PUBLICATION OF THE CSIR VOLUME 15 | NUMBER 2 OF 2019

33 NANOPOLLUTION UNDER THE SPOTLIGHT

SUCCESSES 17 FROM SUPPORT INITIATIVE FOR AEROSPACE CONTACT

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Compiled by CSIR Communication [email protected] Printed on Hi-QTM art paper. Manufactured from TCF (Totally Chlorine Free) Design and production and ECF (Elemental Chlorine Free) pulp. Only wood from sustainable forests is Janine Smit Editorial Services (JSES) used. ISO 1 4001 certification. Hansol Paper Co. Ltd. complies with the Chain of Custody principles as set out by the Forest Stewardship Council in all areas www.csir.co.za in which Hansol operates. FOREWORD i ORGANISATIONAL VALUES MATTER The CSIR has adopted a new vision and strategy to accelerate socioeconomic prosperity by ensuring that the work it does contributes to industrial development. Underpinning the decisions we take daily to implement this new strategy, are our values. Values are often described as the true north of an organisation’s brand compass – regardless of the direction that the organisation takes, they remain true. Allow me to introduce the values that serve as the guide for every CSIR employee, operation and activity.

Excellence On pages 15 and 16, read about Collaboration our dedication to ensuring that We excel in research, development the youth enrol in the fields of We are keen to learn from one another and and industrial innovation that address science, technology, engineering collaborate across the organisation, and with South Africa’s challenges. Efficient and and mathematics to ensure that we external partners, to ensure that our work novel thinking, as well as high-quality have a future generation of people has the best chance of contributing to a systems and processes, enable the who will continue to help improve better future for South Africans. We actively necessary agility to change course the lives of their fellow citizens. In share our knowledge and expertise so that when required. We are unashamedly reading about our research, you we can make an impact at a large scale. passionate about the impact that we will realise that our work is always make and pursue excellence in every about the betterment of our society In this edition, read about how the facet of CSIR life. and strengthening our economy. collaboration between the CSIR and the Durban University of Technology resulted In this edition of ScienceScope, you Integrity in new technology to produce an organism get a sense of how central this value is suitable for use as an abalone probiotic to us. See the faces of the many staff We value integrity – in ourselves (page 3). We work closely with the members who excelled by obtaining and in others. We are honest and Department of Trade, Industry and doctoral or master’s level qualifications fair in how we work and how Competition to support the South (pages 13 and 14) and read about the we engage the world around African aerospace industry to improve its world-class research undertaken. us. We respect the trust that our competitiveness (pages 17 to 24). We also colleagues and stakeholders collaborate internationally, as is evident People-centred place in us and commit to ethical from our participation in an international decision-making, delivery and study, conducted over a 30-year period, that We care about people – our impact governance. In this context, documents the link between air pollution through innovation aims to improve we are proud to have received and increased cardiovascular and respiratory lives. We respect diversity and uphold a clean audit for the 2018/19 death rates (page 39). the dignity of every person, regardless financial year, and we have also of culture or belief system. We treat our implemented an ethics hotline for stakeholders the way we would like to anonymous reporting of ethical > Dr Thulani Dlamini be treated. transgressions. CSIR Chief Executive Officer CONTENTS

OUR PEOPLE OUR WORK

1 THE AEROSPACE A redress for SA’s transport and INDUSTRY SUPPORT spatial biases on the horizon INITIATIVE Lesedi Mokoma 3 17 Researcher develops probiotic Identifying defects in aerospace production process to boost composites using infrared abalone aquaculture 9 thermography Dr Ghaneshree Moonsamy Investigating alternative energy storage 19 5 technologies A small gas turbine takes to Medicine made fit for Africa: Ratshilumela Steve Dima the market Young cellular biologist adds her skills to the mix 11 Dimakatso Gumede Studying blast effects on the human body Zelldra Schutte

21 Regaining best-in-class status with a new sailplane 23 FOCUS ON PhD STUDIES 13 Laser shock processing for Class of 2018 straightening of machined 7 aluminium spars Using laser techniques for the 15 diagnosis and treatment of HIV- Bringing science, 25 infected cells engineering and technology Innovative add-on armour Masixole Lugongolo to the public package for military vehicles VOLUME 15 NUMBER 2 OF 2019

33 Scientists and industrialists need to collaborate to reduce nanopollution risks OPINION

43 Enabling small 27 business to grow in the CSIR-developed gravel road test biomanufacturing sector kit adds value to Africa’s roads Lara Kotze-Jacobs 29 35 46 Sensor platform for indoor The Knysna Fires of 2017: Food innovation for environmental quality Minimising the risk and impact wellness deployed in public health of another mega fire in South Dr Nomusa Dlamini facilities Africa 49 31 37 The case for SA as the Partnering with Right ePharmacy Ecosystem services under next pharma hub for the localisation of a medicine- threat as SA farms are Dr Jenny-Lee Panayides dispensing robot abandoned amidst dry climate conditions ON THE COVER 39 Aquatic plants exposed to product-released Study confirms links engineered nanomaterials between air pollution and as part of studies on the cardiovascular and respiratory risk of nanopollution. death rates Story on page 33. 41 Researchers document climate adaptation measures developed by indigenous communities OUR PEOPLE 1

A REDRESS FOR SA’S TRANSPORT AND SPATIAL BIASES ON THE HORIZON

A daily commute to and from Garankuwa – a township 37 km north of Pretoria – that demanded getting up at 04:30 every day to travel by bus to Pretoria High School for Girls, evoked strong emotions and opinions on mobility, access and transport injustices in South Africa in Lesedi Mokoma. Today, she is one of a crop of young research group leaders entrusted with the responsibility of charting an integrated transport agenda for > Lesedi Mokoma, transport management design South Africa. and systems research group leader at the CSIR. 2

Lesedi Mokoma says the reason she does “We collect data from different modes “The essence of transport revolves what she does, lies in her own struggles of transport, such as buses and minibus around economic purposes, spatial with public transport growing up. taxis, so that we can understand how interaction and social integration. The “My daily commute from the north to these systems operate and also collect fourth industrial revolution brings with school was not a pleasant one,” she says. data from the users to understand why it ample opportunities to address these “My mother wanted me to get the best things are the way they are,” she says. challenges,” she says. “Imagine the impact education, but could not afford the of ride-sharing apps on the minibus taxi school boarding fees.” “The current public transport system industry, as an example. Drivers would is not helping poor citizens and, quite know where people are so they would It was the exasperation from those four- frankly, could be enhancing existing not have to be in a rush looking for hour daily bus trips that planted a seed in inefficiencies. There needs to be passengers and people would start using Mokoma that led to her enrolling for an wide-ranging planning that increases public transport more. Clearly e-hailing undergraduate degree in civil engineering accessibility and provides an integrated is another way of managing demand for at the University of Cape Town. transport system for people located in the public transport systems,” says Mokoma. townships and in rural areas. The objective “Sometimes the bus would break down; is to transform urban spaces by reducing She says that her group is investigating I would get to school very late and being travel costs and distances. how they can facilitate growth in the late meant detention for something that public transport industry by mapping the was not in my control,” she says. “I found “Look at cities like New York, Paris and full value chain, including manufacturing, the whole situation very unfair.” London, for instance, there was a point financing, policy and regulation. Her mission was, and still is, to change when they realised that the spaces were how South Africa’s transport is not working for them and cities had to “We need to empower the public structured. be redesigned to reduce some of the transport industry to embrace aspects of challenges they had, like distance. the fourth industrial revolution,” she says. Mokoma’s public transport experience is not unique, as many working South “We need to find solutions that are Mommy called it Africans shuttle between their homes African. We need to put emphasis on and work every day to earn a living. research to understand how a taxi Mokoma credits her mother for her career This, in her opinion, is largely because operator and the taxi business work and success. “She always instilled this thinking most South African cities are still highly what the core issues are. Only then will we that I must be able to stand on my own spatially fragmented as a result of be able to design systems that cater for two feet, no matter what happens; that I segregated and class-based colonial our needs. should get an education.” planning systems. But, Mokoma feels that the South African dream of “New systems such as bus rapid transit “At the time, she said that if I wanted efficient, affordable and integrated systems are great, but they work in to be an independent woman, I should public transportation systems is densely populated cities and not over study science,” she says. “Given the achievable. long distances between townships and almost obscurity of science careers, and cities. Outside of the cities, we have this specifically women in science, it’s pretty “I may not be a major decision-maker, inefficient space to deal with in terms of remarkable that I ended up at one of but, through my research, I now have the transport.” Africa’s biggest science, engineering and potential to make a difference in terms of technology organisations.” addressing this challenge which affects She makes an impassioned plea to us all,” she says. decision-makers in the public and She is currently reading towards her PhD private sectors, “Invest in research and at the University of Pretoria. Mokoma is transport management understand what the issues really are.” design and systems research group leader at the CSIR. Her group works on The impact of the fourth industrial optimising transport systems in Gauteng revolution on transport in South Africa through interventions such as assisting the Gauteng Department of Roads and The transportation of goods, Transport with the General Household commodities and people is an important ENQUIRIES Travel Surveys to determine travel needs factor in the transformation of any and patterns within the province. The nation’s economy. This knowledge > Lesedi Mokoma survey comprises interviews with a encourages Mokoma and her colleagues [email protected] sample of 37 000 households to establish to ensure effective and efficient transport their travel patterns within Gauteng. systems in South Africa. OUR PEOPLE 3 RESEARCHER DEVELOPS PROBIOTIC PRODUCTION PROCESS TO BOOST ABALONE AQUACULTURE Dr Ghaneshree Moonsamy has tailor-made a bioprocess technology to produce a probiotic used in abalone aquaculture. What began as a Master’s study was converted into a Doctoral thesis, a first at the Durban University of Technology (DUT).

