EDITED BY YURY BOSHYK with the assistance of Roman Waschuk and Andriy Wynnyckyj Ukraine during World War II HISTORY AND ITS AFTERMATH A Symposium CANADIAN INSTITUTE OF UKRAINIAN STUDIES University of Alberta Edmonton 1986 THE CANADIAN LIBRARY IN UKRAINIAN STUDIES A series of original works and reprints relating to Ukraine, issued under the editorial supervision of the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta, Edmonton. Editorial Board: Bohdan Bociurkiw, Carleton University (Social Sciences) Manoly R. Lupul, University of Alberta (Ukrainians in Canada) Bohdan Rubchak, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle (Humanities) Copyright © 1986 Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: Ukraine during World War II (The Canadian library in Ukrainian studies) Bibliography: p. Includes index. ISBN 0-920862-37-3 (bound). - ISBN 0-920862-36-5 (pbk.) 1. Ukraine - History - German occupation, 1941-1944 - Addresses, essays, lectures. 2. Ukraine - History - 1917- - Addresses, essays, lectures. 3. World War, 1939-1945 - Participation, Ukrainian - Addresses, essays, lectures. 4. World War, 1939-1945- Collaborationists - Ukraine - Addresses, essays, lectures. 5. War criminals - Ukraine - Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Boshyk, Yury, 1950- II. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. III. Series. D802.R82U38 1985940.53'37 C85-098965-5 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be produced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy­ ing, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Editorial services and consultant: The Wordsmith Communications Design consultant: Laurie Lewis, University of Toronto Press Cover design: Holly Fisher Printed in Canada Distributed by: University of Toronto Press 5201 Dufferin Street Downsview, Ontario Canada M3H 5T8 He said that there was only one good, namely, knowledge; and only one evil, namely, ignorance. Diogenes CONTENTS Preface xi Acknowledgements xv Contributors xvii List of Photographs xix Part I: Ukraine during World War II Introduction to Part I 3 1 Occupation The Soviet Occupation of Western Ukraine, 1939-41: An Overview Orest Subtelny 5 Soviet Ukraine under Nazi Occupation, 1941-4 Bohdan Krawchenko 15 Ukrainian-Jewish Relations during the Soviet and Nazi Occupations Taras Hunczak 39 viii Contents 2 Collaboration and Resistance Ukrainians in World War II Military Formations: An Overview Peter J. Potichnyj 61 Galician Ukrainians in German Military Formations and in the German Administration Myroslav Yurkevich 67 Soviet Military Collaborators during World War II Mark R. Elliott 89 Part II: History and Its Aftermath Investigating War Criminals in Canada and the United States Introduction to Part II 107 Bringing Nazi War Criminals in Canada to Justice David Matas 113 Alleged War Criminals, the Canadian Media, and the Ukrainian Community Roman Serbyn 121 Co-operation between the U. S. Office of Special Investigations and the Soviet Secret Police S. Paul Zumbakis 131 Nazi War Criminals: The Role of Soviet Disinformation Roman Kupchinsky 137 Ukrainian Americans and the Search for War Criminals Myron Kuropas 145 Discussion 153 Contents ix Part III: Documents, 1929-66 1. Resolutions of the First Congress of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, 28 January - 2 February 1929 165 2. The Ten Commandments of the Ukrainian Nationalist (Decalogue), ~~lm 1~ 3. Einsatzkommando Order against the Bandera Movement, 25 November 1941 175 4. Letter from Alfred Rosenberg to General Keitel on Nazi Treatment of Soviet Prisoners of War, 28 February 1942 176 5. Memorandum from Alfred Rosenberg to Adolf Hitler on Nazi Policy toward Ukrainians, 16 March 1942 178 6. Erich Koch on the Economic Exploitation of Ukraine, 26-8 August 1942 180 7. Memorandum from Erich Koch to Alfred Rosenberg on Harsh Measures Adopted in Ukraine by the German Administration, 16 March 1943 181 8. Appeal to Ukrainian Citizens and Youth by the Ukrainian Central Committee President on the Formation of the Galician Division, 6 May 1943 183 9. Programmatic and Political Resolutions of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists' Third Congress, 21-5 August 1943 186 10. What Is the Ukrainian Insurgent Army Fighting For? August 1943 192 11. Platform of the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council, 11-15 July 1944 196 x Contents 12. Declaration on the Formation of the Ukrainian National Committee and the Ukrainian National Army, March 1945 200 13. U.S. Army Guidelines on the Repatriation of Soviet Citizens, 4 January 1946 202 14. U.S. Army Procedures for the Forcible Repatriation of Soviet Nationals, 22 January 1946 206 15. Why the Displaced Persons Refuse To Go