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Ancient Greece and

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 The Ionian Coast of Asia Minor 700-500 BC Smyrna Colophon Ephesus Samos Miletus Halicanarsus (World of Homer)

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 1. Expanding exploring commercial society. 2. Political Constitutional experimentation 3. Intellectual experimentation. Philosophy. 4. Alphabetic writing and papyrus.

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 , 624 - 546 BC Bertrand Russell: "Western philosophy begins with Thales."

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Cosmos versus Chaos

The cosmos is a complex and orderly system; the opposite of chaos. It is the regarded as an ordered system. The philosopher is regarded as the first person to apply the term cosmos (: κόσμος) to the order of the universe. The 19th century geographer and polymath, Alexander von Humboldt, resurrected the use of the word cosmos from the ancient Greek, assigned it to his multi-volume , Kosmos, and, along the way, influenced our present and somewhat holistic perception of the universe as one interacting entity.

Cosmic Order (Word Cosmos MEANS Order)

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Cosmos versus Chaos

In other words: For the The Divine Order of the Universe The Umoved Mover () all signified a fundamental order in all of creation all the universe.

Cosmic Order (Word Cosmos MEANS Order)

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GREEK GOD AND THE GOD OF THE JEWS The Greeks & Aristotle: God is unmoved mover Eternal, Uncreated, Outside time God of Israel God creates all, in time creates time with the creation (teleos=end point) (so the Jews love history, write it, study it) A personal God Who loves his people Meets with his people Makes promises-covenant (Abraham) LOOKING TO FUTURE MOTWM #11 AUGUSTINE, AMBROSE WILL JOIN THESE TWO GODS

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Cosmos versus Chaos

In other words: For the Greeks The Divine Order of the Universe The Umoved Mover (Aristotle) all signified a fundamental order in all of creation all the universe.

Cosmic Order (Word Cosmos MEANS Order)

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Thales an active politician Thales an active commercial entrepreneur

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 The Presocratic philosophers (Before Socrates) Thales, ,

rejected traditional mythological explanations of the phenomena they saw around them in favor of more rational explanations. These philosophers asked questions about "the essence of things": • From where does everything come? • From what is everything created? • How do we explain the plurality of things found in nature? • How might we describe nature mathematically?

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Almost all of the other Pre-Socratic philosophers follow him in attempting to provide an explanation of ultimate substance, and the existence of the world without reference to mythology. Those philosophers were also influential and eventually Thales' rejection of mythological explanations became an essential idea for the scientific revolution

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 In mathematics, Thales used geometry to solve problems such as calculating the height of pyramids and the distance of ships from the shore. He is credited with the first use of deductive reasoning applied to geometry. As a result, he has been hailed as the first true mathematician and is the first known individual to whom a mathematical discovery has been attributed.

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Thales’ Theorem

In geometry, Thales' theorem states that if A, B and C are points on a circle where the line AC is a diameter of the circle, then the ∠ABC is a right angle. It is generally attributed to Thales of Miletus, who is said to have offered an ox (probably to the god Apollo) as a sacrifice of thanksgiving for the discovery,

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Water as a first principle Thales' most famous philosophical position was his cosmological thesis, which comes down to us through a passage from Aristotle's Metaphysics.In the work Aristotle reported Thales’ hypothesis about the nature of matter – that the originating principle of nature was a single material substance: water. Aristotle then proceeded to proffer a number of conjectures based on his own observations to lend some credence to why Thales may have advanced this idea (though Aristotle didn’t hold it himself). Aristotle considered Thales’ position to be roughly the equivalent to the later ideas of Anaximenes, who held that everything was composed of air.

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Thales of Miletus, 624 - 546 BC

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Anaximander, 610-546 BC, Miletus

He belonged to the Milesian school and learned the teachings of his master Thales. He succeeded Thales and became the second master of that school where he counted Anaximenes and arguably, Pythagoras amongst his pupils.