Dr Ghaneshree Moonsamy’s Master’s Impact on industry develop individual, high-efficiency study focused on the development of production processes for each an upstream process for Vibro midae, The demonstration of the technology application. an organism identified for use as an at full manufacturing scale resulted in a patented technology, and has abalone probiotic. Abalone, commonly Pioneering since primary school known as perlemoen, is a common highlighted the attractiveness name for marine snails and its flesh is and commercial feasibility of this production process. Moonsamy says her parents a delicacy for many food lovers around encouraged and instilled a keen the world. Probiotics can be used in passion for the sciences, and abalone production as a mechanism Moonsamy works in the CSIR’s bioprocess development group education in general. “Instead of to boost growth rate and limit disease playing with dolls, I wanted to know proliferation. and has worked on a number of interesting industrial biotechnology- what was inside the doll,” she recalls. When it was time to learn science in During a progress meeting with her based projects. These include school she always punched above supervisors, Dr Raj Lalloo from the development of bioprocesses for her weight, “I used to do science CSIR and Prof Suren Singh from the biological agents in aquaculture, experiments for my show and tell DUT, the team decided to extend the animal and human probiotics, and and always did higher level science scope of the study to include aspects biological control agents for use in projects. Once, my science teacher in of downstream process. As a result, agriculture as well as wastewater and primary school found it hard to believe an entire production process was effluent remediation. that I did a particular electricity-based developed, from a proof of concept project on my own, as it was way technology to a commercial-scale These processes are designed to above the standard in my grade. I then production process development. provide an optimum cultivation environment for these organisms and took it apart and rebuilt it in front of The amount of work had been doubled thereafter either the entire organism him to prove my capability. He was and the task at hand was daunting, but or the product made by the organism really impressed.” the senior researcher who came to the is extracted. This is then formulated CSIR as an in-service trainee in 2006 has into biological products. Each research Today, Moonsamy assists students and always been curious and eager to grow project is unique and entails a specific interns who join the team to gain on- and expand her skill set, and was ready set of conditions, and research and the-job training in the bioprocessing to take on the task ahead. development must occur in order to field. 4

Upstream processing refers to the first step in which microorganisms are grown in bioreactors. When they reach the desired density, they are harvested and moved to the downstream section of the bioprocess. Downstream is the opposite end, where products of interest are formulated as per the user’s requirement. Dr Ghaneshree Moonsamy’s study focused on upstream and downstream processing of a probiotic for abalone aquaculture.

ENQUIRIES

> Dr Ghaneshree Moonsamy [email protected] > CSIR senior researcher Dr Ghaneshree Moonsamy. OUR PEOPLE 5 MEDICINE MADE FIT FOR AFRICA: YOUNG CELLULAR BIOLOGIST ADDS HER SKILLS TO THE MIX

Only a handful of people in South Africa have mastered stem cell reprogramming and Dimakatso Gumede is one of them. As a candidate researcher in the CSIR’s bioengineering and integrated genomics research group, she works on creating disease models of the innate immune system to study unique African gene variants that lead to elite controllers that naturally control viral load levels without antiretroviral therapy.

By using induced pluripotent stem Gumede, who is a PhD scholar of Prof. Bongani Mayosi and Dr Gasnat cell technology, the CSIR also the University of Cape Town (UCT), Shabooden at the UCT Hatter Institute creates ‘mini liver’ models in order to recently submitted her doctoral for Cardiovascular Research in Africa. determine adverse drug reactions in thesis. She studied the role of a gene the South African population. mutation that causes skin and lung “While I was busy with my initial fibrosis, using a scientific method research project, the late Prof. Mayosi “The African population is known called induced pluripotent stem cells. suggested that I shift the focus of my for its genetic variation, which often This approach produces any cell type project to the study of a rare genetic affects the way in which an individual in the body, such as skin or lung cells, condition that is associated with lung, responds to particular medication. For which, in this case, provides insight skin and muscle fibrosis. I was excited example, while an aspirin may work into how an inherited dermatological because not only was it a ground- effectively for 70% of the population, condition is associated with lung breaking research project that would it is possible that the remaining 30% fibrosis – a condition caused by serve as a massive breakthrough for may experience adverse effects. uncontrolled scar formation that the South African medical science Therefore, the CSIR is looking to affects the organ and air sacks. sector, but it would also provide me create effective and personalised with the opportunity to apply my cell medication for those who do not However, this was not Gumede’s biology expertise,” says Gumede. respond positively to the drugs that original project. Initially, her PhD have been distributed for the general project was on cardio genetics, With the assistance of Prof. Susan population,” says Gumede. and she was working with the late Kidson and Dr Robea Ballo, Gumede 6

> CSIR candidate researcher Dimakatso Gumede.

ENQUIRIES

> Dimakatso Gumede [email protected]

focused mainly on the cell biology of Dr Janine Scholefield, her ability to It also makes her even more the rare skin condition in question. not only master, but explain highly invaluable to the CSIR and the She learnt a great deal about technical and advanced science in scientific community at large,” adds reprogramming skin cells into isiZulu and Sesotho is what makes Scholefield. pluripotent cells to understand what her so highly prized at the CSIR. causes this gene mutation, how this rare With the skills that she has skin condition develops at cellular level “She has mastered the craft of gained, she aims to use her PhD and how or why it affects organs such communicating her work fluently to further establish the stem cell as the lungs and muscles and prevents in isiZulu, Sesotho and English, platform for precision medicine them from functioning properly. which is so important. With science and drug screening and, possibly, and technology shaping our lives commercialisation in the CSIR. She “I discovered that the gene mutation daily, it ought to be accessible also intends to use the stem cell and that causes this condition accelerates to all, especially young people genome engineering platforms to cell division, which contributes to wanting to pursue a career in find new approaches to eliminate HIV fibrosis in the affected individuals science. Having a young black reservoirs in infected persons and, and is also associated with cancer woman who is at the top of her hopefully, also contribute to finding progression,” says Gumede. game and is able to make the key therapeutic strategies that work we do relatable, is what will resolve excessive scar formation in Further, according to Gumede’s continue to inspire young girls heart and lung conditions, which are principal investigator at the CSIR, entering the science field. a great burden of disease worldwide. OUR PEOPLE 7 FOCUS ON PhD STUDIES USING LASER TECHNIQUES FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF HIV- INFECTED CELLS CSIR PhD student Masixole Lugongolo is researching how laser applications can be used to detect and control HIV infection in cells, with the aim of simplifying HIV treatment and diagnosis. Lugongolo is part of the CSIR’s biophotonics group that is working towards the development of laser-based point-of-care devices that can assist health care practitioners in diagnosing and treating patients in resource-limited settings.

In her PhD thesis, titled Optical Micro- in TZM-bl cells. HIV infected TZM-bl will be favourable and have the ability manipulation in HIV-1 Infected Cells cells emit light (produce luminescence), to revolutionise current diagnosis and for Improved HIV-1 Treatment and whereas the uninfected ones have no treatment methods, as laser exposure will Diagnosis, Lugongolo looks at the luminescence. The research also found decrease the side effects associated with use of low-level laser therapy, optical that, by coupling optical trapping and ARV treatment. In future studies, super trapping, transmission spectroscopy and transmission spectroscopy, label-free resolution microscopy will be integrated luminescence spectroscopy, and the diagnosis of HIV in infected TZM-bl with optical trapping to verify that each impact that these techniques have on cells was possible. Finally, to confirm trapped cell is infected or uninfected, so HIV-infected cells. that TZM-bl cells were indeed infected, as to improve HIV diagnosis. a conventional system, structured In low-level laser therapy, she uses a illumination microscopy, was used to red laser beam at attenuated doses to detect HIV-1 infection in TZM-bl cells. Biophotonics is the science of generating and using photons or light to image, irradiate HIV-1-infected TZM-bl cells Here, the data obtained confirmed identify and engineer biological in the presence of antiretroviral drugs that, in infected cells, viral molecules materials. (ARVs) to assess the effect of combining were detected, while these were Optical trapping is the process laser light and ARVs for potentially undetectable in uninfected cells. of securely holding and moving treating HIV-1. The results showed microscopic material using a tightly how laser therapy, in conjunction with Intended impact of the research focused laser beam. current antiretroviral therapy, could TZM-bl cell line is an indicator cell line reduce HIV-1 infection to undetectable Lugongolo says the research still needs that enables simple and quantitative levels in the TZM-bl cells. In her research, to be applied to infected blood cells analysis of HIV using either β-gal or Lugongolo also uses luminescence (laser diagnosis) and/or animal models, luciferase as a reporter. spectroscopy to detect HIV-1 infection but the group believes that the results 8

> Lugongolo analysing HIV-1 infected cells in a cell culture dish using the optical trapping and transmission spectroscopy system for label-free detection of HIV-1 infection in TZM-bl cells. OUR PEOPLE 9 FOCUS ON PhD STUDIES INVESTIGATING ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES

> The CSIR’s Steve Dima is modelling the materials used in sodium-ion batteries. Dima shows a schematic representation of the cathode materials sodium and oxido(oxo)manganese. 10

Ratshilumela Steve Dima is a CSIR student pursuing a PhD in physics at the University of Venda. He is investigating the optimal design of sodium-ion battery materials using advanced multiscale modelling.

The world’s energy consumption He aims to use multiscale modelling increases from year to year due to the investigations to improve the intrinsic ever-increasing global population. properties of the high-energy density Climate change and the decreasing sodium intercalation electrode material. availability of cost-effective fossil fuels “Traditional approaches to modelling further contribute to the global concern focus on one scale. The multiscale regarding energy and sustainable energy opens unprecedented opportunities for solutions. With this comes concerns materials modelling. The method allows about energy storage, leading towards us to connect engineering applications a collective effort to find alternative with basic science. It offers a more energy storage technologies. Key in the unified view to modelling, by focusing quest for energy storage solutions is on different levels of physical laws and the need to develop new materials with the relationships between them,” he says. improved properties to use in energy storage devices. Dima joined the CSIR in 2019 on a PhD studentship. On completion of his PhD ENQUIRIES One of the leading technologies he wants to make an impact in the field in energy storage currently is the of materials modelling, focusing on > Ratshilumela Steve Dima [email protected] lithium-ion battery, which is a type renewable energy materials. of rechargeable battery that is well- equipped for portable electronic devices, such as laptops, cameras and mobile phones, and this has made these systems > Steve Dima is on a PhD some of the most used technologies studentship at the CSIR. in the past two decades. However, due He uses modelling to help to its low power density, using these design better sodium-ion batteries in large-scale applications, battery materials. such as smart grids and aerospace applications with high power, is still a challenge. Furthermore, lithium’s low abundance in the earth’s crust and the continued demands for electrical energy storage can also lead to the overall depletion in lithium reserves.

