. These 3 points give advantage to men due that they are more powerful and they have more strength than women. With this table, we can see that men get higher difficulty score choosing elements with higher value. It seems a paradox, the men obtain higher average score in elements from group D than women (0.60 versus 0.57) however women, genetically more equipped for the flexibility, achieve a worse average value of flexibility elements, even they perform in their routines more flexibility elements than men. The answer to this situation is the value of the flexibility elements performed by men.
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133 Statistics MEN WOMEN Average value diff. score 8.20 6.86 Highest score 9.60 8.70 Lower score 4.50 5.30 % final scores with strength elements 41.34% 36.31% Average score strength elements 3.33 2.49 Average number strength elements 4.16 3.77 Average value strength elements 0.80 0.65 % final scores with flex. elements 14.63% 21.72% Average scores flex. elements 1.20 1.49 Average number flex. elements 2.00 2.63 Average value flex. elements 0.60 0.57 % final scores with jumps elements 44.03% 41.70% Average score elements 3.67 2.88 Average number jumps elements 5.84 5.6 Average value jumps elements 0.63 0.51
There are only 2 families from group D with elements with 0.7 values or more, and you can not repeat elements from the same family.
Value between Turn family 0.2 – 0.7 Balance family 0.1 – 0.6 High leg kick family 0.1 - 0.4 Split family 0.1 – 0.3 Frontal split family 0.1 – 0.3 Illusion family 0.4 – 1.0
There are 3 families with elements with high value (0.6 or more): Balance family, Illusion, Turn. Because women have less strength than men, the majority of them have to choose 3 elements from group D (flexibility), with a considerable lower value than others from group A and B. (A and B groups = strength elements, have much more number of elements with high value), and for that reason the final difficulty score for woman decreases comparing with men.
WOMEN % MEN % Value between Turn family 35.92 48.39 0.2 – 0.7 Balance family 4.23 4.84 0.1 – 0.6 High leg kick family 2.11 0 0.1 - 0.4 Split family 20.43 4.84 0.1 – 0.3 Frontal split family 0 0 0.1 – 0.3 Illusion family 37.32 41.94 0.4 – 1.0
The 90.33 % of the difficulty score from group D elements achieved by men is attain with only 2 family groups due that for men is not hard (= difficult) to perform elements with high value from group D, however for woman is really hard to perform strength elements with high value (0.7 or more).
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134 Jumps group includes the possibility to land into a strength position (push up) or in a position requiring flexibility (split). Landing in push up increases the base value of the element by 0.2. Split landings 0.1. Again there is higher value to strength versus flexibility. In Ulm men performed 2.4% jumps landing into split position versus the 17.33% of split landings performed by women.
WOMEN % MEN % Value between
Push up family 1.47 0.78 0.1 – 0.5 A-Frame family 14.22 22.48 0.5 – 0.8 Cut family 10.78 13.18 0.2 – 1.0 Wenson push up family 9.80 0 0.3 – 0.5 Plio push up family 2.94 6.20 0.3 – 0.8 Leg circle family 0 0 0.1 – 0.8 Flair family 1.96 15.50 0.6 – 1.0 Helicopter 16.67 4.65 0.4 – 0.7 Capoeira family 0 0 0.2 – 0.9 Straddle support family 17.16 11.63 0.1 – 0.8 L support family 22.06 15.50 0.2 – 0.7 V support family 0.49 0 0.3 – 0.8 Full support lever family 0.98 0.78 0.2 – 0.7 Planche family 1.47 9.30 0.6 – 1.0
Conclusions: The analysis of the difficulty elements included in the competitive routines of individual categories during the WC 2008 confirmed the discrepancy between physical abilities of the two genders (Men, Women), which is genetically determined.
That reflects on the group execution composed with men and women or only with women, who have to compete against men. It was found a discrepancy between difficulty elements indexes in Group A and D. This analysis helped the FIG AG TC work and those errors were avoided in the new COP (2009 – 2012) by: increasing the value of some elements from group D, reviewing the coefficient for TR and GR with woman.
Bibliography: 1. Code of points 2005-2009. 2. Difficulty scores sheets from AER WC 2009.
Correspondence: Sergio García Alcazar / Ignacio Marrón Moya Real Federación Española de Gimnasia E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]
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135 CHANGE OF SPORTS AEROBICS RULES AND ITS DEVELOPING STRATEGY PERIOD Yu Changju (Xi’an Institute of Physical Education, Xi’an 710068 China)
Key words: New Period, aerobics, competition rules and regulations, change,the trend of development
Abstract: The sports aerobics rules are playing decisive guide function in the course of developing of technological movement. Through the analysis of the competition rules and regulations from 2001 to 2005, the author discusses the main changes of the rules and the development of sports aerobics It is a main developing direction that we pay attention to form a complete set creativity and difficulty connection and to improve completion quality of technology movement.
A STUDY ON THE CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT FOR JUDGES IN THE COMPETITIONS OF SCORE-BASED SPORT EVENTS Zhang Rongcun （State Sport General Administration training center, Beijing China 100084）
Key Words: Score based Sport Event, Judging Capability in Competition, Consistency in score, Consistency in rank, compared scoring method
Abstract: The researches on the assessment of judges in these competitions are either based on the deviation or relation. The deficiencies of the current researches are: encouraging median scoring, bad application in practice, short of further comparison and justification. The assessment system formed in this thesis contains consistency in score, consistency in rank and deducts. Together with consistency in score, consistency in rank can avoid encouraging median scoring. Using the compared scoring method, the assessment data have actual means. We can get the deviation form the assessment data directly.
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LIST OF PARTICIPATING COUNTRIES
№ Nat. Federation 1 BRA 2 BUL 3 CHN 4 CZE 5 ESP 6 FRA 7 HUN 8 IRI 9 ITA 10 JPN 11 KOR 12 MEX 13 POR 14 RUS 15 SVK 16 SRB 17 UKR 18 USA 19 ZIM
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