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Pythagoras, 570-495 BC born at Samos island off coast of Asia Minor

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Pythagoras, 570-495 BC born at Samos island off coast of Asia Minor. He and his disciples believed that everything was related to mathematics and that numbers were the ultimate reality. It was said that he was the first man to call himself a philosopher, or lover of wisdom, and Pythagorean ideas exercised a marked influence on , and through him, all of Western philosophy.

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 , is a relation in among the three sides of a right triangle. It states that the square of the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. The theorem can be written as an equation relating the lengths of the sides a, b and c, often called the "Pythagorean equation": ... where c represents the length of the hypotenuse and a and b the lengths of the triangle's other two sides.

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 The entire cosmos is a Mind ( Nous). It was this Mind that made all things and put them in motion. “Mind is unlimited and selfruled and is mixed with no thing, but is alone and by itself .… It is the finest of all things and the purest, and it has all judgment about everything and the greatest power.” In this way , 510 - 428 BC Anaxagoras articulated an Athens, friend of Pericles early form of monotheism Thus it is easy to see how one could MERGE Greek Nous to Jewish Yahweh

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 460-370

The Atomic Theory

The theory of Democritus held that everything is composed of "atoms", which are physically indivisible; that between atoms, there lies empty space; that atoms are indestructible; have always been, and always will be, in motion; that there are an infinite number of atoms.

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Aristotle tutoring Alexander, Begins 343 BC

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 343-340, Alexander, Hephaestion, Aristotle

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Plato Aristotle 427-347 BC 384-322 BC

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Aristotle’s Books Wrote 400 Works 1. Logical Works “categories” “Topics” 2. Scientific Works Physics, Meteorology 3. Aesthetic Works Poetics 4. Philosophical Works “Metaphysics” “Ethics” “Politics”

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 of Alexandria born in Greece spent time in Athens knew members of the moved to Egypt in the Post-Alexander period Alexandria the center of science has great library Elements published sometime around 300 BC

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 In the Elements, Euclid deduced the principles of what is now called Euclidean geometry from a small set of axioms. Euclid also wrote works on perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry, number theory and rigor. The Elements has been read for 2300 years without interruption

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 This papyrus fragment is one of the the oldest, if not the oldest, existing text from Euclid’s Elements. Euclid compiled and wrote his Elements in Alexandria, Egypt, in about 300 BC, in Greek. The fragment, also written in Greek, was found in Egypt in 1897 and has been dated to the end of the first century (20-30 BC)

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Book I Definitions

1. A point is that which has no parts and no magnitude.

2. A line is length without breadth.

3. The extremities of a line are points.

4. A straight line is that which lies evenly between its extreme points.

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Euclid of Alexandria born in Greece spent time in Athens knew members of the Platonic academy moved to Egypt in the Post-Alexander period Alexandria the center of science has great library Elements published sometime around 300 BC

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 GEOMETRY GEO METRICS = MEASURING THE EARTH

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Ptolemy of Alexandria 100 - 170 AD The Almagest and The The Geography gives us a complete version of latitude and longitude It posits a GEOCENTRIC UNIVERSE. Columbus carries copy of the Geography maps with him he will begin the dismantling of the Ptolemaic universe.

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Ptolemy of Alexandria and Geography and The Power of Abstraction

LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Cassiodorus (485-585) at Vivarium,

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Cassiodorus’ Institutes, 585 AD The order of subjects in the second book of the Institutiones reflected what would become the Trivium and Quadrivium of medieval liberal arts: grammar, rhetoric, dialectic; arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy. While he encouraged study of secular subjects, Cassiodorus clearly considered them useful primarily as aids to the study of divinity, much in the same manner as St. Augustine. Cassiodorus’ Institutiones thus attempted to provide what Cassiodorus saw as a well-rounded education necessary for a learned Christian, all in uno corpore, as Cassiodorus himself put it.

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Lérins Abbey, Cistercian monastery on the island of Saint- Honorat, one of the Lérins Islands, on the French Riviera, Founded in 410 by Saint Honoratus, a contemporary of Saint Augustine, Ambrose, Jerome.