“All these challenges make sodium- ion batteries an attractive alternative to lithium-ion batteries. The battery components and the electrical storage mechanism of the two types of batteries are basically the same, with the exception of their ion carriers,” says Dima. OUR PEOPLE 11 FOCUS ON PhD STUDIES STUDYING BLAST EFFECTS ON THE HUMAN BODY CSIR student Zelldra Schutte is investigating how the seat of a vehicle affects the occupant’s spine and pelvis during a blast. Schutte is pursuing her PhD in trauma biomechanics through the University of Cape Town in a study titled “Determining the load paths from seat to occupant during under-body blasts.”

Trauma biomechanics uses the principles other protective gear that aim to reduce of mechanics to study the response and the damage done to people exposed to Schutte attempts tolerance levels of biological tissues explosive events. Crash test dummies to understand – the human body – under extreme (anthropomorphic test devices or loading conditions. Schutte attempts to ATDs) are used as surrogates for vehicle and mechanically understand and mechanically explain the occupants and are fitted with data- effect that an under-body blast, below collecting sensors that measure how the explain the effects armoured vehicles, has on the spine of the impact or shockwave of the explosion soldier or crew member inside the vehicle. travels through the ATD. Data collected that an under- Part of her research aims to more precisely indicate where forces and accelerations body blast, below predict the mechanisms of injury to generated by an explosion do the most ultimately mitigate spinal injuries during damage and where better protection is armoured vehicles, under-body blasts. “Put simply, we blow up needed. things, and from the data derived, we try has on the spine of to prevent people from getting hurt from “Schutte is demonstrating exceptional similar threats in the future.” technical competency, strength of the soldier or crew character and determination in pursuit of member inside Schutte holds a Bachelor of Mechanical her end objectives in a highly challenging Engineering and a Master’s of work environment,” says Dr Ajith Gopal, the vehicle. Part Mechanical Engineering from North- manager at the CSIR Landward Sciences West University. She joined the CSIR on impact area. of her research a studentship in 2016. “I was interested in the human body and biomechanics aims to more and wanted to work for the CSIR. I precisely predict work in a great team and we get a lot of practical experience working for the the mechanisms of CSIR,” says Schutte. ENQUIRIES injury, to ultimately CSIR researchers specialise in studying mitigate spinal the effects of various blast devices at > Zelldra Schutte the detonics, ballistics and explosive [email protected] injuries during laboratory. The facility caters for the testing and evaluation of vehicles and under-body blasts. 12

> The CSIR’s Zelldra Schutte sets up a test to gather data to develop protection solutions for ground soldiers, as well as military personnel, subjected to blast events. Improvised explosive devices can cause multidimensional injuries, impairing numerous physiological systems and organs. OUR PEOPLE 13 BUILDING AND TRANSFORMING HUMAN CAPITAL THE CLASS OF 2018

The CSIR is committed to supporting the academic development and transformation of its staff, both in the science, engineering and technology and support bases. In line with the organisation’s values, the organisation pursues excellence and celebrates its people.

Below are some of the employees who obtained doctoral or master’s-level qualifications in 2018.

Dr Sindisiwe Buthelezi, Dr Varsha Chhiba, Dr Jacques Cilliers, Dr Pranitha Dawlal, CSIR researcher CSIR senior researcher CSIR principal researcher CSIR researcher PhD (Biochemistry and PhD (Chemistry), University PhD (Electronic Engineering), PhD (Microbiology), Cell Biology), University of the Witwatersrand University College London University of Pretoria of the Witwatersrand

Dr Christoper de Saxe, Precilla Dimpe, Babalo Dlulane, Zimbini Faniso, CSIR senior engineer CSIR systems administrator CSIR financial administrative CSIR engineer PhD (Engineering), MTech (Information Technology), officer, MTech (Cost and MSc (Physics), Cambridge University Tshwane University of Technology Management Accounting), University of Fort Hare Tshwane University of Technology

Marlene Jivan, Dr Hlabishi Kobo, Tichaona Kumirai, Lehlo Ledwaba, CSIR senior project coordinator CSIR senior researcher CSIR senior technician Candidate engineer MCom (Programme and PhD (Computer Engineering), MSc (Applied Science: MSc (Applied Science), University Project Management), University of Pretoria Mechanical Engineering), of Pretoria Cranefield College University of Pretoria

Qualifications obtained but not available for a photograph: Amos Akande, Kirodh Boodhraj, Johnny Botha, OJ Botlhoko, Nwabisa Budaza, Gawie Croeser, Steve Dima, Ross Holder, Gugu Khalala, Thokozani Khwela, Dimakatso Makwakwa, Prettier Maleka, Ipfi Matoho, Lindokuhle Mdletshe, Rory Meyer, Tladi Mofokeng, 14

Dr Gugulethu Mabuza-Hocquet, Dr Sabelo Madonsela, Washington Makoana, Victor Manavhela, CSIR engineer CSIR postdoctorate CSIR researcher Regional Manager: National Cleaner DPhil (Electrical and PhD (Geography), University MEng (Mechanical Engineering), Production Centre Electronic Engineering), University of KwaZulu-Natal Central University of Technology MSc (Environmental Management), of Johannesburg University of the Free State

Nthabiseng Mokoena, Vuyelwa Mvandaba, Dr Suliman Ridhwaan, Dr Delphia Skosana, CSIR engineer CSIR candidate researcher CSIR senior researcher Project Management Manager MSc (Computer and Electrical MSc (Hydrology), PhD (Applied Mathematics), D (Philosophy), University Engineering), North-West University Rhodes University University of Cambridge of South Africa

Dr Andrew Smith, Mr Oscar Sono, Mayur Tikam, Sibongile Tshabalala, CSIR senior researcher CSIR technician CSIR engineer Studentship PhD (Computer Science), MEng (Mechanical Engineering), MEng (Mechanical Engineering), MSc (Medicine), University University of South Africa University of the Witwatersrand University of Pretoria of the Witwatersrand

Christo Fourie, Dr Laven Naidoo, Mahlatse Ratsoma, Dr Elsona van Huyssteen, Dr Lara van Niekerk, CSIR research group leader CSIR senior researcher CSIR engineer CSIR principal researcher CSIR senior researcher MEng (Engineering PhD (Geoinformatics), MSc (Computer and PhD (Town and PhD (Botany), Management) University Electronic Engineering), Regional Planning), Nelson Mandela University University of Pretoria of Pretoria North-West University University of Pretoria

Madumetja Moselakgomo, Nilesh Moti, Abesach Motlatle, Sibongile Mtimka, Nthambeleni Mukwevho, Gculisile Mvelase, Laven Naidoo, Andre Page, Treshan Pillay, Nomasonto Rapulenyane, Colin Schwegmann, Stanley Semelane, Justice Shaku, Hester Van Greuning, Corney Van Rooyen, Nqobile Xaba OUR PEOPLE 15 BRINGING SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY TO THE PUBLIC The CSIR undertakes engagement activities such as career days at schools and universities, exhibitions, as well as outreach programmes to raise awareness about science, engineering and technology. The CSIR’s science engagement is informed by the vision of the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) to promote science through the involvement of citizens, particularly the youth.

Science engagement in the CSIR context refers to all the organisation’s efforts to engage or interact with the public about its research, development and innovation. It includes programmes to attract the youth to enrol in the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), sharing of knowledge and expertise between CSIR researchers and other African scientists or organisations, as well as outreach and awareness activities. The CSIR takes guidance in respect of thematic interventions and national initiatives from the DSI and the South African Agency for Science and Technology Advancement.

Science engagement for a younger audience

The CSIR hosts career days that focus on grade 10-12 students. CSIR researchers showcase their work and share their experiences with students and their teachers at tailored > The CSIR hosted a career day for grade 10 to 12 students at its exhibitions and visits to laboratories. International Convention Centre in 2018. 16 SOME OF THE CSIR’S PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT ACTIVITIES IN 2018/19

CSIR-hosted events > Black Science, Technology and Engineering Professionals student chapter visit, Pretoria, Gauteng > Emerging Researchers Symposium, Pretoria, Gauteng > Career Day, Pretoria, Gauteng

Outreach activities > Science Beyond Borders, Thohoyandou, Limpopo and Kimberley, Northern Cape > Soshanguve Crossing Centre, Pretoria, Gauteng > Father Smangaliso Mkhatshwa Centre, Pretoria, Gauteng

Exhibition participation > Laique Djeutchouang, a PhD student associated with the Southern Ocean > Bio-Africa Convention, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal Carbon and Climate Observatory, explaining the ocean-climate link to > Scifest Africa – South Africa’s National Science learners at the 2019 National Science Week events hosted by the CSIR. Festival, Makhanda, Eastern Cape > Sasol TechnoX Science, Maths and Technology Exhibition, Sasolburg, Free State Grooming young scientists in “My goal is to try and > Eding International Science Festival, communicating about their research Polokwane, Limpopo and Klerksdorp, North make sure that no West The CSIR’s Emerging Researchers’ > Parliamentary exhibit following State of the Symposium is a platform for young child is left behind, Nation address, Cape Town, Western Cape researchers to showcase their research especially now that > National Science Week Launch, Mpumalanga to peers and potential collaborators. > Africa Aerospace and Defence Expo, Pretoria, The researchers also participate in other the fourth industrial Gauteng science events across the country. revolution is on our > Science Forum South Africa, Pretoria, Gauteng > Gauteng Youth Expo, Johannesburg, Gauteng CSIR senior events practitioner Bonang doorsteps.” > South African Local Government Association Tselane travels with CSIR interns to Bonang Tselane, Municipal Managers Forum, Mbombela, Mpumalanga outreach programmes where students in CSIR senior events practitioner higher education institutions get first- hand information about choosing a career in science. Tselane has experienced the rewards first-hand, saying that a student in Venda took up a career in laser technology after engaging with the CSIR during an outreach programme.

