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TFLACSO-2017CEPV.Pdf www.flacsoandes.edu.ec Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, FLACSO Ecuador Departamento de Sociología y Estudios de Género Convocatoria 2014-2016 Tesis para obtener el título de maestría en Sociología ―Desmantelar al Estado‖. Elementos para entender la transición teórico-práctica del Partido de los Trabajadores del Kurdistán (PKK) hacia el Confederalismo democrático Carlos Eduardo Pazmiño Vásquez Asesora: Carmen Gómez Lectores: Julio César Guanche y Bruno Lima Rocha Quito, julio de 2017 Dedicatoria A Bertha Alicia y Carlos Enrique, por todo. Al pueblo kurdo, sepan que tienen amigos más allá de sus montañas. Algún día volveré Madre mía, mi madre bella dime cómo estás beso las manos de papá saludo a mi hermano y hermana madre mía, es difícil encontrarse lejos la lucha por la tierra no desaparece de mi mente desearía regresar ¿Qué puedo hacer? No puedo volver Hijo mío, ya es suficiente, da marcha atrás hemos estado esperando durante mucho tiempo tu padre y yo hemos envejecido la vida se ha vuelto dolorosa para nosotros hijo mío, ya es suficiente, regresa he estado esperando por ti ¡Madre mía! Daría mi vida por ti, mi madre admirable, algún día volveré ¡Mi madre! Daría mi vida por ti, mi madre admirable, un día brillante y alegre vendrá un día sin preocupación, sin guerra, con la patria libre vendrá Şahine bekire Sorekli, Feqiyê Teyran. II Tabla de contenidos Resumen………………………………………………………………………………………..VII Agradecimientos………………………………………………………………………………. IX Introducción .................................................................................................................................... 1 Capítulo 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 16 La cuestión kurda orígenes y desarrollo ......................................................................................... 16 Introducción ................................................................................................................................ 16 1. Orígenes históricos ................................................................................................................. 18 1.1. Los kurdos durante el Imperio otomano. ............................................................................. 20 De las primeras rebeliones kurdas hasta el final del Imperio otomano y la constitución de......20 1.2. El nacimiento de la República turca: violencia, negación y asimilación ............................ 25 2. El Kurdistán y los kurdos ....................................................................................................... 27 2.1. Rohjelat ............................................................................................................................ 29 2.2. Basur ................................................................................................................................ 32 2.3. Rojava .............................................................................................................................. 36 2.4. Bakur ................................................................................................................................ 41 2.4.1. De las primeras revueltas del movimiento nacionalista kurdo al germen del Partido..41 2.4.2. La fase de conformación del partido: ............................................................................ 44 2.4.3. Fundación del PKK y preparación de la lucha armada (1978-1983) ............................ 45 2.4.4. Guerra (1984-1992) ...................................................................................................... 48 2.4.5. La reconfiguración ideológica del partido .................................................................... 49 2.4.6. Del periodo de impase a la reconstitución (2000-2005) ............................................... 53 2.4.7. La transformación de partido a movimiento político social (2006-2016) .................... 56 Capítulo 2 ...................................................................................................................................... 59 La crítica al Estado según Öcalan y el PKK: definiciones y perspectivas ..................................... 59 Introducción ................................................................................................................................ 59 1. Elementos para entender el anti estatismo de Abdullah Öcalan ............................................. 62 1.1. El Estado según los kurdos .............................................................................................. 63 1.1.1. El Estado contra la sociedad: el origen ......................................................................... 65 III 1.1.2. El espectro divino en la constitución del Estado .......................................................... 68 1.1.3. La dominación contra las mujeres ................................................................................ 70 2. Öcalan y la crítica anarquista al Estado .................................................................................. 74 2.1. Öcalan y el anti estatismo de Bakunin................................................................................. 75 3. La crisis del Estado en Oriente Medio y la alternativa confederal democrática .................... 78 3.1. La globalización y el Estado en el mundo contemporáneo .............................................. 80 3.2. Estado y globalización ¿pérdida de soberanía? ............................................................... 83 3.1.2. Una posible alternativa para Oriente Medio ................................................................. 85 Capítulo 3 ...................................................................................................................................... 88 El Confederalismo democrático, un ―nuevo enfoque táctico‖ respecto al anarquismo y el .......... 88 Introducción ................................................................................................................................ 88 1. Los anarquistas y los marxistas sobre el Estado: partido y tácticas revolucionarias .............. 93 1.1. El partido revolucionario según los anarquistas organizados y los marxistas ................. 95 1.2. La táctica frente al Estado según los anarquistas organizados y los marxistas ............... 97 1.2.1. Poder popular, federalismo y autogestión para superar al Estado .............................. 102 1.3. Semejanzas y contradicciones entre los anarquistas organizados y los marxistas ........ 104 2. La táctica kurda: el Confederalismo democrático ................................................................ 106 2.1. De partido revolucionario a movimiento político social ................................................... 111 2.2. Las mujeres en la vanguardia del Movimiento de Liberación Kurdo ............................... 117 Capítulo 4 .................................................................................................................................... 123 Elementos constitutivos del Confederalismo democrático ......................................................... 123 Introducción .............................................................................................................................. 123 1.1. La liberación de la mujer ................................................................................................... 127 1.2. Democracia directa, autogestión y ecologismo ................................................................. 130 1.3. Autodefensa ....................................................................................................................... 131 1.4. Antifundamentalismo ........................................................................................................ 133 Conclusiones ............................................................................................................................... 135 Anexo I ........................................................................................................................................ 140 El mito fundador del pueblo kurdo .............................................................................................. 140 Glosario ....................................................................................................................................... 141 Lista de referencias .................................................................................................................... 144 IV Lista de ilustraciones Ilustración 1. 1 Principados kurdos (1835-1880) ........................................................................... 21 Ilustración 1. 2 Tratado de Sevres (1920) ...................................................................................... 24 Ilustración 1. 3 Tratado de Lausana (1923) .................................................................................... 24 Ilustración 1. 4 Mapa Kurdistán ..................................................................................................... 28 Ilustración 1. 5 Mapa Rohjelat ....................................................................................................... 29 Ilustración 1. 6 Mapa Basur ........................................................................................................... 32 Ilustración 1. 7 Mapa Rojava ........................................................................................................
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