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Monasticism: Monte Cassino, Benedict, Rule 529

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Isidore of Seville statue, by Jose Alcovero, Biblioteca National de España, Madrid Isidore: 570-636 AUTHOR OF THE ETYMOLOGIES 635

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA First university c. 1000

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Universities, like cathedrals and parliaments, are a product of the . More specifically, they were the product of the medieval Church.

The word university is a shortened version of the universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which can be translated as “community of teachers and scholars.

“community of teachers and scholars.=FREEDOM no one commands not king, not parliament, not pope.

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 1000-1517 MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITIES PURSUE SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 WHY JUDEO-CHRIST TRAD encouraged science vs Islam Buddhism Confucianism

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 The emphasis for Medieval scholars was on discovering God’s nature , intentions , and demands, and on understanding how these define the relationship between human beings and God. Theology necessitates an image of God (one God, not many gods) as a conscious, rational, supernatural being of unlimited power and scope. (Judeo-Christ Trad)That is why there are no theologians in the East: those who might otherwise take up such an intellectual pursuit reject this first premise of theology . Consider Taoism. The Tao is conceived of as a supernatural essence, an underlying mystical force or principle governing life, but one that is impersonal, remote, lacking consciousness, and definitely not a being. It is the eternal way, the cosmic force that produces harmony and balance.

According to the ancient Chinese philosopher Lao-tzu, the Tao is “always nonexistent” yet “always existent,” “unnamable” and the “name that can be named,” both “soundless and formless” and “always without desires.” One might meditate forever on such an essence, but it offers little to reason about. TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 ISLAM. Why there are no Muslim theologians like Aquinas or Augusting.

Just as Muslim clerics have rejected science as heretical because they believe that natural laws imply limits on Allah’s freedom to act, so too do they deny the legitimacy of relying on reason to expand their understanding of Allah.

All that needs to be understood about Allah is written in the Qur’an.

The proper role for Muslim thinkers is to interpret scripture— that is, to ensure that the people follow Allah’s commands. In contrast, Christian theologians (Augustine, Abelard, Aquinas) have devoted centuries to reasoning— about God’s nature and about the very meaning of God’s teachings.

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 During medieval times, a long line of brilliant Scholastic natural philosophers (Aquinas, Albertus Magnus) advanced Western knowledge in ways leading directly to the Copernican “Revolution” and the extraordinary scientific achievements of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 The great medieval universities were dominated by empiricism from the start .. Nowhere was the Scholastic commitment to empiricism more fully displayed than in the study of human physiology. It was the Scholastics, not the Greeks, Romans, Muslims, or Chinese, who based their studies on human dissection.

During classical times the dignity of the human body had forbidden dissection, which is why Greco-Roman works on anatomy are so faulty. Aristotle’s studies were limited to animal dissections, as were those of Celsius and Galen. Human dissection was also prohibited in Islam. But with the founding of Christian universities came a new outlook on dissection.

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 DISSECTIONS. In the thirteenth century, local officials (especially in Italian university towns) began to authorize postmortems in instances when the cause of death was uncertain.

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Late in the century, Mondino de’ Luzzi (1270– 1326) wrote a textbook on dissection, based on his study of two female cadavers . Then, in 1315, he performed a human dissection in front of an audience of students and faculty at the University of Bologna.

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Human dissection spread rapidly through the Italian universities— given added impetus by the calamity of the Black Death. Public dissections began in Spain in 1391, and the first one in Vienna was conducted in 1404 . Dissection became a customary part of anatomy classes.

As Edward Grant observed, the “introduction [of human dissection] in the Latin west, made without serious objection from the Church, was a momentous occurrence.”

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Nicholas Copernicus 1473-1543 book published 1543 Copernicus’ work leads directly out of his excellent edu in Italian univers. Padova Bologna Ferrara He is a churchman with a church edu.