The CSIR partners with public and private organisations to showcase its work, promote science and engineering generally, and STEM careers in particular. Exhibitions and workshops are prominent features of this programme. The organisation participates at exhibitions that are relevant to its areas of focus, to > Learning more about trauma biomechanics at the CSIR exhibition showcase its work to stakeholders and during National Science Week 2019. potential partners or collaborators. OUR WORK 17

THE AISI: IMPROVING COMPETITIVENESS IN THE AEROSPACE INDUSTRY

The Department of Trade and Industry established the Aerospace Industry Support Initiative (AISI) to help the South African industry to improve its competitiveness. This in response to government objectives such as the industrialisation of technologies, job creation and industry transformation.

Rapid technological advances, as well as increased globalisation, present significant challenges to SMMEs in the South African aerospace industry. Substantial investment is required to keep abreast of technological developments such as additive manufacturing, Industry 4.0, advanced materials, including composites, and product refinement to match market needs. The AISI supports these SMMEs by ‘de-risking’ technologies through technology transfer, validation and the provision of product development support. This gives the SMMEs access to new market opportunities and technological advances that would otherwise be unattainable.

> Infrared thermography was effective in pinpointing the precise location of identified defects on the surface of a sandwich-construction panel such as this one. IDENTIFYING DEFECTS IN AEROSPACE COMPOSITES USING INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY Denel Aeronautics, supported by the Aerospace Industry Support Initiative (AISI), has proved the usefulness of infrared thermography in providing additional information on defects in composite parts used in aircraft. 18

Infrared thermography detects infrared energy emitted from an object, converts it to temperature, and displays an image of temperature distribution.

> A carbon fibre sandwich test panel with built- in defects used in tests to show how infrared thermography can detect these defects.

The integrity of composite panels in Denel Aeronautics uses two types of defects in honeycomb core structures aircraft is important for the safety of the non-destructing testing methods – provide considerable cost and time aircraft and its passengers. Such parts through-transmission ultrasonic testing savings. The rejection of defective have to be replaced on time and are for sandwich regions; and pulse-echo components, which would otherwise costly to repair. for monolithic parts. However, at best, not be detectable using conventional these technologies deliver indications methods, is possible,” says Cardoso. As a tier one supplier to major aerospace of regions and depths at which defects original equipment manufacturers, occur, and do not help in identifying “This will contribute to improved Denel Aeronautics is an advanced the type of defect. efficiencies, productivity and on-time aerospace manufacturing organisation, delivery. Infrared thermography also supplying both metallic and composite Denel Aeronautics worked with the makes it possible to better classify and components to their final assembly lines. CSIR to assess how well infrared categorise defects, opening the way for One of the programmes experienced thermography worked. Panels identical Denel Aeronautics to work with Airbus challenges in identifying defects in to real parts were built at Denel on a qualification programme for parts honeycomb-type composite structures, Aeronautics, but with known defects supplied.” with resultant expensive repairs and even incorporated. Infrared thermography scrapping of structural components. was effective in pinpointing the precise location of identified defects on the “It is important to understand inner or outer surface of a sandwich- why composite parts are crucial in construction panel. It is also effective aerospace. Weight is everything when when used on monolithic composite it comes to heavier-than-air machines, material. Based on these findings, and designers work continuously the standard operating procedure to improve lift-to-weight ratios. for infrared thermography inspection Composite materials have played a (documenting all steps in the process), ENQUIRIES major part in weight reduction. They which has been developed, could be > Marié Botha also have some remarkable properties. of great value to the aerospace and [email protected] Each type has different mechanical industrial manufacturing sectors. properties and is used in different areas of aircraft construction,” says Marié “In the Denel context, the correct Botha, AISI Programme Manager. identification and location of the OUR WORK 19

A SMALL GAS TURBINE TAKES TO THE MARKET

Cape Aerospace Technologies, an SMME based in Cape Town, completed the design, integration and manufacture of a new 250 N micro gas turbine and has received the first orders for it. The company, supported by the Aerospace Industry Support Initiative (AISI), is set to contribute to the aerospace sector in the Western Cape and take its place in the global aerospace market. 20 Made in South Africa: Jet engines in micro and small sizes

Small gas turbines are much in demand by hobbyists for use in model aircraft, by sailplane manufacturers as the mechanical backup or range extender, and by the military for weapon propulsion systems. As there are no South African aerospace companies in this field, Cape Aerospace Technologies set out to capture the local market to manufacture high-precision micro to small gas turbines. The recently completed 250 N micro gas turbine, a type of jet engine, has become sought after by the defence industry.

Cape Aerospace Technologies’ David Krige is passionate about his work. “My childhood dream was to fly,” he says. While he has not yet realised this dream of human flight, he and co-founder Andre Baird run a small, but thriving, business established in 2013, manufacturing a range of gas turbines: 120 N, 250 N, 400 N and > The CAT 400 turbine, which produces 400 N thrust at sea-level static larger. conditions.

Cape Aerospace Technologies developed a roadmap for the the compressor and diffuser (to Krige highlights some challenges developmental process of the 250 N extract pressure) design to match the encountered during the process. gas turbine. With support from the turbine characteristics. “We learnt through experience that AISI, the 250 N micro gas turbine industrialisation for the market, which was taken from design to market “In stage 3, the final engine design involved stages 5 and 6, is neither through different stages. “Stage 1 was and all components related to the simple nor quick. We’re still working strictly numerical design, utilising newly designed gas turbine were on market readiness and will computational fluid dynamics and assembled, using computer-aided continue to market our computer-aided design computer design, and checked; thereafter products at upcoming trade programmes. This is all about they were manufactured. Once the shows in Brazil and assembling parts on the computer in manufactured parts had cleared the London this year.” an optimised environment to see how quality control checkpoint, they were well they work together and where we assembled in the 250 N turbine,” he can improve on our design,” he says. says.

Turbomachinery engineering of this In stage 4, experimental testing was nature is a niche skill, and Krige drew done on the 250 N gas turbine in the on his relationships with Stellenbosch on-site laboratory, and experimental ENQUIRIES University and the CSIR for expert and numerical results were compared. > Marié Botha advice. Stage 5 involved the upgrade of the [email protected] previous turbine control unit and “Stage 2 involved the use of user interface. In stage 6, intelligent computational fluid dynamics to design and investigation of processes match the compressor and turbine to helped to streamline the design-to- determine if the turbine could drive manufacture process to minimise the the compressor. This stage optimised wastage of material and time. OUR WORK 21 REGAINING BEST-IN- CLASS STATUS WITH A NEW SAILPLANE

Jonker Sailplanes: Getting back to The Aerospace Industry Support Initiative best in class (AISI) is supporting world-renowned For many years Jonker Sailplanes sailplane manufacturer, Jonker Sailplanes, has had an unassailable market position as the only manufacturer in adding a new sailplane model to its of sailplanes outside Germany. Its sailplanes are rated as the best in product portfolio. the world and are in demand for recreational purposes. They are sought-after products, flown by leading pilots from Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, South Africa and the United States of America.

In the 2018 World Gliding Championships, the EB29R took the top three positions in the Open Class, pushing Jonker Sailplanes’ JS1C-21 off the podium. Uys Jonker, Chief Executive Officer of Jonker Sailplanes says, “Since then, we have received many requests from clients to develop a sailplane to match this competitor.”

The decision to add the JS2-24 to its portfolio to regain its market position has been boosted by support from the AISI for three years.

Advantages for Jonker Sailplanes include the capabilities of its formidable design team, Dr Johan Bosman and Dr Attie Jonker, whose approach is to focus on numerical modelling first before using > A computer-aided design illustration of the extended wingspan from computer-aided design for structural the current 21 m to the new 24 m. development. In addition, the well- established design and production 22

Sailplane: An unpowered aircraft, using naturally occurring currents of rising air in the atmosphere to remain airborne. Also known as a glider.

> The Jonker Sailplanes production and assembly plant in Potchefstroom employs 115 local people in an otherwise economically depressed area.

facility in Potchefstroom has lower performance. Bosman explains, “Of costs than its overseas competitors. particular interest for sailplane efficiency is speed versus rate of descent for a As a start, the Jonker Sailplanes particular wingspan length and structural design team used its expertise to design. We regard the favourable model and optimise the envisaged modelling result for JS2-24 as a reliable sailplane design by factoring in the indicator of superior performance for this variables of wingspan, twisting of new Jonker Sailplanes product.” wings and structure strength. ENQUIRIES The team has identified 24 m as the Using the Jonker Sailplanes numerical optimal wingspan for the new product > Marié Botha model, various parameters were drawn (hence the designation, JS2-24) and is [email protected] on to interrogate different design confident that predictions will match options and the resulting effect on performance. OUR WORK 23 LASER SHOCK PROCESSING FOR STRAIGHTENING OF MACHINED ALUMINIUM SPARS Denel Aeronautics successfully used laser shock processing to modify a machine part – a machined aluminium spar – that had been scrapped. The component is particularly prone to post- machining distortion (bending). With the support of the Aerospace Industry Support Initiative (AISI), a laser shock processing technology that made it possible to reverse the undesirable distortion was developed and the shape of the component was modified to acceptable deviations.