Home, May 1946 209 16. Report on the Screening of Ukrainian Displaced Persons, 22 August 1946 223 17. The Condition of Displaced Persons, September 1946 225 18. Report on the Screening of the First Ukrainian Division, 21 February 1947 233 19. British Foreign Office Assessment of the First Ukrainian Division, 5 September 1950 241 20. Address by Ivan Dziuba at Babyn Iar, 29 September 1966 243 Appendix A Chronology of Major Events, 1914-45 249 Appendix B The Canadian Commission of Inquiry on War Criminals: Terms of Reference 261 Abbreviations and Glossary 263 Sources and Bibliography 267 Index 287 PREFACE The year 1985 marked the fortieth anniversary of the Nazi surrender to the Allies in Europe, the liberation of the concentration camps, and freedom for millions of slave labourers and prisoners of war. With the commemoration of this anniversary has come a renewed interest in bringing Nazi war criminals to justice. In an attempt to illuminate the historical period and to make the current discussion on war criminals more informed, a symposium was held in Toronto on 2 March 1985 to examine several important aspects of the war in Eastern Europe: the Soviet and Nazi occupations of Ukrainian territory; relations between Ukrainians and Jews; collabora­ tion with and resistance against the occupying powers; as well as Canadian and American perspectives on bringing war criminals to justice. This volume is based on papers and discussions from the sympo­ sium. Part 1 is a scholarly examination of the period 1939-45, from the Soviet and Nazi occupations of Ukrainian territory to the circumstances relating to collaboration and resistance. Part 2 is devoted to a discussion about one of the most important questions of the war's aftermath, one which has become a matter of public debate: the methods and means of bringing alleged Nazi and other war criminals living in Canada and the United States to justice. This discussion rests on the assumption, shared by the contributors to this volume, that all war criminals must be brought to justice; it focuses, however, on the procedures that should be followed, consistent with the legal tradi­ tions and practices of Canada and the United States. Most contributors in part 2 abided by the definitions applied at the Nuremberg trials, which established three basic categories of war criminality: responsibility xii Preface for instigating war; crimes against civilians and soldiers, including the murder of political prisoners, mistreatment of prisoners of war, and the use of slave labour; and, finally, crimes against humanity, with the intention of exterminating entire peoples and nations. Together with the chronology of major events, glossary, and bibliographical aids, the documents in part 3 provide historical background. They relate directly to the previous parts of the book. Documents of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) from the 1920s have been included to illustrate the ideology and political nationalism of one of the main political organizations in Western Ukraine during the war. Similarly, materials from the archives of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) have been included to proVide a more balanced evaluation of the postwar displaced persons population in Germany and Austria than that found in recent publications. The modified Library of Congress system of transliteration used by the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies has been applied to the transliteration of Ukrainian and other Slavic references, unless a commonly accepted English-language version exists. Some authors' names have been given in the original language. Thus, for example, the transliterated spelling Volodymyr Kubiiovych appears with his Ukrainian-language publications, but Kubijovyc is used for his English­ language publications; this practice also applies to Potichnyj-Potichny, Yevhen-Ievhen, and the like. Readers might encounter inconsistencies in statistical information, for example, on the number of Ukrainians killed by the Soviet secret police during the 1939 Soviet occupation of Western Ukraine; the number of Eastern Europeans and Soviet citizens who collaborated with the Germans; the precise number of Ukrainian slave labourers; and the scale of human losses in the artificial Soviet Ukrainian famine of 1932-3. Great care has been taken to ensure historical accuracy, but the available statistical information is of varying reliability and conclusive­ ness. The reasons for this range from the nature of the historical docu­ ments to the lack of free access to vital archival records. Because of these and other limitations, some questions require further study. Among them are the degree to which the Soviet Union's alliance with