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Nicholas Copernicus 1473-1543 book published 1543 Copernicus’ work leads directly out of his excellent edu in Italian univers. Padova Bologna

He is a churchman with a church edu. THE FREEDOM HE ENJOYS WITHIN THE CHURCH IS NOW ABOUT TO CLOSE TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 GREEK TO FLORENCE 1401

Jacopo d’ Angelo di Manuel Chrysoloras Scarperia 1355-1415 1360-1411 TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Ptolemy of Alexandria 100 - 170 AD The Almagest and The Geography The Geography gives us a complete version of latitude and longitude. It posits a GEOCENTRIC UNIVERSE. Columbus carried copy of the Geography maps with him.

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Beginning of Modern Science 1530 Paracelsus(1493-1541), founder: toxicology, apply chemistry to physiology, pathology 1543 Nicholas Copernicus, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium 1543 Andreas Vesalius(1514-1564), De humani corporis fabrica ANATOMYsupplants Greek Galen 1546 Agricola (1494-1555), De natura fossilium, introduces term “fossil”, rocks, mineralogy 1589, Galileo(1564-1642), experiments with falling bodies (experimental method) 1600 William Gilbert, De magnete, magnetisque coporibus, magnetic properties of earth 1608 Hans Lippershy, (1570-1619) invents telescope, Middleburg, Zeeland, Holland 1609 Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) laws of planetary motion, Astronomia Nova. 1610, Galileo, Starry Messenger, printed Venice. Implication: Copernicus right. 1620, Francis Bacon (1561-1626), Novum organum, (The New Method) 1628, William Harvey, Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinus in animalibus first to describe circulation of blood and function of heart, rejects Greeks/Aristotle 1637, Descartes, “La Geometrie” founds modern analytical geometry 1638 Galileo, Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche, foundation of modern mechanics 1662, July 16, King Charles II grants charter to Royal Society, (Hooke, Newton, Boyle) On 28 November 1660, the 1660 committee of 12 announced the formation of a "College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematical Experimental Learning", which would meet weekly to discuss science and run experiments. 1661 Robert Boyle (1627-1691), Skeptical Chymist founds elements/analysis of chemistry 1676 Anthony van Leeuwenhoek discovers micro-organisms with microscope 1687 Isaac Newton, Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica, universal gravitation and the laws of motion.

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Nicholas Copernicus 1473-1543 book published 1543

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Galileo Galilei, 1564-1642

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 1543-1610 (Starry Messenger) ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH UNDER ATTACK CLOSING THE DOORS MAKING THE LISTS OF FORBIDDEN BOOKS

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 1583-1585, begins to challenge Aristotle !! OVERTHROW OF ARISTOTLE !!!! Descartes/Bacon/Galileo -TEST THINGS-EXPERIMENT first small things, later big things(universe) !! 1. falling bodies !Aris said they fall according to their weight !but Gal saw hailstones falling together !went to Tower and tested/diff weights fell together !thus idea of some other force (gravity??) !KEY: CAREFUL MEASUREMENT(=Descartes) 2.pendulum/church lamp/swing/arc/speed !some other force?

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 1592, appointed Professor of Mathematics University of Padova

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 March 1610: Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry Messenger) published in Venice

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 Starry Messenger Makes Galileo famous 1610, Grand Dukeof Tuscany Medici Invites Galileo to Flo Will be Prof at Univ of Pisa and Court Astronomer

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 King Charles II gives Royal Society a Charter 1662

Gresham College, home of the Royal Society of London from 1660-1710.

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 At the Royal Society Modern Science was Born. 1. a scientific association to advance science. 2. meetings, papers, demonstrations. 3. support for scientific work. 4. publication (Transactions of Royal Society)

TuesdayMarch 13, 2018 1700 Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton 1642-1726 was an English mathematician, astronomer, theologian, author and physicist (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and a key figure in the scientific revolution. His book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"), first published in 1687, laid the foundations of classical mechanics. Newton also made pathbreaking contributions to optics, and he shares credit with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for developing modern calculus. Newton's Principia formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation that dominated scientists' view of the physical universe for the next three centuries.

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