> Measuring the distortion on an aluminium spar. 24

Using laser technology to correct location and/or motion of parts distortion in aerospace components or other tools) was designed and Laser shock manufactured. It includes a precision processing acts Denel Aeronautics manufactures laser displacement sensor that can a significant number of structural be positioned along the length of the as a precision components for the global aerospace component for in-process verification, industry by precision machining of and therefore effective handling of hammer to provide aluminium. One of the challenges of different distortion requirements highly engineered manufacturing thin-walled structures during laser shock processing. is the resulting post-machining distortions distortion. A number of machined Three promising findings emanated components are scrapped due to this from the project. Firstly, the into high-end distortion problem as the components microstructure of material was not components for fail the geometric tolerance damaged, as was shown by the images specifications – they are out of shape from a scanning electron microscope. high performance and unusable. Secondly, laser shock processing parameters (range) were identified, applications. The The aluminium spar in question which would not make the material technology utilises is a component in the winglet of susceptible to breaking; and thirdly, a business jet, which takes the machine-induced distortions could be a pulsed laser that bending load. It is manufactured to fixed within an acceptable level. tight tolerance, which is measured improves metal in percentages. Less than 2% is Cardoso points out, “Given the fatigue life and acceptably ‘in shape’; more than 2% stringent requirements placed on is deemed ‘out of shape’ and will be original equipment manufacturers, damage tolerance. scrapped. This distortion is thought Denel Aeronautics required the to result from residual stress in the development of a detailed list aluminium billets (semi-finished of activities for aerostructural casting products), which are used in component-forming by laser shock the machining process. processing.”

Through support from the AISI, He concludes, “It would seem that Denel Aeronautics embarked on this process has the potential for a process to see if laser shock commercial application in aerospace. processing technology could be It is expensive, but then it would be used to straighten the spars that used on high-value components. were found to be out of shape. Denel It would do away with scrapping, chief engineer Alcino Cardoso says which is a big waste in material that neither material properties and productivity and a concern for nor structural integrity could be manufacturers.” compromised through this process. “We had to find the right range in “This successful demonstration of which to use laser shock processing, the technology sets the stage for the so that we did not inflict more damage following act, which is to certify and on the component.” Testing for fatigue qualify the process according to the damage was done to conform to the original equipment manufacturer’s standard, ASTM E466-15. requirements.” ENQUIRIES Another challenge was the fact that each of the machined aluminium > Marié Botha spars had a different distortion. [email protected] A specialised jig (a type of custom- made tool used to control the OUR WORK 25

> The CSIR developed a protection package that acts as a shield against deadly explosive threats. The device can be installed on vehicles that carry personnel, equipment or supplies. INNOVATIVE ADD-ON ARMOUR PACKAGE FOR MILITARY VEHICLES The CSIR has drawn on its skills in materials manufacturing as well as detonics and ballistics to develop a novel, cost-effective protection solution against the threat of improvised explosive devices.

Protection against improvised steel. These carriers cannot be ‘up- solutions against continually evolving explosive devices is a necessity armoured’ above certain weight threats from improvised explosive for defence forces engaged in limits as the thickness of additional devices. peacekeeping missions or deployment, conventional steel armour on the especially when patrolling strife-torn vehicles has a negative impact on their Experts in the CSIR’s clusters regions. manoeuvrability and mobility. Many for defence and security and sophisticated lighter weight solutions manufacturing pooled their expertise Armoured personnel carriers are have been developed to mitigate to investigate the challenge and particularly vulnerable to improvised threats, however, they are costly and develop a solution. Manufacturing explosively formed projectiles due to difficult to implement. This leaves experts focused on the material the formidable penetration capability armed forces with a constant demand possibilities in the solution, while of such devices into armoured for lighter and more cost-effective defence experts analysed the threat 26

The team succeeded in developing a bespoke solution that can be fielded against explosive threats. and provided the infrastructure for field experiments. The team succeeded in developing a bespoke solution that can be fielded against explosive threats.

Such a solution can be deployed in an add-on manner on vehicles, without unduly compromising the vehicle’s mobility. This is especially necessary for deployments of the South African National Defence Force on peacekeeping missions.

The final solution utilises specific manufacturing techniques for the consolidation of a combination of light-weight off-the-shelf materials that are used in specific layouts against the threat. The optimisation of the layout was made possible by expert post-test analysis of the fracture modes in the materials and the analysis of high-speed photographic data obtained from the impact experiments. The manufacturing techniques and layouts were optimised in such a way that materials not usually effective against this threat on their own, could be combined cost-effectively in a passive layup. The current mass of the protection layup compares well with those in the field which uses more sophisticated and costly materials.

> The CSIR’s improvised explosive device protection package was developed through scientifically proven methods and offers protection equal to that of 50 mm thick conventional steel armour. ENQUIRIES > The CSIR detonics, ballistics and explosives laboratory is a > Gary Corderley national research facility for the testing, measurement and [email protected] evaluation of explosive events and their effects on infrastructure, vehicles and surroundings. OUR WORK 27 CSIR-DEVELOPED GRAVEL ROAD TEST KIT ADDS VALUE TO AFRICA’S ROADS A CSIR-developed gravel road test kit is changing how low- volume unsealed roads and unsealed road building materials in Africa can be rapidly characterised.

The gravel road test kit has been widely two 1 m x 60 cm x 50 cm steel trunks, industry needs and providing solutions adopted by the African market. To date, weighing about 56 kg and 45 kg each. that are value for money. These kits are the CSIR has sold over 250 units, mainly a perfect example of value addition to roads authorities and agencies At first glance, the mobile materials and innovation guided by the need for in African countries like Liberia and testing kit, with its components neatly a simple solution,” adds Crawford. Tanzania, but also in countries like arranged in a wooden framework Afghanistan and the Republic of inside these trunks, looks old fashioned. The idea was to design and develop Kosovo. However, CSIR workshop supervisor, a simple technology that could be Alan Crawford says, “The genius of it operated independently of resources The materials laboratory manager at the lies in its simplicity.” like energy and water – which are Tanzania Rural and Urban Roads Agency, scarce in some parts of the continent – Vincent Lwanda, says, “The equipment “The challenge with CSIR technologies and by someone with relatively modest is beginning to make an impact on has always been understanding training. low-volume road improvement in the councils that first received and put the equipment into use.”

“Generally speaking, wherever the equipment has been used, there is a remarkable improvement in the quality of executed works,” Lwanda continues.

The test kit is a result of a joint effort between the CSIR and the International Labour Organisation, in which the team developed the field test kit to evaluate borrow pit materials for use as wearing course on unsealed roads and to ensure that the quality of the construction is appropriate. Borrow pits are areas close to major construction projects where soil, gravel and sand are dug up for use in the construction.

Simply put, the field test kit is a > A drop cone for liquid limit data. ubiquitous soils testing kit, tucked in 28

> The main kit (inset top) and the solar oven (inset bottom). Dr Martin Mgangira and Isaac Maselela from the CSIR demonstrating the kit items.

In the case of the field test, simple “Given that the continent is largely rural, to the correct density for construction means reliable – and reliable can with limited access to electricity and quality assurance. mean the difference between having a water, these kits are ideal. We are hoping machine that functions and having one that, as more countries are introduced The kit is designed to make use of local that requires regular maintenance. to the technology, the demand will water and solar energy, and contains increase and an environment more a solar oven and calculator, as well as One of the main contributors to the suitable for mass production will a battery-powered balance. Therefore, performance of gravel roads is the become a requirement,” Mturi says. it does not require electricity and material selected, including “This will create opportunities for running water. A manual describing testing and control of constructed layer South African small, medium and micro the step-by-step test methods, with work. enterprises to manufacture the kits worksheets for test results and practical under licence to the CSIR.” guidelines, is supplied with every kit. The test kits are manufactured at The manual also assists in the analysis the CSIR. The ability to provide this The technology allows material and interpretation of the collected specialised support to the roads grading, as well as determining data. construction industry, especially in rural cohesion (liquid limit and linear areas, is rooted in a first-rate workshop shrinkage), compacted strength and facility, specialised equipment and aggregate strength of the borrowed highly skilled technicians. material. A thickness probe, included in the kit, is used to determine layer CSIR senior researcher and manager thickness at the time of construction, ENQUIRIES of the CSIR Advanced Material Testing ensuring that the correct layer depth Laboratories, Georges Mturi, says that is compacted. A rapid compaction > Georges Mturi this technology has now proven its control device, also contained in the kit, [email protected] viability. ensures that the layers are compacted OUR WORK 29 SENSOR PLATFORM FOR INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY DEPLOYED IN PUBLIC HEALTH FACILITIES The CSIR has developed and deployed electronic devices that can estimate airborne disease transmission risk in real time. The devices generate an alarm when corrective action is needed. Together with its project partners, CSIR researchers have installed nearly 40 devices at various public health facilities across the country, mainly in suspected high tuberculosis risk areas, such as pharmacies, emergency centres and outpatient departments.

The CSIR is evaluating the performance of newly developed electronic devices in efforts to minimise the risk of tuberculosis transmission in public health facilities and improve awareness and appropriate responses in health- care workers. The device estimates the infection risk in real time, using exhaled carbon dioxide as a proxy for the > Device configuration and testing at the CSIR in Pretoria. transmission risk. 30

> The CSIR-developed electronic device that can help manage the risk of tuberculosis transmission in public health facilities.

The device determines the differential by the duration of exposure and > CSIR senior engineer between indoor and outdoor the indoor air quality, which, in Tobias van Reenen is carbon dioxide and indicates when turn, is dependent on the building leading the project, which ventilation has to be improved or the ventilation rate and occupancy has now progressed number of occupants in an indoor levels. Settings with high airborne to deployment of the devices to health facilies. area reduced. This is indicated directly disease transmission risk are typically by a flashing light turning from green found in the congregate areas of to red. CSIR researcher Tobias van social infrastructure, such as hospital Reenen says while the device was and clinic waiting rooms, licensing initially installed with the patient departments, home affairs and in mind, data collected show the correctional centres. critical need to reduce exposure of health workers who operate in highly The CSIR has, via its project partners, congested areas for long periods of submitted a proposal to the ENQUIRIES time. Department of Health based on the findings, advocating for a scale-up > Tobias van Reenen Tuberculosis spreads from person to of the network of devices for greater [email protected] person through the air. The risk of facility coverage and improved risk contracting the disease is influenced management. OUR WORK 31

PARTNERING WITH RIGHT ePHARMACY FOR THE LOCALISATION OF A MEDICINE- DISPENSING ROBOT > The sachet dispensing robotic system. 32 The CSIR is collaborating with Right ePharmacy to design and develop a robotic pharmaceutical dispensing unit containing electronic and robotic technology to support the dispensing of medication to patients. Researchers have also helped the pharmaceutical firm to optimise its electronic locker systems to improve patient access to pre-dispensed medication parcels.

Dispensing robotic system the localisation and manufacturing non-adherence. The system contributes of the technology. The CSIR’s product to positive clinical outcomes and Up to 30% of medicines in South lifecycle management supports the effective patient data management. Africa and 80% in Africa are dispensed private and public sectors to help The project is directly aligned with in medicine sachets. Current robotic bridge the gap between research the priority need of South Africa’s dispensing systems do not support and product development. The Department of Health to decant stable the handling of these sachets. Right localisation of technology will optimise patients out of facilities and enable ePharmacy, a leading pharmaceutical the local supply chain and product more convenient chronic medication product developer focusing on manufacturing industry in South Africa. collection. optimising the pharmaceutical supply chain, was in search of an Prescription collection unit The CSIR was contracted by Right innovative, easy-access medicine- ePharmacy to design and develop a dispensing solution with quality Right ePharmacy customises and solution with some key intervention controls and measures that support the utilises electronic locker systems areas. The interventions focused on pharmaceutical staff and improve quality for prescription collection. The optimal airflow design in the lockers, and control around medicine dispensing. lockers are temperature-controlled, battery backup capabilities, as well as Right ePharmacy currently supports 18 secure and also integrated with modular plug-and-play deployment medicine-dispensing locations at five cloud-based technology. The cloud- innovations. shopping centres in South Africa. based information system is mobile application enabled, guiding logistics “The development of a local (South The dispensing robot’s picking speed is of parcel distribution and loading, African-based) supply chain with 900 sachets per hour and it can apply including reverse logistics. emphasis on local manufacturing is key labels to medicine sachets. The robot for Right ePharmacy,” says Andre van scans and verifies each product before The cloud’s SMS system keeps users Biljon, Chief Technology Officer of Right dispensing it. informed about parcels ready to collect ePharmacy. “The focus on fit-for-purpose, and their next collection dates. This and our assistance in optimising The current prototype dispensing promotes patient retention, supports technologies for deployment in local robot is incubated in the CSIR Industry parcel collection rates by patients conditions, enable Right ePharmacy to 4.0 Product Lifecycle Management and enables early identification and serve the South African market, as well Centre of Technologies to focus on intervention for patients at risk of as regions in Africa,” he says.

The CSIR’s product lifecycle management supports the private and public sectors to help bridge the gap between research and product development. The localisation of technology such as Right ePharmacy ENQUIRIES will optimise the local supply chain and > Pieter Roux product manufacturing industry in [email protected] South Africa. OUR WORK 33 SCIENTISTS AND INDUSTRIALISTS NEED TO COLLABORATE TO REDUCE NANOPOLLUTION RISKS A recent study identified sunscreens as a main Some of the most common household concern, due to the likelihood of the product releasing engineered nanomaterials into water products, including sunscreens, hair systems during bathing and/or swimming. relaxers, body lotions and cleaning Sunscreens recorded a release factor above detergents, contain engineered 90%. The release factor refers to the fraction of the engineered nanomaterials contained in the nanomaterial ingredients that, when product that can be released, in comparison to the amount of product used. This was the first released into the environment, have time that nano-enabled products were identified and prioritised (qualitatively and quantitatively) the potential to cause nanopollution, according to their likelihood for nanopollution in Africa. The studies were conducted by a team warn studies by local environmental of nanotechnology scientists from the CSIR, the University of Johannesburg, the Nelson Mandela and nanotechnology scientists. University and the Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University.

> CSIR researchers investigated the physical and chemical characteristics of engineered Nano simply nanomaterials in sunscreens. means small, and nanopollution describes an introduction of nano- sized contaminants into the natural environment, which causes instability, possibly harming the ecosystem. 34

“Engineered nanomaterials are establish the means to identify considered a case of contaminants sources of nanopollution and of emerging concern because their their extant. Where considerable environmental behaviour differs environmental risks are identified, from their larger-sized counterparts scientists and industrialists need and, thus, their risk management to formulate mechanisms for risk does not fit well into the existing reduction, for instance through environmental risk assessment safety-by-design approaches for frameworks,” explains CSIR senior the development of nano-enabled researcher and study leader, products, where hazardous Dr Melusi Thwala. characteristics of engineered nanomaterials are altered or Due to their prevalence in the replaced with greener alternatives. market, sunscreens were analytically The ultimate goal would be to retain examined and their applications or even maximise the nano-induced were simulated, showing that South superior performance of the African wastewater systems are products while reducing potential vulnerable to nanopollution. environmental harm.

In the study, researchers also The studies were conducted to express concern over 90% of the improve an understanding of the identified products exhibiting potential sources of engineered a medium to high potential for nanomaterials into the environment, nanopollution. It is recommended under a consortium funded by that South African authorities in the the Department of Science and environmental regulation sector Innovation.

ENQUIRIES

> Dr Melusi Thwala > CSIR senior researcher Dr Melusi Thwala examining the health [email protected] state of aquatic plants that were exposed to product-released engineered nanomaterials. OUR WORK 35 THE KNYSNA FIRES OF 2017: MINIMISING THE RISK AND IMPACT OF ANOTHER MEGA FIRE IN SOUTH AFRICA In the recent report on the Knysna fires of 2017, researchers point out an increase in extreme fire danger days – on the scale of the Knysna fires – that threaten to compromise infrastructure, people and the environment, if government, industry and the public are not adequately prepared. Researchers warn that the risk of mega fires is increasing.

Climate change is extending the fire can reduce the risk of reoccurrence warns the CSIR’s Greg Forsyth. season in Southern Africa and, primarily and the severity of such fires should The Knysna fires exhibited all the due to rising temperatures, increasing they reoccur,” says John Melville, Chief characteristics of mega fires that are the number of high and extreme fire Underwriting Officer at Santam. associated with droughts, heatwaves, danger days. Fires are also becoming low atmospheric humidity and strong more difficult to control. Importantly, the report notes that the winds. underlying risk drivers that fuelled the This year, 2019, marks the second fires are replicated throughout the High fuel loads, chiefly associated with anniversary of the worst wildfire Western Cape and in other provinces. invasive alien plants and commercial disaster in South Africa’s history – Despite the ferocity of the fires, forests, as well as inadequately the Knysna Fires of 2017. Santam the number of people threatened, managed fynbos played a big role commissioned the CSIR, the Research and a very challenging response in the initial rapid spread of the fire Alliance for Disaster and Risk Reduction environment, the report finds that on 7 June 2017 and its persistence and the Fire Engineering Research Unit responders were remarkably successful for 12 days. “These findings clearly at Stellenbosch University to prepare a in saving lives. Nonetheless, critical highlight the need for more effective report to improve the understanding of gaps in responses centred on training fuel reduction in the wildland- the pre-fire situation, the incident itself for wildfire suppression and incident urban interface and the application and the post-fire recovery efforts. The command, evacuation and response of measures aimed at protecting report makes several recommendations planning, communication and data structures, including houses, from to government, the insurance sector, collection to support strategic resource fires; and reducing the probability of communities and industry on how to mobilisation and rationalisation. ignitions and the consequent losses,” better manage wildfires. says Dr David Le Maitre, CSIR principal “A growing population, coupled with researcher. “Our goal was to analyse the causes of expansion of the urban footprint the Knysna fires and find out why they into flammable natural vegetation, is According to CSIR engineer Riaan were so severe; but more importantly, increasing the likelihood of fires and van den Dool, the indicators used to the purpose was to establish how we the number of people in harm’s way,” determine the risk of fires may also have 36

compromised early warning. The research found that the current National Fire Danger Rating System, which is used to measure and report on the daily fire danger across South Africa, is not well-suited for the Southern Cape and the fynbos biome, and did not adequately signal the exceptionally dangerous conditions preceding and during the fires.

The cost of the Knysna fires to the town and its inhabitants illustrates the importance of implementing measures to reduce risk in the Garden Route and elsewhere in South Africa. The benefits of reducing fuel loads, > Chalets surrounded by tall trees on a steep making homes more fire-resistant and slope prior to the Knysna fires. strengthening response capacity far outweigh the costs of these activities.

The consolidated findings of the research and recommendations are presented in the report The Knysna Fires of 2017: Learning from this disaster: https://www.santam.co.za/ media/2685028/consolidated-knynsa- fires-report_28_may_final.pdf

ENQUIRIES

> Greg Forsyth > Remnants of destroyed chalets on the same slope [email protected] post the Knysna fires.

> The general eastward spread of the Knysna fires from a number of ignition points is shown by arrows. OUR WORK 37 ECOSYSTEM SERVICES UNDER THREAT AS SA FARMS ARE ABANDONED AMIDST DRY CLIMATE CONDITIONS In the last two decades, the summer rainfall region of South Africa has experienced frequent droughts, which had a negative impact on crop farming. This has resulted in an increase in farm abandonment in the region - which includes the provinces of North West, Limpopo and the Free State – ensued by an increase in bush encroachment threatening the grazing potential of the savanna system that could cripple food security as livestock lose access to grassy plant species.

CSIR remote sensing specialists studied of grass and tree cover is controlled acknowledge that the increase in tree satellite imagery of South Africa’s by a number of environmental and cover has the potential to increase the savanna system over the period 2001 human-induced factors. For example, landscape’s resilience to the impacts of to 2018, which showed that as the increasing levels of atmospheric carbon droughts. climate became drier, farms were dioxide released from industries and abandoned, which, in turn, led to an other human activities favour tree This research was published in the increase in tree cover. growth in the savanna, causing bush International Journal of Applied Earth encroachment. Observation Geoinformation. “The grass-tree co-existence of the savanna is crucial to the provision Cho warns that this could lead to of important ecosystem services, the expansion of tree cover at the including grazing and browsing expense of grassy areas, adding that resources to livestock and wildlife; and other activities, such as deforestation, the provision of food and medicinal overgrazing and farm abandonment plants to the human community,” are equally changing the dynamics of ENQUIRIES says CSIR remote sensing specialist, tree and grass cover in the region. Dr Moses Cho. > Dr Moses Cho While increasing bush density in the [email protected] The Kruger National Park is located in savanna reduces land accessibility by the savanna system and the variability wildlife and livestock, the researchers 38

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

2011 2012 2013

2014 2015 2016 2017

> Vegetation cover index over Southern Africa: 2001–2017. Vegetative drought for the month of December. The pervasive droughts in 2002 and 2015 are clear from the yellowish colour indicating low vegetation cover.

SAVANNA VEGETATION

Over 30% of the land area of South Africa is occupied by savanna vegetation. Savanna vegetation is characterised by a continuous layer of grassy vegetation and varying proportions of tree cover. OUR WORK 39 STUDY CONFIRMS LINKS BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY DEATH RATES

A new international study has strengthened the evidence base that air pollution is linked to increased cardiovascular and respiratory death rates. The study, conducted over a 30-year period, is the largest of its kind to investigate the short-term impacts of air pollution as a cause of death and, for the first time, included assessments in South Africa. The study analysed data on air pollution and mortality in 24 countries and regions, with the CSIR playing a role in the research.

Air pollution occurs when harmful gases micrometres) and fine particles (PM2.5 such as lifestyle contributors, such as and particles are emitted in the air at – particles that have an aerodynamic indoor/outdoor cooking and heating concentrations that have an impact on diameter equal to or less than 2.5 through domestic fuel (i.e. coal, wood), human health or that are harmful to the micrometres) emitted from fires or is interesting. environment. According to the World formed through atmospheric chemical Health Organization, air quality is the transformation. “We work with different stakeholders largest environmental risk to human to try and raise awareness about the health in the world. The concentrations CSIR principal researcher and air quality effects of air quality, including particular of pollutants in ambient (outside) air in specialist, Prof. Rebecca Garland, matter and its impacts. The impact of air South Africa regularly exceed the South was part of the team that focused quality is a concern in many parts of the African National Ambient Air Quality on South Africa, and analysed the country, and much of our recent work Standards (NAAQS). South African air quality data used has focused on urban pollution. in the study. Garland says South We hope to provide the evidence base The global study, led by Dr Haidong Africa has different sources of air to motivate for policies that lead the Kan from Fudan University in China, pollution and concentration levels of country to comply with our NAAQS. One analysed data on air pollution and PM2.5 compared to other parts of the of the ways that national government mortality in 652 cities across 24 world. As the international study uses wants to approach this, is by quantifying countries and regions. It found that ambient air quality, which is a mixture impacts of poor air quality, including the increases in total deaths are linked to from all sources, the fact that the impact on mortality,” she says. exposure to inhalable particles (PM10 relationships between mortality and – particles that have an aerodynamic PM concentrations are robust across Garland is part of the CSIR’s climate diameter equal to or less than 10 sites, despite country specific aspects, and air quality modelling group 40

We work with different stakeholders to try and raise awareness about the effects of air quality, including particular matter and its impacts. that simulates the fate, transport and dispersion of pollutants and what impact pollutants have on climate, health, agriculture and ecosystems. Air pollutants can interact with radiation from the sun and have a warming or cooling effect on the earth (pollutant- dependent). The CSIR has also developed an air quality modelling platform with which one can build an emissions scenario and view the likely impacts thereof on air quality, as well as human and ecological health. This modelling platform is linked to the CSIR climate model used to investigate the air quality and its impacts in a changing climate.

The full paper can be found online at https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/ NEJMoa1817364

ENQUIRIES

> Prof. Rebecca Garland [email protected]

> The concentrations of pollutants in ambient (outside) air in South Africa regularly exceed the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. OUR WORK 41 RESEARCHERS DOCUMENT CLIMATE ADAPTATION MEASURES DEVELOPED BY INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES

For centuries, the world’s indigenous communities have developed climate change mitigation practices that have sustained countless generations. A compendium containing some of these practices was launched during the Stockholm International Water Institute World Water Week earlier this year.

Age-old climate change mitigation “The community-developed strategies have warning systems; grazing and livestock practices have the potential to be the potential of being strengthened through management; soil and water management; strengthened through modern modern science and technology and this water harvesting; forest management; science. The CSIR, in collaboration with compendium is regarded as a first step and integrated wetlands and fisheries the Food and Agriculture Organization towards providing a comprehensive listing management. (FAO) of the United Nations, led the of indigenous strategies for climate change development of a compendium of adaptation that focuses on addressing water Some of the case studies, taken from the community and indigenous strategies scarcity in agriculture,” he says. compendium: for climate change adaptation that focuses specifically on addressing There are between 300 and 500 million Weather forecasting and early warning water scarcity in agriculture. self-identified indigenous people worldwide systems – In Lushoto, Tanzania, the start – most of whom live in biodiversity hotspots, of short rains is identified by the existence “Through our experiences in the field, indicating their ability to protect biodiversity. of large flocks of swallows and swans, engaging with stakeholders in the And even though indigenous people are roaming from the south to the north agriculture sector and our extensive the ones most affected by climate change, during the months of September to research in the sector, we found Mwenge Kahinda explains that they hardly November. that indigenous knowledge plays ever cause it. an important role in sustaining the Grazing and livestock management – The resilience of social-ecological systems Case studies Wodaabe, also known as the Mbororo, a and demands some attention,” says small subgroup of the Fulani ethnic group, CSIR principal researcher The compendium assimilates case studies use lunar cycles to schedule livestock Dr Jean-Marc Mwenge Kahinda, from around the world, categorised movements to new pastures. This leads to who led the development of the into six technologies and practices moving grazing areas every two to three compendium. themes: Weather forecasting and early days. 42

> The CSIR’s Karen Nortje and Jean-Marc Mwenge Kahinda, in collaboration with the FAO and supported by CSIR students and interns, prepared a compendium of climate change mitigation practices of indigenous communities.

Soil and water management – In the communities to cope with the variability Gwallek–Keda (Baitadi district, Nepal), of climate change,” says Mwenge farmers plant legume crops in paddy Kahinda, emphasising the need to fields. They also intercrop soybean with strengthen the dissemination of this maize and apply farmyard manure to knowledge and integrate modern improve soil fertility. approaches that reinforce indigenous knowledge in climate change Water harvesting – In Timor-Leste, local adaptation and resilience. communities dig small holes next to the riverbed to collect clean water. The water The compendium provides a basis for seeps through the sand and wells up transferring technologies and practices through the soil. between areas of similar agro-ecology; and the authors recommend that such ENQUIRIES “Indigenous knowledge is local and transfers are pursued and documented > Jean-Marc Mwenge Kahinda specific and the examples highlighted in preparation for wider adoption and [email protected] are a reflection of the ability of these upscaling. OPINION 43 ENABLING SMALL BUSINESS TO GROW IN THE BIOMANUFACTURING SECTOR

By Lara Kotze-Jacobs, CSIR Programme Manager of the CSIR Biomanufacturing Industry Development Centre

Despite an abundance of training in entrepreneurship that is Access to funding and on offer from various institutions and platforms, there is a dire need for mentoring of entrepreneurs. Further, the incoherent market remains the main support instruments currently on offer often cause them to challenges for small, consume valuable time and energy on pursuing too many avenues at once. medium and micro SMMEs that have approached us, in many instances stated enterprises (SMMEs) to grow that they are unaware of the other instruments in the National System of Innovation that are available to provide their revenue and expand entrepreneurship support, including funding for business support, purchasing of equipment or conducting product their businesses. It is often and technology development. The converse is also true where entrepreneurs are being supported by the different facilities not the lack of a quality on offer, and yet, they still have not capitalised on this support. There is a real need for alignment and engagement product that hinders their between the instruments to maximise the outcomes in the growth, although this may form of successful SMMEs. We often hear that small businesses must be the engine of our be a contributing factor, economy and provide employment. In the biomanufacturing sector, there are entrepreneurs that are attempting to do just but an inability to prioritise that. These include the home baker, realising the potential the activities that will of a humble vegetable and expanding her idea to high- quality processing and analysis for the retail market, to the enable market access, as biotechnology company that has in-licensed international intellectual property and is attempting to validate and scale well as securing funding for up that technology for local production.

business growth. (continued on page 45) 44

> CSIR senior process engineer Prisha Naicker with locally manufactured chemical oxygen demand (COD) test kits, developed for a client. Industry and municipalities are required to adhere to water discharge specifications for COD, and currently imported COD test kits are widely used. OPINION 45

The CSIR’s Biomanufacturing Industry In the six years since the inception of and techno-economic assessment, as Development Centre (BIDC) has assisted the BIDC, we’ve seen more than 220 well as initial contract manufacture to these entrepreneurs by reducing the unique applications from SMMEs in the enable companies to test the market. barriers faced by so many SMMEs, such area of biomanufacturing. Products Examples of these SMMEs include as access to scientists and engineers, as and technologies include speciality Lighthouse Healthcare, Professional well as world-class facilities for product chemicals, biotechnology products with Laboratory Services, Marple Skincare, and process development. applications such as laboratory reagents OptimusBio, JVS Biotech Solutions and We are extremely encouraged by or eco-friendly cleaning products, Phepisa Natural Products Institute. The initiatives from the United Nations nutritional foods, cosmetics with a focus support was made possible by funding Industrial Development Organization on indigenous natural product-based from the Jobs Fund and the DSI, as part (UNIDO) and GIZ (ABioSA) to provide ingredients and biopharmaceuticals. of a national drive towards job creation support for quality and standards Most of these companies have been and achieving sustainable impact development for essential and fixed located in Gauteng, with a smaller through innovation. oils in South Africa and to develop representation from other provinces, industry and support SMMEs in the and were mostly in the micro to very As a result of the support provided, 92 natural products sector, with specific small range. products have been developed together focus on indigenous plant ingredients with SMMEs, tested and transferred and finished products. These initiatives From these applications, the BIDC to the SMMEs. These products can be stimulate the involvement of has, to date, supported 31 companies found online, in retail stores, through stakeholders and identify bottlenecks by developing and validating agent-based sales or are being sold to and barriers to SMME success, while manufacturing technologies for larger companies for re-packaging and devising mechanisms through which products, including scale-up, piloting on-selling. these can be overcome.

The biomanufacturing sector continues to be a space where there is plenty of enthusiasm and a high entrepreneurial spirit. Moreover, the multiple support instruments in the sector and support from government departments, such as the Departments of Science and Innovation (DSI); Environment, Forestry and Fisheries; Small Business Development; and Trade and Industry, create an environment where success is not just a possibility for SMMEs in biomanufacturing, but a reality – we have seen real success stories and growth among the SMMEs supported through our programme. Launching products in retail spaces became a reality, as did accessing funds from investors to build manufacturing facilities and purchase equipment.

The CSIR, through the BIDC, will continue to attract support from its stakeholders and funders in support of our sincere desire to develop this industry and strengthen South Africa’s economy. This can be done by supporting small businesses in productising their unique and > Article author: Programme Manager novel concepts in biomanufacturing of the CSIR Biomanufacturing Industry through the application of science and Development Centre. innovation. 46 FOOD INNOVATION FOR WELLNESS

By CSIR principal researcher Dr Nomusa Dlamini, CSIR Advanced Agriculture and Food

Adopting processing technologies to facilitate value addition, increased production, utilisation of edible indigenous and underutilised crops is critical in providing key nutrients and addressing food security in the country.

South Africa, like most developing countries, faces a challenge of undernutrition or malnutrition associated with specific nutrient deficiencies, such as Vitamin A, iron and zinc, especially in children. On the other hand, there is an increase in obesity and related health challenges in adults, such as diabetes, heart disease and certain cancers. The contribution of local edible plants to the reduction of health risks has always been recognised as part of indigenous knowledge, which forms part of the country’s multifaceted cultural system.

In addition, there is a growing consumer demand for natural, vegetarian products with health benefits that can be used as food ingredients and nutraceuticals. Researchers at the CSIR are aiming to develop nutraceutical products and identify alternative sources of food ingredients with nutritional and functional properties from South African biodiversity (microbial and plant). The increasing realisation that food can play an important role in maintaining health and in the prevention of lifestyle diseases has shifted the focus to plants > Article author: CSIR principal and foods with health-promoting researcher Dr Nomusa Dlamini, CSIR phytochemicals, such as carotenoids and Advanced Agriculture and Food. flavonoids. OPINION 47

Product development from During the process of innovation and that they are gluten free and can be indigenous and underutilised crops product development, researchers formulated into gluten-free products continually engage with the food for improved wellness. Gluten is The CSIR’s Advanced Agriculture and and wellness industries to direct found in cereal grains, such as Food cluster focuses on developing and focus research to ensure that wheat, and this affects the health of innovative nutritious food products products with a high potential of people with gluten intolerance, such from indigenous foods with health consumer acceptance and market as causing bloating and nutrient benefits. The areas that we are uptake are developed. The food malabsorption. Sorghum and millets currently focusing on are over- plants that have been promoted can be used for the production of and undernutrition in children, and developed into nutritious food gluten-free bakery products, pastas developing food ingredients that products include indigenous cereal and other commercial products are used in existing products to grains like sorghum (Sorghum where cereals are needed because increase their value and developing bicolor), millets (Pennisetum of their high carbohydrate content. nutraceutical and functional glaucum), the grain legume, cowpea In addition to being gluten-free, foods for specific disease areas. grain (Vigna unguiculata), leafy the starch in sorghum and millets The research activities contribute vegetables like Cleome gynandra, is digested slowly, and this makes to the scientific validation and also known as spider flower, these grains suitable for producing development of innovative products Lerotho (Sesotho/Setswana), safe diabetic foods that will avoid from indigenous plants, such as leafy uLude (isiZulu) and Amaranthus sugar spikes after meal consumption. vegetables and indigenous grains, cruentus, also known as Thephe such as sorghum, millet and cowpea. (Sesotho/Setswana), uNomdlomboyi In developing food products, a The CSIR has done well in converting (isiXhosa). Other readily available database of information is created research and development activities cereals, like maize, as well as a newly on nutritional content, the safety to technology innovations for developed provitamin A-biofortified of the food, as well the scientifically industrialisation. In the last couple maize and sweet potatoes, have also validated health claims associated of years, the organisation has been used in nutritious food product with these foods. In addition, investigated and identified nutrients development. working with the South African in a number of indigenous and Bureau of Standards, the CSIR has naturalised plants that have a Research has shown that foods contributed towards developing long history of being consumed developed from indigenous and standardised processing methods of by rural communities. The plants underutilised crops are beneficial underutilised and indigenous foods, were formulated into food product to health and can help alleviate such as the Mopani worm, which concepts and one product, called malnutrition and food insecurity. is the larval stage of the Emperor Nutri-Drink, was formulated to have The indigenous leafy vegetables, in moth. appropriate levels of nutrients for particular, contain health-benefitting school children and has been piloted provitamin A carotenoids, such In conclusion, underutilised as part of a school feeding scheme in as beta carotene, which the body indigenous crops and fruits, like the Eastern Cape in South Africa. converts to vitamin A on absorption. Marula, have huge potential as The leafy vegetables are also good novel food ingredients for both the In addition to contributing sources of minerals such as calcium local and export markets, and the to industrialisation and the (for bone health), as well as iron establishment of industries and commercialisation of indigenous and zinc (for overall wellness). processing facilities will lead to job edible plants, the work in this In addition, the leafy vegetables creation and poverty alleviation. area contributes to community contain phytochemicals, such as The indigenous small grains, development through technology flavonoids, that have been shown sorghum and the millets that are and skills transfer, specifically to reduce diseases related to more adapted to the generally harsh through training programmes in inflammation. agro-climatic conditions in the sub- post-harvest technologies and how Saharan African countries, including to reduce crop losses of perishable An important aspect to note with South Africa, have the potential to products, thus improving food indigenous grains, such as sorghum, contribute to food and nutrition security. pearl millet and other millets, is security and wellbeing. 48

> CSIR researcher Pumeza Melane showcasing a product developed using indigenous ingredients. OPINION 49 THE CASE FOR SA AS THE NEXT PHARMA HUB

Flow chemistry could drive regional manufacturing in Africa

By CSIR research group leader in pharmaceutical technologies, Dr Jenny-Lee Panayides and senior lecturer at the University of Pretoria, Darren Riley

For the past two decades, the flow chemistry revolution has Chemical synthesis is a century been promising an end to this with a ‘factory of the future’, whereby chemical entities are routinely manufactured behind its rivals when it comes continuously. While the idea of flow-based pharmaceutical to manufacturing. While manufacturing may have seemed far-fetched outside of a few pioneering research groups 20 years ago, today the situation other fields have adopted a is quite different. Flow chemistry has evolved from a novel synthesis concept into a powerful and versatile platform for continuous production line, continuous manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with high productivity, small manufacturing footprint, and the pharmaceutical and fine reduced cost and waste. chemicals industries are still A new, ambitious goal is now centered on integrating pharmaceutical manufacturing – from raw materials to final reliant on a stop-start series of dosage forms – into a continuous flow process. Advances in cloud computing, automation and system unification are paving steps to complete the necessary the way for continuous API production with digital connectivity, and the integration of these and other technologies with reactions. This is because traditional flow approaches and in-line automation is currently a almost any synthetic process driving force in the ‘synthesis 4.0’ revolution. The technology has now arguably matured to a point where it’s requires the use of vastly only a matter of time before the ‘factory of the future’ becomes different chemical and physical the flow plant of today. This presents the opportunity for a revolutionary change in pharmaceutical manufacturing – and conditions between steps, and, could open the door for dramatic changes in emerging markets. to make matters worse, many African landscape products also require careful Africa is home to some of the world’s fastest growing economies, thanks to the rise of major cities, expansion in downstream processing and healthcare capacity across the continent and a maturing business environment. South Africa, in particular, boasts the purification to create material fifth-highest worldwide pharmaceutical expenditure per capita. Although its largest killer remains HIV/Aids, the country’s of sufficient purity. evolving demographic and epidemiological profile creates increased revenue opportunities for pharmaceutical companies, particularly those producing non-communicable disease treatments. 50

In recent years, several private sector companies have considered regional pharmaceutical production in South Africa but almost all have failed to make an investment. This is in stark contrast to the massive growth in API production in the other BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) countries. Major constraints for developing the pharmaceutical industry in South Africa include the small local market, lack of skilled workforce, poor infrastructure, long lead times, insufficient regulation and an export-averse culture. Together, these have prevented regional manufacturers from achieving the economies of scale that are essential to survive in a global market while deterring foreign investors.

Yet these same factors could open the door for dramatic changes when the switch from batch manufacturing to continuous flow processing comes. Africa was able to leapfrog traditional fixed-line telecommunications and move straight to cellular networks; in the same way, there is limited existing pharmaceutical infrastructure to hinder the adoption of a new, disruptive technology. As a result, the use of flow technologies has received widespread interest and has been identified as a critical development area at both industrial and government levels within the 16-state Southern African Development Community. This is particularly true for South Africa, where health inequalities hinder much of the population’s access to essential medicines and the ability to innovate is critical for development. > Article author: CSIR research group leader in There is a clear business case for pharmaceutical technologies Dr Jenny-Lee Panayides. regional API manufacturing companies to adopt new technologies and embrace digital disruption. These facilities. This could also include If they can make this change, then technologies can effectively limit green chemistry practices, robotics, Africa could be home to one of the the impact of critical drug shortages, process automation and continuous most advanced pharmaceutical hubs in protect against foreign exchange monitoring systems to minimise waste the world. fluctuations and help to generate and energy consumption. competitive differentiation. We believe This article first appeared in Chemistry South Africa can initially focus on However, for this uptake to be World, April 2019. The link to the the implementation of multi-step successful, regional pharmaceutical full article is: https://pubs.rsc.org/ continuous flow synthesis in newly companies will need to expand their en/content/articlelanding/2019/re/ established API manufacturing skill sets and cross the digital divide. c8re00236c#!divAbstract www.csir.co.za